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Иностранные Языки И Современный Мир Foreign Languages And 1 Учреждение образования «Брестский государственный университет имени А.С. Пушкина» Иностранные языки и современный мир Foreign Languages and Contemporary World Сборник материалов международной научной конференции студентов, магистрантов, аспирантов Брест, 27 апреля 2018 года В двух частях Часть 2 Брест БрГУ имени А.С. Пушкина 2018 2 УДК 81‟243(082) ББК 81.2я431 И 68 Рекомендовано редакционно-издательским советом Учреждения образования «Брестский государственный университет имени А.С. Пушкина» Рецензенты: Доцент кафедры немецкой филологии и лингводидактики УО «Брестский государственный университет имени А.С. Пушкина», кандидат педагогических наук, доцент Л.Я. Дмитрачкова Доцент кафедры иностранных языков УО «Брестский государственный технический университет», кандидат филологических наук, доцент О.Л. Зозуля Редакционная коллегия: Л.М. Максимук, Н.В. Иванюк, И.В. Повх, Л.М. Калилец, О.Н. Коваленко, Л.Е. Левонюк, С.В. Милач, И.А. Полева И 68 Иностранные языки и современный мир : сб. материалов междунар. науч. конф. студентов, Брест, 27 апр. 2018 г. / Брест. гос. ун-т. имени А. С. Пушкина ; редкол.: Л. М. Максимук, [и др.]. – Брест : БрГУ, 2018. – Ч. 2. 188 с. ISBN В сборник включены материалы, посвященные различным аспектам жизни современного общества: проблемам социально-экономического развития, вопросам окружающей среды, тенденциям в развитии современной науки и др. Издание адресовано студентам, магистрантам и аспирантам высших учебных заведений. Может быть полезным для всех, кто интересуется проблемами современного мира и изучением иностранных языков. УДК 81’243(082) ББК 81.2я431 ISBN © УО «Брестский государственный университет имени А.С. Пушкина», 2018 3 Н.Н. Лангаева Россия, Москва, РГАУ-МСХА имени К.А. Тимирязева Научный руководитель – Н.А. Яковлева BESONDERHEITEN DER SENFDIAGNOSTIK MIT PHOTOMETRISCHEN INSTRUMENTEN ZUR OPERATIVEN STICKSTOFFNACHDÜNGUNG Der ursprünglich in Asien verbreitete Senf war schon in der Antike als Heil- und Gewürzpflanze bekannt. Bereits um 300 v. Chr. wurde Senf in Indien als begehrte Gewürzpflanze angebaut. Schon dem alten griechischen Philosophen und Mathematiker Pythagoras war der Senf bekannt. 795 ordnete Karl der Große in einer Schrift den Senfanbau an, was die Verbreitung des Senfs in Mitteleuropa förderte. Die Senfsamen keimen bei Temperaturen unter 15 °C und bei nur flacher Bedeckung am besten. Gelangt der Samen in tiefere Bodenschichten, kann er bis zu 50 Jahren keimfähig bleiben. Das erklärt, warum an Baustellen mit Aushubstellen oftmals Senf zu finden ist. Die kugeligen Körner erreichen einen Durchmesser von 2 bis 2,5 mm. Sie enthalten fettes Öl, Eiweiß und Schleimstoffe und wenig ätherische Öle. Als Gewürzkörner können sie bis zu 4 Jahren gelagert werden. Die tief reichenden Wurzeln der Senfpflanze lockern den Boden auf, so dass er gut durchlüftet wird. Gerade bei Bio-Bauern ist Senf deshalb eine beliebte Zwischenfrucht. Die Senfpflanze ist relativ anspruchslos und keimt schnell aus. Innerhalb von drei Monaten kann aus dem ein bis zwei Millimeter kleinen Senfkorn eine ein Meter hohe Pflanze wachsen. Diese hat längliche, behaarte Blätter und leuchtend gelbe, rapsähnliche Blüten, aus denen die Schoten heranreifen. Bevor die Schoten platzen und die wertvollen Samen wieder im Erdboden „verschwinden“, werden sie vorsichtig geerntet. Es ist sinnvoll genutzte Flächen regelmäßig zu düngen. Stickstoff ist der Nährstoff mit den größten Ertrags- und Qualitätseinflüssen. Diese Düngemittel können natürlichen Ursprungs sein oder von der Industrie hergestellt werden. Weit stärker als bei anderen Nährstoffen bewirkt sowohl ein Zuwenig als auch ein Zuviel Mindererträge und Qualitätseinbußen. Die hohe Mobilität, besonders die des Nitratstickstoffs, bringt es mit sich, dass dieser Pflanzennährstoff auch bei Anwendung aller verfügbaren Maßnahmen der guten fachlichen Praxis unvermeidbaren Auswaschungsverlusten unterliegt. Geht die Stickstoffzufuhr weit über den Pflanzenbedarf und den Ausgleich für die unvermeidbaren Verluste hinaus, sind negative Folgen für die Umwelt, insbesondere das Grundwasser, nicht zu vermeiden. Ziel einer ausgewogenen Stickstoffdüngung ist es, die für den wirtschaftlichen optimalen Ertrag notwendige N-Menge unter Berücksichtigung des aktuellen N-Angebotes des Bodens und der N-Nachlieferung aus verschiedenen Quellen zur Verfügung zu stellen. An der Moskauer staatlichen Agraruniversität wurde eine Forschung zum Thema „Besonderheiten der Senfdiagnostik mit photometrischen Instrumenten zur operativen Stickstoffnachdüngung“ durchgeführt. Das Ziel dieser Forschung war die Begründung des Diagnostik-Verfahrens der Stickstoffernährung von Pflanzen auf Grundlage der Photometrie. Dabei wurden folgende Aufgaben gestellt: – die Einwirkung der Stickstoffdünger auf den Senfertrag festzustellen, – die Abhängigkeit der Geräteanzeige von Dosen der Stickstoffdünger zu bewerten, – die optimalen Dosen der Nachdüngung festzustellen. Die Forschung wurde 2017 auf den Feldern der Timirjasew Akademie von der Studentin des 6. Semesters N. Langaewa unter der Leitung der Dozentin Shchuklinа durchgeführt. Als Forschungsobjekt wurde die Senfsorte Lugowskaja genommen. 4 Es wurde den Einfluss der Stickstoffnachdüngung in verschiedenen Phasen der Pflanzenentwicklung geprüft: in der Phase der Knospenbildung (8 Varianten) und in der Phase der Pflanzenblüte (2 Variante). Die Komplexdiagnostik der Stickstoffernährung von Pflanzen während der Vegetation umfasst: – Halmdiagnostik von V.V. Tserling, – photometrische Diagnostik mit dem Instrument “Spectrolux”, – photometrische Diagnostik mit dem ausländischen Gerät N-Tester YARA. Bei der Bestimmung der Nitrate nach V.V. Tserling nahmen wir den Pflanzenhalm und schnitten ihn in 10 Teile. Der frische Schnitt wird auf das Glas gelegt, mit der Säure getröpfelt und oben mit dem zweiten Glas zusammen gepresst. In kurzer Zeit muss man die sich ergebende Färbung mit der Schablone vergleichen. Das ist ein sehr gut bewährtes Verfahren, das für die Kontrolle der Ergebnisse nötig ist. Aber es ist nicht besonders bequem: dabei ist das Labor und viel Zeit notwendig. N-Tester ist für die Bestimmung des Stickstoffinhalts in der Pflanze ohne Chemie bestimmt. Das Blatt wird in die Klemme des Gerätes untergebracht und in eine Sekunde bekommen wir die Daten des Vorhandenseins des Chlorophylls. Der Ernteertrag ist der Schlüsselwert, denn nach ihrer Größe wird das Versuchsergebnis bewertet. Es stellt sich heraus, dass besonders effektiv die höheren Stickstoffdosen waren. Dabei der höchste Ertrag wurde wegen der ungünstigen Wetterbedingungen 2017 nicht erreicht. 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 der Ertneertragder 1,5 1 0,5 0 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 1. Das Wochenblatt für Landwirtschaft, Dorf und Familie [Elektronische Ressource]. – Modus für den Zugang: https://www.bauernzeitung.de/. – Datum des Zugriffs: 28.07.2017. 2. Löwensenf Sortiment [Elektronische Ressource]. – Modus für den Zugang: http://www.loewensenf.de/. – Datum des Zugriffs: 03.02.2018. 5 В статье рассматриваются опыты, проведенные кафедрой «Биотехнологии» РГАУ- МСХА имени К.А. Тимирязева. Проведенное исследование позволило установить влияние азотных удобрений на урожайность горчицы; оценить зависимость показаний приборов от различных доз удобрений; установить оптимальные дозы подкормки для повышения урожайности и качества семян. Данное исследование имеет значение для увеличения урожайности зеленых удобрений. Р.В. Лебедевич Республика Беларусь, Минск, МГЛУ Научный руководитель – Е.Г. Задворная ВЕРБАЛИЗАЦИЯ КОММУНИКАТИВНЫХ ЗАТРУДНЕНИЙ ГОВОРЯЩЕГО ПРИ ЭКСПЛИКАЦИИ ЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ СОСТОЯНИЙ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ РУССКОГО И ИСПАНСКОГО ЯЗЫКОВ) В ходе диалогического взаимодействия у говорящего могут возникать коммуникативные затруднения, обусловленные различными факторами, в том числе свойствами сообщаемой информации. Одним из наиболее распространенных типов таких затруднений являются сложности, возникающие при экспликации эмоциональных состояний говорящего. Процесс концептуализации и категоризации отражения эмоций в языке и речи является предметом активного изучения лингвистов, психолингвистов, лингвокогнитологов. Затруднения при вербализации эмоционального состояния связывают с целым рядом причин: сложностью, нечеткостью, диффузностью и многообразием эмоциональных концептов [4, с. 127], недостаточно богатым эмоциональным тезаурусом говорящего, неполной осознанностью собственных переживаний, интенсивностью переживаемых эмоций и пр. [1, с. 95; 2, с. 244]. Наш анализ диалогических фрагментов, включающих затруднения при вербализации эмоционального состояния говорящего, на русском и испанском языках (всего 120 контекстов) позволил нам выделить три группы контекстов в зависимости от способа формулирования и степени эксплицитности отображения переживаний коммуниканта. 1. Следствием интенсивного влияния эмоций на процесс речепроизводства может стать полная блокировка способности к вербализации. В таких случаях говорящий оказывается не в состоянии ни вербализовать необходимую информацию, ни констатировать факт коммуникативного затруднения. – Да вы… да я вас… – задохнулся от возмущения милиционер. – ¡A su, a su...! – balbuceó el arqueólogo, tan excitado que no pudo continuar hasta que no hubo tomado aire... Репертуар эмоций, вызывающих подобное речевое поведение, достаточно узок и, как правило, относится к спектру негативных, неожиданных эмоциональных состояний. Судить о характере переживаемых эмоций в таких случаях можно лишь при наличии авторских ремарок (в художественных текстах). 2. Следующую группу контекстов представляют ситуации, когда адресант не способен точно описать
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