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An Assessment of Urban Stormwater Runoff Influence on River Water Quality

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An Assessment of Urban Stormwater Runoff Influence on River Water Quality UNIVERSITY OF PADUA DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING Master Thesis in Environmental Engineering An assessment of urban stormwater runoff influence on river water quality. A case study: Padua waterways. Supervisor: Student: Prof. Luca Palmeri Tatiana Fontana Co-supervisor: Dr. Alberto Barausse Academic Year 2013-2014 2 To Alessia and Giosuè. 3 4 “[…] world before us; an inexhaustible treasure, but for which […] we have eyes, yet see not, ears that hear not, and hearts that neither feel nor understand” S.T. COLERIDGE, Biographia Literaria. 5 6 LIST OF CONTENTS 1. Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ 9 2. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 11 2.1 Area Description.................................................................................................................. 12 2.1.1 Population .................................................................................................................... 14 2.1.2 Climate ......................................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Hydraulic Network .............................................................................................................. 16 2.2.1 Brenta River ................................................................................................................. 16 2.2.2 Bacchiglione River ....................................................................................................... 17 2.2.3 Padua hydraulic node ................................................................................................... 19 2.2.4 Hydraulic structures ..................................................................................................... 22 2.3 Runoff .................................................................................................................................. 27 2.3.1 Runoff Generation........................................................................................................ 28 2.3.2 Typical parameters ....................................................................................................... 29 2.3.3 Characterization ........................................................................................................... 30 2.3.4 Pollution Sources ......................................................................................................... 31 2.3.5 Runoff Management .................................................................................................... 33 3. Modelling Procedure .................................................................................................................. 35 4. Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................... 37 4.1 System Definition ................................................................................................................ 37 4.1.1 Catchments ................................................................................................................... 37 4.1.2 Land Uses ..................................................................................................................... 38 4.1.3 Sewage Network .......................................................................................................... 42 4.1.4 Waterways .................................................................................................................... 46 4.2 Mike by DHI: WEST 2014 ................................................................................................ 48 4.2.1 WEST Simulations ....................................................................................................... 49 4.2.2 WEST blocks .............................................................................................................. 51 7 4.2.3 Model Data ................................................................................................................... 54 4.3 Mathematical Model............................................................................................................ 66 4.3.1 Processes and Equations .............................................................................................. 66 4.3.2 Model Parameters ........................................................................................................ 72 4.3.3 Graphical representation of the system ........................................................................ 73 5. Results and Discussion............................................................................................................... 76 5.1 Steady state simulation ........................................................................................................ 76 5.2 Dynamic simulation ............................................................................................................ 79 5.3 Sensitivity Analysis ............................................................................................................. 85 5.3.1 Nitrification Rate GSA................................................................................................. 86 5.3.2 Nitrification Temperature Coefficient GSA ................................................................ 90 5.3.3 BOD Decay Rate GSA ................................................................................................. 93 5.3.4 BOD Temperature Coefficient GSA ............................................................................ 99 5.3.5 Reservoirs Constant GSA .......................................................................................... 103 5.3.6 Linearity Exponent GSA ............................................................................................ 106 5.3.7 Flow Velocity GSA .................................................................................................... 110 5.3.8 Sensitivity Analysis Discussion ................................................................................. 112 5.4 Model Calibration.............................................................................................................. 117 5.4.1 First Calibration ......................................................................................................... 118 5.4.2 Second Calibration ..................................................................................................... 124 5.4.3 Third Calibration ........................................................................................................ 129 5.4.4 Fourth Calibration ...................................................................................................... 130 5.5 Validation .......................................................................................................................... 135 6. Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 140 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... 143 References ........................................................................................................................................ 145 Sitography .................................................................................................................................... 148 8 1. ABSTRACT By means of a mathematical model, the possible influence of urban stormwater runoff on the water quality of the hydraulic network of Padua city is assessed. For this purpose, WEST 2014 of Mike by DHI is utilized. The software allows for the graphical construction of the model, considering proper blocks that embody a pre-written numerical code able to mathematically represent the series of different processes occurring within the studied system. The first step of the modelling procedure is the identification of the streams to be considered in the system definition; after that, the characterization of the studied area is performed in terms of water catchments, sewage network and land use. The system is consequently re-created using the WEST software and a dynamic simulation of the rivers water quality is performed: the model results (i.e. time series of Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Ammonia Nitrogen concentrations) are compared to a set of available observations provided by ARPAV authority. The results of the first simulation evidence the need of a proper calibration in order to improve the model fit to the observed data. For this reason, the sensitivity analysis on the model is performed: it indicates that the calculated concentrations are particularly influenced by ecological and hydraulics parameters. The Parameters Estimation of WEST 2014 allows for the model calibration, determining the set of parameters that minimizes the differences between calculated and measured data. A total of 19 parameters is added to the experiment: due probably to this relevant number of terms and to the limited amount of observed data, even if an improvement of the model adaptation is achieved, the calibration process is not able to give a proper fitting. In addition, because of the results sensitivity to the hydraulics of the system, it seems worth having a deeper knowledge of the sewage
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