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Integration of Public Transport Services: the Case of Istanbul

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Integration of Public Transport Services: the Case of Istanbul INTEGRATION OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICES: THE CASE OF ISTANBUL A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ASLIHAN GÜR IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CITY PLANNING IN CITY AND REGION PLANNING SEPTEMBER 2019 Approval of the thesis: INTEGRATION OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICES: THE CASE OF ISTANBUL submitted by ASLIHAN GÜR in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in City Planning in City and Region Planning Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Halil Kalıpçılar Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Çağatay Keskinok Head of Department, City and Regional Planning Prof. Dr. Ela Babalık Supervisor, City and Regional Planning, METU Examining Committee Members: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Burcu H. Özüduru City and Regional Planning, Gazi University Prof. Dr. Ela Babalık City and Regional Planning, METU Prof. Dr. Nil Uzun City and Regional Planning, METU Date: 12.09.2019 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Surname: Aslıhan Gür Signature: iv ABSTRACT INTEGRATION OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICES: THE CASE OF ISTANBUL Gür, Aslıhan Master of Science, City Planning in City and Region Planning Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ela Babalık September 2019, 263 pages One of the most important policy and action areas in urban transport planning is the improvement of public transport with a view to increase its usage. Public transport is the most effective way of meeting increasing mobility needs in urban areas. It can provide long-distance journeys that may be difficult to travel via walking and biking. In the face of increasing car usage, it also ensures the most efficient use of space (i.e. transport infrastructure) and hence can help relieve congestion, which is a consequence of increased car usage. Transporting people with public transport, as opposed to cars, also results in lower levels of energy consumption and emissions; and consequently public transport also plays an important role in climate action plans and in achieving such policies as environmentally-friendly, clean, green, energy-efficient, and lower-cost (in terms of space and energy consumption) urban transport systems. Public transport is also a means of providing equal access opportunities to the society, since not everyone can be expected to travel with the car. As a result, for environmentally, economically and socially sustainable urban transport systems, public transport is a fundamental component. Public transport often constitutes a variety of different systems and services; and policies to improve public transport systems bring along a multi-modal system, which consists of various different public transport modes. This improvement also brings v along the need for integrated systems. Public transport integration is both a necessity and a key for attracting travelers. Public transport integration has various levels and perspectives that are line/route integration, tariff/ticketing integration, information integration and schedule/headway integration. Integration criteria that are examined in the study are based on literature and three best practice cases from the world. These cases are Singapore, London and Toronto. As a case study, this study assesses public transportation integration in Istanbul, Turkey. Istanbul has a diversity of transit modes, high daily passenger numbers, high population and a high level of mobility. Moreover, maritime transport and diversity of rail transportation (metro, tramway, funicular, streetcar, Marmaray etc.) make Istanbul a good case to investigate the integration of public transportation to compare it with good practice cases. Five transfer stations (Şişli-Mecidiyeköy, Zeytinburnu, Yenikapı, Aksaray-Yusufpaşa, Kadıköy) in Istanbul are investigated in-depth in terms of public transport integration. The aim of the study is to present Istanbul’s situation regarding public transport integration. By doing so, both inadequacies/weaknesses and potentials/possibilities to achieve an integrated public transport system in Istanbul could be investigated and assessed. The findings of the study enlighten the framework of an integrated public transport system, but by taking the locality into account. The study investigates integration components specific to Istanbul and also some transfer stations in Istanbul are analysed in depth. The study can provide recommendations for future system map, information tools, fare policies and schedule arrangements as well as for achieving the whole system integration. vi Keywords: Public Transport, Integration, Istanbul vii ÖZ TOPLU TAŞIMA HİZMETLERİNDE ENTEGRASYON: İSTANBUL ÖRNEĞİ Gür, Aslıhan Yüksek Lisans, Şehir Planlama Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Ela Babalık Eylül 2019, 263 sayfa Toplu taşımanın geliştirilmesi ve kullanımının artması, kentsel ulaşım planlamasında en önemli politika ve eylem alanlarından biridir. Toplu taşıma, kentsel alanlarda sürekli artan hareketliliği karşılamadaki en etkili yöntemdir. Kent içinde, yaya ve bisikletli olarak gerçekleştirilmesi zor olan uzun mesafeli yolculuk ihtiyacının karşılanmasına olanak sağlar. Toplu taşıma ayrıca mekânın en verimli şekilde kullanılmasını (örneğin ulaşım altyapısı bakımından) sağlayarak artan araç kullanımının bir sonucu olan trafik yoğunluğunu ve sıkışıklığını hafifletmektedir. İnsanların özel araç kullanımı yerine, toplu taşıma sistemlerini kullanarak ulaşım ihtiyaçlarını karşılaması, daha az düzeyde enerji tüketimi ve salınımı ile de sonuçlanmaktadır. Böylece, iklim eylem planları ile çevre-dostu, temiz, yeşil, enerji tasarruflu, düşük maliyetli (mekân ve enerji tüketimi açısından) kentsel ulaşım sistemleri ve politikalarının gerçekleştirilmesinde de önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Toplum içindeki her bireyin özel araç ile yolculuk yapmasının beklenemeyeceği düşünüldüğünde, toplu taşımanın toplumun fırsat erişimindeki eşitliği sağlaması bakımından da önemli olduğu görülmektedir. Sonuç olarak toplu taşıma; çevresel, ekonomik ve sosyal sürdürülebilir kentsel ulaşım sistemleri için son derece önemli bir bileşendir. viii Toplu taşıma sistemleri genellikle birçok farklı sistem ve türden oluşmaktadır. Toplu taşıma sistemlerindeki gelişmeler ve politikalar, çeşitli toplu taşıma türünden oluşan çoklu sistemleri beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu gelişmeler ayrıca entegre sistemlere olan ihtiyacı da ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu bakımdan, toplu taşıma entegrasyonu hem bir gereklilik hem de yolcu sayısının arttırılmasında asli bir unsurdur. Toplu taşıma entegrasyonunun çeşitli unsur ve bileşeni olup bunlar hat/güzergâh entegrasyonu, bilgi entegrasyonu, tarife/biletlendirme entegrasyonu ve zaman çizelgesi/sefer aralığı entegrasyonudur. Bu çalışmada incelenen entegrasyon kriterlerinde, önceki literatür ve üç başarılı dünya örneği temel alınmıştır. Bu örnekler Singapur, Londra ve Toronto’dur. Bu çalışma, örnek alan incelemesi olarak İstanbul’da toplu taşıma entegrasyonunun durumunu değerlendirmektedir. İstanbul toplu taşıma sistemi, birçok farklı ulaşım türüne, yüksek oranda günlük yolcu sayısına, nüfusa ve hareketlilik düzeyine sahiptir. Ayrıca, deniz ulaşımının varlığı ve raylı ulaşımın çeşitliliği (metro, tramvay, nostaljik tramvay, füniküler, Marmaray vb.) de İstanbul’u başarılı dünya örnekleri ile karşılaştırma yaparak değerlendirebilmek adına toplu taşıma entegrasyonunun incelenmesi adına iyi bir inceleme alanı haline getirmiştir. İstanbul’da beş transfer istasyonu (Şişli-Mecidiyeköy, Zeytinburnu, Yenikapı, Aksaray-Yusufpaşa, Kadıköy) toplu taşıma entegrasyonu açısından incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı, toplu taşıma entegrasyonu ile ilgili İstanbul’un durumunu ortaya koymaktır. Bunu yaparak, toplu taşıma entegrasyonunu gerçekleştirmek için İstanbul’daki hem yetersizlikler/zayıflıklar hem de potansiyeller/olanaklar araştırılıp değerlendirilebilir. Çalışma bulguları, yerellik hususu dikkate alınmak suretiyle entegre bir toplu taşıma sisteminin çerçevesine ışık tutmaktadır. Ayrıca İstanbul örneği özelinde incelenen transfer istasyonları ve entegrasyon bileşenleri üzerinden gelecekteki sistem haritası, bilgi araçları, ücret politikaları ve zaman çizelgesi düzenlemeleri hakkında entegrasyonun sağlanması için çıkarım ve tavsiyeler sunmaktadır. ix Anahtar Kelimeler: Toplu Taşıma, Entegrasyon, İstanbul x To my family and myself. xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to offer my very deep gratefulness to my gracious advisor; Ela BABALIK, who has accepted me as her student from the very beginning of the process and then showed all her guidance, knowledge, experience, support and also smiling and understanding attitude to me. It was an honor and also a good feeling to study with her. I would like to thank to the members of examining committee, Prof. Dr. Nil UZUN and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Burcu H. ÇINGI ÖZÜDURU, for all of their valuable suggestions and contributions to this study. I also would like to thank to each of our instructors at Middle East Technical University for their time and effort on us. A remarkable amount of effort, self-control and willpower has been needed as I also have been working. For the strong support within that period, I wish to thank my friends, who redress the balance between my ideal and the points of break
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