Members of the Fifteenth Selection Boards Seated, left to right: James Taylor. Jay H. Cerf. W, A. Minor, Foy D. Kohler, Roger W. Jones, William J. Crockett, Merman Pollack, Frederick W. Darnell, William W. Walker. Ernest C. Betts. Standing, front row: H. Gerald Smith. Edward L. Sciven. Ralph Hilton, Leon L. Cowles, Homer M. Byington, Jr.. James VV. Pratt. Henry C. Reed, Constance Roach, Walter K. Scott, Randolph A. Kidder, J. Wesley Jones, Lloyd II. Ellis, Donald W, Smith, Richard S. McCaffery. Standing, hack row: Charles R. Hersum, D'Arcy M. George, Frank P. Butler. Outcrbridge Horsey, Charles D. Lewis, Robert S. Folsom, Lester N. Trachtnian. A. Guy Hope, Lowry Nelson. Eldon W. Wingerd, Asa L. Evans, Andrew A. Pettis, John E. Means, Milton P. Anderson, Byron E. Blankenship, Louis F. Blanchard, John M. Cabot, Robert Rossow, Jr.. Forest L. Miller, Jacob D. Beam. William 11. Figy. Hubert C. Brewster, James H. Hoover, Samuel 1). Boykin. Norris ifaselton, Marion Whinery. Benjamin C. Essig. Walter M. Bastian, Jr., Oscar C. Holder, Paul A. Nagle. Trevanion H. E. Nesbitt, Wayne Ogle, Rufus /. Smith, Frederick M. Bcrnfield. Everett Damron, ami Stanley Carpenter.

FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER PROMOTIONS

To FSO-1 BRIGGS, William T. POTTER, Mrs. Margaret H. FAGAN, Miss Margaret A. BYRNES, James J., Jr. PRICE, C. Hoyt FLECK, Benjamin A. ALLEN, Ward P. CHADBOURN, ROBINSON, FLEXNER, Magdalen G. H. FALES, Herbert P. Philip H., Jr. Joe Adams CLARK, ROOT, John Frick FOULON, Robert C. KING, Spencer M. Edward W. FRANK, A. Eugene OREBAUGH, Walter W. COLLINS, Ralph S. SABATINI, Henry J. CRAWFORD, John E. GOUGH, Miss Betty C. RAMSEY, Henry C. SILBERSTEIN, Joseph A. CRIMMINS, John Hugh SMITH, Eldon B. GRAHAM, Pierre R. TAYLOR, Paul B. CROCKETT, Kennedy M. SMITH, Rufus Z. GRUZA, Lawrence E. DENNIS, Alfred P. STIBRAVY, William J. HAAHR, James C. To FSO-1 and to DORROS, Leon G. SUTTERLIN, James S. HAMILTON, William C. Consul General EILTS, Hermann F. SWANK, Emory C. HEAVEY, Robert Whitcomb AINSWORTH, H. Gardner EKERN, Halvor 0. THAYER, Robert Adams HIRABAYASHI, Martin Y. BAXTER, William 0. FROMER, Julian P. TOPPING, John L. HORGAN, Rogers B. HOUGHTON, Robert B. BELL, James D. GANNETT, Michael R. TROXEL, Oliver L., Jr. HUFF, Thomas D. BURNS, Findley, Jr. GRADY, James F. WATSON, Albert S. HULEN, Elmer C. BUTLER, Frank P. GREENWALD, Joseph A. WHITE, C. Thayer IMIIOF, Johannes V. CALHOUN, John A. HABIB, Philip C. INGRAHAM, Edward C., Jr. CLEVELAND, Robert G. HAGAN, Richard C. To FSO-3 DORSEY, Stephen P. HAMILTON, William L., Jr. ANDERSON, Robert JOHNSON, Charles K. JOHNSON, Richard E. EMMONS, Arthur B., 3d HECK, L. Douglas ASHFORD, Howard J., Jr. HILL, John L. JONES, Curtis F. GODLEY, G. McMurtrie ATHERTON, Alfred L., Jr. KANE, William GREENE, Joseph N., Jr. IAMS, John D. AUSLAND, John Campbell KEARNEY, Miss Sofia P. HAWKINS, Richard H., Jr. JACOBS, George R. BACON, John George KENDRICK, Joseph T., Jr. JACOBS, J. Roland BARNARD, Robert J. INGRAM, George Mason KING, BARRETT, John L. Bayard , William E., 2d KINC, KISSICK, Harold G. BARTCH, Carl E. Gordon D. LANE, Samuel Owen MEIN, John Gordon Beal, Williams KNEELAND, Walter E. LARSON, Thomas B. MELLEN, Sydney L. W. BEAUDRY, Robert M. LAINCEN, Lowell Bruce LENNON, John H. MELOY, Francis E., Jr. BLACKISTON, Slator C., Jr. LARIMORE, Donald E. LIPPE, Irvin S. NES, David G. BOWDLER, William G. LUBENSKY, Earl H. LOEHR, Walter Q. LUSTGARTEN, Michael B. POULLADA, Leon B. BUCHANAN, Thompson R. MARK, David E. BUELL, William A., Jr. MARTIN, Doyle V. SANGER, Richard H. MAYIO, Albert P. CAMPBELL, Paul C. MASTERS, Edward E. SHEPPARD, William J. MCKESSON, John A., 3d CHAPIN, William A. MAY, James A. STEPHANSKY, Ben S. MENDENHALL, Joseph A. CLAUDIUS, Mrs. Anne W. MCCLINTIC, Stephen H. UNGER, Leonard MONTLLOR, Joseph J. COURTENAYE, Richard H. MICHALKA, Earl R. MUELLER, Walter J. WELLMAN, Harvey R. CRUME, John B. MIDTHUN, Kermit S. WILLIAMSON, Francis T. NELSON, Thomas E. DAHL, Phillip B. NELSON, Carl J. NICKELS, Horace J. DAY, Arthur R. NOEL, Cleo A., Jr. To FSO-2 OLSSON, Nils William DEXTER, John B. PALMER, Donald Kaye BARRACLOUGH, George 0. PARSONS, Givon DIGCINS, John R., Jr. PALMER, Stephen E., Jr. BREWER, William D. PICK, Charles F., Jr. DUVIVIER, Paul F. PETERS, Stephen

Continued on page 47 The Foreign Service Journal is the professional journal of the American For¬ eign Service and is published by the American Foreign Service Association, a non¬ FOREIGN JOURNAL profit organization. Material appearing herein represents the opinions of 1 11_T PV*U In UOKTKLY BY THEAMUUCAJJPCTaiGHSERVlCE ASSOCIATION the writers and is not intended to indicate the official views of the Department of State or of the Foreign Service as a whole.

AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION APRIL, 1962 CHARLES E. BOHLEN, President CONTENTS Volume 39, No. 4 TYLER THOMPSON, Vice President JULIAN F. HARRINGTON, General Manager BARBARA P. CHALMERS, Executive Secretary page BOARD OF DIRECTORS WILLIAM 0. BOSWELL, Chairman 8 CENSORSHIP, EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE AND THE SERVICE HUCH G. APPLINC, Vice Chairman JOAN M. CLARK, Secretary-Treasurer 21 CRAFTSMANSHIP AND RESPONSIBILITY H. FREEMAN MATTHEWS, JR., Asst. Sec’y.-Treas. by Norman S. Hannah ROBERT M. BRANDIN MARTIN F. HERZ 25 THE SOVIET DIPLOMATIC GAME HENRY ALLEN HOLMES by Gordon Craig THOMAS W. MAPP RICHARD A. POOLE ROBERT C. STRONG 27 FOGGYBOTTOMOLOGY by Meg Greenberg The AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION is an un¬ official and voluntary association of the members, active and retired, of the Foreign Service of the and the Department of State. The Association was 29 MISSION-TYPE ORDERS formed in order to foster an esprit de corps among by General Bruce C. Clarke members of the Foreign Service and to establish a center around which might be grouped the united ef¬ forts of its members for the improvement of the Service. Chiefs of Mission, FSO’s, FSR’s and FSS’s are eligible 34 FABLE FOR THE FOREIGN SERVICE for active membership. American employees of other Dep artments or Agencies such as USIA and AID, who hold career status and who are on foreign service, are 38 PATIENCE, PERSPECTIVE AND PARLIAMENTARY DIPLOMACY eligible for associate membership. Annual dues for both categories are $10.00 which includes a subscription by Adlai Stevenson to the JOURNAL. Those interested in membership should write to the General Manager, AFSA, Suite 301, 1742 "G" St., N.W., Washington 6, D. C. 44 A NEW BREEZE BLOWING THROUGH THE GRASS ROOTS by David Brinkley JOURNAL EDITORIAL BOARD WOODRUFF WALLNEB, Chairman 52 FSO RECRUITING TRIP HENBY C. RAMSEY, Vice Chairman by Samuel R. Gammon THEODORE L. ELIOT, JR. HERMAN POLLACK HEYWARD ISHAM departments JOHN H. HOLDRIDCE Cover II FSO PROMOTION LIST JOHN Y. MILLAR ALFRED V. BOERNER 4 TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AGO JAMES R. FOWLER by James B. Stewart GORDON EWINC 31 EDITORIAL PAGE: Lying in the Sun GWEN BARROWS, Managing Editor Paper Foxholes SHIRLEY R. NEWHALL, Assistant Editor EDITH BELCHER, Circulation Manager 32 WASHINGTON LETTER by Gwen Barrows The Editorial Board of the Foreign Service Journal considers all articles submitted. If accepted, the author will be paid one cent a word at time of publication. Photographs accompanying articles will, if accepted, be purchased at one dollar each. Negatives and color transparencies are not acceptable. Photos should be black and white glossies, measuring approximately 7 x 10 inches, and should be mailed between extra heavy cardboard. Photos are not returned, and the Journal is not re¬ sponsible for the return of unsolicited material. Please include full name and address on all editorial material and a stamped, self-addressed envelope if return is desired.

© American Foreign Service Association, 1962. The Foreign Service Journal is published monthly (rates: $5.00 a year, 50 cents a copy), by the American For¬ eign Service Association, 1742 “G” St., N.V., "Wash¬ ington 6, D. C. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D. C. Printed In U.S.A. by Monumental Printing Company, Baltimore.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 1 INDEX TO ADVERTISERS Career Ambassadors Aldea del Mar _ 46 HE BOARD of Foreign Service has announced the follow¬ American Foreign Service Protective Association 12 T American International School — 54 ing nominations for promotion to the rank of Career American Motors Corporation 3 Ambassador: W. Walton Butterworth, U. S. Representative American Security and Trust Company 14 Assumption College 37 to the European Communities with the rank of Ambassa¬ Atlas Realty 46 dor; Walter C. Dowling, Ambassador to ; and Barclay, The 47 Frances E. Willis, Ambassador to Ceylon. Bell, YV., & Company 6 Brewood Engravers 42 Brooks Brothers Clothing 43 BIRTHS Calvert School, The 42 Cavanaugh Shipping Company 42 BAUGH. A son, David Everington, born to Mr. and Mrs. Jerry P. Chrysler Corporation 15 Baugh, on January 24. in Bogota. . Mr. Baugh is Classified Advertising 54 Vice Consul in Bogota. DeHaven 8c Townsend, Crouter & Bodine 48 BLOCH. A daughter, Kathleen Jenny, born to Mr. and Mrs. deSibour, J. Blaise, 8c Company 6 DACOR 46 Felix Stephen Bloch, in Duesseldorf, on December 18, 1961. Diplomatic Appliance Corporation 52 JONES. A son, Zachary Chaffin, born to Mr. and Mrs. Marshall Farnsworth Reed Ltd. 53 P. Jones, on February 21, in Seoul. Mr. Jones is Counselor of Federal Storage Company 52 Embassy for Administration in Seoul. Firestone Tire & Rubber Company 13 MCCUSKER. First National City Bank of New York 9 A son, Paul Alexander, horn to Mr. and Mrs. Paul Ford International 5 D. McCusker, in Hamburg, on January 14. Francis Scott Key Apartment Hotel 42 OLSON. A daughter, Kirsten Anne, born to Mr. and Mrs. Oscar General Electronics 16 J. Olson, Jr., on February 14, in Winter Park, Florida. Mr. General Motors Corporation 18 Olson is assigned to Barcelona. Grace Line 51 Hilltop House 50 WENZEL. A daughter, Karla Jean, horn to Mr. and Mrs. Robert International Ranger Camps 48 H. Wenzel, on November 29, 1961, in Freetown. Jacob & Warwick, Inc. 46 McLachlcn Banking Corporation 39 Merchants Transfer & Storage Company — 4 M ARRIAGES Miller, W. C. & A. N., Development Company . 50 CURTLS-KAMMAN. Mary Glasgow Curtis, daughter of Mr. and National Distillers Products Company „ 19 Park Central Hotel 46 Mrs. Edward Glion Curtis, and Curtis Warren Kamman were Paxton Van Lines 7 married on February 10 in Webster Groves, Missouri. Mr. P 8c M Investment Company 48 and Mrs. Kamman were classmates in the October, 1960, Publickcr International, The - 9 FSO-8 class. Rhea Radin-Realtor _ — 48 Seagram Distillers Corporation 17 MCNAB-SEARLKS. Nancy Jane McNab, daughter of Mr. Joseph Security Storage Company — 51 J. McNab and the late Mrs. McNab, and Charles D. Searles, Service Investment Corporation 45 USIA, were married on March 3, at Asbury Church, Crest- Simmons Properties 54 wood. New York. Mr. Searles has served at Vienna and State Department Federal Credit Union 50 Swartz, T. I., Sons 11 Vientiane and is now assigned to the American Embassy, United Services Officers Insurance Association — 53 Tananarive. United States Lines 49 HEGLE-WARREN. Lila Hegle, daughter of Mr. William Edward Waldorf-Astoria, The 10 Wanamaker, Sophia, Inc. 46 Hegle, and George Lewis Warren, Jr., were married on Feb¬ Western Pharmacy 47 ruary 24, at the Church of the Annunciation, Washington, Woodward 8: Lothrop 49 D. C. Mr. Warren is currently assigned to the Department of State. PHOTOS AND ART FOR APRIL DEATHS Lynn Millar, FSO-wife, Cover ARMSTRONG. Jane P. Armstrong died February 5, in Washing¬ ton, D. C. Mrs. Armstrong served in the Foreign Service for Lynn Moffly, FSO-wife, photo, page 20 28 years, in Habana, Mombasa, Auckland and Manila, and Sheila Isham, FSO-wife, “Suspended City,” page 24 in the Department. Sbe retired last November. Edward Fischer, illustrations, pages 27 and 34 HAY. Mrs. Minnie Lee Cooper Hay, wife of FSO John Hay, died on March 2, 1962 at Washington, D. C. Mrs. Hay was Wallace A. Marlev, , USAF. for American Korean Foun¬ in the first group of women to be commissioned in the U. S. dation, photo, page 30 Armed Forces shortly after Pearl Harbor. She retired as a , cartoon, page 32 Major of the U. S. Air Force in 1961. Robert W. Rinden, FSO, “Life and Love in the Foreign Serv¬ WALLER. George Platt Waller, Jr., FSO-retired, died on Febru¬ ice,” page 33 ary 26, at Montgomery, Alabama. Mr. Waller entered the Foreign Service in 1913 and retired in 1950. He served at Howard R. Simpson, USIA, cartoons, pages 35 and 44 Yarmouth, Carlsbad, , Kobe, Bizerta. Ceiba. Dresden, “Bare Knuckles,” Smithsonian, page 37 Brussels, Chihuahua, and Florence. Bill Mauldin, cartoon, page 38 Industrial and Development Center, Taipei, photo, page 41 A W A R D Foreign Agricultural Service, Dept, of Agriculture, photo, GEORGE F. KENNAN, Ambassador to Yugoslavia, was re¬ page 41 cently elected to The National Institute of Arts and Heidelberg, German Information Center, photo, page 56 Letters. Earlier Mr. Kennan had received the Pulitzer prize Kaiki Moto, Courtesy Bader’s Gallery, Cover III for work in the field of diplomatic history.

2 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 1962 RAMBLER AMBASSADOR V-8—The Action-Packed Compact RAMBLER for 1962 With The Style, Savings, Quality That Diplomats Prefer

102 ways new and better, the 1962 Rambler is the ideal car for Foreign Service personnel. Its smart styling is always in good taste. Voted as America’s most trouble-free car. Rambler is even more trouble-free in ’62 with 33,000-mile chassis lubrication period for most models ... 4,000-mile engine-oil change . .. 2-year warranty on battery ... Ceramic-Armored muffler, warranted as long as you own your new Rambler. New Double-Safety Brake System gives twice the protection 1962 RAMBLER CLASSIC—The All-Purpose Compact against brake failure. Self-adjusting, too. Drive Rambler—American, Classic 6 or Ambassador V-8 today. I ) 8 I

American Motors offers its Diplomatic Pur¬ %Kambler Mr chase Price on the Rambler of your choice. WORLD STANDARD OF The Administrative Office’s Personal Pur¬ COMPACT CAR EXCELLENCE chase File at American Embassies and Foreign Service Posts contains detailed For Full Information On Rambler, Write specifications and prices. Ask to see the 1962 Rambler price and specifications kit. AMERICAN MOTORS CORPORATION More than 3600 distributors and dealers AUTOMOTIVE EXPORT DIVISION around the world assure you finest service. 5626 25th Avenue ® Kenosha, Wisconsin

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 3 15 years ago April, 1937

by JAMES B. STEWART

Silent Cal Loquacious in Praise of State (From the Department’s archives) IN 1924 the Division of Publications discovered in a little- frequented vault, two old maps which antedated the Revolution. On the back of each was inscribed: ‘‘This map is the property of the Massachusetts Historical Society and is loaned to the United States on the express condition of being safely returned.”—Boston, November 11, 1828. The letter of December 18, 1924, from the Chief of the Division of Publications, returning the maps to the Histor¬ ical Society, reads in part: “The United States cannot but While The Diplomat Dines, regret that the members of the Massachusetts Historical Society have for ninety-six years been deprived of the study Merchants Delivers of these interesting and valuable specimens of the cartog¬ rapher’s art. Yet scarcely can the humble servant of the United States who now pens these lines find it in him to According to The Diplomat, the road to regret that it should remain for the day of Calvin Coolidge, Mandalay or any other foreign post of Massachusetts, to honor the terms of a loan made in that is smoother by far when of John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts. I therefore hasten Merchants does the moving. Consider: Merchants —if a word be not denied me which to the ear of the zealous boasts over 70 years of distinguished experience plus Official Blessing curator might have perhaps a ring of irony—I hasten, Sir, to to move and store personal treasures for return to you under separate cover, with the compliments, Foreign Service Personnel. They’ve moved Barbie with the apologies, and with the hearty thanks of the De¬ dolls to Burma and baby grands partment of State, these two somewhat time-worn testimon¬ to Bombay with equal aplomb. They'll ials of a faith which after all has not been betrayed.” move YOUR cherished possessions Secretary of State, Charles Evans Hughes, in transmitting (and The Diplomat's) with solicitous care. the letter to President Coolidge, wrote in part: “We have If it’s your move, do things the all learned to have faith in Massachusetts but it is important easy way, like The Diplomat. Move with that Massachusetts should have faith in the United States.” Merchants . . . move with everything you love. The President replied: My dear Mr. Secretary: Your note of December 20th and accompanying papers bring me a reminder of that splendid fidelity for which our Department of State has always been so distinguished. It is, however, even more impressive in its suggestion of the promptness and despatch with which the official duties of your eminent branch of the Government are so uniformly discharged. In view of the record achieved by the State Department in returning these maps, after a lapse of only ninety-six years, I am moved to make a special appeal to you, as one obviously expert in the facilitation of public business, for Cable Address: Removals suggestions in regard to another matter. You will recall MEMBERS: that in the Annual Message to Congress, I ventured the National Furniture Warehouseman’s Assoc.; Canadian suggestion that the French Spoliation Claims might prop¬ Warehouseman’s Assoc.; British Assoc, of lnternat’1. erly receive the attention of the Congress. These claims Furn. Removers; F.I.D.l. (Federation International have been awaiting final settlement for now considerably des Demenageurs Internationaux) more than a century, and the recent acceleration of per¬ formance which your Department has so impressively achieved, leads me to the hope that you may be able to sug¬ gest some procedure by which, within say the next two or Continued on p. 6

4 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 //off to mix elegance irith economy...

Mercury Comet does it beautifully. Its look is that comfortably holds everyone’s luggage. long and low . . . just like a full-size car. Yet, it As to price. Comet costs less than most com¬ takes two feet less to park. pacts. When you use your generous diplomatic Compare it with the compacts. You’ll find discount, it costs far less! that Mercury Comet is built up to 14 inches If you like the elegance of the big . .. and the longer. This means extra stretch-out space for savings of the small, it will pay you to look six big passengers . . . and an over-size trunk into Comet. It’s the perfect mix. 1902 Mercury Comet

You may order Comet for assured delivery here now or home later ... at your special discount. To get full information, consult your Administrative Officer’s personal purchases file, or write: Individual Sales, Ford International Group, 34 Exchange Place, Jersey City, N. J., U.S.A. OR Ford International Group, Washington Sales Office, Wyatt Building, 777 14th Street N.W. Washington, D.C. Telephone ME 8-4482 Foreign Service Officers in Washington are cordially invited to visit our sales office.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 5 Our WHOLESALE CATALOG is sent to the administrative officers of 25 Years Ago Embassies throughout the world. (They are not sent to individuals). three centuries, it might be possible to secure a final ad¬ justment of them. Awaiting with the utmost interest any constructive pro¬ posals which you may wish to advance, I am, Most sincerely yours, CALVIN COOLIDGE Mr. Hughes replied that the Department of State is deeply interested in the Claims but is compelled to await the co¬ operation of Congress and so, as the President suggests, it may be necessary to allow two or three centuries for their final adjustment. Briefs from the 1937 Journal Wholesale Distributors Fine SILVERWARE - LUGGAGE ■ JEWELRY • James E. Brown, Jr., Third Secretary, Stockholm, re¬ Watches - Clocks - Giftware - Appliances ceived from King Gustav V, the Nobel Prize for literature Leather Goods - Housewares which was awarded to Eugene O’Neill, American dramatist. Mr. O’Neill was unable to be present. Largest Collection of • QUALITY MERCHANDISE • On behalf of the Garden Club of America, Mrs. Joseph • LOWEST WHOLESALE PRICES C. Grew, wife of the American Ambassador to Japan, pre¬ (Available to Foreign Service Personnel) sented 4.650 American trees to the Japanese nation. The • IMMEDIATE DELIVERY from Stock Mayor of Tokyo participated in the Ceremonies. Visit our spacious wholesale showroom where you may make your leisurely selections. Comment, 1962: Thanks to His Honor, the Mayor, thou¬ sands of school children visit the Capital at Easter to view the cherry blossoms. Reporters each year try to find out what interests these youngsters the most during the visit and invariably report, “The hoys in the girls and the girls in the boys.” 14th & P Sts., N.W. Washington 5, D. C. • Ambassador Joseph E. Davies is making tours in Russia Known World Wide for Dependable Service through the industrial sections of the country in order to study Soviet industry at first hand. He has visited tractor and locomotive factories, hydroelectric stations, and the Donetz coal basin. COMPLETE INSURANCE Comment, 1962: Mr. Davies later wrote “Mission to Moscow.” ■ SERVICE ■ SECURITY A daughter, Lilia Cabot, was born to 3d Secre- for Foreign Service Personnel /\ tary and Mrs. Cecil B. Lyon, at Peiping, on CJ f January 18, 1937. PROTECT YOl’R HOME, your valuable personal prop¬ Comment, 1962: Since graduating from Radcliffe in 1958, erty, even your income against loss—in the U. S. or at Lilia has been leading an active and interesting life. She any overseas posts. We offer you a wide range of policies which can be worked in New York for three years during one of which she tailored to fit your personal circumstances and require¬ was with the New York WORLD TELEGRAM AND SUN as a ments for protection—each policy backed up by the copy-girl and reporter. Last January she started working for knowledge and experience we have gained in more than 30 years of service to Foreign Service personnel. Time, Inc. as a researcher in the Book Division for their American History series. Protection available includes: ■ Government Sendee Floaters, including the Govern¬ Lilia spent most of last year with her parents in Paris ment Sendee Comprehensive Policy which we designed where her father is American Minister at the Embassy. specifically for Foreign Sendee personnel to offer world-wide, all-risk personal property protection that And More Recently never has to be rewritten when you move. ■ Homeowners Policies (f/. S. only) Personal Notes: There is another Dowling in the Service— ■ Automobile Insurance Michael, with Jack Jernegan in Baghdad. The Dowlings in ■ Accident and Health insurance, for income protection, Bonn I Red and Alice) must feel as though they were start¬ issued on a world-wide basis. ing out all over again. M Life Insurance. • Anne Penfield. wife of our Ambassador to Iceland, is all Write or phone, tell us your requirements for insurance, aglow over the Icelanders. Says they are lots of fun—cheer¬ and we will tailor a program to fit your personal needs. ful, volatile, spendthrift, argumentative, and politically eager. Anne surmises that all this may come from the predilection ]. B1 aise de Sibour & Co. their Viking ancestors had for capturing pretty Irish colleens as they passed by Ireland. 1700 EVE STREET, N.W., WASHINGTON 6, I). C. • The Orme Wilsons and the Jack Whites expect to visit Established 1926 ME 8-3996 Athens in April to see their respective families. Margaret White married Tapley Bennett. Deputy Chief of Mission at

6 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL., April 1962 by James B. Stewart our Embassy. Orme Wilson, Jr., is Second Secretary. His wife and children are in Athens with him. "I PROMISE • Ambassador Fulton (Tony) Freeman and Phyllis, re¬ ported to us on the excitement occasioned by the President’s TO MOVE highly successful visit to Bogota. YOU • Former Ambassador Nathaniel (Pen) Davis and Louise, had two school teachers from Africa in their home for OVERSEAS several days last year. When the visitors were shown Lake George, one of them asked: “Are there any crocodiles in WITH EASE!" there?”

• Don’t discount our Senior Citizens! Bartley Yost, retired FSO, at 85, hopped across the Pacific to Cebu, Philippines, where he spent the Christmas holidays with our Consul, his MY NEW EXCLUSIVE "SPEED-PAK" son Robert. SYSTEM CAN SAVE YOU UP TO 30 DAYS! Geographically Speaking: ► Bay Aren—Foreign Service-retireds in the Bay Area, processing of other movers. No more time California, attended a luncheon on January 6, in San

Carlos. These gatherings occur twice yearly and, as in the wasting sequence of packing your possessions anc mmAfc past, retired FSO David Maynard was the moving spirit. then transferring them to a warehouse where they Because of his enthusiasm, fifty-two were present, more than at any previous luncheon. As one retired officer put it, “These remain til they're finally crated for shipping. affairs fill a worthy niche in post-Service life.” Attending With my unique new Speed-Pak System ... were: the David Bergers, Bland Calders, Samuel Days, you see your belongings packed and crated Albert Doyles, John Ehrhardts, Arthur Frosts, Walter Hoff¬ mans, Joel Hudsons, Frederick Jandreys, Paul Josselyns, on the spot—as ready for departure as if the ship Gerald Keiths, J. Kemptons, John Ketchams, Kenneth were in your own backyard! And, of course, Krentzes, David Maynards, John Madonnes, Myrl Myers, John Raymonds, John Sawyers, Orray Tafts, Henry Watter- besides this special service ... rest assured you will mans, Rollin Winslows, Mrs. Dorr. Mr. Ellis, Mrs. Hinke, receive our customary personalized attention! Mr. Eric Kocher, Mrs. Linnell, Miss Lee, Mrs. Horatio Mooers, and Mr. Samuel Sokobin.

► Cordele-—Former FSO James B. Pilcher and wife re¬ .is, Albert Lee Paxton, President tired in Cordele, Georgia. They live by a lake and, un¬ fortunately, Jim broke his right hand last summer in a boating accident. At the typewriter he has been a southpaw for some time.

► Denver—William D. Moreland, FSO-retired, was in Den¬ ver recently. The Department assigned Bill to escort a group of seventeen journalists on their visits to a number of cities from coast to coast. After his recent retirement, Bill opened an office in Wash¬ ington and is handling business and development affairs in • packin' the French-speaking new nations of Africa. He was sta¬ tioned at Dakar from 1949 to 1951 during which time he agenCy representation in • crating traveled throughout West Africa 18,000 miles, mostly by principal cities surface means, including camel. Following that he worked • storage throughout the world on African matters in the Department, ICA and USIA.

► Princeton—Paul (Zeke) Paddock bought a house in Princeton, N. J. at 9 Ober Road. Oddly enough, another re¬ PAXTON VAN LINES, inc. tired FSO and his wife live next door, the Eugene Hinkles. 327 N. Fairfax Street Alexandria, Va. Phone: KING 8-6400 Zeke attended the Miss America Pageant in Atlantic City- last summer. His cousin, Jane Lee McBurney, a sophomore Member: Atlas Van Lines, Inc., One of the World's Largest Movers. at the University of Colorado, is Miss Colorado. Movers' & Warehouseman's Association of America, Inc.

FOREICIN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 7 “A Vigorous Foreign Service” I MIGHT COMMENT quite informally on Executive Privilege vs. Individual Accountability some discussions which have oc¬ February 9, 1962 your department equally with that of curred with respect to the Foreign Dear Mr. Secretary: the Department of Defense. In neither Service, and the effect of a law which makes certain additional retirement I am attaching a copy of my letter case do I intend to permit subordinate benefits available up to May 31st of this to Secretary McNamara of February officials of the career services to bear year, a law which was passed, I think, eighth in which I have directed him, the brunt of Congressional inquiry into in 1960. We have not had a rush of and all personnel under the jurisdiction policies which are the responsibilities applications for retirement to take ad¬ of the Department of Defense, not to of their superiors. vantage of this law from among our give any testimony or produce any docu¬ JOHN F. KENNEDY President senior and competent Foreign Sesvice ments which would enable the Senate’s Officers, although there will be some Special Preparedness Investigating Sub¬ February 10, 1962 who will undoubtedly take this particu¬ committee to identify and hold account¬ Dear Mr. President: lar provision of law into account when able any individual with respect to any This acknowledges your instructions they consider their own personal situa¬ particular speech that he has reviewed. to me of February 9 with respect to tion. . . . That letter states that I am issuing testimony or documents to be furnished But on the other hand we do not parallel instructions to the Secretary of to the Senate’s Special Preparedness In¬ have the impression that this is impel¬ State. I therefore direct you, and all vestigating Subcommittee which might ling Foreign Service officers to change personnel under the jurisdiction of your identify or hold accountable any indi¬ drastically their own personal approach department, not to give any such testi¬ vidual with respect to any particular to this problem. Indeed we have a num¬ mony or produce any such documents. speech that he has reviewed. ber of Foreign Service Officers who are As I noted in my letter to Secretary I am glad to be so instructed because working free, in the sense that if they McNamara the principle of executive of the fundamental importance of this were to retire today their retirement privilege cannot be automatically ap¬ matter to the proper administration of would be somewhat larger than the plied to every request for information. the Department of State and the main¬ present salary of their present posts. Each case must be judged on its own tenance of its morale and integrity. We have a great sense of dedication in merits. But the principle as applied to DEAN RUSK the Foreign Service, and I do not be¬ these facts governs the personnel of Secretary of State lieve that this is going to be a major element in that situation. Also, I think it is fair to point out Censorship and the Cold War that we have in this Administration made great use of our professional WE ARE SATISFIED that the State prevail against a world of Communist service. I think the percentage of our Department has performed its tyranny. posts abroad held by Career Officers is duties in connection with the review of I have been impressed, moreover, with something over 70 percent. It is true speeches in a creditable and responsi¬ the knowledge that these professionals that we have sent a number of younger ble manner. We are concerned, there¬ possess and with their alert awareness men to new posts. I think that I have fore, about attempts to use isolated of the nature and magnitude of the had the privilege of bidding Godspeed changes or deletions to create the im¬ forces arrayed against us. They recog¬ to almost 25 Foreign Service Officers pression that officers of the Department nize—and display that recognition in who have gone out to their first Chief of State do not fully comprehend the their whole approach to the business of of Mission post. But let me add that fateful forces working in the world to¬ the Department—that we must bring to some of the posts to which they are go¬ day or the malignant nature of the in¬ bear a profound and detailed under¬ ing require young men under the cir¬ ternational Communist conspiracy. It standing of those forces in order to de¬ cumstances of the situation. has been suggested that certain of these sign and administer policies that will Finally, I should like to say that I do alterations or deletions disclose the ex¬ mean victory for the values that we not have the impression, sitting where I istence of a “no win” philosophy. Americans hold most important. sit. that members of the Foreign Service I am not sure that I understand just Nothing can be gained by oversimpli¬ are acting like scared rabbits with re¬ what is intended by this particular slo¬ fying the problems before us. The spect to policy matters. It is the duty gan. To the extent that I do understand characterization of a policy as a “win” of a professional service to support the it, I should like to reply by a personal or “no win” policy does not reflect the Administration which is in power at the comment. I came to the Department of realities of today’s world. The Cold time and to give it its best judgment State just over a year ago from a long War is not an adult game of cops and and advice. We are very pleased to see career as a private lawyer in an en¬ robbers. . . the vigor, the intelligence and the ca¬ vironment of private enterprise. Dur¬ The solemn nature of the times calls pacity which is brought to bear by our ing the course of my relatively brief for the United States to develop maxi¬ professional service, including sticking service it has been my privilege to work their necks out on proposing policy, mum strength but to utilize that strength closely with officers drawn from all over with wisdom and restraint. analyzing situations, estimating, and the Department. I have been impressed predicting. We have, I am glad to say, again and again with their dedication —George W. Ball, Under Secre¬ a vigorous Foreign Service to which I to the interests of the United States and tary of State, before the Special am extremely grateful. Preparedness Subcommittee of their determination to advance those in¬ the Senate Armed Services Com¬ —Dean Rusk, Secretary of State, at terests so that a world of freedom may mittee, February 27, 1962. his news conference on March 11.

8 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 First in World Wide Banking

Hiiiilii! FIRST NATIONAL CITY BANK 89 Branches in Greater New York

Carry First National City Bank Travelers Checks • Fully Refunded If Lost or Stolen THE WORLD’S MOST MAGNIFICENT BOURBON

from PUBLICKER INTERNATIONAL the best America has to offer!

Also Available:

OLD HICKORY BOURBON 86 PROOF—6 YEAR OLD

OLD HICKORY BOURBON 100 PROOF—BOTTLED IN BOND

PHILADELPHIA BLENDED

DIXIE BELLE GIN

KULOV

PUBLICKER INTERNATIONAL, INC. 1429 WALNUT STREET, PHILA., PA.

10 YEARS OLD • STRAIGHT BOURBON WHISKY • 86 PROOF • OLD HICKORY DISTILLERS CO.. PHILA.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 9 KNOWN THROUGHOUT THE WORLD

Since 1893 The Waldorf-Astoria has played host to Kings and Queens, to Heads of State, Ambassadors and Diplomats from every corner of the earth.

Here, hospitality is a tradition and every facility is provided for gra¬ cious living. Accommodations are luxurious, service is superb, and the cuisine is renowned.

We invite you, too, to make this famous address your headquarters when you are in New York.

For reservations, call your Hilton Reservations Service and when in New York... EL 5-3000.

Conrad N. Hilton, President

49th and 50th Streets on Park Avenue, New York 22, New York

10 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 DACRON mw/ecfs & COTTON WASH 'N W

dacron & fine worsted 10-monther jacket ideal from AprU-thru^December premium machine-made club checks & plaids

NO WEIGHT ^ r|-790

WASH 4 WEAR DACRON & LINEN NATURAL COLOR MATCHES ANY COLOR SLACKS Weightier, wrinkle defying linen blend, washes ond driei FAST. A veritable miracle of summer comfort and deiireability.

with the built-in NO ONE IN THE lustre of CLOTHING INDUSTRY MAKES A WASH ’N WEAR SUIT Dacron and revolutionary IN ANY PRICE RANGE rayon GLOWS AS IT THAT WILL PERFORM OO-O-L-S 1 AS FAITHFULLY AS SSS! SWAR 600 S. PULASKI, BALTIMORE 23, MD. If you have dependents and are not very wealthy

YDIIH FAMILY NEEDS PROTECTION

FSO, FSR, FSS—State, USIA, AID can apply for a Group Life Policy for SI7,500 plus Accidental Death & Dismemberment Policy for $17,500 plus Family Coverage up to $1,000 each de¬ pendent—All for $100 per year to age 41, $150 age 41-51, $150 age 51 and over.

139 new members did so this year and we now carry over $43 million in Group Life.

DO NOT LET Y01IR POLICY LAPSE

Premiums are payable in advance and a policy automatically lapses when the premium is 90 days in arrears (30 tlays is the commercial rule). If you were so unfortunate as to die 91 or more days after the date the unpaid premium was due, no benefits could be paid and no post-mortem premium payment could prevent this catastrophe.

AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION

1908 G Street, N.W. Washington 6, D. C.

Telephone: NAtional 8-4104

12 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 DELUXE TOWN & SUPER "500” CHAMPION COUNTRY SPORTS 170 for safe family driving for high-speed driving for mud and snow for sports cars Here’s the perfect choice for all-around Race tire construction Deep, gripping tread Really rugged! Devel¬ driving needs. For long distance trips provides an extra bars bite in and take oped as a result of or short jaunts in town, you’ll enjoy safety margin . . . you hold. Yet when driv¬ tests on the world’s the safe, trouble-free mileage that can drive with peace ing on dry roads you major sports car Firestone De Luxe Champions offer. of mind even at sus¬ get luxurious hum- courses. This high¬ It’s Firestone’s exclusive construction tained high speeds. free, thump-free rid¬ speed, performance- features that make the difference. The rugged all-nylon ing comfort because proved sports car tire Scientifically designed non-skid treads cord body is virtually of Firestone’s “contin¬ combines road-hugging and Safety-Fortified cord bodies pro¬ immune to impact uous tread” design. traction with improved vide maximum protection against damage. The exclusive Designed for traction lateral and forward punctures, blowouts and skidding. precision-bladed tread wheels only, the self¬ stability. New racing Firestone Rubber-X-101, the longest- design provides extra cleaning tread bars dig tire compounds pro¬ wearing rubber ever built into non - skid safety. through mud or slush vide increased mileage, Firestone tires, gives you thousands of Firestone’s new and hold the road. too. Safety-Fortified extra miles at no extra cost. Remember Rubber-X-101 com¬ Thousands of skid- nylon cord body gives — the extra performance built into pound wears longer resisters provide extra maximum protection Firestone tires means extra economy and gives an unusually gripping action on wet, against punctures and for you. quiet, soft ride. slippery roads. blowouts.

Look for the Firestone FIRESTONE INTERNATIONAL CO. Mark of Quality. It is your assurance of extra safety, Akron 17, Ohio, U.S.A. dependability and economy.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL,, April 1962 13 News and Views by Jewell Fenzi

DEAR TO THE hearts of all assembled cently presented $500 to the AFSA for tion Committee's “Operation Text was Mrs. G. Mennen Williams’s one AAFSW scholarship, funds for Books” last year, Mrs. Morgan offered conviction that more Foreign Service which were raised by the sale of 1962 the 3.000 text book library reposing in wives should accompany their husbands Engagement Calendars, both at home her basement to any American school on business trips abroad. So certain is and in the field. Much credit goes to abroad in need o) books. she of the good will generated when the the Junior Wives Committee, headed by Some gleanings from the round tables wife goes along that Mrs. Williams trav¬ Mrs. Thomas Barthelmey, who con¬ include suggestions to: els at her own expense to join her hus¬ ducted the fund raising campaign, as “Utilize art and music as your child’s band on his African tours, and she ex¬ well as to the London Embassy Wives entree into an unfamiliar culture. Par¬ pressed hope that the Department will organization for its spectacular sale of ticularly in the very yo-ung, they help some day set aside funds to include 202 calendars. provide a firm base for emotional orien¬ wives on business trips. tation. Speaking on Africa to AAFSW mem¬ AAFSW Educational Roundtable “Plan early for college entrance . . . bers at the February luncheon at Fort ow BEST to educate their children find out early what your preferred col¬ McNair, Mrs. Williams expressed ad¬ H was the primary concern of For¬ lege requires ... let your child take as miration for the Foreign Service women eign Service women recently assembled many College Board type examinations she has met on her travels. She found at the Guy Mason Recreation Center in as possible, to develop facility with them to be an amazing group, she said, the District. The occasion was AAFSW’s American style testing. accomplished linguists, deeply involved Educational Roundtable under the di¬ “Be prepared for adjustment prob¬ in social and charitable work, and com¬ rection of Mrs. George Morgan, Educa¬ lems in your children when you come pletely devoted to their assignments in tional Committee Chairman. Before di¬ home as well as when you go abroad the new, emerging countries. viding into five simultaneous round¬ . . . try to keep them abreast of what A complete summary of each discus¬ tables the group heard Dr. Nils W. Ols- their contemporaries in the United sion is available at the AAFSW Desk in son of the Department’s Bureau of Edu¬ States are doing, saying, wearing . . . the Foreign Service Lounge. cational and Cultural Affairs, Clarke when you return to the United States, Slade, Educational Consultant for let your trophies from foreign parts in¬ Another Scholarship AFSA, and Elsa A. Miller. Director of clude some homely, everyday articles To further express their interest in the Episcopal Home for Children. that can be handled and shown at education, Foreign Service women re¬ In touching briefly on the Educa¬ school without fear of loss or damage.”

AMERICAN SECURITY’S SYSTEMATIC SAVINGS PLAN

With our systematic savings plan a fixed amount of money is deducted monthly from your regular checking account and credited to your savings account. We do AMERICAN SECURITY all the necessary bookkeeping ... a copy of the monthly deduction is mailed with AND TRUST COMPANY your statement each month. 15 th St. & Pennsylvania Ave., N. W. The dollars you save systematically earn Washington, D. C. liberal interest and this interest credited to Robert C. Baker, President your savings account earns interest too! Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Write for application form or additional information Member Federal Reserve System

14 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAI,, April 1902 Have you driven America’s most luxurious car? Imperial for 1962 combines advanced engineering, patient workmanship and tasteful design for the most comfortable ride imaginable

If you like the best things in life and can afford them, Ride (Torsion bars and leaf springs) is generally the new 1962 Imperial is for you. This is the largest, conceded to be the best suspension system in any most luxurious car we make, and no one in America American car. You can drive Imperial 500 miles per makes one plushier or bigger for near its price. day with practically no trace of fatigue. The fine interior leathers are finished by hand. The looks emphasize real luxury. Note the crisp The broadcloth fabrics are shrink-fitted to the seats angular roof, the gently sloping hood, and the dra¬ by live steam. The passenger compartment is un¬ matic detail of free-standing taillights of the Imperial believably quiet because more than 100 pounds of sound-absorbing materials are used to insulate it. LeBaron shown above. There are 15,000 parts in the car and all of them are Also includes famous features found in all new inspected before use. It is truly America’s most Chrysler Corporation cars. The battery-saving Al¬ carefully built car. ternator. 4,000-mile oil changes. And a 32,000-mile What is it like to drive? Imperial’s Torsion-Aire major lubrication cycle.

Quality Products from P.O. Box 281, Geneva, Switzerland

Address inquiries to nearest Regional Sales Office or your local dealer: If serving abroad or about to return to the U.S., Chrysler Chrysler International, S.A., International offers you special arrangements on the car or P.O. Box 317, London, S.W. 1, England wagon of your choice, plus delivery when and where you Chrysler International, S.A., want it. Check the Personal Purchase File, Administrative P.O. Box 2133, Panama, Republiea de Panama Office at your Embassy or Consulate.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April i960 15 E X P 0 R T APPLIAN C E tS p£ca Authorized Exporter s GENERAL 0 ELECTRIC • USA-

30” Spacemaker Range SEE THIS BUDGET-PRICED CLEANER Su/iv/eJ “To(9 UM CLEANER

$122.57 Full-size canister with $37.09 disposable dust bags. 2-wire Double-Action rug and 220/230 v. Cleaner and floor cleaning unit. 50 cycle attachments Famous Swivel-Top only and Kink-proof hose. $147.60 MODEL C-9 220 v

Model J-299-Y Semi Automatic Washer

Famous General Electric Washing Action gives you a clean, white bright wash .... automatically. • PUSHBUTTON CONTROLS • BIG CAPACITY • FOCUSED HEAT BROILER • PORCELAIN TOP, • REMOVABLE OVEN DOOR WASHBASKET AND TUB for easy-reach oven cleaning • PORTABLE • NEW CYCLE SELECTOR • ENCLOSED OVEN UNITS CONTROL

• NO-DRIP COOKTOP WS-241 (50 cycle) 1 10 v. $140.75 • 23” MASTER OVEN with wide-opening door With transformer • HI-SPEED CALROD UNITS for 230 v. $157.25 REFRIGERATOR Straight-Line Design

Model TA 212V DIAL-DEFROST CONVENIENCE Retains partial refrigeration pro¬ STEAM and tection when defrosting TWO EGG SHELVES. 18 eggs. DRY IRON TWO DOOR SHELVES Sturdy aluminum TWO PLASTIC GRID ICE TRAYS TWO ADJUSTABLE CABINET SHELVES (steel wire, zinc plated) Glass vegetable pan • Even-Flow steam process $11.40 cover serves as third shelf • Changes from steam to dry instantly MAGIC CORNER HINGES. No door clearance needed at side • Hand fabric dial—lightweight, only 3 lbs. AUTOMATIC INTERIOR LIGHT • Cord lift allows left or right hand ironing PROTECTIVE DOOR STOPS ... 4 - *Net Storage

110 v. Volume: 11.8 cu. ft. 50 cycles $165.60 220/230 v. $182.40 GENERAL ELECTRONICS INC. 4513 Wisconsin Ave., N.W. - Washington 16, D.C.

16 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 In the classic flow of Latin, a certain phrase traditionally precedes an idea of extraordinary interest: mirabile dictu... “marvellous to relate”. ^ These words would be appropriate no matter which language you used to describe Seagram’s V. O. Canadian Whisky. Marvellous, indeed, are the merits of V.O. — the ex¬ cellence of its taste, the fidelity of its quality, the consistency of its character. Perhaps that is why Seagram’s V.O. is considered by so many people of dis¬ cerning taste to be the world’s finest whisky. And, mirabile dictu, Seagram’s V.O. is yours to enjoy tonight! KTt A CANADIAN ACHIEVEMENT-HONOURED THE WORLD OVER

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 17 GOING TO A NEW POST? HEADING HOME? Have a General Motors Car Waiting to Drive the Day You Arrive

A spanking new GM car—just the way you want it Motors will help you with all the details and save —can be waiting for you the day you arrive. You you time and trouble to boot. But be sure to place take possession immediately—and at the price you your order reasonably well in advance. agreed to pay! And, General Motors keeps serving you after Visit your nearest GM dealer or write the New you’ve picked up your car. That’s because every¬ York office. Select the fine General Motors car where in the free world you’re near General Motors and options that meet your requirements. General quality parts and service.

Chevrolet Pontiac Oldsmobile GM FOREIGN DISTRIBUTORS DIVISION / GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION GENERAL Buick MOTORS 224 West 57th Street, New York ly, N.Y., U.S.A. Cadillac

18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 THE OLD QRAND-DAD DISTILLERY COMPANY. FRANKFORT. KY. • DISTR. BY NATIONAL DISTILLERS PRODUCTS CO.

UlVt f}

Ol/P

®RW*T5T»A*jff OP r?*

U«Meu> D»um»* y WE o urn U,. #M «OH ^ fe-— li

LIGHTER, MILDER 86 PROOF BOTTLED IN BOND • 100 PROOF Stickylaa sm*** **oii WHISKY Soperfectly match ed - so dehyrf/rfklly clrfferc/it/

Both are Old Grand-Dad and each is a true delight. If you enjoy Kentucky bourbon in all its rich and hearty goodness —then your choice will be Old Grand-Dad, bottled in bond 100 proof. Or, if you lean toward the somewhat lighter bourbon—then you may select Old Grand-Dad in milder 86 proof. In either case your pleasure is completely assured.

Kentucky Straight Bourbon FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 19 Near Kanal, Yugoslavia hr Lynn Moffly

20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 A Restatement of the Generalist-Specialist Problem

Craftsmanship and Responsibility

by NORMAN B. HANNAH

ONE CAN LOOK at the personnel structure of the Foreign job. Substitution of “craftsmanship and responsibility” for Service from the perspective of recruitment, training “specialist and generalist” has the advantage of focusing and promotion, that is, from the bottom upwards, or from attention on functional interdependence rather than on a the top downwards, that is, from the point of view of those superficial personnel competition. Stating the problem in who personally bear the responsibility of protecting and these terms also obviates the necessity of pigeonholing each advancing the interest of the United States: the President, employee arbitrarily as a specialist or a generalist. No the Secretary, and the Under-Secretaries. A valid under¬ employee is purely a craftsman or a responsible decision¬ standing must include both perspectives; neither one alone maker. All participate in varying degrees in both functions. is enough. The role and importance of specialization emerge The emphasis should be placed on defining the require¬ most clearly from an analysis of the training and recruit¬ ments of particular positions, finding people to fill them and ment required to fill in the Service from the bottom (or taking full advantage of the fact that some people develop from the side). The word generalist is often used to de¬ scribe the view from the upper end of the personnel struc¬ talents for assuming responsibility while others flourish on ture. Tlie terms are often used to distinguish specialists, intense concentration in a craft. usually not in authoritative positions, from those in posi¬ Mrs. Zara S. Steiner in “Present Problems of the Foreign tions of broad responsibility, usually having w7ide experi¬ Service” * aptly quotes Mr. Loy Henderson as saying that it ence and high rank—the so-called generalists. is no longer possible for any one officer to be qualified to

By focusing attention on the wide scope of their purview7 hold any position in the Service. However, this is not to rather than on their key function of assuming responsibility, say that there is no longer a need for men who, during these men in high position are made to appear as general¬ their careers, have had wide and varied experience in both ists, that is, the opposite of specialists. Once this false di¬ function and area and have thereby acquired broad compre¬ chotomy is accepted, we become involved in this singularly hension, and who are willing to bend their talents to what¬ sterile debate over the specialist vs. the generalist. ever task may be at hand. This suggests a key distinction between the so-called specialist and the so-called generalist. In actual fact, the specialist and generalist are not two The pure specialist wants to concentrate his efforts in one distinct and antithetical quantities. The difference between narrow field and he should not be asked to assume respon¬ them is not sharp, but subtly graduated. The specialist and sibilities which force him out of his field or compel him to generalist are parts of the same system and must blend into each other. Indeed, specialization itself is a graduated con¬ compete with officers in other fields. He is a craftsman. There is another type of man who sees himself as directly tinuum running from increasingly intensified mastery of a involved and primarily interested in the purposive and de¬ narrowly defined craft, at one extreme, to a kind of struc¬ cisive processes of his organization and seeks positions tural specialization at the other extreme, the latter being de¬ which give him the responsibility and power to make deci¬ fined in terms of organizational control and responsibility. The first type may be called craftsmanship. The second is sions which need to be made. There is no relevant field specialization in responsibility within the chain of com¬ which he considers to be outside his purview but he seeks the assistance of specialists in obtaining the necessary in¬ mand, requiring not only the ability to control and direct formation and advice on which to make decisions. all the various activities within a broad managerial area but special qualities of breadth, flexibility and imagination, en¬ The confusion arising from the specialist-generalist argu¬ abling the incumbent to see his job in the context of over¬ ment emerges most clearly in Mrs. Steiner’s discussion of riding policies and considerations broader than his own the political officer, the diplomatic officer and the generalist, three categories w7hich seem to float freely in space, usually NORMAN H. HANNAH entered the. Foreign Service in 1947 and served in overlapping combinations. Mrs. Steiner considers that in the Middle and Far East until 1957. He was then appointed Spe¬ the old-time generalist should now be called a political offi- cial Assistant to the Deputy Under Secretary of State for Administra¬ tion and is currently Counselor at Kabul. *Published by Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University.

FOREION SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 21 SPECIALIST PROBLEM cer. She also considers it unfortunate that the Foreign Service has a dual responsibility to recruit and train crafts¬ Service continues to use the term generalist to designate men, simultaneously rearing holders of responsibility and men who have done political work, but she has not entirely makers of decisions. These are no two different classes in broken with that tradition in her monograph. the Foreign Service but parts of the same continuum. In The term political can be used in at least two different addition to producing voluminous specialized work designed senses. In the narrow sense, political work consists of an¬ to service other agencies and provide a basis for decisions, alysis and reporting on the processes of the state carried the Department and Foreign Service have the job of pro¬ on through the constitutional and legal framework, and on ducing a fair number of the decision-makers themselves. elemental political forces challenged through the electoral The Foreign Service and the Department must provide and party structure. This is what a young political officer enough men of broad vision, varied experience and acute does when he analyzes the French parliamentary spectrum judgment to give the President a wide choice in filling a or the German federal system, or follows movements in the hundred ambassadorships and numerous high positions in British political party structure. It is possible to develop a the Department and other agencies. The President is not high degree of craftsmanship in this work. required to appoint from the Foreign Service, historically has not done so, and only in recent years has the practice THE WORD political can also be used in a broad sense to re¬ become fairly common. If the Foreign Service fails in this fer to the manipulation of the nexus of the total complex the President will surely turn elsewhere to fill these posi¬ of factors affecting the power of the state (polis), the na¬ tions. To a large extent the shape and content of any per¬ tion or a group of states. In this sense political work is the sonnel pyramid must be determined by the height and focus of the highest objective of the Department and For¬ weight of its pinnacle which, in the case of the Foreign eign Service which must encompass everything which affects Service, today includes sub-cabinet positions, agency heads the total power and position of the United States in relation and Presidential personal representatives around the world. to the rest of the world. This is generalism in the highest This fact, plus the normal quality of ambition naturally in¬ sense of the word, hut it is far more accurate to describe it fluences heavily the whole personnel structure and promo¬ in terms of purposive decision-making, or better still—re¬ tion system. If it should some day be desired to make the sponsibility. There is no reason why a man cannot approach FSO Corps primarily a reservoir of highly qualified special¬ this category of work via many different channels in addi¬ ists in specific crafts, this result could be accomplished by tion to the channel of political craftsmanship as narrow¬ placing Presidential appointments beyond the reach of the ly defined above. The key question is not whether he starts Foreign Service. Very soon, the Service would become a out as an economic, intelligence, commercial, cultural, po¬ collection of craftsmen, capable of rising, in exceptional litical or area specialist. The key question is whether, dur¬ cases, to the rank of Counselor or Office Director, but not ing the course of his career, he is given and seizes oppor¬ aspiring to become an Ambassador, Assistant Secretary or tunities to demonstrate that he has qualities fitting him for Under Secretary. the exercise of broad responsibility. This should help to eliminate some confusion about the MRS. STEINER questions whether the career man “trained “political officer,” supposedly the beneficiary of a traditional only in the political aspect of foreign affairs” can fill patrician inheritance (probably dating from Grotius), the the role of a modern Ambassador, one of those positions for prerequisites of which he shoulders heavily and the duties which the President needs men “who can bridge fields.” lightly. As an analyst of political institutions and processes, But. if the politically trained career specialist cannot qualify, he is a craftsman like any other, whatever the field. It may be can any other specialist, be he economic, cultural or admin¬ true that the officer with considerable early experience in po¬ istrative? It is all very well to say, as Mrs. Steiner does, litical work (as narrowly defined) has some advantage, but that “it is no contradiction ... to develop first rate special¬ this advantage does not stem from favoritism in the pro¬ ists and then to select, from all . . . branches (top-level gen¬ motion system or from outmoded traditional Foreign Serv¬ eralists). But how do these specialists suddenly become ice attachments. Rather, it stems from the fact that the top-level generalists and how are the necessary qualities to man who is thrown into the study of the political institutions be recognized if the officer is kept within the narrow con¬ of any country has an excellent vantage point from which fines of his specialty until he reaches senior rank? As it is. to observe and report on the convergence of the factors of Mrs. Steiner says, most FSO’s today don't get the kind of power at the points where decisions are made. This em¬ experience which would equip them to deal with the many phasizes the importance of giving promising craftsmen op¬ factors involved in foreign-policy-making. But how is an portunities to work in fields outside their specialty in order officer to get this experience if it is only “when the officer to acquire the broad perspective they need if they are grad¬ has reached relatively senior levels within his own field that ually to move into positions of broader responsibility. Of he should be assigned to work which will broaden his range course, it is possible and often desirable for a craftsman to and competence?” remain in his special field throughout his career. However, It may be questioned whether unrelieved concentration such a life-time craftsman should be placed in a kind of on a specialized field from recruitment to senior level, sav staff relationship where he will not be forced to compete on fifteen to twenty years, is really the best preparation for the ladder which leads to broader responsibility. sudden assignment to a key position, the basic qualification The personnel system of the Department and Foreign for which is “the ability to bridge fields.” On the contrary,

22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 hr Norman li. Hannah

it may tend to encourage the idea that each field of spe¬ Foreign Service. Their functions should be provided for cialization is somehow autonomous, sufficient unto itself as through a separate recruiting and promotional system. The the basis for high-level decision making. We all are familiar Department surely needs highly trained people in many with the results of making major decisions affecting the na¬ areas to perform necessary functions which may be difficult tional interest on the basis of purely economic or purely to accommodate or provide within the Foreign Service military rationale. There may even be a tendency among framework. There are also many highly qualified people, some specialists, economic, military or other, to regard all able to perform these functions, but who neither seek nor factors not comprised within their own disciplines as some¬ are suited for the rewards offered in the Foreign Service how unclean or dishonest, to consign them to the political pyramid. There are those whose forte lies in a lifetime of dumpheap for use by the less fastidious generalist, and to intense concentration in a single craft. To meet these needs, regard participation in decisions involving these political therefore, consideration might be given to the establishment factors as a professional fall from grace. A man able to of a separate pyramid where the lifetime craftsman can be bridge fields should not even think about fields, but about paid and promoted commensurately with his performance, the national interest, choosing his ideas and tools and mak¬ without forcing him to compete with others who seek goals ing his decisions pragmatically and purposively. His out¬ he does not covet, and without forcing the constant remold¬ look should be macrocosmic as differentiated from (but not ing of the Foreign Service structure. opposed to) the intensive microscopic expertise of the This should not mean halving the Foreign Service or craftsman. reducing it to the status quo ante Wristonization. On the Where does this leave the specialist? In the light of what contrary, it may be that the numbers of lifetime craftsmen has gone before, the question might be better rephrased: are not as large as might have been expected. It should not “What is the role of craftsmanship?” Just as the term be assumed that all those entering the Department or For¬ generalist distracts attention from the true role of respon¬ eign Service as highly qualified craftsmen necessarily have sibility, so does the term specialist obscure the role of no interests or aspirations outside their special fields, [ here craftsmanship. Instead of concentrating on ways to adjust is a considerable number of good officers who started out as and repeatedly readjust the personnel structure of the De¬ specialists, but given the scope and stimulus afforded in partment and Foreign Service in order to accommodate the the Service, broadened their interests and rose in directions changing requirements of a constantly changing series of not previously expected. Those officers who show signs of particular groups of persons, we might better focus on the both ability and inclination to assume broad responsibility function of craftsmanship itself, which is to provide expert should be given every opportunity to develop this capacity, knowledge, analysis, judgment and advice, tailored to meet even if it means assignments outside their craft. The world the needs of the decision-making process. is short of such people and needs all it can find. Further¬ Providing such craftsmanship requires the construction more, there is the danger that if such a man is confined to of a systematic, though flexible, pattern of skills, experience his slotted craft, he will resign from frustration or will be and qualities needed at each point throughout the whole warped and stunted by the time he reaches senior grade. structure of the Foreign Service and Department of State. Recruitment, training and assignment policies must be cut WE SHOULD NOT bemoan this movement of some of our to fit these requirements. The important thing is that the best young craftsmen into broader areas of responsi¬ whole structure be regarded as an organic process, moved bility. This is the healthiest possible movement and should by changing human forces, rather than an immovable pyra¬ not be regarded as the temptation of renegade specialists by mid composed of bricks rigidly placed and mortared, never the “generalist goals and attitudes” of the Foreign Service. to move during the next millennium. The systematic frame¬ By encouraging this kind of movement, the Foreign Service work. like an organic body, should be stable; but the con¬ can better attract the craftsman into its ranks. And if he tents, that is, the officers themselves, must flow and not re¬ broadens out into wider fields and assumes higher respon¬ main static. Somehow, it has become customary to apply a sibilities. the United States should not consider that it has double standard to generalists and specialists. It is ac¬ lost a specialist. On the contrary, it will have gained a real cepted that non-specialists, being driven by ambition for craftsman. This is a key difference between the two con¬ power and responsibility as well as financial reward, will cepts. The specialist, by definition, is a man who confines compete with all comers at all levels. On the other hand, his efforts to one special field. Thus, specialization is a it is widely assumed that specialists must be insulated from restrictive or exclusive concept, unlike craftsmanship. What¬ this process by being placed in -rigid slots and limited-exit ever his operational specialty may be at any given time, a grooves. man can be a craftsman in many different fields at once. The fact that he is an economist does not prevent him from Now, THIS is a watershed between generalists and special¬ also being a craftsman in political or cultural or commer¬ ists. Those who cannot, will not or should not compete cial or other fields. When he became President, Dwight D. with all comers in the promotional system of the Foreign Eisenhower gave up being an operational specialist (if he Service—which is and should be oriented toward the need ever was one) but he did not give up his military crafts¬ of the President and Secretary for people capable of assum¬ manship. from which the United States continued to benefit ing responsibility in the pursuit of the broad undifferenti¬ even during his Presidency. The same could be said of Sec¬ ated interest of the United States—should not be in the retary of State George Marshall. An experienced labor

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 23 SPECIALIST PROBLEM attache or economist or academician may have to give up which are already apparent throughout our society, includ¬ his operational specialization on becoming an ambassador, ing the Foreign Service. It may be that under the pressure but he does not lose his craftsmanship which is an asset he of expanding worldwide responsibilities, new specialized carries with him and will always be of use. And, if this is positions of Counselor or Ministerial rank will be needed true at the higher level, why should it not be true as a prin¬ abroad, hut even so, all will still be under the Ambassador ciple at all levels? who will be chosen by the President, not for his perform¬ The Foreign Service needs competent craftsmen and ance in a craft but for his “ability to bridge fields.” should bend every effort to recruit them at the bottom as Does the specialist tend to become a generalist in order to well as from the side. But it must not be assumed that once meet the competition? Rather, the proposition should be a specialist always a specialist. Once in the Foreign Serv¬ reformulated to say that the best craftsman regards his craft ice, an officer must compete and be judged and assigned not as a limited-exit groove or rut but as a stepping stone according to some kind of unified scale. to better and higher understanding of real problems. It is inevitable that the pattern of that scale will he heav¬ Therefore, he seeks to learn more in many fields and, if ily influenced by the fact that it leads to a pinnacle where he is good, he becomes capable of assuming broader respon¬ the rewards go to the man who is able to assume broad re¬ sibilities and soon finds he is assigned to positions having sponsibility on a scope and level commensurate with the a wider purview. needs of the President of the United States who appoints It is not enough to say that there is room for both spe¬ him. cialist and generalist. Surely there is a need for both, but Mrs. Steiner feels there are not enough top positions for are the qualifications, requirements and goals of the two so specialists. Yet, logically, one would have thought that the different as to be basically incompatible within the same numbers, ranks and qualifications of the top positions would personnel structure? If so, then they should be separated depend on the need for such positions to accomplish certain or they will wreck each other. However, since in truth objectives, rather than on the need to provide spaces into there are clearly two dovetailing functions of craftsman¬ which to promote people—whether specialists or general¬ ship and responsibility, it is rather to be hoped that both ists. By all means, let the true craftsman rise in the Service roles can be staffed within one continuous personnel proc¬ and rise as high as his talents will carry him. But let him ess. The United States will certainly be the gainer from the compete in the same pyramid for the same jobs, according wider competition and broader cross-fertilization which will to the same standards which apply to everyone else. If, in result. certain cases, this will not meet the needs of the Service, then let the position he placed in a different non-competi¬ *The Precepts for the Fifteenth Selection Board state that: tive pyramid. “Since the President or the Secretary of State are (sic) The rank of Career Minister is open to all. but it is un¬ seeking a group of Career Ministers capable of carrying out realistic to appoint more people to that rank than there are any assignment, anywhere in the world, involving U. S. For¬ eign Affairs, promotion to the rank of Career Minister will positions calling for it. To do so would only generate pres¬ not be used as a reward for past performance. It will be sures from all quarters and further accelerate the demoraliz¬ used as recognition of promise to accept challenges to come ing depreciation of responsibility and inflation of rank and perform well in meeting them.”

Suspended City Sheila Ishani

24 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 THE SOVIET DIPLOMATIC GAME

by GORDON A. CRAIG

SOME YEARS AGO, when Sir Harold Nicolson delivered his lusionment caused by this and the unexpectedly rapid re¬ Chichele Lectures on the evolution of diplomatic meth¬ covery and consolidation of bourgeois regimes in the years od, he said: “I have not observed that . . . the Soviet after 1918 forced the Bolsheviks to reconsider their earlier diplomatists and commissars have evolved any system of repudiation of traditional diplomacy and their withdrawal negotiation that might be called a diplomatic system. Their from the Western diplomatic community. To maintain con¬ activity in foreign countries or at international conferences tact with the bourgeois states seemed the best way of detect¬ is formidable, disturbing, compulsive. But it is not diplo¬ ing and even influencing their intentions; and, as long as Rus¬ macy; it is something else.” sia was an isolated power encircled by potential enemies, it There are doubtless many who would agree with Sir Harold seemed necessary for the Soviet diplomats to become versed in lamenting the decline of the older diplomacy and in refus¬ in the methods of their adversaries. In making this adjust¬ ing to consider the ’s way of conducting its in¬ ment, however, the Soviets never committed themselves to ternational relations as diplomacy at all. What is clear, and Western values; and their negotiating tactics in the interwar disturbing, is that the Soviet approach to diplomacy has period were marked by suspicion, rigidity, and legalism. . . proved highly effective in promoting Soviet state interest, In the late 1930’s, when some Western statesmen saw the often to the disadvantage and even humiliation of the West. desirability of a Soviet-Western modus vivendi in order to Because this is so, Soviet diplomatic methods deserve more facilitate defense against Hitler, East-West relations were im¬ serious study in our own country. . . proved; and during the second World War the old incom¬ The Communist regime in Russia began its career by mak¬ patibility seemed to be modified. The war-time collaboration ing its fundamental opposition to Western values perfectly between the Soviet Union and the West aroused some false clear and, at the same time, by announcing that it would not expectations in the West of continued friendship, ameliora¬ play the diplomatic game according to any rules recognized in tion of differences between communism and capitalism, and the West. Its first formal appearance on the diplomatic scene reconciliation of values; but these faded quickly. . . was, indeed, a kind of preview of the unorthodox diplomatic methods to which we have become accustomed in the last few SINCE THEN the Western Powers have gone on with their years. This was at the Brest-Litovsk conference of 1918 which efforts to negotiate with the Russians, but they have was convened for the purpose of arranging a peace between done so, in my opinion, wtihout the kind of illusions enter¬ Germany and Russia in consequence of Russia’s military col¬ tained by the West when it was treating with the Nazis in the lapse in 1917. At this conference the Soviets demonstrated 30’s. Their persistence in seeking agreement even when it has for the first time a tactic much used by them later: the use of seemed extremely unlikely that agreement is possible has not diplomacy, not to seek agreement, but to save time. The chief been guided by wishful thinking or refusal to face unpleasant Bolshevik delegate. Leon Trotsky, wrote later that their ex¬ reality, but rather by the knowledge that the failure to agree pectation was that, if they held on long enough, there would on some of the issues that divide East and West may lead be a revolution inside Germany that would make a peace to a war which we would not survive. treaty between their countries unnecessary, and that therefore It cannot be denied that the Soviets have made it extremely they used every delaying tactic they could think of. At the difficult for us to persist. Since 1948 they seem to have been same time, the Soviet delegation showed by their every action inspired by a revival of confidence that the victory of com¬ at the conference that they were contemptuous of traditional munism on a world scale cannot be long delayed and that, standards of diplomatic behavior. . . therefore, every meeting with the West must be used as an This early defiance of the West and its values was ineffec¬ occasion to encourage the forces of revolution. To come to tive, as the issue of the Brest negotiations showed. The disil- agreement by mutual concession—which is the Western con¬

Professor GORDON A. CRAIG, former Professor of History at Prince¬ ception of negotiation—is no longer as tolerable to the Soviets ton University, is now at Stanford University. His most recent book as it was in their period of weakness. Premier Khrushchev is “Bismarck to Adenauer: Aspects of German Statecraft,” 1958. virtually admitted this on the eve of the Foreign Ministers

Reprinted from STANFORD TODAY, Winter 1961.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL., April 1962 25 DIPLOMATIC GAME

Conference of 1959 when, commenting on the Western pro¬ vent the Soviets themselves from using the skillfully timed posals, he said, in a public speech in Albania, that they walk-out as a tactic of their own, usually accompanying it “do not contain a single element for negotiation. These with a barrage of accusations of bad faith and unwillingness proposals are not based on a desire to find a correct to treat and other crimes which enables them to leave the solution with a view to achieving that relaxation in in¬ stage, as they entered it. as the heroes of the peace. . . ternational tension which all peoples so anxiously wait . . . IF IT COULD BE PREDICTED that all negotiations with the “The USSR sincerely wishes to come to an agreement. Soviets would be of this nature and would reach this But we reject the principle that one party should force barren result, the Western countries might be justified in its conditions on the other party. (The Western Pow¬ refusing to agree to future talks. But it is impossible to ers) try to force such a principle on the foreign minis¬ make such predictions. ters. They say: ‘With the USSR one must negotiate The first reason for this is that not all negotiations with the as follows: concession for concession!’ But that is a huckster’s approach . . . We do not have to make any Soviet Union have been fruitless. In May 1958 an official of concessions because our proposals have not been made the U. S. Department of State said in a public speech: “More for bartering. . . than once in recent years we have engaged in lengthy, labori¬ ous, acrimonious, and seemingly hopeless negotiations with Here, in short, is a complete rejection of the whole idea of the Soviet Government on particular issues, have talked for genuine negotiation. . . months and years without any sign of progress, and then The Soviet government seems to have resolved to use have suddenly found the Soviet Union ready to come to terms negotiation, for the most part, in two different ways, both within a matter of hours.” The classic example of this was, of negative in character and result. course, the Austrian State Treaty of 1955 which was con¬ In the first place, they have frequently encouraged negotia¬ cluded successfully after eight years of negotiation involving tion as a means of diverting attention from their real inten¬ four hundred separate meetings. . . tions, and they have not scrupled on these occasions to make In the second place, the harsh realities of military pow'er concessions that turned out in the end to be completely il¬ may compel them to become more accommodating in matters lusory. At the time of the Berlin blockade in 1948, Premier on which they appear absolutely obdurate at the present time. Stalin offered generous bases for a settlement of the issues They are not any more immune to the world’s troubles than at stake in Berlin, stipulating that they should be worked we are ourselves: and the general threat posed by such things out in detail in negotiation between the Allied military gov¬ as a continuation of the present stalemate on the arms control ernors in Berlin. In the ensuing protracted negotiations in question, the prospects of ever-widening nuclear-sharing, and that city, the Soviet negotiator, Sokolovsky, freely the possibility of China’s becoming a real nuclear power must abandoned Stalin’s proposals, adopted an inflexible posi¬ be a matter of concern to Soviet statesmen. There is, of tion on all issues, and w as so clearly indifferent to whether course, no way of knowing if and when that concern will be¬ or not the negotiations progressed that Under Secretary come great enough to make them less intractable on the big Lovett told Secretary Forrestal that the “sheer duplicity” of issues than they have been, but it is always possible that such the Soviets in these negotiations was beyond the experience a change will come. . . of the State Department experts. It was clear that Stalin’s Finally, the Soviets may find themselves compelled to ad¬ offer was nothing but a delaying tactic, designed to tie the just their attitude toward negotiation simply because the Western allies to the conference table until Soviet pressure world audience before which the Soviet Union has played its on Berlin broke the resistance of the people of that city. . . negotiating dramas will become more sophisticated and criti¬ cal of its performance. The weakness of the Soviet negotiat¬ IK THE SECOND place, on frequent occasions, the Soviets ing technique lies in its repetitive quality, and a world gen¬ have exploited negotiations on serious subjects like arms uinely anxious for peace may sooner or later recognize the control in order to put on a kind of dramatic show; and fact that Soviet claims of Western obstructionism and bad in this style of negotiation they have shown a diversity of faith are really screens for Soviet opposition to genuine nego¬ effective tactics. Not the least important of these has been tiation on the issues that divide East and West. Commenting the practice of universalizing their own position in the hope on Premier Khrushchev’s behavior at the UN meeting of that the peoples of colonial areas, the uncommitted world, October 1960, when he divested himself of his shoe and used and significant parts of the populations of Western nations it as a noisemaker, a German newspaperman wrote that it had will identify themselves with it. In pursuing this tactic, Soviet probably been planned in advance to impress the Afro-Asian negotiators keep the conversations on the level of general bloc by portraying Khrushchev as a fighter and a tribune of principles just as long as possible, knowing that this makes the people, but that it had definitely misfired and would prob¬ for endless debate and gives frequent opportunities for rhe¬ ably lead the very people whom it sought to impress to be torical fireworks. They try, at the same time, to place the more critical of Soviet diplomatic behavior in general. To West on the defensive by questioning its good faith. . . the extent that such criticism grows, it will influence future Western attempts to counter these tactics by requests for Soviet diplomacy. . . recess or intimations of severance of talks are answered by Even if the Soviet Union became convinced that it was the Soviet charge that they are seeking to “break off negotia¬ urgent for it to negotiate settlements of outstanding is¬ tions,” an accusation that is automatically repeated with alarm sues, the West would have a long hard job to do before or indignation in portions of the press of Western countries, they had won viable and acceptable agreements. Never¬ where the desire for agreement with the Soviet Union is, as theless, it is essential that agreements be reached, because we the Soviets themselves know', very great. This does not pre¬ can no longer safely turn to what in an easier age was the ac-

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April. 1962 DIPLOMATIC GAME cepted ally and support of diplomacy. In (he old days, bad defend the interests of their countries w ithout the old freedom diplomacy could sometimes be rectified by war; a gunboat to fall back on the use of force as a last resort; and their very could do much to repair the results of diplomatic gaucheries. reluctance to avail themselves of force now often serves as an 1 his is hardly true today. The twentieth century seems to incitement to lawlessness in others. This situation will call for have lost the secret of controlling and limiting wars. Every the full exploitation of all of the resources of diplomacy, in¬ conflict now betrays what Clausewitz called the thrust to the cluding those honored by the age preceding our own, if we utmost. Every border foray trembles on the verge of absolute are going to be able to cope with the problems of our day, and war; and the ingenuity of science has made absolute war a it will also require the most rigorous study of the revolu¬ fearful thing to contemplate. Today Western diplomats must tionary diplomatic methods of our adversaries.

FOGGYBOTTOMOLOGY by MEG GREENBERG

The following appraisal of the recent reorganization of previously been listed in such officially approved manuals the State Department fell into our hands quite by accident. as “Who’s Who in America” as having been born in Des It was apparently prepared by one of those specialists in Moines, Iow7a, and educated at Northwestern University, was modern political machinations known as Kremlinologists. described in the official government newspaper, the New IFe are happy to publish it as our contribution to cultural York TIMES, as having been “born in New Hartford, Conn..” exchange and international understanding. and “graduated from Cornell.” Observers noted that this Editor, The Reporter w'as the first time G. W. Ball, who was in fact born in Des Moines, had been referred to as a native of New Hartford, A STUDY of the recent power shift in Washington leads to the inescapable conclusion that the hand of Foreign and could only explain the move as an attempt to associate him with the stunning 1960 party victories in Connecticut Minister D. Rusk has either been strengthened or weakened. 7 It is not without significance that three of those who were and New York. elevated to full membership in the State Department—W. W. Tw o facts connected with G. W. Ball s emergence must be Rostow, W. A. Harriman, and R. N. Goodwin—all have been considered of extreme importance: the failure of the official identified with the Northeast section of the country, while press to mention his year of service with the Farm Credit G. McGhee, whose influence appears to have risen, comes Agency, and the decision to abolish the post of Under Secre¬ from the South. tary for Economic Affairs which he formerly held. While The emphasis on these two regions where party mem¬ the abolition of the economic post has been interpreted in bers are known to have remained loyal to Mr. Kennedy in some quarters as a downgrading of the party’s concern with the 1960 power struggle may well mean that the party has economic problems, the fact that G. W. Ball himself has finally seized control of the State Department. Viewed in been elevated could indicate an upgrading of the party’s this light, the communique’s ominous silence on the where¬ concern with economic problems. The latter interpretation abouts of McG. Bundy becomes understandable. McG. may be nearer the truth, since it takes into account what Bundy is still remembered in certain circles as a former only now is beginning to come to light—that the real issue member of the anti-party group that was crushed by the at stake in the dramatic ten-month struggle was the future present leadership in its 1960 White House take-over. direction of the party’s agricultural policy. At the center 7 Another clue may be found in the government’s re¬ of the strife, it has now become clear, was C. Bowdes, sup¬ luctance to admit that any members of the discredited Mid¬ ported by the , whose pow'er appears to have been dle Western section of the party are represented in the new' greatly reduced by his ouster. ruling setup. It is significant that G. W. Ball, w'ho had The meaning of the State Department reorganization can

Reprinted vith permission of The Reporter, Decemlier 21, 1961 © 1961 by The Reporter Magazine Company.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 27 be understood only against the background of certain pro¬ the setback in , Udall revealed that he had directed his duction figures. While U.S. milk production rose from 122,- subordinates to remove the capital’s only statute of William 920,000 pounds in 1960 to 124,000,000 pounds in 1961, Jennings Bryan from Washington. There was no mistaking Soviet milk production for the comparable period rose only the meaning of this move to downgrade Bryan, who was from 112,500,000 pounds to 113,000,000 pounds. The first known at one time as a sort of idea man for Woodrow Wil¬ calendar year of the party’s farm program thus saw the gap son. Ihe Army quickly moved to install General M. D. Tay¬ widen from 10,420,000 pounds more milk produced in the lor in the White House, and observers now agree that only U.S. to 11,400,000 pounds more. Wheat has been reduced this naked show of strength saved Bowles from the first by a mere 150,000,000 bushels, and corn has dropped slight¬ ouster attempt in July. ly, from 3,891,000,000 bushels to 3,549,000,000 bushels, an Greatly overconfident, it now turns out, C. Bowles left insignificant decrease in view of the fact that last year’s for India. While he was gone, developments suggest, his total Soviet corn output (excluding corn harvested in the party critics gained new strength. On August 28, the statue milk stage for silage) was only 300,000,000 bushels. of Bryan, which as recently as August 5 had been reported to have been in Washington, was announced to have reached T is NO SECRET that there has been growing unrest within I the discredited Middle West. Foreign Minister Rusk was the party over these disappointing results of the plan to overtake the Soviet Union in the production of less grain per "accompanied" on a Japanese trade mission by Udall, who acre by 1964. The spectacular gains in crop failure an¬ was noticed to be never far from his side. . . . nounced by N. S. Khrushchev in Kazakhstan and Tashkent The sudden replacement in the Immigration Bureau on in mid-November are known to have heightened demands November 21 of career Army officer J. M. Swing by former for a policy reversal along lines already strongly hinted at JBI agent R. Farrel was a clear sign that the anti-Bowles by Agriculture Minister O. Freeman two months before. group had gained strength enough to show its hand. Al¬ “We can learn to live with abundance,” the Minister had though confusion surrounds the events that took place on warned in a speech whose significance was widely missed by the twenty-sixth, when the State Department shift was an¬ students of the State Department. “We propose to end . . . nounced, Bowles was reported as late as the tw'enty-seventh the policies of managed scarcity.” His declaration that each not to have decided on a course of action. A speech de¬ citizen could consume three-quarters of a pound of plain livered that evening by S. Udall is thought to have forced processed wheat per day in the event of atomic attack his hand. “Those who attempt to find in our memorials carried the unmistakable implication that if they could some sort of waypost on the road of American history,” do so in wartime they could do so in peacetime. Udall threatened, “must indeed be puzzled” by the absence Even more significant w'as 0. Freeman’s slap at the anti¬ from Washington of a statue of Nathan Hale. The rehabilita¬ affluence faction of the party. While the diminution of the tion of Hale, wffio is remembered chiefly for espionage ac¬ pro-sacrifice line had been apparent for some time in the tivities, was an unmistakable reference to the CIA. . . . President’s speeches, the suspicion that the line was to be dropped altogether was confirmed by 0. Freeman, who went AS FAR AS can be determined, it continued to rage through out of his way to congratulate the farmers for their “con¬ - the twenty-eighth, when the President made an unher¬ tribution to our high standard of living” and stressed his alded visit to ceremonies taking place at the CIA. Although own desire to improve “levels of consumption.” His remarks the UPI ticker dispatch at 11:09 a.m. reported “Kennedy served notice that in addition to reversing its line on agricul¬ was accompanied by Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara tural policy, the party was on the verge of repudiating a pub¬ and General Maxwell D. Taylor,” by 5:51 p.m. the same lic pledge to lower the nation’s standard of living by 1964. dispatch omitted all mention of General Taylor. A revised The speech of the Agriculture Minister could only be read paragraph read: “At the ceremony were Defense Secretarv as a direct attack on C. Bowles, who has long been identified Robert McNamara, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, as a leader of both the anti-wheat-production and anti- and FBI Chief J. Edgar Hoover.” Though Bowles, in a affluence wings of the party. As early as March it was clear last-minute attempt to turn the tide, told a labor-union that a behind-the-scenes struggle was developing over these audience that night that the people must not be “fat, com¬ issues when Bowles, in a defiant appearance before the Na¬ fortable, and privileged,” it was already plain that the tional Farmers Union, spoke disparagingly of Americans Udall-Hale-Hoover-F reeman-CI A-pro-surplus, anti-sacrifice ■“whose lives are so comfortable, so normal,” mentioned the elements had triumphed. As a measure of their confidence, President by name only once, and in a dramatic bid for the new ruling group took a step toward de-Bryanization Army support declared we “cannot survive without arms.” that they had not dared risk before. On the morning of The willingness of the Army to back Bowles can be ex¬ November 29, it was officially announced that the party in¬ plained only as a result of rising resentment over attempts tended to break its historic tie to silver. to bring their leaders under firm party control by censoring Whether the confidence of the new party leadership is their speeches and prohibiting their attendance at certain warranted depends on many factors. A shift in the course anti-party gatherings. Army dissatisfaction with the han¬ of Soviet agricultural policy could have serious repercus¬ dling of the Cuban affair, which Bowles is rumored to have sions on the present setup, and the naming of F. G. Dutton shared, is thought to have thrown them firmly into his camp. to the post previously held by B. Hays of Arkansas might Tight secrecy continues to veil events surrounding the well give rise to unrest in the South. All this will depend, Cuban adventure, but it is clear that by late spring, leader¬ however, on whether the hand of Foreign Minister Rusk has ship of the anti-Bowles faction had been assumed by In¬ actually been strengthened or weakened, which cannot be terior Minister S. Udall. On April 27, only a few days after determined until many more facts come to light.

28 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 Mission-Type Orders

by GENERAL BRUCE C. CLARKE

IN WORLD WAR II, those who served in armored divisions minute, detailed, and restricting instructions specifying “how -and probably in other units as well—learned that mis¬ to get the job done” when it finally gets down to company sion-type orders were a requirement if the most was to be ob¬ level. tained from a command. Since then, we have had to consider Many officers hearing this may think they would like to the control of operations in the fluidity and unpredictability have a command functioning under such a system. Others of nuclear battle. As battle becomes more complex and un¬ who may say they would like to work under such a system predictable, responsibilities must be more and more decen¬ really are disturbed by the thoughts of it. There are some tralized. Thus mission-type orders will be used at all echelons officers who require something “in writing” before they will of command and probably will be the rule at the division and take significant action. higher levels. This will require all to exercise A mission-type order requires the subordinate initiative, resourcefulness, and imagination—operating with and his staff to make basic decisions and plans based upon a relative freedom of action. careful analysis of the situation. If the basic decisions or In our tactical forces we have built-in organizational flexi¬ plans are not successful, there is no paper foxhole into which bility. We must recognize this and capitalize on it in our they can crawl. Mission-type orders require initiative, orders. To get maximum combat power, we must have plans promptness, and resourcefulness which are not always forth¬ flexible enough to meet rapidly changing situations, but care¬ coming. Problems in service schools based upon such orders ful planning is not enough. This must be coupled with the bring forth a variety of solutions which are difficult for the readiness to change and adapt to situations as they are, not as faculty to grade. This sometimes looms as a very important they were expected to be. problem. To train commanders and staff officers for operations in I have said many times that a commander has two channels war, where mission-type orders will be widely used, it is nec¬ within which to operate. He has the “channel of command” and the “channel of suggestion.” I believe that a good com¬ essary that tactical courses in our schools teach the use of such r orders, and that we widely employ mission-type orders in our mander who has subordinates who are trained and have the peacetime operations. confidence to use mission-type orders can operate almost ex¬ clusively using the “channel of suggestion,” reserving the Basically, a mission-type order needs to cover only three “channel of command” for use only when he wants to give important things: special emphasis to an order, to relieve someone, to take dis¬ It should clearly state Avhat the commander issuing the or¬ ciplinary action, or like cases. der wants to have accomplished. I went to Leavenworth over twenty years ago, so it is diffi¬ ft should point out the limiting or control factors that must cult for me to remember all the things which I must have be observed for coordinating purposes. learned then at the Command and General Staff School. The It should delineate the resources made available to the sub¬ one thing that I have never forgotten and which has stood me ordinate commander and the support which he can expect or in good stead was the teaching of General McNair, then Com¬ count on from sources outside of his command. mandant, when he stated: There is a strong reluctance at every headquarters to relin¬ quish the authority to direct the details of an operation. This When you receive an order or a directive from your reluctance is clearly seen in the embellishments added to an next higher commander do everything you can and in the best way you can to further the mission which he order as it threads its way down to company level. Careful wants to accomplish. judgment must be used at every echelon of command in stat¬ ing the limiting and control factors in a mission-type order. An officer who follows this advice will find that he can act Confidence must be placed in the judgment and ability of the promptly and aggressively with confidence. He will have no subordinate commander. Too often, what starts out as a broad problem in operating in an environment of mission-type or¬ mission-type order at a high echelon ends up with voluminous, ders.

From the MILITARY REVIEW, Command and General Staff College, September 1961.

FGREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 29

EDITORIALS

Lying in the Sun

WHEN OUR doctor looked us over recently he shook his effort for better staff work. The amount and quality of head. ‘"If you keep on at that pace and with those paper flowing upward can be scrutinized, to eliminate what hours you’re heading for trouble—heart, ulcers, something is not germane and what does not need a higher decision. like that.” “But we’re taking it easier than our superiors,” Conversely, instructions to subordinates preparing material we protested. We did not mention that dizzy feeling when must be clear as to what is desired. And if the time of we turned our head quickly. “Notwithstanding the work to executives is to be conserved, drafting must be left to their be done,” he countered, “any organization that obliges or subordinates. The administrators might be able to shift per¬ permits its executives to work 11-12 hours a day for 5-7 sonnel to equalize burdens somewhat. The list of possible days a week is shortsighted. No one, no matter what his remedies could be expanded and refined. It must include, stamina, can perform effectively with that schedule. however, scrupulous compliance with the rule: “Don’t take yourself too seriously.” We will leave any further evaluation of that medical opin¬ ion to the Medical Division. We hope they will consider the Some larger questions are also pertinent. Are we trying subject. Whatever their finding, it is unlikely that finely to over-control events from Washington? Should more lati¬ drawn men, fully occupied with unending daily problems, tude be given to the man in charge abroad to cope with will have much opportunity for reflection or the formula¬ changing circumstances, basing his actions on commonly- tion of new ideas. As Walter Bagehot wrote: understood objectives? Are we creating paper crises for To act rightly in modern society requires a great ourselves by over-reacting to events abroad, by trying to get deal of previous study, a great deal of sharpened im¬ out instructions or replies to too many episodes? agination; and those prerequisites of sound action re¬ quire much time, as I was going to say, ‘much lying in Maybe there is no way to break the chain, but one way the sun,’ a long period of ‘mere passiveness.’ to try would be for some superiors to put on their hats and To some extent, constant overworking of some executives walk out early on Friday, to lie in the sun over the week¬ is unavoidable. The nature of some problems, the respon¬ end. They might not be able to use the company plane for sibilities of office and the constitutional disposition of some a •weekend trip to the Bahamas, but a modest change of men are constant factors. Nevertheless, some things can be pace and locale might prove worthwhile. The practice might done to help them. Perhaps it is time for the once-a-decade even be catching.

Paper Foxholes

THE RELATIONSHIP of armored-force doctrine to the con¬ changed. We then are in danger of papering ourselves into duct of foreign affairs becomes readily apparent in Gen¬ a too-little and too-late situation: incapable of adequate re¬ eral Clarke’s article on “Mission-Type Orders,” reprinted on sponse to a deteriorating situation. page 29. The General believes that when operations become General Clarke’s approach should help in such a circum¬ complex and unpredictable they cannot be run from head¬ stance. If it is to be successful. Washington must know what quarters. The man on the spot has to be responsible. The ob¬ it wants to accomplish and it must have confidence in the man jective must be made clear to him, he must know the resources at the other end. And if it hasn’t, why put him there in the he can use and the bounds to be observed. He is then on his first place? The implications of this approach are fascinating, own to take advantage and to take account of prevailing local amounting to no less than the prospect of reversing Parkin¬ factors. He is told what is to be done, not how to do it. A son’s Law—which surely is due for a reversal. Fewer com¬ premium is placed on resourcefulness, initiative and imagina¬ munications would then emanate from Washington, fewer and tion—qualities which are recommended for Foreign Service shorter blow-by-blow reports would be sent in. Cable costs officers, but not always commended. If the local commander would decrease, as would requirements for communications then fails in his mission there is “no paper foxhole” in which and drafting personnel. The workload would be lower and so to crawl: it is his responsibility. the cycle would spiral downward. There may be a few instances where the stakes are so high Not only has General Clarke suggested a useful principle and the circumstances so controllable that every detail must for the conduct of foreign affairs but a way to bring many and can be arranged at headquarters, or in our case, in the of the Department’s activities back to a more modest per¬ Department. Often, however, events are occurring so fast sonnel level, an achievement which had seemed possible that pertinent instructions cannot be formulated and trans¬ otherwise only through reversion to the era of the goose mitted before the situation for which they were designed has quill and the sailing ship.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 31 WASH1NQTON LETTER

by Gwen BARROW S

visioned scientists, who are talking of examining methods,” E.B. interjected, moon trips,” he stated. “Glenn’s “which need to be brought up if we flight and his appearances before are to succeed in getting into the Congress have put an air of respect¬ Service the type of young officers who ability on the subject. A trip to the will grow and mature with the needs moon is scheduled for just six years of the times. It seems to me we need away. Three astronauts will be mak¬ to send more of our Senior officers to ing the trip.” w'ork directly with the universities to We asked if a Russian and a woman assure our getting the most highly astronaut might not be along in that qualified candidates. We need to keep first trip, but he brushed off the our examining standards more abso¬ query. lute, too. Why not reach back a year “Of even more immediate interest or tw'o if the new crop doesn’t meas¬ in many ways is the forecast that ure up to the records of the previous with the aid of satellites we will have years?” worldwide communications within five Fitness years. It’s hard to visualize what this will mean to life in the 60’s and 70’s OREIGN Service wives,” E.B. 'Rockets Here, Rockets There. Kids Will Forget How To Use Their Arms”* for members of the Foreign Service. JL mused, “are used to being It will, of course, speed things up. rated along with their husbands but “For lo! the Winter is Past” Some situations will certainly be it’s new for the Navy, as w'itness the made much more complex. Other fitness question which has caused the SEVERAL weeks had passed since shattering of more than one tea cup E.B. (the Exhausted Bureaucrat, problems, it is hoped, may never have a chance to develop. and the cracking of more than one some have called him) stopped round martini glass since the Navy included to see us, so we welcomed the inter¬ Conimunieation it in its new form last month: ruption when he came knocking on PEAKING of communication, last Considering the requirements for the door one of those early spring social and diplomatic contact with the days in March. O month we had an hour-long briefing of tourists in State’s East officials and people of our own and “The rain is over and gone; the foreign countries, indicate your opin¬ flowers appear on the earth; the time Auditorium, on 21st Street. The sub¬ ion of this officer-wife team as repre¬ of the singing of birds is come, and ject was Berlin. Unmistakably, there’s sentative of their service and their the voice of the turtle is heard in our a new interest at the grass roots, as country. Do you consider them to be land,” we heard him muttering as he reported by Dave Brinkley at AFSA’s particularly suitable? Suitable? Not shed his coat and hat. recent luncheon, in the everyday prob¬ observed or not applicable. lems of the State Department. Take “You must have read the explana¬ “Turtles,” he went on, “I mean tur¬ just for an example, the several arti¬ tle doves, have been noticeably quiet tory statement from Navy’s Bureau of cles in the past few weeks including Personnel, too: but flight and flying trips have cer¬ Stewart Alsop’s piece on the work¬ tainly been an important part of the When assigning an officer to a dip¬ ings of State in the SATEVEPOST and picture this month with the First lomatic mission it’s important to know Holmes Welch’s in HARPER’S MAGA¬ Lady’s first trip to Asia, unscheduled whether or not we’re sending over a ZINE. To say nothing of the fact that couple or two individuals who hap¬ flights in the Berlin corridor, the Sec¬ one can count on a story or two daily pen to be locked up together. We retary’s trip to Geneva, and back¬ in the well-read Woman’s Section of want to present the best picture of grounding the whole, of course, the the Washington POST. The Depart¬ an American family. celebrations and cerebrations follow¬ ment runs the risk of being thorough¬ “But here’s a curious thing—even in ing the thrice around-the-world five- ly romanticized during the next few the Foreign Service where the im¬ hour astral flight of John H. Glenn, years,” he said gloomily. portance of the wife’s contribution Jr.” More queries from youngsters, we has long been recognized and evalu¬ We said we had just a few days assured him, had been coming to the ated in the inspector’s reports—even earlier seen a flock of geese flying JOURNAL than ever before. Most of these days we don’t pass on the fit¬ north in V-formation, but E.B. wasn’t them asked how students could pre¬ ness of the wife of the entering FSO to be put off. “For the first time it pare themselves for entry' into a For¬ or on the American wife he may isn’t only the very young, or long- eign Service career. marry later on. Of course, should he

* llcrhlock in the Washington POST. “That brings up our recruiting and want to marry a foreign national, he

32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 must tender his resignation and she is vignette of his days in hospital with Paraphrase Hemingway during . carefully interviewed before he is re¬ “Department appreciates handi¬ Others, many others, in the Service instated. USIA has insisted that the caps arising from lack secretarial should have memoirs of Hemingway wife, as well as the officer himself, staff, but in view' post’s specialized pass a psychiatric-psychological ex¬ and other literary figures that would needs, consider it essential that can¬ amination to determine fitness before greatly enhance our pages. didate complete training . . .” being posted overseas.” We w'ere getting on shaky grounds Names in the News (Learning to read?) so I asked E.B. how he had weathered Perhaps it was to be expected: the the Great Storm early in the month. rush to name children and places “In accordance instructions, Em¬ “Felt as though I were back in after the Nation’s number-one hero bassy officer called on deputy chief strike-bound Paris,” he replied. “No of the month. And perhaps it was to of Political Section yesterday and lights, no gas, no telephone. Had be expected that Maine should lead conveyed substance of circular to over a foot and a half of snow, and the nation with a street in Auburn him . . something that one rarely has to con¬ named Glenn Street. (Who dreamed that up?) tend with in Paris even when the But it was less easy to forecast, strike is fairly inclusive: no telephone. perhaps, that the hero of the Punta “Prime Minister summoned me to Liked it for a change but my wife del Este Conference should be found office this morning and indicated found it difficult. It was two days be¬ to have a namesake among the wild deep concern over delay promised fore we could get out to walk four men of Borneo. w'heat shipment . . miles down the road to a phone that It happened like this: our Labor (Misses breakfast toast.) w'as working. Meantime ours was the Attache at Singapore on a recent trip only home in the neighborhood which into the British Borneo territories “Department has carefully con¬ had heat. Martha had installed an was traveling on a boat when a Dvak sidered your qualifications and pref¬ old Franklin stove last summer in the paddled up to him and said he would erences in selecting suitable assign¬ glassed-in porch. She held court. But like to introduce his family. Among ment . . .” the members of his family he singled what the storm did to Rehoboth and (We’re still laughing.) Ocean City was really devastating. out for particular attention a two- year-old w'hom he proudly presented We’ve been spending part of the sum¬ “USG interests dictate we take as his son, Dean Rusk. mer there for years, and our place every precaution avoid involvement. ( The Labor Attache says that w hile along with thousands of others was You should, how'ever, make discreet the government of t' e Dvaks in Bor¬ ruined completely. Fifty million dol¬ inquiries as to attitudes . . . lars of damage at Rehoboth alone. neo has suppressed actual head hunt¬ (Wear cloak—hide face.) Now is when Mr. Udall should step in ing, the fear of it remains strong.) and turn that whole coastal area into a public park.” He sighed. “LIFE AND LOVE IN THE FOREIGN SERVICE” by ROBERT W. RINDEN “Any recent new's from Africa?” we tried to divert him. “Yes, just had a fine letter from one of our Chiefs of Mission there who said he found it a great change of pace from the ten-hour day, seven- day week of the political section but he'd made the transition without a stripping of the mental gears. The greatest disadvantage he found is what he called the ‘essential dullness of work and life’ and the absence of congenial companions.” WE URGED E.B. to get his friend —and others like him, busy writing for us. We’re always in need of good copy. The usual difficulty is that our w'riters are so busy that months go by before they are able to get material to us. “The Foreign Service in the 60’s” we’d particularly like to have discussed for our current series. Critical letters to the Editor and literary material are highly prized. “I don’t understand the inspector’s remark about ‘going native.’ Henry Villard has just done us a I thought they wanted us to fit into the foreign post.”

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAT., April 1962 33 The Wife

'T'HERE WAS once a Foreign Service wife who knew the The Oflice of Personnel reacted to this refusal in its nor¬ name of every Chief of State in Africa. She could mal fashion. It flew into a state of DUDGEON. The couple (and frequently would) discourse upon such matters as were forthwith ordered to the central Dasht-i-Lut. a post revanchist tendencies in the Balkans or nationalist cross¬ from where all other places look divine. currents in South Asia. She had highly vocal views about The job was then offered to another Foreign Service officer domestic politics. “The Ugly American." De Gaulle, the who rushed home to tell his wife. She couldn’t tell the Wriston Program, the inadequacy of Foreign Service pay difference between G/PM and GPU, but she was VER\ AND the promotion list. pretty and wore wonderful hats. One day her husband was advised that he was being considered for assignment to a certain post abroad. When When he came hurrying up the walk, bursting with his he reached home that night his wife said, as she always did, news, she met him at the door and gave a rapid report of “What’s new down at the Department, dear?" her day’s domestic disasters, an account of their childrens’ experiences at school, an inquiry into the state of the family When he mentioned the impending transfer, she immedi¬ finances, a clinical description of the maid’s condition, end¬ ately recalled an article in FOREIGN AFFAIRS on the country. ing with a frantic plea to look through all those magazines Prognosis of unrest. She remembered that a friend, whose piling up in the front room. husband was in INR. had known a man in P F10 who had once served there. Dreadful housing. Furthermore, the When finally he managed to blurt out his news, she said. wife of the DCM was notoriously lax on protocol, according “That’s fine, dear. Where is it? Now, tell me what you to a bachelor acquaintance in S/S-RO. had for lunch; I must go and fix dinner.’’ The wife strongly advised against going to the new post, They proceeded without further comment to their new although she wanted to have a final check with the girls at post and he rose rapidly to the heights in the Career. the Foreign Service Wives’ luncheon. They confirmed her worst fears and so the offer was turned down. MORAL: She who looks before he leaps is lost.

34 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 THE BOOKSHELF

“For to my mind, the end of a good government is to ensure the welfare of a people, and not merely to establish order in the midst of its misery.”—deTocqueville.

Two on Latin America—“Fast-Moving and Readable”

WILLIAM BENTON’S “The Voice of to provide an answer to the aspirations revolutionaries such as those we have Latin America” describes with of the people. discussed in these pages. If they and sensitivity and perception and in elo¬ The facts provided are grim, the sta¬ others like them can succeed in bring¬ quently caustic terms the results of tistics damning and the prospects any¬ ing about the long overdue changes “four centuries of conquest, coloniza¬ thing but comforting. Read it and you which Latin America needs, they can tion and caudillos.” This is a brief cannot help but appreciate the need for insulate their nations against the siren and timely study resulting in part from the spirit and concept of the Alianza songs coming from Moscow, Peiping, a mission undertaken with Adlai Stev¬ Para el Progreso. Habana, or any other communist cen¬ enson in the spring of 1960. It is a After reviewing the broad picture in ter.” must for all those who are just now Benton’s “The Voice of Latin America” —TAYLOR G. BELCHER entering the fascinating and vital field the reader should then turn to Robert PROPHETS OF THE REVOLUTION, of Latin American affairs or for those J. Alexander’s “Prophets of the Revo¬ by Robert ]. Alexander. Macmillan Com¬ who would welcome an opportunity to lution” for an appreciation of the per¬ pany, $4.95. withdraw somewhat from particulars sonalities who have changed or are THE VOICE OF LATIN AMERICA, by and take a broad look at the problems changing the traditional existence of William Benton. Harper & Brothers, $3.95. of our good neighbors. For the neo¬ the Latin Americans. The author has phyte, for the less-than-expert, or for chosen well: Romulo Betancourt, Haya African Culture the jaded, Benton’s report is an excel¬ de la Torre, “Pepe” Figueres, Luis OR THE first time in the English lent precis of the problems the Alianza Munoz Marin, Fidel. One can say with F language we now have a one-vol¬ Para el Progreso is designed to answer. justice that we in the United States ume summary of the major cultural The problems he portrays are myriad— would he easier in mind today if we developments and movements of people illiteracy, malnutrition, disease, under¬ had had a greater appreciation of these on the continent of Africa over the last investment, misuse of resources, feud men and their purposes, as well as of 7,000 years. Utilizing a cultural-his¬ alism. The answers are hardly easy those of another generation such as torical approach, with emphasis on but they are even more difficult to Jose Batlle y Ordonez and Arturo Ales- processes of change rather than mech¬ apply. sandri. They set a standard that few anical diffusion, Professor Murdock of “Chronic anti-Americanism” and “Fi- were able to follow. Yale provides an invaluable back¬ delism” are endemic diseases much Alexander’s study of Lazaro Carde¬ ground for the momentous changes in harder to eradicate than the malaria nas and what he terms “the fulfillment economy, religion and government and yaws we have helped stamp out in of the Mexican Revolution” gives us a which characterize Africa in the twenti¬ many areas. Benton’s fast moving and brief but vivid picture of the first and eth century. readable report provides a useful exer¬ perhaps most successfully consummated The emphasis placed by the author cise in analyzing the failure of the “rul¬ revolution in Latin America. One could on the forms of social and political or¬ ing classes,” both foreign and domestic, have wished for a bit more background ganization will be found particularly to the extensive expropriations of the useful by FSO’s seeking to thread mid-1930’s under Cardenas, and one leaves the account of the excesses of their ways through the labyrinth of nationalism of that day with the un¬ African culture, psychology and poli¬ easy feeling that they are not as far tics. They will be assisted by a com¬ away from the realities of today as one plete tribal map at the end of the book could wish. and selective bibliographies at the end This very interesting series of pro¬ of each chapter. While they will be files suffers in one respect. Why are initially handicapped by the lack of an there no photographs of these famous index in the book itself, if they pa¬ men ? tiently construct one of their own they will find the task not only informative The reader will finish his few hours but will wind up with a guide peculi¬ with Benton and Alexander convinced arly suited to their needs. of the truth of the latter’s statement: —R. SMITH SIMPSON “The security of Latin America against the penetration of totalitarian¬ AFRICA : ITS PEOPLES AND THEIR “I was with Time fifteen years. How ism, particularly against communism, CULTURE HISTORY, by George Peter long were you with Life'!'’’’ lies in the success of indigenous social Murdock, McGraw-Hill, New York. $8.75.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 35 THE BOOKSHELF Master Diplomatist PAUL CAMBON became the French Mission for his Country Ambassador at London when he was fifty-five and stayed twenty-two THIS BOOK is not easily classifiable. vote himself to a more complete per¬ years in the job. Professor Eubank It is actually four books in one, al¬ sonal autobiography. has written an episodic case history of though the four elements are mixed and Throughout the book are elements of the career of Cambon who played a sometimes confused within the entire a political memoir of the type we have significant role in the international volume. learned to expect from prominent Brit¬ politics of and the Mediterran¬ First, there is a general and elemen¬ ish and American statesmen. Essential¬ ean during the forty years after 1882. tary survey of Iran’s history, geography, ly, this element is a record of historic de¬ He became the dean of European am¬ peoples, government and economics. cisions and the Shah’s role in those de¬ bassadors as well as the leading French This survey element could be recom¬ cisions. As such, it is fascinating but diplomat of the period. Although his spotty. Perhaps this is inevitable in a entire career was spent at Tunis, Ma¬ mended for the ordinary American, but political memoir published before the drid, Constantinople and London, he not for the serious student. It is some¬ retirement of a political leader, or at managed to exert considerable influ¬ what haphazard and at times is over¬ least before he feels that he has com¬ ence on the general course of French popularized and romanticized. pleted his political tasks. But one still foreign policy. Cambon was strongly Second, the volume contains much of wants to ask dozens of questions as to marked by the defeat of 1870, and con¬ what His Majesty might some day in¬ the unspecified detailed background of ceived the agreement that became clude in a personal autobiography. Most many of the decisions mentioned in the known as the Entente Cordiale, which of this element of the book is extremely book. he nurtured into something much more interesting, revealing a complex person¬ Last, but perhaps of greatest moment important than simply a settlement of ality and a brilliant intellect. It is in¬ and interest, the Shah sets forth his ex¬ colonial problems. This fascinating complete, however, like a spotlight play¬ pectations and his analysis of Iran’s re¬ volume provides an account not only of ing fitfully over a complicated scene, lationship with the West in general and French diplomacy but of developments and leaves the reader vaguely dissatis¬ with the United States in particular. among all the Great Powers during fied, with the feeling that he has some¬ No official and no ordinary citizen who these years, and particularly the curi¬ how been tantalized by only a partial ac¬ has opinions on the nature and the fu¬ ous course of Anglo-French relations quaintance with one of the most signifi¬ ture of American relationships with Iran in the decade prior to World War I. cant personalities of our generation. The should neglect reading and re-reading tricky aspect of His Majesty’s family life this portion of the book. —E. J. BEIGEL and his three marriages has been han¬ dled with dignity, and will provide no —JOHN W. BOWLING PAUL CAMBON: MASTER DIPLO¬ new titillation for readers of women’s MATIST, by Keith Eubank, University of MISSION FOR MY COUNTRY by H. Oklahoma Press, $4.00. magazines. One would hope that at some I. M. Mohamad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Shah¬ future date the Shah will be able to de- anshah of Iran. McGraw-Hill, $5.95. Consular Law and Practice THIS BOOK is a useful contribution A Small, Nostalgic Sigli to a field in which relatively little has been written. It presents a broad THE TKEATY ports of pre-war China of which is the fact that U.S. Army although not comprehensive study of are gone forever, along with the privates in those days could maintain aspects of consular functions and im¬ way of life which was enjoyed by the a high enough standard of living to munities, quoting from the legislation, Westerners who lived in them. As pass themselves off as officers before regulations and practice of a number believers in progress and reform, we recently-arrived and unsophisticated of States. Its presentation is primarily expository rather than analytical. Al¬ should shed no tears. However, per¬ U.S. Marines. It is regrettable that the though generously documented and foot¬ haps we can still permit ourselves a American compound in Tientsin was noted, one has a feeling that coverage small, nostalgic sigh over the passing about as isolated from the Chinese is spotty, and was determined more by of a colorful—albeit artificial—epoch population around it as the city itself was from the mainstream of China (for the documents to which the author had in history when Western ways and example, Chiang Kai-shek’s Northern access rather than by a really thought¬ interests were carefully preserved in expedition left hardly a ripple in the ful analysis of what consular practice the treaty ports under the guardian¬ minds of the soldiers), but who ever is today and how it got that way. ship of troops from many lands, while said that infantry privates have to be —B. B. B. warlordism and banditry plagued the sociologists or political scientists, any¬ CONSULAR LAW AND PRACTICE, by countryside just over the city walls. way? Like the late Colonel John W. Luke T. Lee. London Institute of W orld One of these guardians was Charles G. Thompson’s account of life in the Affairs, Praeger. $17.50. Finney, who as a private in the United “Horse Marines” in Peking, this book States Army's 15th Infantry Regiment provides a welcome relief for those CONDUCT OF AMERICAN DIPLOMACY by Elmer Plischke, (Van Nostrand), re¬ (the “Old China Hands”), spent three whose readings on China are usually viewed in the February “Bookshelf” should years in Tientsin in the late ’20’s. Mr. forced into more topical subjects, such have been listed as priced at $8.50. Finney’s entertaining account of his as the “Collected Works of Mao Tse- fun ir ^ INTERNATIONAL POLITICS AND FOR¬ life and times in Tientsin illumines EIGN POLICY, edited by James N. Rose- some rather obscure corners of U.S. nau (Free Press of Glencoe), in the same THE OLD CHINA HANDS by Charles issue, should have been listed as priced at activities in the Far East, not the least G. Finney. Doubleday & Co., $3.95. $8.50.

36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 196. ASSUMPTION COLLEGE

“We Are Not Impressed” A Cosmopolitan College Directed IF ONE WANTS to have a striking example of the difference between the cautious British and the punch-loving Ameri¬ By the Assumptionist Fathers can approach to international politics one should compare Sir Charles Webster’s book reviewed above I “The Art and ■ With educational institutions in 28 coun¬ Practice of Diplomacy”) with “A Nation of Sheep” by Wil¬ tries, the Assumptionist Fathers conduct a liam J. Lederer. One represents careful, unbiased, restrained Catholic liberal arts college in America that treatment of the subject under study. The other aims at reflects a spirit as rich and wide as the world itself. Backed by a long French tradi¬ the sensational and astonishing. It endeavors to stun the tion, the cosmopolitan spirit at Assumption reader. In this hook the co-author of the best seller. "The College takes shape in many outstanding Ugly American,” endeavors to make another smash hit. As offerings. the publisher’s outside band states: “a devastating attack ■ THE SCHOOL OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS on the incredible blunders of America’s intelligence service at Assumption has been evolved by a staff and of U.S. officials abroad, which have led to appalling of experts as the only undergraduate school of its kind, designed to train able young ineptitude in the dangerous field of world politics. Oh men for business careers abroad. Here a dy¬ boy! HOWT can one resist reading such a tremendous on¬ namic staff provides an authentic back¬ slaught on American officialdom. ground in the cultural, social and economic Simply terrific? Certainly not in our opinion. The patterns of foreign peoples and indicates how these affect their methods of doing revelations which the author indulges in so profusely are business. The Foreign Affairs student speaks no revelations to the British readers. Many so-called revela¬ and writes a foreign language by his senior tion would need much more than Mr. Lederer’s assertions year. He attends lectures by world-famous diplomats and businessmen. He becomes (or his sources) to be really convincing. In our view the familiar with political climates around the suggestion that this hook will astonish its American reader- world. During the summer of his junior year ship is a slur on that readership. Surely the average Ameri¬ he may work overseas with a U.S. firm. After can reader cannot be impressed by these so-called disclosures. graduation, placement abroad is a good pos¬ sibility, or he may train for government Western European and, for that matter, Eastern Europeans service in a foreign country. cannot but consider Mr. Lederer’s whole effort as rather unimpressive and of little consequence. Much of what he ■ ASSUMPTION COLLEGE is for the wrrites has been said time and time again over here. global-minded young man who thinks for himself and enjoys the Christian way of No, we are not impressed. We do not think that the life. Assumption offers these important “nation of sheep” is reallv what Mr. Lederer makes it out : Economics, English, Foreign Affairs, to be. Is it not the case that some “sheep sometimes think French, History and Government, Natural that they are less of a sheep than the others? It may well Sciences (including pre-medical and pre¬ dental), Modern Mathematics, and Philoso¬ he that they alone think so. Our opinion of U.S. citizenry phy. There are small classes with individual is that it is of far above the average intelligence and that attention, sports, and activities on a new it is being wrongly indicted by people who very often do 96-acre campus. Write to the Admissions not fulK know its backbone.—From the Embassy Bookshelf, Office for a catalog. THE DIPLOMATIST, London, December, 1961. ASSUMPTION Changing Your Post? Please send your new address, in¬ COLLEGE cluding APO or FPO address if applicable, to the FOREIGN (Member cri New England Association of Colleges &. Secondary Schools) SERVICE JOURNU,, 1742 “G” St., N.W., Washington 6, D. C. The Post Office will not forward copies unless you provide 507 Salisbury Street, Worcester, Mass. extra postage. Duplicate copies cannot be supplied.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. April 1962 37 Needed—to Reverse the Fatalities of History:

Patience, Perspective, and Parliamentary Diplomacy

by ADLAI STEVENSON

FRUSTRATION, as we know, has become a sort of a the crumbling and collapse of the Mongol . In China, national news. Mr. Lippmann spoke of frustration where man’s longest documented record covers the fortunes between a war that can't be fought and a peace that can’t be of its oldest continuous body politic, the rise and fall of achieved. Another manifestation that is apparent out in my imperial dynasties has a rhythm of almost majestic fatality, part of the country, the Middle West, where people still preach each new empire rising on the anarchy and the ruins of the the evil-eye theory, is the assumption that we must have either last, and then, in its own turn, falling away. total victory or total defeat in this long conflict. It sets what is Times of imperial collapse are always times of trouble, and unattainable, namely total victory, against what is intolerable, T we are living through the greatest of such disintegrations which is total defeat, and precludes all rational and all feasible today. In fifteen short years the dominion which Western middle courses. This is a most unhappy mood in which I Europe exercised over most of Asia and Africa until the think we find ourselves. I wonder sometimes why it is that morrow of the Second World War has all but vanished. All we are so anxious, so irritable, so angry and so frustrated. Asia has emerged from colonial or semi-colonial control, and Nothing seems to be more difficult for us to practice than now Africa is in the violent throes of the same ordeal, the patience, and nothing more difficult for us to attain than per¬ same process. Empire on such a scale has probably never spective. We who practice diplomacy know something about ended at such breakneck speed before. If history is our the helpful properties of patience. Even we who practice this guide, so rapid and so vast a disintegration must bring the new black art of parliamentary diplomacy. So it is not about risk of confusion thrice compounded. And history leaves us patience, hut about perspective that I wanted to say a wrord to in little doubt about the kind of disorder we are likely to you today. endure. We may expect to see new powers jostling to take I think it is important that we get our perspective about over the influence and control of the outgoing imperial gov¬ this aggravating period straight. I don’t doubt that yours ernment. We may expect to see such efforts sparking local is, hut I am afraid that many of your fellow-countrymen’s violence, and driving it in an outward spiral toward general is not. war. And we may expect behind local crises and dangers a In the second part of this Twentieth Century all of the an¬ general deterioration in international good will, a gen¬ nals of man are proved desperately different. This experience eral increase in distrust and hostility. And we are familiar is the disintegration of one pattern of imperial power and the with that, too, as settlements and solutions become ever more establishment of new difficult. political facts and Such dangers, then, have marked the complete collapse of relationships and empire before; they mark it now. So the turbulence that we power centers in its see day by day in the world at large reflected back at us, no¬ place. Whenever where more than in the United Nations, is neither surprising such changes have occurred, the really nor new. We should, and we must, expect it. And we must big changes which get used to it. We who suffer from having had things our resemble some vast own way for so long that we are shocked and hurt when oth¬ seismic disturbance er people don’t share our views, or question our motives. We in the earth’s politi¬ judge ourselves by our motives, and we judge others by their cal crust, the inevi¬ actions. What is both surprising and new is what the UN is table outcome is dis¬ trying to do about these risks. And now we come to a wholly order, catastrophe, new chapter in human history, the chapter that gives us at civil conflict and least a marginal hope of escaping the dread fatalities of earlier war. days. To me, 1 confess, it is a matter of exhilaration that Europe lapsed in¬ here in America, in the newest of continents, and in the midst to barbarism after of perhaps the most far-reaching experiment in free un¬ the fall of Rome. imperial government a new start should be under way in the Britain’s advance in¬ management of human affairs, a new experiment to defeat “He’s Due Any Day” Mauldin, St. Louis Post-Dispatch to India followed and annihilate the set historical pattern and deadlocks of the

Excerpts from the Ambassador's talk to members of the Foreign Service, at AFSA’s luncheon in January.

38 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 State Dept, and Foreign Service past. In the UN the effort is being made to confront the old fatalities of collapsing and put in their place a wholly Personnel Enjoy the Convenience of new approach to the dilemmas of our time. It is only when we realize how new they are, how radical, how revolutionary, that we can have any idea of the potential Nearby Banking value, the profound historical significance of what is being At McLach/en’s Modern attempted there in New York at the UN. What we are attempt¬ ing to do today at the UN is to roll back every one of these great historical fatalities which in the past have made the end¬ POTOMAC PLAZA ing of empires the most perilous condition for the survival of society. We are trying to end the dreary cycle of im¬ BRANCH perialisms by which the outgoing masters are quickly re¬ placed by new' ones who come quickly in to fill the vacuum of with the time-saving power. The principle which President Wilson declared has since become one of mankind s greatest aspirations, the self- DRIVE-IN WINDOW determination of peoples. In the Western World, in this cen¬ tury, the attempt has been made for the first time in history to outlaw' imperialism. This is new. Like all new things it is difficult. But at least in the last decade, as we have seen the UN grow from fifty to more than one hundred nations, we must admit that for millions of God’s children a first step toward freedom has been taken, the step which recognizes their right, their inalienable right, to be free. But then the dangers and dilemmas begin to press in. We have done something new in proclaiming the right of small peoples not to be run by other more powerful states. We have decreed and welcomed the end of colonialism. Indeed, it was in the United States, it was here that the first practical steps were taken to raise the principle of anti-colonialism from a hope to a fact. And the shot echoed ’round the world from Just a short walk up Virginia Avenue from Lexington—echoes to this day. But have we ensured that this the new State Dept. Building, McLachlen’s new faith can be fully and irrevocably expressed in words? up-to-date banking facilities are ideally Hitherto, as I have suggested, the ending of one imperialism located for “lunch hour” banking. If has usually spelled for the small and the weak, the beginning you’re driving, the drive-in banking win¬ of a new one. Are we any better today? The principle may dow is easier than stopping for gas. Your be new. Is the practice equally so? This, to me, is the account at McLachlen is equally available most urgent issue at stake, in Africa today. Do the new at every location. nations, sometimes irresolute, sometimes wobbly, know how much they need us in their period of transition to genuine independence, or are they blinded by racial considerations, by their new nationalism, by their hatred of colonialism, SINCE both of which are so skillfully exploited by the propa¬ 1891 ganda of others who are not trying to help them achieve A NAME independence and stability? I think it was Alexander Hamil¬ YOU CAN ton who said that even to be neutral required a stable gov¬ ernment. In the wrong hands, in hands unpracticed, un¬ BANK ON disciplined. it is incompatible with government. So the old colonial system is crumbling. Britain has largely withdrawn leaving new viable societies behind. The French have helped to bring a large new family of states into the UN. In the Congo the transfer of power has thrown the area into that McLachlen kind of civil commotion which in the past has been the more usual end of imperial control. Here then the great question is, Banking Corporation can we, having seen one form of imperialism end, prevent another from being established? When we in America give POTOMAC PLAZA BRANCH: 2425 Virginia Ave., N.W. our support to the ending of all outside intervention, we mean MAIN OFFICE: 10th and G Street, N.W.

Continued on p. 42 SOUTHWEST BRANCH: 12th & Maryland Ave., S.W. BANKING FACILITIES “B” Bldg., 2nd & Q Sts., S.W.

—_ Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. and Federal Reserve System -

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL., April 1962 39 1. Ankara. At the recent farewell costume party for Minister Counselor and Mrs. Leon L. Cowles, Mr. Cowles, dressed as a Turkish villager, poses with the former Minister of Communi¬ cations, Mr. Cubukgil, who is dressed as an American cowboy. The Cowles are being assigned to City.

2. Freetown. On a trip to the diamond fields in eastern Sierra Leone, Deputy Chief of Mission Halvor 0. Ekern (right) and Vice Consul Larry Williamson (center) are welcomed by Para¬ mount Chief Kama Kendi (seated) and Mr. Tobouku-Metzger, a local businessman. The latter has two children studying in the United States.

3 and 4. Copenhagen. Mrs. William A. Root and FSO Root call the turns for square dancing in the auditorium of the American Embassy. At right, some of the seventy dancers dem- 1. onstrate “Birdie in the Cage.” Approximately twenty Danes attended and ten other non-Americans, representing Sweden, Switzerland and Brazil.

5. Chutung. FSO Wesley C. Haraldson, director of U.S. AID Mission to China, and C. T. Chien, vice chairman of the Foreign Exchange and Trade Control Commission of the Republic of China, break ground for the new Hsinchu Window Glass Works plant in Chutung, Taiwan.

6. Hamburg. Entering the doors of the U. S. Food Fair 1961 in Hamburg, Germany, just ofter officially opening the Fair at ceremonies in the storied German city-state are U. S. Ambassa¬ dor to Germany Walter Dowling and Secretary of Agriculture Orville L. Freeman.

Chiengmai. FSO’s John Reed and J. Marsh Thomson of Embassy Bangkok narrate a TV program in Thai on the subject of the United States. Mrs. Somchit Siddhichai, program direc¬ tor, Thai TV, is shown in the center.

2.

AN AMERICAN EDUCATION PARLIAMENTARY DIPLOMACY FOR YOUR CHILD something definite and practical in the Congo. We believe that Belgium should complete its withdrawal. We believe that no other foreign power should come rushing in, especial¬ ly the new imperialism of the Eastern bloc. In the Congo, we seek a solution which brings together and reconciles the Congo’s own civil leaders and forestalls the threat of civil war in which outside intervention would be inevitable. And we do this not because we have any designs on Central Africa, but because we don’t—because we oppose with all of our conviction and experience the risk that after seeing Western colonialism go, Africa wfill see Communist imperialism come. Clearly, only one body can prevent this ancient fatality of simply swapping one control for another. And that is the United Nations, consulting closely with its Afro-Asian mem¬ bers and barring outside intervention from whatever side. I his, then, is our first aim to put a genuine end to outside imperial control. Our second stems from that: to prevent local disputes from spiraling into general war. Here again we do not have to look very far back into history to see the kind of tragedy that we must at all costs avert. At the turn of the last century Turkish imperial power crumbled in the Balkans. Czarist Russia on the one hand, Austria-Hungary on the other, pressed in to take its place. In the small emergent Balkan states local factions looked to Moscow or Vienna, as in Africa today, they may look to Moscow, or Paris, or Brussels, or Washington. The defeat of local Balkan leaders began to take on the aspect of a defeat for the powers which backed them. Two small local wars, as you will recall, were contained. And then in 1914 a bullet killed an archduke and men stood hopelessly by and watched until all of the world was engulfed in the horrors of that war. This must not happen now, of course. Africa is the Balkans of today. Any outside power seeking to manipulate its griefs and searchings, and first fumbling efforts to stand alone, risks bringing down on Africa and on the world the dread pos¬ sibility of nuclear destruction. Is this really, then, what Mr. Khrushchev has in mind when he demands that the Congo should become, as the Balkans once were, the cockpit first of rival factions, then of rival interventions and finally of a spreading, consuming, horrifying, general conflict? I can¬ not believe that any statesman, conscious of the dread brink upon which all humanity stands, can seek to widen the circle, to enlarge the crisis. The UN must instead damp down the fires of civil war and reconcile rival leaders, and in this task the other African states have a role of immense sig¬ FRANCIS SCOTT KEY HOTEL nificance, it seem to me, to play. For if they can bring their The Nicest Small Hotel In Washington great influence to bear on the various centers of power, we 600 - 20th St., N.W., Washington, D. C. NAtional 8-5425 may yet see reconstituted a Congo state which, with full UN Why Foreign Service Personnel prefer the backing, can withdraw itself from the terrifying risk of out¬ Francis Scott Key Hotel (1) It is only two blocks from the State Department side intervention. (2) It offers family accommodations (3) One room, kitchen, dinette and hath, completely furnished I know it is not easy to reverse the fatalities of history. efficiency suites Completely air-conditioned We are on a melancholy road, I must confess, which again (5) Coffee shop with excellent food at moderate prices and again mankind has travelled with legions of men march¬ ROOMS—Single $6.00 Double $7.50 ing to their destruction. In many of these sore spots today- EFFICIENCY SUITES—DOUBLE BEDS Single $7.00 and up. Double $8.00 and up in the Congo, in Laos and Viet-Nam, potentially in any TWIN BEDS area of conflict and civil disturbance, almost nothing is Single $7.00 and up. Double $8.00 and up Additional persons $1.50 each. new. The conflicts are old, the rival suspicions and jock¬ 10% discount for weekly occupancy. eying for positions are old, the brute struggle for power Rowena F. Ward, Mgr.—Gladys L. Warner, Asst. is as old as man itself, and we know where they have

42 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 by 4tUai Stevenson ^25^ >55^.; always led. To war and to death. But today one thing is new. It is the effort of the UN to attempt to apply peaceful procedures and ra¬ tional solutions even to the most aggravated and envenomed of politi¬ cal crises, by the new process of par¬ liamentary diplomacy. On a dark scene in a dark time of trouble, the l N is proclaiming by deed as well as word that men can live not by vio¬ lence and brute strength, but at last by reason and by law. And also I would say to our own people in this country, support this organization with your approbation, your sympa¬ thetic attention and your prayers. To the small powers, especially the emergent states of Africa, l would repeat that the UN is of first inter¬ est above all to weaker states since OUR OWN MAKE TROPICALS without it they have no ultimate pro¬ in our distinctive 2-button model, tection against the forces of more and our traditional 3-button style powerful and predatory govern¬ ments. The handsome suitings in these lightweight trop¬ And to the Soviet Union, 1 would icals are woven exclusively for us, in designs and say that there are laws of history colorings of our selection . . . and the suits them¬ more profound and inescapable than selves reflect the workmanship and detailing of our the laws dreamed up by Marx and Lenin, laws which belong not to expert tailors. This season we offer these fine trop¬ class relationships or stages of eco¬ icals in our 2-button* style that was so successful nomic development but to the na¬ when introduced by us last Fall... as well as our ture and the destiny of man himself. Among these laws is the certainty good-looking 3-button model. Coat and trousers. that war follows when new empires thrust into the collapsing ruins of Our Own Make Tropicals. English Worsted, $125; the old. So stay your ambitions. Dacron® Polyester and Worsted, $ 110 Think twice about your interven¬ tion. Allow the new principles of in¬ A Iso our rr3 46” tropical suits, made to ternational order, the right of peo¬ our exacting specifications, $80 ples to determine their own destiny to operate without your pressure from *in Dacron-and-worsted only without. Don't sabotage the only in¬ stitution which offers an alternative to imperialism, and don’t look back¬ ward to mankind’s evil inheritance of violence. Look forward to a world where the UN can be the forum and guardian of peace. This, I believe, is the hope of the vast majority of mankind. It is above all the hope of the small powers whose only protection lies in the in¬ ternational organization of their se¬ curity. For let there be no doubt about the alternatives. They are writ¬ ten in words of flame and blood on the halls of the world.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOUEXAI., April 1962 43 NBC Correspondent Sees:

A New Breeze Blowing Through the Grass Roots

by DAVID BRINKLEY

I BELIEVE IN short speeches. In fact, I believe in no rather freely after the war—for a time without any com¬ speeches ... I started in the newspaper business al¬ plaint. And it made us feel good. And we could afford it. most twenty-five years ago, and one of my first jobs was And it allowed us to congratulate ourselves on charity and to cover the meetings each day, Monday through Friday, of good works. And in return some foreign government oc¬ five men’s service clubs, the Rotary, the Kiwanis, the Lions, casionally would send us a statue, or a bell tower, or word Exchange and the Civitans. They met in the same hotel of thanks or some symbol of appreciation, and we felt fine room, Monday through Friday, ate the same breaded veal —even a little self-satisfied. Since those early days when it cutlet, green peas, mashed potatoes, and very often Monday was simply a matter of spending a little money. I believe through Friday, heard the same speech. So I’ve heard a there has been a deep, even a profound change. 1 think it speech, including one on the romance of cast-iron pipe— was brought about by a complex of big and little events, and it was a beauty. I liked it so much I have a copy of it incidents, some connected, some isolated; but it seems to me which I am going to deliver here today. that some of the most important separate causes of this I’ve had some difficulty in thinking of anything to talk change have been three rather simple ones: about here, because everyone here knows everything I know, and if you don’t you should try to conceal it. First, Vice-President Nixon’s being kicked and spat upon There is one thing, however, which I have been able to in South America. Second, the anti-American riots in Tokyo observe at some closer range and in some greater detail than that forced President Eisenhower to cancel his visit. And a perhaps almost anyone. Perhaps you are aware of this. But a third factor which I believe is more important than it may great many people are not. The basic premise of what few appear—the publication of one poor, badlv-written book words I have to say is not new, but I think lately it has called “The Ugly American.” I think, and will try to show reached a depth, a scope and an intensity that again is not that these three things have affected the American people generally understood. That is—the reactions and the atti¬ profoundly, and before going into what I believe these ef¬ tudes of the American people to being asked to assume, to fects have been, I’ll tell you the basis on which I draw carry, to pay for, and to worry about the leadership of the these conclusions. free world. For something more than twenty years I have been dis¬ r The fact of leadership obviously is not new. The spend¬ seminating, in one way or another, news in newspapers, ing of money in other countries without any expectation of magazines, radio, wire services and television, and for most goods and services in return is not new. We spent money of this time I have been reading mail from people from coast to coast—I would guess on the order of one half mil¬ lion letters of one kind or other. And, over the twenty years there has been a gradual change, but it has been vastly ac¬ celerated in just the last five years, perhaps in even the last two, three or four. The general tone of what people write and say now is this: “The future of the free world depends on us. We have many enemies, not too many friends, a great many people hate us, very often with cause. We have often been smug and arrogant. We have too often lacked tolerance and understanding of people and customs in other countries. So these letters go on. 1 am summarizing a basic theme that appears in the mail nowadays nearly all the time. It is necessary, therefore, for Americans to be for¬ bearing and patient, to display kindness and all of the wis¬ dom we can, and to get rid of the idea that everything American is automatically superior to everything foreign. Over the last five years, and increasingly in the last two or three years, I have received, and we ran a little check “There seems to be come confusion regarding our commissary order.” the other day to see—I have received approximately 100,000

Excerpts from Mr. Brinkley’s talk to AFSA at the February 15 luncheon meeting held at the Shoreham Hotel.

44 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 letters saying just that. It very often is crudely stated. Very often the writers of the letters don’t really know what their INVEST ANYTIME point is. But the message gets through nevertheless. And the message is, as I read it. that the American people, after WITH CONFIDENCE some chastening experiences, have developed a deep and profound commitment, moral and spiritual, as well as finan¬ f you are looking for a proven “all cial, to the responsibility that has been given to us. weather” plan for building your finan¬ Again, it is not new, and you have heard this before, but cial program, consider “Dollar cost I do think it now has reached a higher degree of commit¬ averaging” in shares of a leading mu¬ tual fund. Dollar cost averaging simply means ment than many of us are aware of. An earlier picture, also investing equal amounts of money at regular very familiar, was that of a people who felt foreigners were intervals over a period of years. You acquire obligated to turn themselves into Americans. That after tak¬ more shares at low price levels and fewer shares ing our money, that was the least they could do. The earlier at high price levels with the advantageous result picture was of an American who thought our country had that your average cost per share will always be all the answers and that if everyone, everywhere, would sim¬ below the average of the prices at which the ply do things our way, it would all turn out fine. Well, the shares were purchased. picture now, 1 believe, is as I have described it. And while How Dollar cost averaging works: it is impossible to date the change precisely, we have again gone back through the records, and it appears to me that it Assumed Amount of Each Regular Assumed Price No. of Shares reallv began to change in a serious way at about the time of Investment per Share Acquired the Nixon incident in Venezuela, and about the time of Mr. Eisenhower’s cancellation of his visit to Tokyo, and $100 $11 9.091 100 9 11.111 about the time of the publication of the book “The Ugly 100 10 10.000 American.” 100 12 8.333 In the mail today and in the last two years that phrase 100 13 7.692 has occurred more frequently than any other one. And it 100 14 7.143 has come to me, because I have from time to time done $600 $69 53.370 little pictorial essays, films, reports of various kinds around most of the world, and, being the kind of person I am, I Average per share Price: $11.50 ($69-^-6) have occasionally offered the opinion that some institution, Average per share Cost: 11.24 ($600-^53.370) or feature, or custom in some foreign country was perhaps For the investor planning ahead, dollar cost not perfect, and in fact may even be absurd. Ten years ago, averaging not only eliminates the uncertainties or even five years ago, a comment like that wouldn’t offend of personal judgment as to when to invest, but anybody, and would not excite any criticism whatsoever, it provides that the shareholder’s long-term prin¬ and it would even produce a fair amount of reaction from cipal and income results will represent a depend¬ Americans saying, “Ain’t that the truth!” We never wel¬ able and desirable average rather than possible comed that kind of reaction, but it always came. But it extremes of either high or low. doesn’t come any more. What happens now is this. If you A program of this type provides for continuous in¬ say on the air anything even mildly critical, obliquely criti¬ vesting, regardless of price levels, in securities subject to market fluctuation and does not protect against deprecia¬ cal, of some other country, it produces a whirlwind of tion in declining markets. Financial ability to continue abuse. The tone of the reaction now in general, as best I investments through periods of low price levels should can summarize it, is this: “You are an Ugly American. be taken into account, as a loss will be incurred if the You do not understand these people. They have had a hard value of accumulated shares is less than their cost. time of it. They deserve sympathy, tolerance and kindness. You are an Ugly American. Unless you say something To: Service Investment Corporation FSJ-4-62 nice, why don’t you stay the hell home.” Well, that’s how 927 15th Street, N.W., Washington 5, D. C. it goes now. And again, that phrase and that idea has I am interested in a Mutual Fund investment program: lodged in the American people’s minds to an extent greater than I realized until lately, and perhaps to a greater extent NAME than some of you have. And I believe that this change in (Please print) the American attitude is not yet generally understood, not ADDRESS yet generally appreciated. There are, of course, still some fragments of isolationism and xenophobia. We still see ads in the New York TIMES, signed generally by mid-Western industrialists and embit¬ SERVICE INVESTMENT tered former liberals and professional reactionaries saying Corporation that we must stop all kinds of foreign aid. But I am con¬ vinced that while it is a very noisy crowd, it is a small one. 927 15th Street, N.W. Telephone: NA 8-6770 And it should not get all the attention it gets. The over¬ Washington 5, D. C. Cable: SERVISCO whelming majority of the American people, in my opinion,

FOREIGN SERVICE JOTTBNAI-, April 1962 45 j have reached a maturity of understanding in this area of foreign relations, are committed to it, believe in it. They CONTACT OUR OFFICE j believe in it even more deeply, in many cases, than they understand themselves and are willing and even anxious to IN HELPING YOU SELL OR BUY YOUR support it. As I say again, I do not think it is entirely and HOME IN WASHINGTON thoroughly understood by a great many people in Congress, among others. But I have always thought Congress was Specializing in Hie Better Residential Properties about four miles behind the rest of the American people anyway. SOPHIA WANAMAKER, INC. So my point, laboriously arrived at, is that when you represent this country abroad, you have the support of a REALTORS people who have achieved a higher degree of maturity, so¬ 4840 MacArthur Boulevard, N.W. phistication, who have come to understand and who have acquired a deep moral and spiritual commitment to the job Washington 7, D. C. FEderal 8-6622 we have been given to do. And before I wind up this per¬ formance of “Old Uncle Dave Opens His Mail Bag,” I would like seriously to make one more point that may be of inter¬ est to you. We have a very large and very active correspondence with young people, college age. Sometimes they want me to write their theses for them, but 1 politely decline. The others ask questions such as, “What is this Goldwater all about?,” and other goodies like that. But hundreds of them over the years have asked for help and guidance in their careers. “Where do I go in the Government to get some information about going into medical research?” (NIH) “How can I get into the Coast and Geodetic Surveyr (or some other place) ?” Sometimes even. “How can I get into television?” But now, with an almost monotonous regular¬ ity, the question is, “How can I get into the Foreign Serv¬ ice?”

46 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER PROMOTIONS

PETERS, T. Howard FLEISHER, Eric W. PITMAN, Elmer C. FLOYD, Arva C., Jr. POPPLE, Paul M. FOLEY, Francis L. PRESCOTT, Francis C. FRIEDMAN, Jack REEVES, Edwy L. FULLER, Alexander S. C. RKM>Aix, Edwin C. CIBSON, Ramon M. RENNER, John Church GILCHRIST, Wayne. R. SAYRE, Robert M. GOLDSMITH, Howard C. SCHNEIDER, David T. GORDHAMER, John W. SEELYE, Talcott W. GUTIERREZ, Ernest B. SHIELDS, Robert H. HAUGIIEY, Frank J. SNYDER, Richard E. HENDERSON, Theron S. SOMMERLATTE, Karl E. HENRY, J. William SONNE, C. Melvin, Jr. HEYMANN, Henry L. SPEAR, Moncrieff J. HnxiARD, Benjamin C. STEDMAN, William Perry, Jr. HITCHCOCK, Wilbur W. STULL, Lee T. HUTCHINSON, Herbert M. SUMM, Godfrey Harvey JOHNSON, Richard C. THOMPSON, Malcolm JORGENSEN, Wesley E. THRASHER, Edward J. JUNIOR, Lewis D. ENJOY PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT VALDES, Philip H. KANE, John M. AT THE WALL, Miss Eulalia L. KEYSKR, C. Dirck WEINTRAUB, Sidney KINSOLVING, Lucien L. WHITEHOUSE, Charles S. KLIEFORTII, Leslie A. WIDDIFIELD, Edward H. WlEDENMAYER, J. E. LANG, Archie S. WOODBURY, Wendell W. LANIUS, Paul Baxter, Jr. Foreign service personnel have long made The Barclay their WOOTTON, Charles G. LAWRENCE, Myron Brockway New York headquarters. Its convenient East Side location, quiet YELTON, Elmer E. LEDBETTER, Edwin D. elegance and special services — travel representatives and pre¬ LEE, Owen B. ferred rates — make The Barclay first choice. LINDBEKC, Edward V. For Reservations Address To FSO-4 LINDSTROM, Ralph E. Mr. Wallace W. Lee Jr., General Manager ABELL, Miss Jane S. LONG, Richard G. 111 East 48th Street, New York 17 A Realty Hotel • Harry M. Anholt, President ADAMS, Richard H. Low, Stephen L AKINS, James E. MACDONALD, Julian F., Jr. mmmmmmm S*T mm mmsm ALLEN, Robert J., Jr. MACQUAID. Robert J. ANDERSON, Miss Marion E. MARTINDALE, Kenneth W. ARMENTA, J. Anthony MARVIN, William G., Jr. ASHIDA, James H. MASSEY, Miss Virginia E. SHOP IN AN AMERICAN AYLWARD, Robert A. MAYFIELD, C. Thomas BARDACH, Henry MCCABE, David H. DRUG STORE BY MAIL! BARHAM, Richard W. MCCORD, Franklin 0. BASTIANELLO, Raymond MCCRORY, Miss Elizabeth Our first year of opera¬ Complete drug store service now BECKER, Raymond J. MCINTYRE, John M. tion has supplied overseas available to overseas personnel. Any BENTLEY, John J. MEADE, Frazier personnel with much need¬ item sold in the U. S. drug store BERCFIELD, Philip B. MEYERS, Miss Gertrude M. ed drug supplies. can be shipped to you—guaranteed BEYER, Roland K. MILLS, John L. Typical Comments: and billed at list price. No charge BILLER, Joel W. MITCHELL, Miss Marion K. Buss, Robert R. MOOT, Edwin H., Jr. for packing and shipping. Addressee BROWN, Charles W. MOSER, Benjamin R. "enclosed is my check pays postage. Include EXACT ship¬ CALDWELL, Max R. MOSER, Leo J. for the last shipment ping address. Prescriptions on file in CAMPBELL, Alan I,., Jr. of drug supplies which NAGY, Ernest A. arrived in excellent the U.S. can be refilled by us. Mail CAREY, Robert V. NARTEN, Philip C. condition. Many thanks prescription number, name and ad¬ CARLE, Robert J. NETHERCUT, Richard D. for the prompt de¬ dress of pharmacy holding the orig¬ CARLSON, Roy O. NOBLE, Marshall Hays livery. Your service is CARLUCCI, Frank C. very handy. I have re¬ inal on file. We'll do the rest. Have OGLE, Richard W. CICALA, Joseph A. ported this to several your physician mail new prescrip¬ O’MAHONY, Joseph E. COLLOPY, Walter F. X. of my friends." ORTMAN, David B. tions directly to us for fastest service. CONLON, Thomas F. "Lagos, Nigeria" COTTMAN, J. Stewart, Jr. PAPENDORP, J. Theodore SEND NO MONEY Cox, Robert G. PAPPAS, Chris C., Jr. PARKER, James B. The I.C.A. had this to say: DAMRON, Everett L. Payment due only after satisfactory PERKINS, Raymond L., Jr. DAVIS, Allen C. receipt of order. PHELAN, George R., Jr. DEAN, John G. 'appreciate your w DEHART, Thomas A. PICARD, Frederick P., Ill ingness to render Prescriptions—Cosmetics PLETCHER, Charles H. DE PREE, Willard A. those who would w First Aid Supplies—Vitamins PoLANSKY, Sol it a broad range DOUGLAS, A. Hugh, Jr. Patent Medicines—Baby Needs POST, Richard St. F. ( stateside services." DOYLE, J. Fred, Jr., Photo Needs—Dentifrices ELY, Michael E. QUINN, Harry A. Perfumes—Shaving Supplies ERDOS, Alfred J. RAINF.RI, Peter J. EVERTS, Stockwell RANSLOW, George E. WESTERN PHARMACY FAIN, Thomas A. REYNOLDS, G. Edward FALZONE, Michael A. RHODES, W. Courtlandt 1665 35th St., N.W., Washington 7, D.C., U.S.A. FISHER, Glen H. ROBERTS, Owen W.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 47 FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER PROMOTIONS DEHAVEN & TOWNSEND, CROUTER & BODINE ROSSELOT, Robert E. HARNIT, Miss Jessie L. Established 1874 RUFF, Samuel O. HARPER, Miss Elizabeth J. Members SEGA, Anthony E. HEALY, Miss Theresa A. New York Stock Exchange American Stock Exchange SHLAUDEMAN, Harry W. HIPSKIND, Roger P. Philadelphia-Baltimore Stock Exchange SLATER, Warren E. HIRSCHFELD, Thomas J. SMITH, HOLBROOK, Wallace F. Brokers Dealers Underwriters Distributors Michel F. SOWELL, Benjamin L. IMMERMAN, Robert M. Constant Attention and Analysis Given to STAHNKE, Paul K. JAEGER, George W. Portfolios of Individuals Stationed at Home THOMAS, Edward H. or Abroad JOHNSON, James T. TOUSSAINT, Donald R. JOHNSTON, Donald A. Inquiries by Mail or Phone fo TROUT, Maurice E. JONES, Adolph W. THOMAS LUKE MATTHEWS VELIOTES, Nicholas A. JONES, Ellis O., Ill VIGIL, Abraham JONES, George F. VROOMAN, Jack L. 30 Broad Street, New York 4 KELLER, Edward E., Jr. Telephone: DIGSY 4-0200 WENTWORTH, John P. KENNEDY, Charles S., Jr. WHITE, Merrill A. KILLORAN, Thomas F. WIDNF.Y, Charles L., Jr. KLEMSTINE, James A. WIGGINS, Frontis B., Jr. KUNE, Robert M. WOODRUFF, Arthur H. KOBAYASHI, Tadao WYSONC, Robert C. LAMBRAKIS, George B. YORK, Charles T. LANDE, Peter W. ZACHARY, Dan A. LEAHY, Joseph P. LEVIN, Herbert To FSO-5 LINDERMAN, Gerald Floyd LIVINGSTON, Robert Gerald STOUT, Charles R. LLOYD, John, 3rd LOGAN, Alan To FSO-5 and to Consul LORD, Peter P. ALBRECHT, Anthony C. LOUBERT, J. Daniel AMSTUTZ, J. Bruce LOWENSTEIN, James Gordon BARTLEY, Oler A., Jr. LUBKEMAN, Walter H. BATJER, Miss Helene A. MACUK, David A. BECKETT, Mrs. Erna V. MANCHESTER, Miss Mary BELLO, Miss Eleanor MARTHINSEN, Charles E. BETTS, David A. MAULE, Robert W. BIRD, Eugene H. MCCARTY, Paul B. BLANE, John P. MCCOY, Mrs. Kathryn Z. BOLES, Wesley D. MCGUIRE, Elwood J. Bovis, H. Eugene MCKENZIE, Miss Mary Willis BREISKY, Arthur E. MCLAUGHLIN, Miss Charlotte M BRIGGS, Everett E. MCRORY, William F. BROWER, Carleton C. MILLER, Mrs. Marian D. BROWN, Bazil W'., Jr. MILLER, Robert Marden BUCHANAN, Thomas R. MOFFAT, Jay P. BURKE, Walter S. MORAN, James B. CALINCAF-RT, Michael MOREFIELD, Richard H . CARLISLE, Charles R. MORTON, Byron B., Jr. CHAMPAGNE, Eugene E., Jr. MURPHY, William G. CHASE, Gordon NALLE, Beauveau B. CHRISTENSEN, Don T. NUSSBAUM, Jay R. CHRISTIANSEN, Richard D. OFFNER, John L. COHEN, Edward M. O’HARA, Charles R. CoNLiN, Michael M. PARKER, James A. CROSWELL, Edwin G. PIFER, John Marshall CURRAN, James C. PINARD, Miss Isabelle DANIELS, Daniel H. PRATT, Mark S. DAY, John G. PROVENCHER, Roger A. DILLON, Robert S. RASSIAS, Charles N. DOBBS, Theodore B. REX, Miss Elizabeth J. DREXLER, Robert W. ROSENTHAL, Edward B. ERDKAMP, Miss Sharon E. ROSENTHAL, James D. EXTON, Fred, Jr. RUSHING, Charles E. EXUM, Charles E., Ill SCANLAN, John D. FlGURA, Thaddeus J. SEMLER, Peter FLANEGIN, Robert L. SIAFACAS, Spiros A. FUNSETH, Robert L. SIMCOX, David E. GEOGIIKCAN. Miss Kathryn M. SMITH, Thomas W. M. GLITMAN, Maynard W. SNIDER, Miss Nancy I.. GOLDSTEIN, Miss Fannie SPRINGER, Richard L . GOODE, Benjamin C. STANTURF, Miss Margaret A, GORDON, Robert Earl STEELE, Mrs. Helen S. HALL, Walter V. STEVENS, Franklyn E. HALL, Mrs. Winifred T. SULLIVAN, Roger W.

48 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER PROMOTIONS AMERICA’S GREAT TRAVEL THRILL.., THIGPEN, George H. KELLEY, Frederick T. to Europe on the THOMAS, Francis Hugh KEMPE, Edson W. THORESON, Miss Tomena Jo KERR, James E., Jr. THURTELL, Miss Thelma R. KIMBALL, John W. s.s. UNITED STATES TUCKER, Frank M., Jr. KURLANDER, Robert TYLER, D. Dean LAWTON, Frederick H. WALKER, Julius W., Jr. LEE, Alan F. WATTS, William LEVINE, Melvin H. WERNER, Norman M. LLOYD, Wingate WHITEHEAD, Mrs. Marguerite G. LOWEN, Roger S. WILSON, Joseph Charles MAGUIRE, Edward J., Jr. YAUKEY, Raymond S. MALONIS, Edward J. ZUCCA, Albert L. MARVIN, Miss Barbara J. MATTHEWS, Wade H. B. To FSO-6 MATTOX, Henry Ellis ADAMS, Madison M., Jr. MATTSON, James A. ALEXANDER, Daniel W. MCLAIN, W. Douglas, Jr. ANEIRO, George MCNAMARA, Francis Terry ARIAS, Julio Javier MELENCAMP, Noble M. ARNOLD, Terrell E. MENCIIER, Alan G. BALDRIDGE, Thomas H. MITCHELL, Herbert T., Jr. BANOWETZ, David P. MONJO, John C. BARNES, Thomas J. MOON, Richard B. B.ARTA, John M. MORGAN, John T. BARTH, Norman E. MOSER, Gottfried W. BASIIE, Eugene J. NYROP, Richard F. BENNETT, Frank C., Jr. BERCOLD, Harry E„ Jr. OAKLEY, Robert B. A gay departure, then five wonderful days at sea in spacious BLALOCK, Richard C. OLSON, Oscar J., Jr. comfort. There’s plenty of time for fun, and no finer food BROWN, Carroll PALMER, Ronald D. afloat or ashore—on the world’s fastest ship. BURGOON, David W., Jr. PAPE, Thomas J. The popular s.s. AMERICA offers extra hours ofleisureatsea. BURT, Alanson G. PEZZULLO, Lawrence CAHILL, Harry' A. PHELPS, Homer R., Jr. UNITED STATES LINES CAMERON, Robert S. POVENMIRE, Dale M. ONE BROADWAY, NEW YORK 4, N.Y. • TEL. Dlgby 4-5800 CLARK, William, Jr. PURDY, Frederick D. CLINGERMAN, John R. RAMSAY, Walter G. CONRATH, Ernst RAU, William E. CONROY, Richard T. ROBERTS, George B., Jr. COOKE, Goodwin ROGERSON, John T„ Jr. COXSON, Emmett M. ROTKLEIN, Bernard J. DEVECCHI, Robert P. SCALISE, Valentine E. DEWITT, Lloyd L. SCHRADER, Roger C. DICKSON, Miss Rose M. SCHWEITZER, Glenn E. DOLLISON, Robert B. SCOTT, Leslie Andrew DUEMLING, Robert W. SEARINC, Richard C. DUFFY, Charles E. SHANKLE, Arthur P., Jr. DUTTON, William L., Jr. SHULER, Robert Lee DYESS, William J. SHUMATE, John P., Jr. ELTZ, Miss Regina Marie SIMMONS, William L. ENDERS, Thomas O. SKOUC, Kenneth N., Jr. EYSENRACH, Miss Mary L. SMITH, Clint E. FELLINGER, Miss Margot J. SMITH, Joseph L. FINAN, Charles E. SMITH, Walter Burges, II SMITH, Wayne S. FUNK, Howard V., Jr. No Matter Where You Go— FURNESS, George A., Jr. SPURGIN, C. Richard STARBIRD, Linwood R. GELBER, Herbert Donald Anywhere in the World . . . STEIGMAN, Andrew L. GORMAN, James L. SULLIVAN, GREGORY, John M., Jr. Daniel P. SULLIVAN, John J. It’s so easy to shop by mail—simply write—addressing your GRIFFIN, Philip J. orders to our shopping service, Washington 13, D. C. Here GRIFFITH, John C. TATU, Francis J. a skilled shopping representative will do your buying for you. GRIMES, John 0. TAYLOR, John J. GROVE, Brandon H„ Jr. THOMSON, James M. She’ll hand pick the items you want to your specifications. TICE, Donald C. HALL, Kent H. Payments can be arranged to suit your individual needs. TUELLER, Blaine C. HARRIS, Kenneth 0. Woodward & Lothrop can bring much of home to you wherever HARTLEY, Douglas G. VILLALOVOS, Louis you may go. HEWITT, Ashley C., Jr. WALLACE, Donald B., Jr. HILL, Thomas J., Jr. WARREN, Leonard A. HOYT, Michael P. E. WEBB, Ronald A. HURWITZ, Edward WHITE, Alfred J. JELLEY, Robert E. WHITING, Albert W. WILEY, Marshall W. JENKENS, Alton L. Washington 13, D. C. JOHANSEN. Mrs. Lucy N. WILLIS, James P., Jr. JUCE, Peter E. WING, Herbert Gilman

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 49 FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER PROMOTIONS

WRAMPELMEIER, Brooks FERCH, John A. PERFECT WRIGHT, Edward E. FERGUSSON, Harvey FLANAGAN, Richard H. To FSO-7 FLOYD, Carroll L. APARTMENTS FRANCE, Alec L. ABRAMOWITZ, Morton I. and services according to your requirements. Tastefully, compl. FRERES, Jay P. ANDERSON, Gustav N. FURNISHED incl. linen, kitchen & table utensils, 24 h. secretarial FRISBIE, Norman H. ARMSTRONG, Robert E. service, storage. TV, maid serv., extra beds, garage on premises FRITTS, Robert E. ARMSTRONG, Rodney E. available. Children welcomed at FROST, Peter F. BAKER, James E. FIIOWICK, Robert H. BASTIANI, Carl A. GELSANLITER, J. David BELT, Richard D. GISE, Alan A. BERLIN, Calvin C. GRAY, Philip H., Jr. BLACK, Donald P. GREY, Robert T., Jr. BOYATT, Thomas D. GRIFFIN, George G. B. BROOKS, Thomas Stanley GROSS, Kurt F. BROWN, Charles F. GWYNN, John B. BRDCE, Robert L. HARDMAN, Joseph M. BUCHE, John Allen HARWOOD, Douglas James BURKE, Garrett C. HAYDEN, Walter A. THE HILLTOP HOUSE BUSHNELL, John A. HEIM, Keith M. Modern bldg., corner 15th & 1475 Euclid St., N.W., Washington BYINGTON, Homer M., Ill HIGGINS, Peter T. 9, D. C. Quiet Embassy section at Meridian Park, opposite CAROLAN, Thomas J., Jr., HOLTON, David C. Dutch Embassy. Excellent transportation to all parts of City, CARR, David W. HORAN, Hume A. short way to State Dept., USIA & USOM. RESERVE in advance, CARR, George F. Jr. arrive WORRY-FREE, (with groceries in icebox if ordered), CASWELL, Allen E. HOREFF, Serge P. pay reasonable rent (not daily rate). CLIFT, George W. F. HOWARTH, Richard H. COLE, Temple G. HOWLAND, Richard C. CORRY, Francis B. HUMPHREYS, Marvin W. WASHINGTON’S D. C. CRAWFORD, John P. JACOBS, Dee Valentine DUNCAN, Robert B. KAHN, Louis E. DUNLOP, Thomas P. H. KAUFMAN, Robert E. CENTER ELLISON, Ollie B. KROCFUS, Geryld B. ESTLINC, Ralph KURZE, Kenneth A.

W. C.& A. N. MILLER THE CREDIT UNION IS DEVELOPMENT COMPANY

Builders and Developers of FOR YOUR CONVENIENCE WESLEY HEIGHTS SPRING VALLEY . . . Use it to help SUMNER SPRING HILL solve those financial problems. POTOMAC FALLS See your administrative officer Washington’s Preferred Communities for further details.

OFFERING A COMPLETE ■ Total Loans ; REAL ESTATE SERVICE ! $4,862,678 j SALES . RENTALS • INSURANCE | Total Shares I PROPERTY MANAGEMENT $5,790,685 I REMODELING and REPAIR 4900 Massachusetts Avenue N.W. Washington 16. D. C. EM. 2-4464

Potomac Branch: 9300 Fails Road Potomac, Me/. AX. 9-6000

50 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 FOREIGN SER\ ICE OFFICER PROMOTIONS

LAASE, Paul L. QUAINTON, Anthony C. E. LAMAZZA, John J. ROCERS, Kenneth N. LANDFAIR, William E. ROWE, David LEACH, Norman D. I!i,'ECKEET, George L. LEDOCAR, Stephen J. SCANLON, Thomas J. LISSFELT, Mark C. LODEESEN, Jon S. SCHALLF.R, Charles W. SERGEANT, William C. MACIAS, Arturo S. SHEPHERD, Carl G. MACY, Harry, Jr. SHOSTAL, Pierre MARTIN, Richard R. MATTER, James K., Jr. SIEGEL, Robert MCALPINE, John D. SMITH, Michael B. MCCLINTOCK, David W. SMITH, Richard W. MCELROY, Howard M. SORENSON, Roger A. MCFARLAND, George A., Jr. SPOTTS, Frederic N. MILLER, William G. STAHLMAN, John W. MITCHELL, Miss Priscilla E. STORING, Paul E. MORRIS, Robert J. SWISHER, Donald P. TAYLOR, NAVEZ, Andre J. T. Elkin TEARE, NEALE, Richard A. Richard W. THAYER, NEF, Edward V. Nathaniel B. THOMPSON, NEWMAN, Joseph K. Alan R. NOONAN, Albert W., Jr. THOMPSON, Richard S. TOLLES, George R. OPIIDLS, William TONKIN, Thomas M. OPLINGER, Gerald G. TWINAM, Joseph W. OZZELLO, James VAN ORDER, Matthew H. PAGANELLI. Robert P. PALMER, Miss Alison WALSH, Thomas H. PERRY, Jack R. WARNOCK, John A. PFEIFFER, Robert F. WENDT, E. Allan PICKERING, Thomas R. WHITTEMORE, Olin S. POLIK, William WILLIAMS, A. Norman POOLE, Peter Andrews WRIGHT, Roderick M. POWELL, Henry E., Jr. WYGANT, Michael G. PRICKETT, Russell 0. YODZIS, Joseph R. Begin or wind up your service tour aboard SOMETIMES YOU NEED Grace Line’s glamorous new Santa Rosa or A FAST ANSWER Santa Paula. Enjoy all the extra niceties of service and luxury that spell the difference between just a voyage and a holiday afloat!

The sleek, new, air-conditioned Santas give you fabulous top-deck play areas with mag¬ nificent outdoor swimming pools ... spacious, upper-deck night clubs, lounges and dining rooms. First-class accommodations through¬ out offer comfort and luxury comparable to exclusive resort living.

FOR EXAMPLE: A FAMILY OF SIX Sailings every Friday from New York to needs a fast answer from their insurance com¬ Curasao and Aruba, N.W.I.; La Guaira pany when they find damage, or the shipment is (Caracas), Venezuela; Kingston, Jamaica; reported lost. You’ll get a fast answer from Port-au-Prince, Haiti; and Fort Lauder¬ Security. With 65 years’ experience in meeting Foreign Service requirements, insurance prob¬ dale, Florida. lems can be taken care of quickly. Just call, cable, or write tfmirifg J&oragf (Jornpang See your local travel agent or mite of UJashington 1140 15th Street, N.W, Washington 5, D. C. GRACE LINE District 7-4040 Cable: STORAGE Dept. FSJ, 3 Hanover Square, New York 4, N. Y. Philip Lamer Gore, President Agents and Offices in All Principal Cities

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, AprU 1962 51 FSO Recruiting Trip

by SAMUEL R. GAMMON

‘‘Does the Foreign Service take graduates of non-Ivy League universities? “What sort of work does a Foreign Service officer do? FEDERAL STORAGE “Why don’t our ambassadors know the language of the coun¬ try? “What do you think of ‘The Ugly American?’ COMPANY “Is the Foreign Service part of the Civil Service? ‘What are the chances for promotion in the Foreign Service? Every Modern Facility for the Safe Hand linn “What are the Foreign Service exams like? and Care of Household Treasures “Will hiking the exams affect my draft status? Member of National Furniture Warehousemen’s Associa¬ “Do you have a choice of posts of assignment? tion, Canadian Warehousemen’s Association, British As¬ sociation of Overseas Furniture Removers, and F.I.D.I. “What are the opportunities for women in the Foreign Serv¬ Agent of ALLIED VAN LINES, INC. ice? ROWLING GREEN STEEL LIFT VANS “Is there a waiting list? “Is there any charge for taking the exams? 1701 Florida Avenue, Washington 9, D. C. “What is the pay? Telephone 234-5600 Cable Bowlingvan “Whal are the retirement provisions?” E. K. MORRIS President H. RANDOLPH BARBEE ROBERT L. TULL HESE ARE some of the questions which potential FSO’s First Vice-President Executive Vice-President T may ask a State Department representative. Those of us who came into the service when public igno¬ rance and apathy about it prevailed or when adverse pub¬ licity flourished may assume that the wide popular interest in foreign affairs these days produces an automatic flow of ■ your small ° ,S Uf 0 ma well-prepared and well-informed new FSO’s-8 into the Serv¬ parf ° Of ton,m,ssion' i° s failure ice. It undoubtedly helps. However, the annual program of WRITE OUR PARTS D college visitation by FSO’s as part of the Department’s col¬ W, roi lege relations program may also contribute markedly to our success in attracting future Bohlens. The college relations program is not new. For many years a number of colleges and universities have been visited each year by FSO’s to publicize the Foreign Service entrance examinations and to answer the questions of interested potential candidates about the exams and about careers in Lt,ed°pe„7J0,k the Service. FSO recruiting has helped bring about a broad¬ p ening of the geographic basis of our officer corps. (The 734 COMPLETE g~A PUANCES FI candidates certified for FSO-8 appointments in the last four 1/ *r?Zh7* d and one-half years came from 198 different colleges and OVERSEAS universities.) Each year, with increasing flexibility, it is being used to concentrate officer recruitment functionally, APPLIANCE! geographically, racially, and coeducationally. Having been a part of the visiting program for the last II Low, I m a l . two years, 1 should like to describe the typical experiences a visitor may encounter as he participates in building the Foreign Service of the future. APPLIANCE Late last September, the thirty-four officers who were to visit 275 colleges and universities in early October were COMPANY

SHOW ROOM & OFFICE WAREHOUSE After serving on the Placement Panel in POD, Sam Gammon reports 1717 CONN. AV., N.W. 3320 N.Y. AV., N.E. he is now in the Executive Secretariat in the Department, which he WASHINGTON, D. C. PHONE: CO 5-5244 describes as louder but no funnier. He was a member of AFSA’s Board of Directors from 1959 to 1961.

52 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 briefed by Deputy Under Secretary Jones, and other officers of the Bureau of Administration. Continuing emphasis was placed on obtaining potential economic officers. New em¬ phasis was given to the need for administrative officers, and we were told that a special optional exam would be offered in 1962 for candidates with academic backgrounds in busi¬ UNITED SERVICES OFFICERS’ INSURANCE ASSOCIATION ness and public administration. The heaviest emphasis of Bush Lane House, Cannon Street, London, E. C. 4. all was placed on the Service’s need to attract qualified Cables: ADSURANBRO, CANNON, LONDON Negro candidates. Telephone: MANSION HOUSE 4600 The 34 routes assigned to the officers participating in the INSURANCE BROKERS TO THE UNITED STATES FOREIGN SERVICE SINCE 1923 program covered all fifty states. My circuit this year in¬ cluded ten colleges and universities in Arkansas, Oklahoma, The UNITED SERVICES OFFICERS’ INSURANCE ASSO¬ CIATION (short title U.S.O.I.A.) originated the “ALL and Northern Texas. One was a women’s university with RISKS” Insurance Policy for the Foreign Services of the not a male in sight. One was a predominantly Negro uni¬ United States of America and United Kingdom in 1923. versity, while eight were co-ed institutions. Their enroll¬ It is the largest and most experienced Foreign Service ments ranged from 750 to over 12,000. Insurance Organization in both countries and in spite of increased competition from newcomers in the field, On each campus the Department’s Employment Division still remains pre-eminent. is in correspondence with at least one contact, who serves as The amount paid in claims in 1960 is the greatest in the our resident agent. Some are members of the teaching faculty history of the Association. in the traditional Service-preparation departments such as WORLD WIDE "ALL RISKS" AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE. POLICY. Covering clothing, per- Cars covered in transit by sea, political science, economics, and history. Others are place¬ sonal and household effects, rail or air. Insurances arranged ment directors who, though less personally devoted to the valuables, etc. NO RESTRIC- in all countries where local legis- Foreign Service and less informed about it. are more efficient TION AS TO RESIDENCE OR lation permits. MODE OF TRAVEL. in making informational material available to prospective PREMIUM $1.25% per annum, FSO candidates in fields of study outside the social sciences. with no deductible clauses. A typical college visit goes something like this: You CLAIMS SETTLED IN DOLLARS debark from a Greyhound bus at 9:00 in the evening in a If you have not already availed yourself of the Association's services, please write U.S.O.I.A. at the above address, where every type of strange mid-western town and find your way to the local Insurance is transacted. hotel. A quick telephone call to the home of your contact reveals that he left town three weeks before to take a job in the new administration in Washington! You then fall back to regroup and try to find a restaurant in which you can have a belated dinner. Following a sumptuous repast of When You Want the Very Best a cheeseburger and french fries in the local drive-in you return to the hotel, to collapse in bed exhausted, after leaving a call for 6:30 a.m. at the desk. (Campuses have a nasty First Suit Ever undiplomatic habit of starting their working day before Invented Especially eight.) for ABIT OF detective work on campus early the next morn¬ TRAVEL ing with the placement officer and the teaching de¬ “The Travel Suit” partment to which your lost contact belonged reveals that a strenuous program has been arranged for you: At 10:00 a.m. with and at 2:00 p.m. you will be talking about careers in the 19 Pockets! Foreign Service to group meetings, which have been widely Beautifully tailored of feather- publicized on bulletin boards and in the campus paper for light Peso Pluma cloth for the last two weeks. At 9:00 a.m. you are telling a senior tropical weather its wrinkles press out in wearing and its political science class about the Foreign Service and its nineteen pockets include a work, from 3:00 p.m. until 5:00 p.m. you are to be avail¬ hidden money belt, theft-pre¬ able in a conference room to talk to individual students who venting snap and button pock¬ ets, and an extra depth breast were unable to attend either group meeting. A luncheon has pocket for holding passports been arranged for you with faculty members of the political and important papers. $65 science, history, economics, and public administration de¬ When ordering please give if partments. suit size, trouser length and indicate APO, FPO, Diplo¬ In the interstices of this busy program you will scamper matic Pouch, or Internation¬ about the rolling 200-acre campus tracking down and evan¬ al Mail. gelizing potentially useful faculty members in the school of business administration and in the language and social JEDlfi science departments. Clothiers tlalter dashers Custom Tailors 1625 H Street N.W. 1341 F Street N.W. Seven Corners, Va. 0 The group meetings are fun. Their participants vary widely from naive, totally uninformed to serious, w'ell-pre-

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 53 RECRUITING by Samuel R. Gammon AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL VIENNA, AUSTRIA pared FSO candidates. All are interested and seethe with questions. As a former FSO candidate yourself, you can A school based on the American education system sympathize with the first category and do your utmost to with all instruction in English. Grades 1-12. Ger¬ man language study in all grades. College Entrance improve the already considerable knowledge of the third. Board Examinations administered in Vienna. All You will be slightly shocked at how early in the discussion past graduates admitted to American universities. you will be asked about retirement conditions by beardless Boarding facilities in Austrian boarding homes can youths. You may also be surprised at how early you are be arranged for children in Grades 7-12. asked about pay, but you will be pleased to learn from place¬ ment officers that our starting salaries (even without allow¬ Detailed information available on request. ances) are roughly competitive with those for budding John Formanek, Superintendent, Vienna XIX engineers and fully competitive with salaries for junior Bauernfeldgasse 40. managerial talent. You will be pleased to note that in 1961 “What do you think of ‘The Ugly American’?” is sometimes not even asked once in an hour-long meeting. Undoubtedly the high point of your tour will be the perplexed request of a bewildered blonde seeking to know the difference be¬ Jordanoreign —JcService tween an ambassador and a diplomat. (The same young lady came up after the meeting and in broadest southern accent Transferring to Washington? noted that she thought it was just so nice our government is Homes for every budget sending you-people way down here to talk to us.) Call Mrs. Philip H. Chadbourn, Jr. Near the end of the evening, as you plan a hurried de¬ parture for the bus or train station or airport, you may be Sales • Rentals • Property Management • Insurance asked to stayr over and appear on an 11:00 p.m. television program to give your pitch on the Service. A quick study SIMMONS PROPERTIES of the time table will persuade you that this can be done Heallors by taking the 1:00 a.m. bus instead of an earlier one, but 2101 S Street, N.W., Washington 8, D. C.—DE 2-5660 you will inquire desperately whether your part could not be taped earlier. You will in any event have been inter¬ viewed during the day by the correspondent (always a freshman co-ed) of the campus paper and perhaps by some¬ CLASSIFIED one from the city newspaper also. FSO RENTS—Maine farmhouse fully furnished. Acres of timber, blue¬ berries and peace. 20 miles from Mt. Desert on mainland, sleeps ALL THIS is stimulating and intriguing work, though gruel- ten, $175 month. Write Box FSJ-1, Fore:gn Service Journal, 1742 G i,ling when repeated on ten different campuses in twelve St., N.W., Washington 6, D. C. days. Perhaps the most interesting part of the trip, however, is the opportunity it gives you, a “provincial” Foreign RETIRING? Then consider Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., the ‘‘Venice of Ameri¬ ca.” Home prices now lowest in years. For assistance write “Lou” Service officer. Intimately acquainted with many foreign Nolan (Retired FSO). Hugh Murray Realty, Inc., 2128 Oakland Park countries and with Washington, but long out of touch with Blvd., Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. your native habitat, you can return to the grass roots and SERVICE PEOPLE who have lived everywhere find Asheville a wonder¬ reacquaint yourself with that American public opinion ful retirement place. Col. Leslie Skinner (Ret.), B00TH-BARFIELD, INC., which exists for you primarily in the newspapers. You Realtors; Asheville, N. C. learn, for example, that the largest television station in a major Oklahoma city has quietly built a bomb shelter for its BUY VITAMINS direct and save up to 40%. Write for free catalog. B&B Vitamin Co., 309-A Belton Rd., Silver Spring, Md. employees and their families a few miles out of town. You will note that faculty members in the social science depart¬ DOG TRAVEL SERVICE. Complete Personalized Boarding and World-Wide ments, after a six-year holiday, are again feeling under Shipping Service for your pet. Send for folder. Bed Rock Dogs Inter¬ heavy pressure from the “radical right.” You will become national, Westerly 4, R. I. all too knowledgeable about the public transportation net¬ work. You will see many movies and many television shows RETURNING on home leave? Save yourself distress of rushed house¬ , expensive hotel bills. For rent early June through early you would never have patronized at home. You will learn September, attractive 3-bedroom, 2-bath, air-conditioned Georgetown to appreciate what good newspapers you have access to in house, completely furnished. Reasonable. For details write: Mrs. Washington and at many foreign posts as you read the small R. Brewster Knight, 1616 32nd St., N.W., Washington 7, D. C. town dailies and the one or two major regional dailies for CHANGING YOUR POST? the area in which you are traveling. You will realize with Please help us keep our mailing list up-to-date by mixed alarm and pleasure that your fellow-citizens are at indicating to the Circulation Dept, of the JOURNAL once profoundly ignorant of the Foreign Service and its changes in address, in advance when possible. work and deeply interested in knowing more about it.

54 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 Pseudonyms may be used only if the original letter includes the writer's correct name. Anonymous letters are neither pub¬ lished nor read. All letters are subject to condensation. The opinions of the writers are not intended to indicate the official views of the Department of State, or of the Foreign Service as a whole.

Siestas “Central African F. S. Cook-Out” TtHERE WAS a old soldier who, when he wanted to tell about his war ex¬ IT OCCURRED to me that you might be to Niamey for a session with Ambassa¬ interested in what Ambassador dors Cook and Reams, then trekked periences at a dinner party, would bring Walmsley has dubbed “The Central across the southern Sahara to the ren¬ his big fist down on the table, tumbling African Foreign Service Cook-out,” dezvous with the Greenes. the tumblers, and shout, “Bang! Speak¬ which took place in Fort Lamy, Chad, The consternation was great when it ing of war reminds me.” And so the January 27-28, with Ambassador Arch was discovered that the road between mention of “siestas” in January’s Calhoun as host. Maidugari and Fort Lamy was still cut “Washington Letter,” reminds me of the No one is quite sure how it all got by heavy floods. It was thought in some siestas of other days in some countries started, but it probably had its genesis quarters that one could get from Mai¬ south of the Border. at the AF Regional Conference in La¬ dugari to Fort Lamy via a 380-mile de¬ Shops were closed from 12 to 3 p.m., gos, last July. In any case, as fall tour into northern Cameroun, across to streets were empty and silent except rolled by, letters began to flow back Bangor and up, but no maps were for a carriage rumble now and then. and forth between friends in a number available. Having come this far. there The occupants might be said to rep¬ of African posts (and even some Euro¬ could be no turning back, so the Mc- resent the carriage trade, and a few pean) with the result that by Christ¬ Ilvaine - Greene convoy shoved off, shops remained open to cater to it. mas it had miraculously been agreed armed with a compass and the names Residents of the district from whence on in at least some quarters that a re¬ of two intermediate villages. Maidu- came the carriages were permitted to union would be attempted the weekend gari-Fort Lamy is normally a four-hour of January 27-28. drive. Two days later the bedraggled shop only between the hours of 1 and 3 p.m. when the prominent citizens were In the end, the Mac Godleys made it convoy reached Fort Lamy and once at home taking their siestas. It was a by air from Leopoldville to Bangui there, had to face the return over the man’s world. where they joined Ambassador John same route plus another 1,000 miles Burns and drove to Fort Lamy. The across Nigeria to Lagos and Cotonou. J. B. S. Jerry Greenes, on official tour of north¬ Unfortunately. Ambassador Walms¬ Denver ern Nigeria, met by pre-arrangement ley, who christened the reunion, as well with the Mcllvaines at Maidugari. The as Ambassador and Mrs. Freddy Rein¬ Pusey in Asia Mcllvaines, incidentally, had previous¬ hardt in Rome and the David McKil- N HIS 1960-61 Annual Report, just ly done seven days of official calls on lops in Brussels were unable to make I at hand, President Nathan M. Pu¬ local officials and American mission¬ it. sey, President of Harvard University, aries in northern Dahomey, driven on Since everyone came and went at refers to his recent trip to Asia and his own expense, the proceedings the good work being done by the two of the “Cook- Harvard Professors in the two most out” were high¬ populous nations of the Far East and ly classified and the many other Harvard men serving cannot be report- in other capacities in that part of the at this time! At world. He writes: the end of the These men and women play a demand¬ seance, Ambassa¬ ing role in a world in which the politi¬ dors Burns and cal. social, economic and educational Calhoun and factors of all countries are increasingly Mrs. Godley set interwined. I came back from my quick out on an ex¬ trip to the East with enormous respect for the splendid work being done by tended tour of Americans in all the places I visited— Chad and Cen¬ not least by Americans whose lives have tral African Re¬ been touched by the experience of Harv¬ public, while ard. I had been prepared, by the wide Mac Godley discussion of “The Ugly American” in dashed back to this country, to find evidence of selfish¬ Leo by plane so ness, inanity and incompetence. It was Ed Gullion could inspiring to find quite the opposite. accompany Pre¬ The last line was underlined by me, mier Adoula to and is worthy of emphasis coming from the States. so impartial and authoritative a source, ROBINSON by way of rebuttal for the slurs offered MCII.VAINE by the pedestrian authors of “The Ugly Ambassador Standing. 1. to r.. IM'.M G. Mr.Murtric Godley. II. Leopoldville; Ambassador American.” John II. Burns, Bangui: Ambassador John A. Calhoun, Fort Lamy; Ambassa¬ Cotonou, ARTHUR C. FROST dor Robinson Mellvaine, Cotonou; DCM Joseph N. Greene, Jr., Lagos. Seated, 1. to r.. Mrs. Greene, Mrs. Mellvaine, Mrs. Godley. Dahomey Menlo Park, Calif.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 55 Pseudonyms may be used only if the original letter includes the writer's correct name. Anonymous letters are neither pub¬ lished nor read. All letters are subject to condensation. The opinions of the writers are not intended to indicate the official views of the Department of State, or of the Foreign Service as a whole.

“Toward Putting Foreign Policy in its Total Context”

Two ARTICLES in your issue of last to be met the career officers of both for¬ thing else, a disaffected intelligentsia of September stimulate this letter, for eign services can be considered virtually university professors and students whose both hit briefly at problems that have identical. So, too, with the constant need Marxist ideas and polemics play a con¬ been much in my mind for some time. of both services to consider foreign pol¬ siderable role in the formation of public Both are interrelated—one speaks of the icy “in its total context.” Why not al¬ opinion, and in the fomenting of politi¬ ambassador as true chief of the total low the best officers of both to compete cal and economic strife. U.S. Mission to any country (“The Am¬ for the ranks of Career Minister and What aim then for economic aid in bassador as Administrator”), the other Ambassador? country X? Merely to improve produc¬ speaks, when discussing economic aid, I would envision a functional inter¬ tion or productivity while all else re¬ of “foreign policy in its total context” change of selected personnel beginning mains much the same and upon attain¬ (your editorial, “Aid and Foreign Pol¬ at mid-career levels. The consuls, eco¬ ment of certain new levels of production icy”). nomic officers, political officers, etc. to advertise heavily the blessings of Surely there can be little quarrel with would in effect trade jobs with USIS American aid? Or could a serious im¬ the concept of ambassadorial leadership officers of similar rank at various times plementation of Country Team talent and responsibility as recently recon¬ throughout their careers. The same in from the very beginning promise more firmed. What strikes me as more im¬ the case of domestic assignments—our substantial benefits that would tie de¬ portant than this principle, however, is people to State, FSO’s to USIA, and both sired social change to that very realistic the growing need to find men who as to Defense under the new exchange pro¬ economic stimulant to such change, the chiefs of mission possess a breadth of gram. So up the ladder, with top for¬ fuller pocketbook? New management intellect and experience sufficient to en¬ eign policy and foreign service posts techniques could conceivably be planned compass those vital, heavily enlarged eventually filled by officers of both Serv¬ with an eye to a new management phi¬ components of diplomacy we call mili¬ ices. I would not stop with USIS. Se¬ losophy and social consciousness, to psy¬ tary assistance, economic aid and public lected officers of AID would, I presume, chological, “human relations” factors; affairs. May I suggest that a broader also be worked into such a functional new concepts of labor relations could personnel base be built and new roads exchange. The goal is a broadened com¬ accompany labor’s obvious role in eco¬ to the top be opened? I shall confine petitive base for the top foreign affairs nomic change and perhaps weaken the myself to what is closest and best known positions, considerably broadened ex¬ class struggle psychology; the stimula¬ to me: the Foreign Service of the De¬ perience for all involved and the trans¬ tion by word, deed and example of mu¬ partment and of USIA. lation of a noble principle, Totality, in¬ tually beneficial relations among labor, In terms of qualifications, examina¬ to a semblance of reality within the management, agriculture and the uni¬ tions passed and promotion procedures realm of personnel. (This letter has lain versities through an attack on actual lo¬ around my desk for so long that Mr. cal or regional problems could perhaps Handley of USIA has in the meantime serve to bring the disgruntled intelli¬ been appointed Ambassador to Mali—a gentsia away front the theories of Marx good start appears to have been made!) and into a sense of sharing a new na¬ tional destiny. We are dealing, after all, Now a leap to the related question of with indivisible human problems. They economic aid within the total context of might merit a less compartmentalized, foreign policy. Your editorial so rightly more “total” approach on our part. notes that effective aid requires a “com¬ This, then, in only the broadest of out¬ prehensive understanding ... of the line, is A Modest Proposal of two steps gamut of political, social, cultural, his¬ that might contribute toward putting toric, geographic, economic and psycho¬ foreign policy “in its total context.” Per¬ logical factors.” From inception to ex¬ haps it will stimulate some discussion. ecution, then, the aid program would seem to require the closest possible co¬ GUNTHER K. ROSINUS ordination of economic, political and Director, Amerika Haiis Koblenz public affairs knowledge, experience and functions. Air Travel Take the case of Country X where a EREWITH a prayer composed upon situation somewhat along the following H reading our new air travel regu¬ lines might be found: considerable lations: May God help the Government labor-management strife, with organized conserve dollars, protect us all against labor politically left and largely con¬ seat cancellations on PAA and bring vinced of the validity of the “class strug¬ forth kind words from the lips of the gle”; a management group politically haughty misses on TWA. powerful, with relatively antiquated managerial methods and a similarly an¬ STOCKWELL EVERTS tiquated social philosophy; divorced Second Secretary

Inner court of castle. Heidelberg from both, and from practically every¬ Murree, West Pakistan

56 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April 1962 Pseudonyms may be used only if the original letter includes the writer’s correct name. Anonymous letters are neither pub¬ lished nor read. All letters are subject to condensation. The opinions of the writers are not intended to indicate the official views of the Department of State, or of the Foreign Service as a whole.

End-User Summary: A Useful Double Check genuine democracy in the Dominican Republic. It was, perhaps, especially fitting that Ed was in the Dominican Re¬ AMONG recent comments on that ever ment of Commerce has made good use of „ popular subject of promotions and the end-user summary but some of the public consulting with our Mission when selection out were Ambassador Bying- other departments and agencies do not the end came for him. ton’s article in the January NEWSLETTER seem to be aware of its existence. We can rejoice, in our memories of Ed Vallon, in the fact that the cause for and Mr. Sulser’s letter in the November This emphasis on specialties does not which he gave his final energies is JOURNAL. Explicit or implicit in these mean that the summaries are not of value achieving success. Ed’s departure was a and other articles has been the fact that for the practitioners of the traditional grievous loss to his many friends and his some files contain a dearth of adequate diplomatic arts. As the country desks fellow workers and these many com¬ information on which the selection board have grown in size, it has become more panions now send their sympathetic members can base their evaluations. important that the views of the individ¬ greetings anew to his widow, Eleanor, Nevertheless there does not seem to be ual desk-holders on the value of incom¬ and his son, with their sentiments of major consideration of one tool which ing reports be registered as well. In this mutual pride in Ed’s great personal con¬ should be of value in providing an ex¬ connection, all end-users should be re¬ tribution to one of the signal steps for¬ panded and better-balanced picture of minded that evaluations of individual ward in democratic progress in the the worth of each officer—the end-user reports are no longer included in per¬ American Republics in this generation. summary. sonnel files and so are not available to In view of the world-wide scattering the selection boards. ROBERT F. WOODWARD of posts—many of them small, the fre¬ The following suggestions are there¬ Washington quent transfer of both raters and ratees, fore made: the wide divergency of types of jobs, and 1. The selection board members The Constant Reader the infrequency of inspections, it is no should be queried as to the value of the WE WERE DELIGHTED to see, in your wonder that the efficiency reports alone end-user summary. January “Washington Letter,” often do not provide a complete picture. 2. In April every year, the existence the picture of the Fragonard. Even a Both of the above-mentioned articles and purpose of the end-user summary retired FSO and family take pride in propose that the Office of Personnel put should be called to the attention of all showing the Service something new AND certain additional information in the recipients of Foreign Service reports beautiful that has been added to Wash¬ files. Would not additional input from and communications of all kinds. ington. But, please, when showing a the “customers” be of even greater 3. Consideration should be given to work of art, especially one of such value ? a more formal approach such as sending magnitude as “A Young Girl Read¬ to all end-users summary forms, blank ing,” show it as it is, don’t reverse it! The end-user summary can serve as a except for the name, rank, and position Our new “Young Girl” faces left, not useful double-check on the efficiency re¬ of the officer for whom a summary is right as it is reproduced in the JOUR¬ port. If an officer receives a bad report sought. The end-user could use his dis¬ NAL. Let’s not allow our cultured For¬ from his superior and bad reports from cretion as to whether to reply or not. eign Service to be laughed at because his customers, he is probably a bad offi¬ 4. A study should be made of the de¬ of a simple mistake like this, or to have cer. However, if his customers like his sirability and feasibility of encouraging a misconception of what the Gallery service and yet his boss does not give non-govemmental end-users to submit paid more than three-quarters of a mil¬ him a good rating, it may merely signify the summary or an adaptation thereof. lion dollars for. And please don’t think that he is the only bad bridge player we are angry or any such thing—let’s among the four Americans in Upper ALBERT W. STOFFEL Foreign Service Officer just get the record—or the picture— Lower Slobbovia. straight! Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala. The end-user summary is particularly K. H. B. useful for specialists. Some specialties Alexandria, Va. Edwin E. Vallon are not of crashing interest to traditional Editor’s Note: In line with the New Fron¬ diplomatists. Some are even negative in A MERITORIOUS Service Award was tier hopes to photograph the dark side character. (One outstanding ambassa¬ recently bestowed posthumously of the moon, the JOURNAL was hoping to dor—more in truth than in jest—greeted upon FSO Edwin E. Vallon just at the show the other side of a very charming young lady. a newly-arrived specialist by observing time when his fellow officers in the Bu¬ that the predecessor must have done a reau of Inter-American Affairs are wit¬ good job because the ambassador had nessing the fruition of the arduous ef¬ not had to involve himself in the special¬ forts which contributed to Ed’s untimely ty concerned.) It therefore behooves death. Ed Vallon had been warned to special end users, desirous of having be careful of over-exertion; he had de¬ their interests well represented abroad, voted all of his energies unstintingly for to be diligent in the maximum use of weeks and months to the complex and the end-user summary, as both a positive persistent problems in the Caribbean and a negative force. Such use would area. Most of all he had exerted the last also provide the end user with a citable measure of his outstanding ability in record of the degree to which their needs efforts to contribute to the ideal of a abroad are being fulfilled. The Depart¬ peaceful transition from to Kaiko Moto i!^.re your Friends abreast of new Service Trends & of

Foreign places—of Life Overseas in the Sixties?

Japan: JUNE 1961 by Foshitoyo Subscribe for them now! Keep them all well-informed,

Guatemala: FEBRUARY 1962 by Roberto Gonzales Goyri j^^jid save Correspondence time, for less than ten cents a week.

Pie**? enter a JOURNAL mbneription for 1 year, #5.00, to be *eat to: (Gift Subacriptian* from AFSA member*, #4.00)

Nortcay: DECEMBER 1961 (NAME) by Paul OhUd

(ADDRESS) FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, 1742 "G” St, N.W., Waablngton, D. C.