Contents

List of Figures xi Acknowledgments xiii

Introduction 1

Chapter 1: An Uncommon Defense 6 1.1 Powhatan Describes War among the Natives (1607) 7 1.2 John Mason Campaigns against the Pequot (1637) 9 1.3 Elizabeth Bacon Observes Skirmishes in Virginia (1676) 11 1.4 Benjamin Church Plans for Action in New England (1704) 13 1.5 James Oglethorpe Strikes Spanish Outposts (1739–1741) 16 1.6 Robert Rogers Provides Rules for the Rangers (1757) 18 1.7 Parliament Passes a Quartering Act (1765) 22 1.8 An Unknown Soldier Sings ‘‘Yankee Doodle’’ (1775) 24

Chapter 2: War for Independence 27 2.1 The Continental Congress Raises an Army (1775) 28 2.2 James Monroe Goes to War (1776) 30 2.3 Albigence Waldo Treats Soldiers at Valley Forge (1777) 32 2.4 Jeffrey Brace Fights for Liberty (1778) 35 2.5 John Paul JonesCOPYRIGHTED Captures a British Frigate (MATERIAL1779) 38 2.6 A French Officer Draws the Continental Line (1781) 40 2.7 Deborah Sampson Wears a Uniform (1782) 42 2.8 George Washington Bids Farewell to the Army (1783) 44

Chapter 3: Establishing the Military 49 3.1 Alexander Hamilton Considers National Forces (1787) 50 3.2 Henry Knox Arranges the Militia (1790) 52 3.3 Anthony Wayne Prevails at Fallen Timbers (1794) 55 vi Contents

3.4 John Adams Prepares the Navy for War (1797) 58 3.5 Congress Passes the Military Peace Establishment Act (1802) 60 3.6 William Eaton Arrives on the Shores of Tripoli (1805) 62 3.7 James Wilkinson Faces a Court Martial (1811) 65

Chapter 4: Mr. Madison’s War 69 4.1 James Madison Calls for War (1812) 70 4.2 Lydia Bacon Enters Fort Detroit (1812) 73 4.3 Benjamin Tanner Engraves the US Frigate Constitution (1812) 76 4.4 Black Hawk Takes the Warpath (1813) 77 4.5 Oliver Hazard Perry Defends Lake Erie (1813) 80 4.6 Samuel White Campaigns in Canada (1814) 83 4.7 Francis Scott Key Pens “Defence of Fort McHenry” (1814) 85 4.8 Andrew Jackson Triumphs at New Orleans (1815) 86

Chapter 5: The Martial Republic 90 5.1 John C. Calhoun Proposes an Expansible Army (1820) 91 5.2 The National Guard Parades in New York (1825) 94 5.3 John Downes Sails to Sumatra (1832) 96 5.4 Ethan Allen Hitchcock Patrols in Florida (1836) 99 5.5 Juan Seguı´n Remembers the Alamo (1837) 102 5.6 The Army and Navy Chronicle Encourages Reform (1839) 104 5.7 Henry W. Halleck Lectures on War (1846) 106

Chapter 6: The Forces of Manifest Destiny 110 6.1 James K. Polk Calls for War (1846) 111 6.2 James K. Holland Marches into Mexico (1846) 114 6.3 Whigs Denounce the Conduct of the War (1847) 116 6.4 Zachary Taylor Describes Buena Vista (1847) 119 6.5 Winfield Scott Lands at Veracruz (1847) 122 6.6 James Walker Paints The Battle of Chapultepec (1847) 124 6.7 Matthew C. Perry Steams to Japan (1852) 125 6.8 Elizabeth C. Smith Petitions for Bounty Land (1853) 128

Chapter 7: The Blue and the Gray 132 7.1 Abraham Lincoln Issues Proclamations (1861) 133 7.2 Julia Ward Howe Composes “The Battle Hymn of the Republic” (1862) 135 7.3 Jefferson Davis Appoints Robert E. Lee to Command (1862) 136 7.4 Gideon Welles Appraises the Ironclads (1862) 138 7.5 Francis Lieber Promulgates Rules for War (1863) 141 7.6 Sam R. Watkins Survives Chickamauga (1863) 144 7.7 James Henry Gooding Protests Unequal Pay (1863) 146 7.8 Robert E. Lee Requests Additional Troops (1864) 148 Contents vii

7.9 Phoebe Yates Pember Works at Chimborazo (1864) 151 7.10 Ulysses S. Grant Offers Terms at Appomattox (1865) 153

Chapter 8: Twilight of the Indian Wars 157 8.1 William T. Sherman Discusses Indian Policy (1868) 158 8.2 Philip H. Sheridan Assesses a Winter Campaign (1869) 160 8.3 Elizabeth B. Custer Camps with the Cavalry (1873) 163 8.4 Etahdleuh Sketches Kiowa Warriors (1877) 165 8.5 Emory Upton Evaluates Military Policy (1880) 167 8.6 The Soldier’s Handbook Gives Healthy Advice (1884) 169 8.7 Nelson A. Miles Remembers Wounded Knee (1890) 172

Chapter 9: A Rising Power 176 9.1 Alfred Thayer Mahan Advocates Sea Power (1890) 177 9.2 William McKinley Calls for War (1898) 179 9.3 Frank W. Pullen Charges in Cuba (1898) 181 9.4 Clara Barton Visits a Field Hospital (1898) 184 9.5 Frederick N. Funston Operates in the Philippines (1901) 186 9.6 The Committee on Naval Affairs Investigates Submarines (1902) 189 9.7 Elihu Root Regulates the General Staff (1903) 191 9.8 The Great White Fleet Tours the World (1907–1909) 195

Chapter 10: The War to End All Wars 198 10.1 Woodrow Wilson Calls for War (1917) 199 10.2 James Montgomery Flagg Creates a Recruiting Poster (1917) 201 10.3 Congress Passes the Selective Service Act (1917) 203 10.4 John J. Pershing Commands the AEF (1917) 206 10.5 Ida Clyde Clarke Supports the War (1918) 209 10.6 Josephus Daniels Manages the Navy Department (1918) 212 10.7 Ben Hur Chastaine Reaches the Front (1918) 214 10.8 The Stars and Stripes Notes the Armistice (1918) 217

Chapter 11: Out of the Trenches 221 11.1 The American Legion Rallies Veterans (1919) 222 11.2 George S. Patton Ponders the Next War (1922) 224 11.3 Billy Mitchell Advocates Air Power (1927) 226 11.4 Holland M. Smith Studies Marine Landings (1932) 229 11.5 Fairfax Downey Parodies “The Caisson Song” (1936) 231 11.6 George C. Marshall Speaks to Historians (1939) 233 11.7 Harold R. Stark Recommends Plan Dog (1940) 236

Chapter 12: Fighting World War II 240 12.1 Franklin D. Roosevelt Calls for War (1941) 241 12.2 Raymond A. Spruance Defends Midway (1942) 242 viii Contents

12.3 Charles C. Winnia Flies in the South Pacific (1943) 245 12.4 Grant Hirabayashi Volunteers for Combat (1944) 248 12.5 Dwight D. Eisenhower Invades Normandy (1944) 250 12.6 Congress Passes the GI Bill (1944) 253 12.7 Bill Mauldin Depicts Willie and Joe (1944) 256 12.8 Melvin E. Bush Crosses the Siegfried Line (1945) 257 12.9 Jacqueline Cochran Praises the WASPs (1945) 260 12.10 B-29s Drop Atomic Bombs on Japan (1945) 262

Chapter 13: A Cold War Begins 266 13.1 James V. Forrestal Manages the Pentagon (1948) 267 13.2 Omar Bradley Discusses Desegregation (1949) 269 13.3 Harry S. Truman Intervenes in Korea (1950) 271 13.4 Douglas MacArthur Addresses Congress (1951) 274 13.5 Spike Selmyhr Maneuvers in Korea (1951) 277 13.6 Claudius O. Wolfe Reveals Communist Atrocities (1953) 280 13.7 Maxwell D. Taylor Suggests a Flexible Response (1955) 282 13.8 Presidential Candidates Debate the Arms Race (1960) 285

Chapter 14: The Tragedy of Vietnam 288 14.1 Herbert L. Ogier Patrols in the Tonkin Gulf (1964) 289 14.2 Lyndon Johnson Escalates the War (1965) 291 14.3 Carolyn H. Tanaka Encounters Casualties (1967) 293 14.4 John S. McCain Enters Hanoi (1967) 296 14.5 William C. Westmoreland Reacts to Tet (1968) 298 14.6 The Gates Commission Proposes an All-Volunteer Force (1970) 300 14.7 George J. Eade Assesses the Christmas Bombings (1972) 303 14.8 Veterans Review Apocalypse Now (1979) 306

Chapter 15: A New Military 309 15.1 Ronald Reagan Announces SDI (1983) 310 15.2 Lee Greenwood Releases “God Bless the U.S.A.” (1984) 313 15.3 Colin L. Powell Evaluates National Security (1989) 314 15.4 H. Norman Schwarzkopf Defends the Persian Gulf (1990) 317 15.5 Daniel L. Davis Sees Action in Desert Storm (1991) 319 15.6 Congress Approves “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” (1993) 323 15.7 Wesley K. Clark Lauds NATO (1999) 325

Chapter 16: Global War on Terror 329 16.1 Henrietta Snowden Renders September 11 (2001) 330 16.2 George W. Bush Condemns an Axis of Evil (2002) 331 16.3 Jessica Lynch Soldiers in Iraq (2003) 334 16.4 Pete Van Hooser Reveres the SEALs (2005) 336 Contents ix

16.5 FM 2-22.3 Guides the Interrogation of Detainees (2006) 338 16.6 David H. Petraeus Counters an Insurgency (2007) 341 16.7 Robert Gates Speaks at West Point (2009) 344

Full Chronology 349 Sources and Credits 357 Index 369