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Sayıt Mahmut Erdoğan

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Sayıt Mahmut Erdoğan T.C. GIDA TARIM VE HAYVANCILIK BAKANLI ĞI Ü Ü Ğ AB UZMANLIK TEZ İ DÜNYA’DA GDO MEVZUATI, TİCARET İ VE UYGULAMALARININ KAR ŞILA ŞTIRILMASI VE TÜRK İYE LER GENEL MÜDÜRLÜ LER GENEL İ AB UZMAN YARDIMCISI (Kalın,16 Punto) K İŞ SAYIT MAHMUT ERDO ĞAN (Kalın,Punto) L İ Ş DANI ŞMAN VE DI VE Prof. Dr. MAH İNUR S. AKKAYA İĞİ ODTÜ FEN EDEB İYAT FAKÜLTES İ ÖĞRET İM ÜYES İ RL İ Ankara Eylül 2015 B AVRUPA T.C. GIDA TARIM VE HAYVANCILIK BAKANLI ĞI Avrupa Birli ği ve Dı ş İli şkiler Genel Müdürlü ğü DÜNYA’DA GDO MEVZUATI, TİCARET İ VE UYGULAMALARININ KAR ŞILA ŞTIRILMASI VE TÜRK İYE AB UZMANLIK TEZ İ SAYIT MAHMUT ERDO ĞAN AB UZMAN YARDIMCISI DANI ŞMAN Prof. Dr. MAH İNUR S. AKKAYA ODTÜ FEN EDEB İYAT FAKÜLTES İ ÖĞRET İM ÜYES İ Ankara – 2015 Eylül i ii ÖZET AB Uzmanlık Tezi DÜNYA’DA GDO MEVZUATI, T İCARET İ VE UYGULAMALARININ KAR ŞILA ŞTIRILMASI VE TÜRK İYE Sayıt Mahmut ERDO ĞAN Danı şman Prof. Dr. Mahinur S. AKKAYA Biyoteknoloji, 20. Yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren sağlık, tarım ve çevre gibi alanlar ba şta olmak üzere birçok farklı alanda de ğişim ve dönü şüm meydana getirmi ş olan modern bir disiplindir. Bu disiplin, moleküler biyoloji ve genetik mühendisli ğinin araçlarını kullanılarak canlıların genetik yapılarını belirli bir amaca yönelik olarak de ğiştirip geneti ği de ğiştirilmi ş organizmaları (GDO’lar) elde ederek insanlı ğın ihtiyacına sunmu ştur. Günümüzde bir yandan, insanlar ve hayvanlar için ilaç ve a şı çe şitleri ilaç biyoteknolojisi vasıtasıyla üretilmekte iken, di ğer yandan da tarımsal biyoteknoloji vasıtasıyla üretilmi ş olan; böceklere dirençli, herbisit toleransına sahip, besin de ğeri zenginle ştirilmi ş, kuraklı ğa ve tuzlulu ğa dirençli geneti ği de ğiştirilmi ş (GD) bitki çe şitlerinin ekimi yapılmaktadır. Yapılan ara ştırmalar GD bitkilerin, kimyasal pestisit kullanımını azaltarak çevre sa ğlı ğına katkıda bulundu ğunu, ürün verimlili ğini yükselterek çiftçi kârlarını arttırdı ğını ve yoksul üreticilerin durumlarında iyile şmeler sa ğladı ğını belirtmektedir. GDO’lar sadece sa ğladıkları bu avantajlı durumlarla de ğil, insan, hayvan ve bitki sa ğlı ğı ile ekosistemde meydana getirebilecekleri olası zararlı etkilerle de gündeme gelmi şlerdir. Bu kaygılar “Biyogüvenlik” kavramını do ğurmu ş ve insan, hayvan ve bitki sa ğlı ğı ile çevre ve biyolojik çe şitlili ği korumak için uluslararası düzeyde sözle şme ve protokollerin yapılmasına ve ulusal düzeyde biyogüvenlik kanunlarının hazırlamasına zemin hazırlamı ştır. Bu tez çalı şmasında, biyogüvenli ği korumaya yönelik hazırlanmı ş uluslararası anla şmalar incelenmi ş, ülkemizde yürürlükte olan “Biyogüvenlik Kanunu” ba şta olmak üzere dünyada önde gelen ülkelerin GDO mevzuatları ve uygulamaları incelenerek, Türkiye ile bu ülkelerin mevzuatları ve uygulamaları arasındaki farklar kar şıla ştırılmı ş ve dünya GDO ticaretine ili şkin bilgiler sunulmu ştur. 2015, 188 sayfa Anahtar Kelimeler: Geneti ği de ğiştirilmi ş organizmalar, transgenik bitkiler, biyogüvenlik, biyoteknoloji, GDO mevzuatı, Biyogüvenlik Kanunu, GDO ticareti iii ABSTRACT EU Expertise Thesis COMPARISON OF GMO LEGISLATION, COMMERCE AND APPLICATIONS IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY Sayıt Mahmut ERDO ĞAN Supervisor Prof. Dr. Mahinur S. AKKAYA Biotechnology is a modern discipline which has given rise to change and transformation in many different fields since the late 20th century, especially in the areas such as health, agriculture and the environment. Using the tools of molecular biology and genetic engineering, this discipline has altered the genetic structure of living organisms for a specific purpose, generated genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and presented them to the needs of humanity. At the present time on the one hand, human and animal medicines and vaccines are being produced by pharmaceutical biotechnology, on the other hand, insect resistant, herbicide tolerant, nutritional value enriched and drought and salinity- resistant genetically modified (GM) crops are being planted which generated by means of agricultural biotechnology. In the research studies it is stated that; GM plants contribute to environmental health by reducing the use of chemical pesticides, increase the profits of farmers by increasing crop productivity and provide improvement in the financial situation of the poor producers. GMOs have become a hot topic in the recent years not only because of favorable conditions they provide, but also their potentially harmful effects on human, animal and plant health and the ecosystem. All these concerns brought “Biosafety” concept into being and formed a basis for the drawing up of the conventions at the international level and preparation of national biosafety laws in order to protect human, animal and plant health and the environment and biodiversity. In this thesis, international agreements prepared for protecting biosafety were reviewed; "Biosafety Law" which is in effect in our country being in the first place, GMO legislation and practices of the leading countries in the world were studied, legislation and application differences between these countries and Turkey were compared and information on the global GMO trade was presented. 2015, 188 pages Keywords: Genetically modified organisms, transgenic plants, biosafety, biotechnology, GMO legislation, Biosafety Law, GMO trade iv İÇİNDEK İLER ÖZET ..................................................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... iv TABLO L İSTES İ ............................................................................................................... viii ŞEK İL L İSTES İ ................................................................................................................... ix KISALTMALAR L İSTES İ ................................................................................................... x GİRİŞ ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1. DÜNYADA GENET İĞİ DE ĞİŞ TİRİLM İŞ ORGAN İZMALARA YÖNEL İK ULUSLARARASI POL İTİKA VE UYGULAMALAR ....................................................... 6 1.1. Biyogüvenlik Kavramı ................................................................................................ 7 1.2. Birle şmi ş Milletler Biyolojik Çe şitlilik Sözle şmesi ................................................... 8 Convention on Biodiversity - CBD .................................................................................. 8 1.3. Birle şmi ş Milletler Biyolojik Çe şitlilik Sözle şmesi - Cartagena Biyogüvenlik Protokolü .......................................................................................................................... 10 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity ................ 10 1.4. Cartagena Protokolü’ne Ek, Sorumluluk ve Telafiye İli şkin Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Protokolü .......................................................................................................................... 17 Nagoya – Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety ..................................................................................... 17 1.5. GDO’lara İli şkin Di ğer Uluslararası Anla şmalar ..................................................... 18 1.5.1. FAO Uluslararası Bitki Koruma Sözle şmesi ..................................................... 19 FAO International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) .............................................. 19 1.5.2. Gıda Güvenilirli ği için Kodeks Alimentarius Komisyonu ................................. 20 The Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) For Food Safety .................................. 20 2. DÜNYADA GDO MEVZUAT ve UYGULAMA ÖRNEKLER İ .................................. 22 2.1. Amerika Birle şik Devletleri ...................................................................................... 22 2.1.1. ABD’de GDO mevzuatı ..................................................................................... 22 2.1.2. ABD’de GDO’dan sorumlu kurumlar ................................................................ 23 2.1.3. ABD’de GDO’ların etiketlenmesi ...................................................................... 23 2.1.4. ABD’de GDO’ya toplumsal bakı ş ..................................................................... 24 2.1.5. ABD’de GDO Ticareti ....................................................................................... 24 2.2. Avrupa Birli ği ........................................................................................................... 25 2.2.1. 2001/18/EC; Genetik Yapıları De ğiştirilmi ş Organizmaların Kasıtlı Olarak Çevreye Salınması Hakkındaki Direktif ...................................................................... 26 2.2.2. 2009/41/EC; Genetik Yapıları De ğiştirilmi ş Mikro-Organizmaların (GDM) Kapalı Şartlarda Kullanımına İli şkin Konsey Direktifi ............................................... 27 v 2.2.3. 2003/1829/EC; GDO İçeren Gıda ve Yem Hakkındaki Tüzük .......................... 28 2.2.4. 2003/1830/EC; Geneti ği De ğiştirilmi ş Gıda Ve Yemlerin İzlenebilirli ği Ve Etiketlenmesine Dair Tüzük ......................................................................................... 29 2.2.5. 2004/65/EC; GDO’lar İçin Ayırdedici Kimlik Olu şturulmasına İli şkin Tüzük . 31 2.2.6. 2003/1946/EC GDO’ların Sınıra şan Hareketlerine
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