ISSN 2321 3361 © 2019 IJESC

Research Article Volume 9 Issue No. 6 A Review on Biotechnical Solution for Treatment of Effluents Discharged from Industries Aarushi Ruhela1, Sayed Mohammad Faizan2, Sonam Singh3, Bhanu Pratap Singh Kushwaha4, Brajesh Singh Katiyar5 Department of Biochemical Engineering Harcourt Butler Technical University, Kanpur, India

Abstract: Diminishing fresh water resources is a global crisis. The consumption of fresh water by anthropogenic activities results in decreasing availability of fresh water. The major cause of water pollution is that water bodies are used as sinks for wastewater generated from domestic and industrial sources. Dyeing industry generate effluent that are rich in colorants and release into the environment which burgeons environmental issues also exacerbating human health. Colour removal from dyeing industry effluent has become a serious challenge due to the presence of synthetic and till now there is no single method scouted which can aggrandize the process of treating coloured waste water. Effluents from dyeing industries contain higher concentrations of suspended solids that can be potentially toxic as they contain recalcitrant pollutant. This present article is a critical review presenting the causes and characteristics of wastewater generated. Also it incorporates different methods used for the decontamination of the effluents and highlighting those which involves biotechnological solution. A comparison between traditional methods and biotechnical solution and how the later one is more efficient is proven. Including a study of different microorganisms and enzymes able to degrade different dyes consummating the task.

Keywords: Effluents, Textile Dyes, biotechnical methods, BOD, COD, TDS, TSS.

I. INTRODUCTION colours, better light fastness, more resistant to washing and having wider variety of colours. Effluent generated from Textile industries contributes to a great extent in Indian GDP dyeing industries are highly coloured as it contains a variety of affording second largest employment after agriculture[1].It is a synthetic dyes. When the effluent reaches to receiving water multi-billion dollar growing swiftly with the increase in body, the chromospheres of dyes strongly absorb sunlight and number of chromatophilians. Relatively the production of able to obstruct photosynthesis process by the aquatic flora that different types of dyes and pigments has also jumped from 240 results in increasing BOD and COD of water body. Synthetic thousand to 320 thousand metrics tons[2]. comprise of far dyes are also responsible for surrounding air pollution due to range of different types based on their solubility, uses and evaporation of effluent as several dyes are potentially toxic. chemical properties. It contains chemical such as sulphuric Removal of colouring material from effluent is a major acid, sodium oxychloride, sodium hydroxide, bleaching problem due to the presence of complex pollutants that resist powder and many more. It has been quantified that10-15%of degradation and tend to persist in environment for long time. the dye is emancipated in the environment during synthesizing these complex pollutants are known as recalcitrant pollutants. and dying process[3]. These discharged effluents contains The chemical structure of dyes contains conjugate double many injurious and destructive components which posses high bonds and aromatic rings but sometime unusual substitution level environmental threat. It involves oily scum, colloidal with halides (Cl and Br), very large molecular size, presence of matter, colour resulting in turbidity, foul smell and unpleasant tertiary and quaternary carbon atom also result in recalcitrant advent distinguished with high COD and BOD values. It can pollutants. also out-turn the physiological and biochemical changes in aquatic life forms [4]. Various Treatment methods for dyeing III. DEFINITION OF TEXTILE DYES: effluents are available but none of them is effective on its own. Different chemical method has shown some success in the A natural or synthetic dye is a material that have an affinity to treatment of dyeing effluent but with some serious drawbacks. substrate to which it is being applied. There are different Diverse chemical and physical decolourization methods sources depending on which dyes can be classified as Natural (Adsorption, precipitation, flocculation, oxidation, electrolysis, (derived from plant source e.g. roots, leaves) and Synthetic filtration, coagulation, use of activated carbon, and membrane (derived from petrochemical e.g. coal) and different pigment extraction)are productive for colour expulsion but utilizes can be formulated by varying concentration of several supplement amount of energy and chemical[5]. Other methods chemicals. such as RO, Nano filtration, MEE are effective but expensive IV. CATEGORY OF DYES: for a treatment on large scale[6]. In such a developing era, need for aesthetic appeal is rising that II. NEED FOR TREATMENT OF EFFLUENT: has evolved new shades of dyes. Therefore, there are numerous type of dyes been used in the industries. Generally dyes used in Dyeing of textile is a chemical process. It includes a number of industries can be broadly categorised as- toxic chemicals to make the process efficient. Today Synthetic  Sulphur dyes-These are insoluble and made soluble dyes are used instead of Natural dyes due to their superior by the help of caustic soda and sodium sulphide. Dyeing is performance as compared to natural dyes as it imparts brighter

IJESC, June 2019 22999 http://ijesc.org/ done at high temperature with large quantities of salt so that disperse in water. These were originally developed for the colour penetrates into the fibre. dyeing of cellulose acetate-azoic dyes-dyes characterised by  Direct dyes-they colour cellulose fibre directly the presence of azo group as a chromospheres. These are found without the use of mordents. They Have Poor fastness to in many of synthetic dyes. washing.  Acid dyes-These are used on wool, other animal and  Disperse dyes-They are water insoluble. These are manufactured fibres. They are widely used on nylon when high finely ground and are available as a paste or powders that get wash fastness is required.

Table 1. Types of Dye Type of Dye Instance Structure Acid violet 30

Azodye Bismarck brown R

Basic dye Basic yellow 28

Disperse dye Dispersed red 220

Reactive dye Reactive red I

Vat dye Vat blue 4

Mordant dye Brown 33

Naphthol dye Naphthol yellow S

Gel dye BCG(Bromocresol green)

Pigments Pigment blue 15

Sulfur dye Indophenol

Natural dye

IJESC, June 2019 23000 http://ijesc.org/ V. CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE-WATER Elango (Et al) compared the physio chemical parameters of DISCHARGED FROM DYEING INDUSTRIES: textile dyeing effluent with standard BIS limits. The results of

In order to improve environmental condition, it is important to the analysis are presented in TABLE (2).[7] analyse all the features of textile dyeing effluents. Gomathi

Table 2. Characteristic of waste water discharged from textile dyeing industries. Parameters Observed Values BIS Limits Colour Colour,Hazel 5200 25 pH at 300 C 8.66 5.5-9 Total Hardness 970 500 BOD,mg/l 970 100 COD,mg/l 3080 250 TDS,mg/l 242220 2100 TSS,mg/l 7116 100 Turbidity,NTU 81.5 10 Chlorides, as Cl-, mg/l 42487 600 Sulphides, as S2-, mg/l 0.46 2 Silica, as SiO2, mg/l 1087 250 Calcium, as Ca, mg/l 172.3 200 Iron, as Fe, mg/l 0.16 3 Oil and grease, mg/l 18 10

VI. ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH ISSUES: 90% in solution is the reverse osmosis which is a type of filtration method. Some years ago, few experiments were The toxic effluent generated from dyeing industries if exposed carried out for the treatment in industry in which the discharge to environment, might cause ruination of earth’s natural beauty rate required was up to 93% after operation[9].Extraction of by polluting land, water and surrounding air that result in vat dyes using reverse osmosis technique was studied by heavy diseases to human, animals and shorten their life. It also Kashefi and Bahrami[10]. Effect of various parameter like feed affects biotic and aquatic life forms. The intrusion of dyes concentration, pH, temperature, etc is carried out on the effect parameters like DO, BOD etc. BOD, COD and DO are experiment and then a survey is done. The experiment makes co-related. The adverse effect is seen on aquatic organisms as use of 30mg/L dye solution where it was found out that pH 4 they suffocate and die when higher COD in effluent induces and temperature 25°C were the most favourable conditions for the BOD as a result it consumes more dissolved oxygen. The the technique. The maximum rate of discharge was obtained at toxicity of water also gets increased due to changing the value 94% after completing through the membranes in the of water pH for example water with pH value of about 10 are experiment[10]. exceptional and may be a sign of pollution by strong bases such as NaOH and Ca(OH)2 [8] .On the other hand, Chemical Technique- evaporation of effluent cause emission of toxic chemicals in Chemical technique consists of techniques like chlorination, surrounding that destroy the stratospheric ozone layer result in neutralization, ozonation etc. Chemical techniques employ the raising global warning. application of chemical reactions to improve the water quality. The most widely used chemical techniques is VII. TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUES: chlorination. Bacteria are eliminated using a strong oxidising agent generally chlorine (Cl ). Industrial wastewater There are many by which treatment of dyeing industries treatment uses one of the most prominent chemical method effluents can be carried out. These methods can be broadly that is neutralization. In concept, ₂neutralization is the process classified as follows: of maintaining the pH level at neutral by the addition of acid  Physical Technique and base. One of the other method used for wastewater  Chemical Technique treatment is ozonation, it is very efficient in deterioration of  Biological Technique colour that are reactive in nature, also reduces COD and other poisonous contaminants of the wastewater generated from Physical Technique- dyeing industries efficiently [11-15]. The main drawbacks of There are many methods which are used in physical techniques ozonation are the time duration. Even though the condition is namely sedimentation, Nano-filtration, Reverse Osmosis(RO), acidic for ozonation, pH is required for the co-operative of electro dialysis etc. Clarification is a technique in which the treating industrial effluent in dyes removal[16]. One of the phenomena of physical technique are used which is the settling other chemical methods is electro-coagulation.It is a preferred of solids by gravity. Among the above different techniques step for reverse osmosis for the treatment of waste water[17]. sedimentation is the most widely used treatment method. One Degradation of indigo carmic dye by electrochemical method other method is aeration, which is done by addition of oxygen makes use of electro coagulation, electro-oxidation and to the effluent. This involves the phenomena of equalization advanced electrochemical oxidation involving the process of and skimming. One other method which expels particles up to electro fen ton is well explained by Stergiopouloset. Al.

IJESC, June 2019 22999 http://ijesc.org/ Table .3. Pros and cons of chemical methods of treating waste water. Methods Pros Cons Ozonation Volume is unchanged, stayed in vapour- Life duration is short (20 Min) state Photochemical Production of silt is off Metals, acids, halides produced as by-product Electrochemical Disruption of non-haphazard compounds Price of power supply is high

Electrocoagulation Decolonization can be achieved No failure forming, metallic (OH) clouds in wastewater

VIII. BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES 1) Hybrid system is used in digital textile printing industry where the wastewater contains colour Pt-Co 1425 Biological techniques are found to be better than other physical with initial COD 690 mg/L. Methods like ozone and and chemical method in terms of economical perspective. membrane filtration are used to remove 63% of COD,84% Biological treatments are best method for the elimination of decolourization with overall withdrawal of 81% of total colour from dyeing effluent with acceptable limits. Synthetic contaminants(25). dyes involved complex pollutants and heavy metals in 2) Bioprocess using fixed bed bioreactor immobilized by textile dyeing effluent (18). Biological process such as Bacillus adusta is used for dyeing effluent treatment. In this bioaccumulation bio colorization and biosorption are process the fixed bed bioreactor is fed with two direct dye bath economical, widely supportive and are relief to the from wool and cotton and a bath from cotton environment (19-21).Biosorption and Bioaccumulation has which results in degradation of dyes to 84% of the effluent. shown better potential than other conventional method. That is Fungus can perform effectively for 10 cycles of why these are known as main techniques in biotechnical decolourization(26). treatment methods (22).Biological techniques are extensively 3) Up flow biological aerated filter system is used in the used in the treatment of textile dyeing effluents especially in treatment of effluent from dyeing industry. The removal of C the treatment of colour content which is said to be the principle and N from textile wastewater can be achieved from ceramide merits of biological technologies over the other technical and gas as media when loaded in a biological aerated filter. methods. COD removal was observed from 39% to 53%, ammonium was 64% to 88%, moreover total nitrogen elimination was IX. REMOVAL OF TEXTILE DYES BY ADOPTING 39% to 42% at an hydraulic loading 0.13- 0.78 m3/m2/h. (27). ADSORBENTS- A RECENT DEVELOPMENT 4) Colouring of yarn/cloth occurs at high concentrations of Sodium Chloride or Sodium Sulphate (25 to 75 kg/m3). The Adsorption is amongst the most effectual system developed in effluent is treated in sand and Nano filtration. Reject of 20%- the recent times and is directly to the related to the treatment of 30% is processed to the Biological Aerated Filter (BAF) after the waste water. There are wide range of adsorbents available passing it through multi-effect evaporator / solar evaporation and used as per their suitability and requirement. Some of them pond which is followed by reverse osmosis membrane system. includes activated carbon, seed of avocado pear, teak tree, bark 91%-97% of COD and 80%-97% of TDS were found to be powder, bentonite clay and many more. The adsorption of removed (28). some basic dyes like methylene blue can be achieved by using 5) Two stage fixed bed reactor with porous ceramic activated carbon as an absorbent Carbon nanotubes as carrier colonized by anaerobic bacteria is used in textile adsorbent for removal of dye: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are effluent treatment which contains all wastes including nanostructure shape having carbon atoms with some properties auxiliary chemicals, metals, and common industrial waste such such as mechanical, chemical, thermal etc. Magnetic multi- as ash, paints, paper product, instrumental wastes etc. wall carbon annotates (MMWCNTs) used to removal of Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) was found to be 4 hours. The cationic dyes from aqua solution [23]. Also single wall carbon reduction in COD % in pilot scale was 8%-40% (29). nanotubes (SWCNTs), multi wall-carbon nanotubes 6) Whiterotfungi is also used for treatment of dyeing (MWCNTs) & specially modified magnetic multi-wall carbon effluent along with combined membrane process. tubes (MMMWCNTS) used for different treatments on Trametesversi color, a type of white rot fungi was tested for removal of dyes from industrial wastewater. Our effort is to the decolourization of number of synthetic textile dyes in the look for the application of the effective method for the presence and absence of glucose. The testing was done at treatment of industrial wastewater by removing of dyes by different initial dye concentration and nearly 97% using SWCNTs or MWCNTs or MMWCNTs. Fernando et al. decolourization of dye was achieved. Information was investigated Adsorption of a textile dye from aqueous solutions developed that glucose as well as pH helps in inducing the by carbon nanotubes. The adsorbents were mainly metabolism of the fungus that results in the effective characterized by using N2 adsorption/ desorption isotherms, decolourization of the effluent (30). Raman spectroscopy and flashing and transmission electron 7) Another biotechnical method includes advanced microscopy. [24]. oxidation process involving the ozonisation pursued by aerobic biological treatment is used for the decolourization and high X.AEROBIC / ANAEROBIC BIOLOGICAL METHODS degree of Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) removal (31). OF COLOUR REMOVAL 8) A more complex treatment method include 2 stage two continuous flow aerobic process along with 4 stages of There are various methods and techniques used for treating anaerobic aerobic process assembled by ozonation waste water generated from textile industries. Specific method – segregated textile wastewater which is obtained after the with their efficiency, per cent of waste removal and type of treatment of effluent containing chemical agents used in contaminant removed are discussed below:

IJESC, June 2019 22999 http://ijesc.org/ desizing, scouring, dispersing and swelling with advanced prospect as compared to other methods and has attained major oxidation process is pre-treated biologically results in the 70% interest in biological aspects of effluent treatment. removal of the colour. Ozonisation increases the biodegradability (32). XII. REFERENCES 9) Microaerophilic aerobic hybrid reactor is used in the – [1]. A Role of textile industry in india economy, Divya P textile wastewater treatment containing auxiliary chemical, Solanki metals and the common industrial wastes and found to be effective for the removal of COD up to 82%-94% colour 99% [2]. Data.gov.in at HRT of 2.3 to 9.1 days (33). 10) Submerged membrane fungal reactor helps in the [3]. Senthikumar M.gnanapragasam, G,Amtchelvan, V, & removal of 99% of colour and 97% of TOC (34). Nagarajan,S (2011) CHEMICAL ENGG. JOURNAL 166 11) Biological aeration filter with Zeolite media is used (1),10-14 for treatment of textile waste waster containing chemicals, metal and common industrial waste for the removal of [4]. Impact of textile effluents on different components of Ammonium nitrogen. Different percentage removal was Enviroments achieved using different method like 31.5% by ion exchange, [5]. The application of enzymes for the removal of dyes from 40.2% by nitrification and 22.3% by biological synthesis (25). textile effluents. Kiro d mojov, Darkoandronikov and aco Microorganisms degrade dyes as they use these compounds as Janevski, Faculty of technology, University’ Goca Deldav Stip, a source for carbon, nitrogen and other energy sources, Republic of Macedonia. therefore degrade them utilizing the specific compounds for their growth. This can be proved by taking evidences from the [6]. Industrial Effluent Treatment by Novel Biological Reators, following instances. Study has shown that facultative S. Sathian. organisms are capable of reducing dyes but requires organic carbon because they are not capable of using dye as their [7]. Physico-Chemical Parameters of Textile Dyeing Effluent growth substrate. Pseudomonas species have the capacity of and Its Impacts with Casestudy - Gomathi Elango1 ,Rathika reducing dye contaminants from waste water and thus helps in G2*and Santhini Elango3- http:// www. ijrce. org/ uploads/ 20/ decolourization of effluents. For instance, Pseudomonas 1764_pdf.pdf aeruginosa decolourize dyes in the presence of glucose provided aerobic conditions(35). Isolation of Aeromonas [8]. Langmuir D., Aqueous Enviornmental Chemistry, Pren- hydrophila (37) and Bacillus sp. (36) is quite difficult though tice-hall, Inc., New-Jersey,(1997) these microorganisms have a high efficiency to degrade azo dyes. Adedayo et al. (40) have discovered that Methyl Red can [9]. Akbari A (2007) Polymeric nanomembranes and nano be used as a source of carbon by Pseudomonas nitroreductase filtration process. and Vibrio Logei and hence Methyl red dye can be degraded [10]. MortezaMl, Bahrami F (2014) Removal of vat dyes from using the organisms mentioned. Another case can be colored wastewater by reverse osmosis process, Bulletin of the mentioned of Kolekar et al (38). They isolated some organisms Georgian National Academy of Sciences. from textile dye which contaminate soil and on the basis of various characteristics (biochemical, morphological and 16S [11]. Liakou S, Pavlou S, Lyberatos G (1997) Ozonation of rDNA sequence) named it Bacillus fusi form. Acid Orange 10 dyes. Water Science and Technology 141: 279-286. and Disperse Blue 79 can be degraded under provided conditions (anoxic aeration, concentration of dye:1.5g/l, period [12]. Karahan O, Dulkadiroglu H, Kabdasli I, Sozen S, Babuna of 48 hours) by these microorganisms. FG (2002) Effect ofozonation on the biological treatability of a textile mill effluent. EnvironmentalTechnology 23: 1325-1336.

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