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Men and Women of the Korean War University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2008 Standing in the Shadow of the Greatest Generation: Men and Women of the Korean War Melinda Leigh Pash Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Pash, Melinda Leigh, "Standing in the Shadow of the Greatest Generation: Men and Women of the Korean War. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2008. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/499 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Melinda Leigh Pash entitled "Standing in the Shadow of the Greatest Generation: Men and Women of the Korean War." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in History. G. Kurt Piehler, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Janis Appier, George White, Norma Mertz Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Melinda Leigh Pash entitled “Standing in the Shadow of the Greatest Generation: Men and Women of the Korean War.” I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and have recommended that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in History. G. Kurt Piehler, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Janis Appier George White Norma Mertz Acceptance for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) STANDING IN THE SHADOW OF THE GREATEST GENERATION: MEN AND WOMEN OF THE KOREAN WAR A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Melinda Leigh Pash August 2008 Copyright © 2008 by Melinda Leigh Pash All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to Sid, Graham, and Sam, the most wonderful people I know, for kindly and lovingly encouraging me to finish. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe a debt of gratitude to many people who had a hand in enabling me to complete my dissertation and my degree. Above all, my family provided years of enthusiastic encouragement as well as a pleasant distraction from the tedium of reading and writing. My wonderful husband, Sid, watched our two young sons in Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, Abilene, Kansas, Independence, Missouri, and Washington, D.C. while I did research and managed to keep his sense of humor even when things went awry, as when I got trapped in Ronald Reagan’s funeral procession and couldn’t get back to the hotel until long after the kids were asleep and when our then two year old decided to un-diaper and go for a swim in the pool at the World War II Memorial. He also took me on “dissertation drives” so I could talk through ideas and cheerfully proofread numerous drafts. My advisor, G. Kurt Piehler, proved both a friend and an invaluable resource. After my original advisor left academia, Kurt graciously agreed to take over. In the many years that followed, I am certain he must have regretted his decision once or twice, but he consistently and patiently led me to sources, read and commented on rough drafts, and pushed me along. Kurt also introduced me not only to my husband, but to Professors George White and Janis Appier who, along with Professor Norma Mertz, complete my dissertation committee. All of my committee members have been supportive, but I must single out Professor Mertz as she encouraged me to finish my degree while I was still a student struggling to complete the necessary coursework. I still look back on Professor Mertz’s class with fondness and appreciation. iv Two of my closest friends, Stephen Berrey and Ana Garcia, always answered my calls, no matter how late, and encouraged me to keep going. Stephen also recommended a number of sources for the Civil Rights sections of my dissertation that turned out to be invaluable. Many veterans took the time to send me materials, answer questions, and proofread as I went along. There are too many wonderful men who served in Korea that contributed to this project to name them all, but I would especially like to thank Mr. Harry Matthews, Mr. Joe Scheuber, and Mr. Ralph Cutro. These three shared their lives with me, gave depth to my research, and made this project a passion rather than a burden. If not for my own three boys, this work would be dedicated to them. Lastly, I would like to thank the many archivists and librarians at the places I researched. Archivists at the Eisenhower Library were especially helpful, leading me to collections like the Bradley Commission papers (and to the best Mexican restaurant for several hundred miles). At the Library of Congress and National Archives I and II various staff members took the time to sit down with me and help me decide which collections would be of most use to my project. Professor Paul Edwards, at the Center for the Study of the Korean War in Independence, Missouri not only opened his entire collection to me, but let me make copies on his copy machine free of charge, a real kindness for a starving graduate student. And, at Fayetteville State University’s Charles Chesnutt Library, Ms. Vera Hooks located even the most obscure sources ordered by me via Interlibrary Loan. Of course, while many people contributed to the completion of this dissertation, any errors or inconsistencies are mine alone. v Abstract This dissertation takes a fresh look at the forgotten generation of servicemen and women who served in theater during the Korean War. Beginning with their shared childhood, growing up during the Great Depression and World War II, this narrative account follows the story of American men and women as they enlisted in or were drafted into the Armed Forces, took basic training, shipped out to the Korean Peninsula or Japan, lived in the war zone, and returned home to a country that seemed not to have noticed their absence. Special attention is paid throughout to the complex interplay between service members and the home front and to the changes which occurred in both the lives of individual Americans and in American life as a result of wartime experiences. Though not a treatise on civil rights, the dissertation examines how integration in training and in foxholes helped break down racial barriers. Research for this project comes from the Library of Congress’s Robert A. Taft Papers and Veterans History Project Collection, the Eisenhower Papers, various collections at the National Archives and the Center for the Study of the Korean War, veteran surveys at Carlisle Barracks, oral history collections, published and unpublished memoirs, collections of veteran poetry, and contemporary newspaper and magazine stories. This work adds greatly to the historiography of the American soldier, connecting military and social history and examining both the personal and collective consequences of waging war the American way. vi PREFACE “We came back in dribs and drabs. By and large the public was tired of war and ignored Korea unless it directly affected them.”—Norman Weibel, Korean War veteran.1 “I was surprised by the lack of interest back home….People usually said, ‘Where have you been, on vacation?’”—Bob Chester, Korean War veteran.2 “We did what our country called us to do. Is it too much to ask that we be recognized for what we did?”— Harold L. Mulhausen, Korean War veteran.3 During the Korean Conflict, America shipped the bodies of those killed in action home for burial for the first time. With little by way of ceremony or pomp, the remains of soldiers who had died in Korea were interred in simple graves that merely identified the person’s name, rank, and date of birth. Only later did Americans think to add “Korea” to the stones, ascribing a time and place, if not a meaning to their deaths. Some 33,700 American soldiers ended their wartime tour of duty in Korea this way while another 1.8 million returned home alive but alone and shrouded in the same anonymity, the forgotten soldiers of a forgotten war.4 Unlike their older brothers and cousins who served in World War II and returned to tickertape parades and the boisterous tunes of welcoming bands, Korean War veterans returned quietly to a country that had scarcely missed them. Though Americans had initially rallied to the war drum when President Harry S Truman called on the nation to defend South Korea from 1 Norman Weibel, Korean War Veteran Survey, 8, Center for the Study of the Korean War, Graceland University, Independence, Missouri (hereafter CFSOKW). 2 R. W. Chester, Korean War Veteran Survey, 7, CFSOKW. 3 Harold L. Mulhausen and James Edwin Alexander, Korea: Memories of a U. S. Marine (Oklahoma City, OK: Macedon Publishing Company, 1995), i. 4 There are 6.8 million Korean War era veterans, but only 1,789,000 of those served in theater.
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