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Ceftazidime+Clavulanic Acid As a Better Method of Screening Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBL) in the Family Enterobacteriaceae

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Ceftazidime+Clavulanic Acid As a Better Method of Screening Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBL) in the Family Enterobacteriaceae Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(2): 267-271 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 2(2016) pp. 267-271 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.502.030 Ceftazidime+Clavulanic Acid as a Better Method of Screening Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBL) in the Family Enterobacteriaceae Shipra Agarwal* and Uma Chaudhary Department of Microbiology, Pt. B. D. Sharma PGIMS Rohtak, Haryana, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT K e yw or ds Ceftazidime+ Treatment of infection caused by Gram negative bacilli is often complicated Clavulanic Acid, due to increasing resistance medated by beta lactamases genes.Extended ESBL, spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) confer resistance to Ceftazidime, Enterobacteriaceae cefotaxime, monobactam and related oxyimino beta lactams. A total of 500 Article Info samples were studied and the detection of ESBL was made by comined disc methods using cefatzidime + clavulanic acid and cefotaxime + clavulanic Accepted: 15 January 2016 acid and both the methods were compared in the present study. Available Online: 10, February 2016 Introduction Gram negative bacteria can cause serious near its active site to increase the affinity infection in hospitalized patients. Treatment and hydrolytic ability of the β-lactamase for of these infections is often lengthy and get oxyimino compounds while simultaneously complicated because of the increasing weakening the overall enzyme efficiency. bacterial resistance mediated by varying Widespread use of third generation 1 degrees of beta lactamase enzymes. cephalosporins and aztreonam is the major Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) cause of the mutations leading to emergence are Ambler class A penicillinases, which of ESBLs.5 ESBL occur predominantly in confer resistance to and hydrolyze the Klebsiella spp. and Escherichia coli but expanded spectrum cephalosporins like have also been increasingly reported in other ceftazidime, cefotoxime, monobactam- genera of the family Enterobacteriaceae.6,7 azteronam and related oxyimino β-lactams ESBLs are encoded by transferable as well as older penicillins and conjugative plasmids which often code 2-4 cephalosporins. They arise from mutations resistant determinants to other antibiotics. in the genes for common plasmid-mediated The plasmid-mediated resistance against β-lactamases, especially Temoniera (TEM) cephalosporins can spread among related and sulfhydryl variable (SHV) enzymes, and unrelated gram-negative bacteria. which alter the configuration of the enzyme ESBLs are mostly the products of point 267 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(2): 267-271 mutations at the active site of TEM and ESBL production .10-12\ SHV enzymes.8 Nosocomial outbreaks of infections caused by ESBL-producing gram- Data collection and Statistical Analysis negative bacteria have also been reported, which are mainly the result of extensive and At the end of the study, results were inappropriate use of third-generation collected and analysed by using Chi-square cephalosporins. The major risk factors test and p value tests was calculated by SPS implicated are long-term exposure to software version 20.0 The prevalence of antibiotics, prolonged ICU stay, nursing ESBL was calculated by the following home residency, severe illness, formula. instrumentation, or catheterization.9 Results and Discussion The aim of this study is to evaluate the utility of ceftazidime+clavulanic acid as a A total of 500 isolates of better method for detection of extended Enterobacteriaceae were included in the spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) in the study. Maximum rate of isolation of family Enterobacteriaceae. members of Enterobacteriaceae was from urine samples (39%), followed by blood Materials and Methods (25%), pus samples (11.2%), stool samples (8.4%), sputum samples (6%), body fluids The present study was conducted in the samples (4.8%), throat swab samples(2.4%), Department of Microbiology, Pt. B.D. HVS (2%) and CSF samples (1%). The Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak over a period of majority of patients from which members of one year (February 2014 to January 2015). the family Enterobacteriaceae were isolated A total of 500 isolates of family belonged to age group of 21-30 years in both Enterobacteriaeceae were obtained from the sexes, followed by 31-40 years and 11- various clinical samples collected from 20 years of age group in both sexes. patients, irrespective of age and sex. The Majority of isolates of Enterobacteriaceae samples included were urine, pus, blood, family were recovered from hospitalised body fluids, sputum, CSF, high vaginal patients that included ward or indoor swabs (HVS), stool, and throat swabs. settings (44.2%) and in intensive care unit Organism identification was done according (18%) making a total of 62.2% of admitted to the standard microbiological protocol. patients, followed by outpatient setting ESBL detection was done by combined disc (37.8%). method. A disc of ceftazidime (30µg) alone and ceftazidime ┼ clavulanic acid Majority of isolates recovered were E. coli (30µg/10µg) and cefotaxime (30µg) alone (41.6%), followed by K. pneumonia ( 32%), and cefotaxime ┼ clavulanic acid C. freundii (8.4%), C. koseri (6.4%), E. (30µg/10µg) were placed at a distance of 25 aerogenes (6.2 %), E. cloacae (2.4%), P. mm, centre to centre on Muller Hinton agar vulgaris (1.8%), and P. mirabilis (1.6%). Of plate inoculated with a bacterial suspension the 500 isolates tested, ESBL was detected of 0.5 MacFarland turbidity standard and in 226 (45.2 %) of isolates by combined disc incubated overnight at 37ºC ( Fig 1). An method. The use of ceftazidime (30µg) and increase in inhibition zone diameter of ≥ ceftazidime┼ clavulanic acid (30µg/10µg) 5mm for the combination disc versus detected 226 (45.2%) isolates as ESBL ceftazidime or cefotaxime alone confirmed positive as compared to cefotaxime (30µg) 268 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(2): 267-271 alone and cefotaxime ┼ clavulanic acid isolates as ESBL positive and the results (30µg/10µg) which detected 180 (36 %) were statically significant (p<0.05). Prevalence of ESBL = Total number of Enterobacteriaceae showing ESBL in 1 year period×100 Total number of Enterobacteriaceae examined during the same period Isolates ESBL +ve Ceftazidime± Clavulanic acid Cefotaxime± Clavulanic acid 500 226(45.2%) 226 (45.2%) 180(36%) Fig.1 Showing Zone Enhancement (> 5 mm) by the use of Cefazidime+ Clavulanic acid (CAC) in omparion to Ceftazidime (CAZ) alone Similarly by using Cefotaxime + Clavulanic acid ( CEC) in Comparion to Cefotaxime ( CTX) alone Antibiotic resistance surveillance has a by Shoorasheety et al. who reported 41 % central role among all strategies to manage ESBL producing strains.14 Similarly Mita et the problem of antibiotic resistance. Since al. reported 43 %ESBL producing strains.15 their first description in the mid 1970s, Jaishree et al. reported 53.2 %ESBL ESBLs have been isolated worldwide and producing strains.16 Similarly Vishwanath et form a major contributor of drug resistance al. reported 57.5 %isolates as producing in many genera of Enterobacteriaceae. The ESBL.17 Giriyapur et al. reported 63.89 %of present study reported 45.2% prevalence of ESBL positive strains.18 However, Rawat et ESBL by combined disc method. The use of al. demonstrated 18.6%of ESBL strains . ceftazidime± clavulanic acid detected more This difference could be attributed to the ESBL as compared to cefotaxime ± fact that all gram negative bacilli were clavulanic acid indicated the former to be a included.19 more sensitive indicator. Zali et al also reported higher sensitivity of ceftazidime ± References clavulanic acid as compared to cefotaxime ± clavulanic acid.13 The result of present study 1. Upadhyay S, Sen MR, Bhattacharjee A. were in accordance with the study conducted Presence of different beta‑ lactamase 269 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(2): 267-271 classes among clinical isolates of Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2005;48:45- Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8. expressingAmpC beta‑ lactamase 9. Kumar MS, Lakshmi V, Rajagopalan enzyme. J Infect Dev Ctries R. Occurrence of extended spectrum β 2010;4:239‑ 42 lactamases among Enterobacteriaceae 2. Jacoby GA, Han P. Detection of spp. isolated at a tertiary care institute. Extended–Spectrum β-Lactamases in Indian J Med Microbiol. 2006;24:208- clinical isolates of Klebsiella 11. pneumonia and Escherichia coli. J Clin 10. Phillipon A, Labia R, Jacoby G. Microbiol 1996;4:908-11. Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases 3. Coudron PE, Molland ES, Sanders CC. (MINIREVIEW). Antimicrob Agents Occurrence and Detection of Extended Chemother 1989;33:11316. Spectrum β-Lactamases in members of 11. National Committee for Clinical he family Enterobacteriaceae at A Laboratory Standards. Performance Veterans Medical Centre: Seek and You standards for Antimicrobial disk May Find. J Clin Microbiol susceptibility testing; 12th 1997;35:2593-7. InformationalSpplement. Wayne, PA, 4. Emery CL. Weymouth LA. Detection USA: NCCLS; 2002. p. M100-S12. and Clinical Significance of Extended– 12. Tenover FC, Ranxey PM, Williams PP, Spectrum beta-Lactamases in a Tertiary Rasheed JK, Biddle JW, Oliver A, et al. care Medical Center. J Clin Microbiol Evaluation of the NCCLS ESBL 1997;35:2061-7. confirmation methods for E.coli with 5. Chaudhary U, Aggarwal R, Extended isolates collected during project ICARE. Spectrum β-Lactamases-An Emerging J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:3142-6. threat to Clinical therapeutics. Ind J 13. Zali F.H.M,Chanawong A,Kerr Med Microbiol 2004;22:75-80. K.G,Birkenhead D,Hawkey P. 6. Spanu T, Luzzaro F, Perilli M, Detection of extended spectrum beta Anicosante G, Tonioto A, Fadda G, et lactamases in the family al. Occurrence of extended-spectrum β- Enterobacteriaceae: comparison of lactamases in members of the family MAST DD test, double disc test and the Enterobacteriaceae in Italy: Implications E test. J Antimicr Chemother for resistance to β-lactamases and other 2000;45:881-5. antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrob Agents 14. Shoorashetty R M, Nagarathnamma T, Chemother 2002;46:196-202. Prathibha J.
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