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Profile on Environmental and Social Considerations in Cambodia

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Profile on Environmental and Social Considerations in Cambodia December 2013 Japan International Cooperation Agency ER JR 13-002 Table of Contents Table of Contents i List of Figures vi List of Tables viii Abbreviations and Acronyms xi Executive Summary xviii Chapter 1. Country Overview 1.1 Overview 1 - 1 1.1.1 Map of the Country 1 - 1 1.1.2 Location and Topography 1 - 1 1.1.3 Climate 1 - 4 1.1.4 River Systems 1 - 7 1.1.5 Land Use 1 - 8 1.1.6 Demographics 1 - 9 1.2 Legal and Administrative Systems: Environmental and Social Considerations 1 - 10 1.2.1 Legal System 1 - 11 1.2.2 Administrative Division 1 - 12 1.2.3 National Plans 1 - 17 1.2.4 Relevant Organisations 1 - 20 1.3 Overview and Contact Details of Relevant Organisations 1 - 22 1.3.1 Governmental Organisations and Research Institutions 1 - 22 1.3.2 Donors 1 - 28 1.3.3 NGOs 1 - 31 Chapter 2. Natural Environment 2.1 Overview 2 - 1 2.2 Regulations and Policies 2 - 1 2.2.1 International Agreements 2 - 1 2.2.2 Domestic Laws 2 - 2 2.3 Wildlife Species 2 - 5 i 2.3.1 Endemic Species 2 - 5 2.3.2 Endangered Species 2 - 6 2.3.3 Internationally Protected Species 2 - 7 2.4 Important Ecosystems and Habitats 2 - 8 2.4.1 Protected Areas 2 - 8 2.4.2 Ramsar Sites 2 - 10 2.4.3 Biodiversity Hotspots 2 - 12 2.4.4 Important Bird Areas 2 - 12 2.5 Coral Reefs 2 - 14 2.6 Mangrove Wetlands 2 - 16 2.7 Forests 2 - 21 Chapter 3. Pollution and Environmental Issues 3.1 Overview 3 - 1 3.2 Regulations and Policies 3 - 3 3.2.1 International Agreements 3 - 3 3.2.2 Domestic Laws and Relevant Organisations 3 - 4 3.3 Air Pollution 3 - 6 3.3.1 Current Situation 3 - 6 3.3.2 Relevant Laws and Organisations 3 - 8 3.4 Water Pollution 3 - 14 3.4.1 Current Situation 3 - 14 3.4.2 Relevant Laws and Organisations 3 - 20 3.5 Soil Pollution 3 - 23 3.5.1 Current Situation 3 - 23 3.5.2 Relevant Laws and Organisations 3 - 24 3.6 Solid Waste 3 - 24 3.6.1 Current Situation 3 - 24 3.6.2 Relevant Laws and Organisations 3 - 29 3.7 Noise and Vibration 3 - 31 3.7.1 Current Situation 3 - 31 3.7.2 Relevant Laws and Organisations 3 - 32 3.8 Climate Change 3 - 34 3.8.1 Current Situation 3 - 35 3.8.2 Relevant Laws and Organisations 3 - 35 Chapter 4. Social Environment ii 4.1 Overview 4 - 1 4.2 Regulations and Policies 4 - 2 4.3 Relevant Organisations for Protection of Basic Human Rights 4 - 3 4.4 Protection of Rights for Socially Vulnerable 4 - 4 4.4.1 Poverty 4 - 4 4.4.2 Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minority Group 4 - 6 4.4.3 Gender 4 - 6 4.4.4 Children 4 - 7 4.4.5 Persons with Disabilities 4 - 9 4.4.6 Sexual Minorities 4 - 10 4.5 Protection of Rights of Workers 4 - 11 4.6 Cultural Heritage 4 - 13 4.6.1 Relevant Regulations and Government Agencies 4 - 13 4.6.2 Major Cultural Heritage in Cambodia 4 - 15 4.6.3 Issues Related to the Protection of Cultural Heritage 4 - 16 4.7 Gap Analysis Between the Existing Domestic Regulations, the JICA 4 - 17 Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations, and the World Bank Safeguard Policy Chapter 5. Environmental Assessment 5.1 Legal Framework 5 - 1 5.2 Initial Environmental Impact Assessment (IEIA) and Environmental Impact 5 - 2 Assessment (EIA) 5.2.1 Projects Subject to the IEIA/EIA 5 - 2 5.2.2 Procedures and Relevant Organisations 5 - 5 5.2.3 Public Participation 5 - 8 5.2.4 Participation of Experts, NGOs and Other Third Parties 5 - 9 5.2.5 Information Disclosure 5 - 9 5.3 Environmental Management Plan 5 - 10 5.4 Strategic Environmental Assessment 5 - 11 5.5 Monitoring 5 - 12 5.6 Major Issues and Challenges in the Current System 5 - 12 5.7 Gap Analysis Between the Present Domestic Regulations, the JICA 5 - 13 Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations, and the World Bank Safeguard Policy iii Chapter 6. Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement 6.1 Legal Framework 6 - 1 6.2 Procedures and Relevant Organisations 6 - 8 6.3 Grievance Redress Mechanism, Information Disclosure, and Monitoring 6 - 19 6.3.1 Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) 6 - 19 6.3.2 Information Disclosure and Public Participation 6 - 23 6.3.3 Monitoring and Evaluation 6 - 26 6.4 Major Issues and Challenges in the Current System 6 - 28 6.5 Gap Analysis Between the Existing Domestic Regulations, the JICA 6 - 29 Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations, and the World Bank Safeguard Policy Chapter 7. Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minority Groups 7.1 Social and Economic Situation 7 - 1 7.2 Legal Framework 7 - 5 7.2.1 Domestic Laws 7 - 5 7.2.2 International Conventions 7 - 12 7.3 Procedures and Relevant Organisations 7 - 13 7.3.1 National/Government Institutions and Procedures 7 - 13 7.3.2 International Organisations and Non-Governmental Organisations 7 - 14 7.4 Affirmative Actions 7 - 16 7.5 Major Issues and Challenges in the Current System 7 - 17 7.5.1 Policy Issues 7 - 17 7.5.2 Land Rights 7 - 17 7.5.3 Livelihood 7 - 18 7.5.4 Voting Rights 7 - 18 7.5.5 Other Ethnic Groups 7 - 19 7.6 Gap Analysis Between the Present Domestic Regulations, the JICA 7 - 19 Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations, and the World Bank Safeguard Policy Chapter 8. Environmental and Social Considerations in Other Donors' Projects 8.1 World Bank 8 - 1 8.1.1 Environmental Assessment 8 - 2 8.1.2 Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement 8 - 8 8.1.3 Indigenous Peoples 8 - 13 iv 8.1.4 Monitoring 8 - 18 8.1.5 Information Disclosure 8 - 19 8.2 Asian Development Bank 8 - 21 8.2.1 Environmental Assessment 8 - 21 8.2.2 Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement 8 - 24 8.2.3 Indigenous Peoples 8 - 27 8.2.4 Monitoring 8 - 29 8.2.5 Information Disclosure 8 - 31 References Appendix v List of Figures Figure 1.1.1 Map of Cambodia 1-1 Figure 1.1.2 Topography map of Cambodia 1-2 Figure 1.1.3 Average minimum and maximum temperatures over the year 1-4 Figure 1.1.4 Average humidity over the year 1-4 Figure 1.1.5 Average monthly precipitation over the year 1-5 Figure 1.1.6 Average monthly rainy days over the year 1-5 Figure 1.1.7 Average monthly hours of sunshine over the year 1-5 Figure 1.1.8 Distribution of Annual Rainfall (1981–2004) 1-6 Figure 1.1.9 River Systems of Cambodia 1-8 Figure 1.1.10 Land Use Distribution in Cambodia 1-9 Figure 1.1.11 Land Use in Cambodia 1-9 Figure 1.1.12 Ethnic Groups in Cambodia 1-10 Figure 1.1.13 Religion in Cambodia 1-10 Figure 1.2.1 Administrative System in Cambodia 1-13 Figure 1.2.2 Administrative Divisions of Cambodia 1-13 Figure 1.2.3 Organisation Chart of the Ministry of Environment 1-21 Organisational Chart of Municipal/Provincial Departments of Figure 1.2.4 1-22 Environment (PDEs) Figure 2.4.1 Protected Areas of Cambodia 2-9 Figure 2.4.2 Map of Ramsar Sites in Cambodia 2-11 Figure 2.4.3 Map of IBAs in Cambodia 2-13 Figure 2.5.1 Location of coral reef distribution in Cambodia 2-14 Figure 2.6.1 The Location of Mangroves in Cambodia 2-16 Figure 2.7.1 Forest Land Classification and Tenure in Cambodia 2-24 Figure 2.7.2 Forest Cover in Cambodia (2010) 2-26 Figure 3.4.1 Distribution of arsenic concentrations in Cambodian groundwater 3-17 Figure 3.4.2 Hazard map of arsenic in Cambodian groundwater 3-18 Figure 3.4.3 Operational Structure of AISC 3-22 Figure 3.6.1 Flow Chart of MSW in Phnom Penh 3-26 Figure 3.6.2 General Flow of Recycling Activities 3-26 Figure 3.6.3 System of MSW Institutional Arrangements 3-30 Figure 3.8.1 Proposed National Coordination Arrangements 3-38 Figure 4.1.1 Ethnic Groups in Cambodia 4-1 Figure 4.1.2 Religion in Cambodia 4-1 vi Figure 4.6.1 World Heritage Sites in Cambodia 4-15 Figure 5.2.1 Flowchart of the IEIA/EIA Process for National-level Projects 5-6 Flowchart of the IEIA/EIA Process for Municipal/Provincial-level Figure 5.2.2 5-7 Projects Figure 6.2.1 Land Acquisition Procedures and Relevant Laws and Regulations 6-11 Figure 6.2.2 IRC and relevant organisations 6-12 Figure 6.2.3 RD-MEF Organisation Chart 6-12 Figure 6.2.4 Resettlement Workflow 6-14 Figure 6.2.5 Concepts of Project Stage and Organisation 6-15 Figure 6.2.6 Work Flow of Resettlement with Relevant Organisations 6-17 Figure 6.3.1 Flowchart of the Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) 6-22 Figure 6.3.2 PCM Work Flowchart 6-25 Figure 7.1.1 Ethnic Groups in Cambodia 7-1 Figure 7.1.2 Geographical Distribution Map of Indigenous Peoples in Cambodia 7-2 vii List of Tables Table 1.2.1 The hierarchy and definition of Cambodian main legal norms 1-11 Table 1.2.2 Cambodia’s 23 Provinces and 1 Municipality 1-14 Table 1.2.3 Cambodia’s Provinces and Districts 1-14 Table 1.2.4 Ministries in Cambodia 1-20 List of Governmental Organisations and Research Institutions Table 1.3.1 1-22 related to Environmental and Social Considerations in Cambodia Table 1.3.2 Major Donors in Cambodia 1-28 Table 1.3.3 NGOs Active in the Environmental and Social Sectors in Cambodia 1-31 Table 2.2.1 Laws in Cambodia related to Environmental Protection 2-2 Decrees, Sub-Decrees and Declarations in Cambodia Table 2.2.2 2-3 related to Environmental Protection Table 2.3.1 Total endemic species in Cambodia (totals by taxonomic group) 2-5 Table 2.3.2 The Conservation Status of Biological Species in Cambodia 2-6 Table 2.3.3 Threatened Species in Cambodia (totals by taxonomic group) 2-7 Table 2.3.4 Total of CITES-listed Species in Cambodia 2-8 Types of Protected Areas Defined under the Protected Area Law Table 2.4.1 2-9 (2008) Table 2.4.2 Wetlands of International Importance in Cambodia 2-11 Distribution and management status of coral reefs of four coastal Table 2.5.1 2-15 provinces Table 2.6.1 Distribution of mangroves of four coastal provinces 2-17 Table 2.6.2 Laws Related to Coastal Area Management 2-18 Table 2.7.1 Trends in the Extent of
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  • Caesalpinioideae, Fabaceae) Reveals No Significant Past 4 Fragmentation of Their Distribution Ranges

    Caesalpinioideae, Fabaceae) Reveals No Significant Past 4 Fragmentation of Their Distribution Ranges

    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/730911; this version posted August 9, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 TITLE : 2 Population genomics of the widespread African savannah trees Afzelia africana and 3 Afzelia quanzensis (Caesalpinioideae, Fabaceae) reveals no significant past 4 fragmentation of their distribution ranges 5 AUTHORS : 6 7 Armel S.L. Donkpegan1,2,3*, Rosalía Piñeiro4,5, Myriam Heuertz6, Jérôme Duminil2,7,8, Kasso 8 Daïnou 1,2,9, Jean-Louis Doucet1 and Olivier J. Hardy2 9 10 11 AFFILIATIONS : 12 13 14 1 University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Management of Forest Resources, Tropical 15 Forestry, TERRA, 2 Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium 16 17 2 Evolutionary Biology and Ecology Unit, CP 160/12, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de 18 Bruxelles, 50 avenue F. D. Roosevelt, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium 19 20 3 UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, F-33140, Villenave d’Ornon, France 21 22 4 University of Exeter, Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Stocker road, 23 EX44QD, Exeter, UK 24 25 5 Evolutionary Genomics, Centre for Geogenetics - Natural History Museum of Denmark, Øster 26 Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark 27 28 6 Biogeco, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 69 route d’Arcachon, F-33610 Cestas, France 29 30 7 DIADE, IRD, Univ Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France.