Discussion Paper Nr

discussion paper Nr. 41/2018 Juni/2018 discussion paper Houshmand E. Masoumi1, Amr Ah. Gouda1,7, Lucia Layritz1, Pia Stendera1, Cynthia Matta2, Haya Tabbakh3, Sima Razavi4, Houshiar Masoumi4, Betül Mannasoğlu5, Özlem Kılınç5, Ashraf M. Sharara6, Mahmoud Elnably7, Ahmad Alhakeem1, Sherzad Ismail1, Erik Fruth1 Urban Travel Behavior in Large Cities of MENA Region: Survey Results of Cairo, Istanbul, and Tehran 1 Technische Universität Berlin, Zentrum Technik und Gesellschaft, Germany 2 Notre Dame University, Louaize, Lebanon 3 American University of Beirut, Lebanon 4 Independent surveyor, Tehran, Iran 5 Istanbul Technical University, Turkey 6 Independent Surveyor, Cairo, Egypt 7 Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt Impressum Zentrum Technik und Gesellschaft Sekretariat HBS 1 Hardenbergstraße 16.18 10623 Berlin www.ztg.tu-berlin.de Die Discussion Paper werden von Martina Schäfer, Leon Hempel und Dorothee Keppler herausgegeben. Sie sind als pdf-Datei abrufbar unter: http://www.tu-berlin.de/ztg/menue/publikationen/discussion_papers/ 2 Abstract The present discussion paper summarizes an urban mobility survey as a part of the project “Urban Travel Behavior in Large Cities of MENA Region” (UTB-MENA) funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) undertaken in summer and autumn 2017 in Tehran, Istanbul, and Cairo. This data collection was conducted in 18 neighborhoods located in different urban forms related to three different eras: traditional urban form, in-between (transitional) urban form, and new developments. The survey instrument included 31 questions organized in six different sections. As a result of face- to-face interviews with residents as well as quantification of several land use indicators, a database of 8284 validated subjects (Cairo: 2786 , Istanbul: 2781 , Tehran: 2717) was created by the research team based in Berlin, Tehran, Istanbul, and Cairo. The results of 46 variables (24 continuous and 22 categorical) are presented in this paper. The neighborhood-level precision of the findings is 4.5% to 4.7% for individual variables and 1.8% to 2.4% for household variables. These findings make the data representative for the case-study neighborhoods. These data are expected to provide a reliable sample for researchers of the region for the purpose of strengthening human-oriented urban transportation planning and research against the mainstream of transportation engineering by bringing in disaggregate individual urban mobility data into urban transport research of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Zusammenfassung Das vorliegende Discussion Paper fasst eine Mobilitätsbefragung zusammen, die Teil des durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft geförderten Projekts „Städtisches Mobilitätsverhalten in Großstädten der MENA-Region“ (UTB-MENA) ist. Die Befragung wurde im Sommer und Herbst 2017 in 18 Nachbarschaften in Teheran, Istanbul und Kairo durchgeführt, die drei Zeitphasen urbaner Entwicklung repräsentieren: traditionelle urbane Form, Übergangsform, und neue Entwicklung. Die Befragung umfasst 31 Fragen in sechs unterschiedlichen Abschnitten. Ein Datensatz von 8284 validierten Zielpersonen (Kairo: 2786, Istanbul: 2781, Teheran: 2717) wurde als Ergebnis der persönlichen Interviews mit Bewohnern und der Quantifizierung von mehreren Landnutzungsindikatoren von den Forschungsteams in den drei Städten erzeugt. Die Resultate von 46 Variablen (24 kontinuierliche und 22 kategoriale) werden in diesem Paper vorgestellt. Die Genauigkeit der Ergebnisse auf Nachbarschaftsebene liegt zwischen 4,5 % und 4,7 % für einzelpersonenbezogene Variablen und zwischen 1,8 % und 2,4 % für haushaltsbezogenen Variablen. Diese spezifischen Forschungsergebnisse zeigen, dass die Daten für die in der vorliegenden Fallstudie berücksichtigten Nachbarschaften repräsentativ sind. Die Daten sollen Forschern für die Region eine zuverlässige Stichprobe liefern, um eine Menschen-orientierte Verkehrsplanung zu stärken, innovative Forschung gegen den etablierten technikorientierten Trend aufzubauen, und disaggregierte Daten zum Thema städtische Mobilität im Mittleren Osten und Nordafrika (MENA) zu etablieren. 3 Content 1. Introduction .................................................................. 5 2. Methodology ................................................................. 6 2.1. Neighborhood-Scale Urban Form Classification ............................. 6 2.2. Case-Study Areas ..................................................................... 7 2.3. Pilot Survey ........................................................................... 14 2.4. Survey Instrument, Variables, & Representativeness .................. 14 2.5. Sample Characteristics and Validation ....................................... 19 3. Findings ...................................................................... 20 3.1. Overall Sample ....................................................................... 20 3.2. City-Level Samples ................................................................. 23 4. Conclusion .................................................................. 25 5. Appendixes ................................................................. 27 5.1. Appendix 1: Survey instrument ................................................ 27 5.2. Appendix 2: Categorical data ................................................... 30 5.3. Appendix 3: City-level continuous data...................................... 32 5.4. Appendix 4: City-level categorical data ...................................... 34 5.5. Appendix 5: City-level comparative continuous data ................... 37 5.6. Appendix 6: City-level comparative categorical data ................... 38 Literature .............................................................................. 40 4 1. Introduction International literature concentrating on the interrelations between land use and urban travel behavior has grown rapidly during the past two decades, but the share of research on the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is very limited in number and depth. The region is far behind in in-depth studies on the topic. Iran is an example of one MENA country that is starting to focus on such subjects. During the past two or three years, the related studies in the context of Iran have also been launched by MENA researchers. The city-scale and regional characteristics and their linkage with travel are especially studied in Iran. Consistent with the Western literature (e.g. Handy et al. 2005), the Iranian studies show stronger effects of socio-economic factors than that of urban form (Arabani, Amani, 2007; Soltani, Esmaeili-Ivaki, 2011). Some Egyptian research results show the effectiveness of land use along with three other factors in defining travel speed reliability in a 35-Kilometer roadway connecting two regions of Cairo (Sabry, Talaat, 2015). The effects of the urban environment and the condition of sidewalks in providing safety for school students when walking to and from school has been studied in Amman, Jordan (Shbeeb, Awad, 2013). The topic of walkability provided by the street network for students of 12 to 14 years of age has also been studied in Istanbul. Özbil et al. (2014) conclude that characteristics like street length suitability for walking, number of pedestrian crossings and traffic signals, and sidewalk width significantly influence on route choice of students. Özbil (2013) examined the street connectivity and layout in three neighborhoods in Istanbul (Nişantaşı, Erenköy, and Moda), each with different land use and street layout characteristics, and found significant correlations with pedestrian flow. She suggests integrating more socio-demographic variables like population and employment densities to derive more extended results. There is also evidence that urban sprawl influences mode choice in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Alqhatani et al. 2013). The results of a recent work on the diversity of land uses show that this description is associated with the frequency of the intra- and extra-zonal trips (Soltani et al. 2012). Apart from the number of the studies, another weakness in the Iranian studies when compared with their Western counterparts is the absence of modeling and simulation. Limited efforts have been made for conducting multivariate mathematical or computer- based modeling of the effective factors of urban travels. Such a shortcoming can be more or less seen in other countries of the region. That is why this project has picked modeling as the main objective. To do that, the fundamental emphasis has been put on micro-scale, namely neighborhoods. Micro-scale effects on travel are interpreted inconsistently: according to Rodriguez and Joo (2004), the neighborhood attributes and design have little impacts on walking behavior, while Cervero (2002) notes that these qualities are important in changing the modal split and increasing the share 5 of walking. Nevertheless, Cervero (1993) had already concluded that macro-factors like travel costs and density are more important than micro- factors like design. In the context of MENA, the neighborhood has traditionally had a very important role in the social life of urban dwellers. Thus, to connect the debate to the regional context of MENA, the neighborhood can be given a focal position in land use/urban travel research. A very large research limitation is the lack of reliable data that accounts for inclusive types of factors like mobility behaviors, infrastructures and accessibilities, human perceptions, socio-economics and demographics, etc. as

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