THE TREASURES of the PYRAMIDS Contents

Home , Abusir, Zahi Hawass

EDITED BY ZAHI HAWASS Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities and Director of the Giza Pyramids Excavations

PROJECT EDITORS Laura Accomazzo Valeria Manferto De Fabianis

GRAPHIC DESICN Paola Piacco

WHITE STAR PUBLISHERS THE TREASURES OF THE PYRAMIDS Contents

INTRODUCTION Page 5 CHAPTER 8 by H.E. Mrs. Suzanne Mubarak THE ROYAL MORTUARY ENCLOSURES OF ABYDOS AND HIERAKONPOLIS by Matthew Adams and David O'Connor Page 78 THE PYRAMIDS Page 12 by Zahi Hawass CHAPTER 9 THE STEP PYRAMIDS CHRONOLOGY Page is by Ali Radwan Page 86 CHAPTER I CHAPTER 10 WHY A PYRAMID? PYRAMID RELIGION THE PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY by James P. Allen Page 22 by Rainer Stadelmann Page 112

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER \ \ THE QUEENS' PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY AT GIZA THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 138 by Vassil Dobrev Page 28 CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 3 THE SATELLITE PYRAMID OF KHUFU BUILDING AN OLD KINGDOM PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 150 by Mark Lehner Page 32 CHAPTER 13

CHAPTER A THE MYSTERY OF HETEPHERES

THE ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EGYPTIAN ROYAL TOMB by Zahi Hawass Page 152 by Zahi Hawass Page 46 CHAPTER 14 CHAPTER 5 THE SECRET DOORS INSIDE THE GREAT PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 156 THE ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS OF THE PYRAMID COMPLEX by Zahi Hawass Page 50 CHAPTER 15 THE PYRAMIDION CHAPTER e by Zahi Hawass Page 160 THE PREDYNASTIC PERIOD CHAPTER \6 by Renee Friedman Page 54 THE ROYAL BOATS AT GIZA by Zahi Hawass Page 164 CHAPTER I

THE TOMBS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DYNASTIES CHAPTER a AT ABYDOS AND SAQOARA THE SPHINX by Giinter Dreyer Page 62 by Mark Lehner Page 172

10 CHAPTER IS The Publisher would like to thank: H.E. Farouk Hosny - The Egyptian Minister of Culture, THE TOMBS OF THE HIGH OFFICIALS AT GIZA Nabil Osman - President of the Egyptian Information Center by Peter Der Manuelian Page 190 Attiya Shakran - General Director of the Cairo Press Center, CHAPTER 19 M. El-Damaty - Director of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Mena House Oberoi Hotel, Cairo, THE 'UNFINISHED' PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY Gamal Sbafik of the Cairo Press Center, by Michel Valloggia Pag. 224 The curators and assistants of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, CHAPTER 20 Rajiv Kaul, Guido Paradisi and Fabio Calamante - photographers' iiss/staiifs. THE PYRAMIDS OF THE FIFTH DYNASTY by Miroslav Verner Pag. 236 CHAPTER 21 The Editor would like to thank Mark Linz and Neil Hewison of the American University in Cairo Press. He also wants to thank Essam Shehab of the Giza Inspectorate, and THE SURPRISING ABUSIR BLOCKS. Mohamed Ismail, Mobamed Megahed, Brook Myers, and Sahar Mabroukfrom the by Zahi Hawass and Miroslav Verner Pag. 260 Technical Office of the Supreme Council of Antiquities. CHAPTER 22 THE PYRAMIDS OF THE SIXTH DYNASTY by Audran Labrousse Pag. 264 CHAPTER 23 10-11 THE DECORATIVE PROGRAM OF THE OLD KINCDOM PYRAMID COMPLEXES Scene showing the 'Meidum geese,' by Zahi Hawass Page 282 Egyptian Museum Cairo, Old CHAPTER 24 Kingdom.

THE TOMBS OF THE FIFTH AND SIXTH DYNASTIES AT SAQQARA by Karol Mys'liwiec Page 286 CHAPTER 25

All rights reserved. No pan ol this publication may be THE TOMBS OF THE NOBLES IN THE MIDDLE KINGDOM reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by David P. Silverman Page 348 photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher.

CHAPTER 21 ISBN 88-8095-233-1 ROYAL AND PRIVATE STATUES OF THE OLD AND MIDDLE KINGDOMS Reprints: by Hourig Sourouzian Page 366 12 3 4 5 6 07 06 05 04 03

Printed in Italy by Officine Grafiche De Agostini INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Page 392 Color separation by Fotomcc, Turin

I I Chapter 42

The Satellite Pyramid of Khufu

by Zahi Hawass

i. n 1991 , my team at Giza was working to the east of receive the individual slabs, but these do not help respectively. The backs of the holes are round. They are the Great Pyramid of Khufu, clearing the area as part of determine the exact position of the original pyramid about ten meters deep, and the holes of each pair are our site management plan. The area had been explored baseline. On the west side, there is only one foundation spaced about 1.45 m apart. These appear to be sockets before by George Reisner, and by the Antiquities block in situ that carried the baseline. By measuring from for wood cross-beams, perhaps for lowering or covering Department under Selim Hassan who moved many the preserved baseline on the east to the single block on an object in the west end of the chamber. meters of sand and excavated Khufu's upper temple. the west, we have ascertained the original base length of Since the upper part of the burial chamber is no After Hassan's excavations were complete, the the pyramid as 21.75 m. longer extant, and no ceiling blocks remain, the original Antiquities Department prepared the site for visitors, In the debris south of the pyramid, we found a large shape of the chamber remains a mystery. There are and in the process built a paved road running north- trapezoidal piece of Tura-quality limestone with three traces of red mortar on the floor of the burial chamber south along the east face of the pyramid. We decided to exterior sloping faces. This formed a little more than the and on the south side. This mortar could indicate that move this road in 1991, in order to prevent cars and south half of the third course below the apex of the the chamber was originally paved with limestone. buses from driving on the basalt pavement of the upper pyramid. It is 2.7 m long and 0.56 m thick. Exposure So that visitors to Giza can get an idea of the temple. During this work, we made a startling has coated the exterior faces with a light brown patina. original appearance of this pyramid, and to preserve the discovery: a new subsidiary pyramid, the satellite The average slope of the preserved faces is 52.4 degrees. loose and crumbling core material, we replaced some of pyramid of Khufu, lay under a mound of sand at the The underside of the block is flat, but the top surface the fallen blocks and restored parts of the satellite southeast corner of the Great Pyramid. was concave. This concavity was intended to receive pyramid with new masonry. We also reconstructed the This pyramid is located about 25.5 m southeast of the convex underside of the block(s) forming the apex of the pyramid, incorporating the pyramidion and the corner of Khufu's pyramid. Its ruins cover an area second course down from the top. Here, as it narrows the trapezoidal block from the third course down with approximately 24 meters square. The remains include to the apex, the pyramid superstructure is all casing, newly constructed blocks. fine, Tura-quality limestone blocks from the pyramid's with no fill or core material. The satellite pyramid was an important feature of outer casing and perimeter foundation, some of which The block or blocks of the second course down the standard Old Kingdom pyramid complex, and the remained in situ, large blocks of cruder limestone and from the top are missing, but later we found the actual discovery of this pyramid is extremely important to debris that filled the core of the pyramid, and a T- apex stone of the satellite pyramid: a single piece of fine our understanding of these structures. Many scholars shaped substructure. limestone. It is the second oldest pyramidion ever believe that the subsidiary pyramid can be traced back When we first found the pyramid, all that remained found,- the earliest belongs to the North Pyramid of to a mysterious structure in the first pyramid complex, of the superstructure was a U-shaped block of crude Sneferu and discovered by Rainer Stadelmann at that of the Third Dynasty king, Djoser, called the masonry and debris fill that surrounded the substructure Dahshur. The underside of the pyramidion was convex, 'south tomb.' This is a mastaba that lies south of the on the west, south, and east. The east and south sides with four triangular faces sloping outward. We know, main pyramid, and has a square burial chamber, too had the greatest number of preserved foundation slabs from the decorated blocks we recently found at Abusir small to hold a body. Decorating the walls of the and casing blocks of fine, Tura-quality limestone. On that the setting of the capstone atop the main pyramid substructure of this tomb are images of Djoser the south side of the pyramid, we found an inscription was a major event, and marked the official completion performing rituals associated with an important royal in red paint on the north side of a core block, which of the pyramid complex. event called the sei festival. Scholars are still studying reads: "imy rsy $s," 'which is on the south [back] side.' The substructure of G Id consists of a sloping this festival, but many believe that it was a sort of We recovered several blocks of the outer casing that entrance passage, approximately one meter wide, jubilee, celebrated for the first time after the king had were not in their original position. One of these was a entered from the north, and leading downward for 5.35 been on the throne for about thirty years, and casing block from the southeast corner, probably from m to a rectangular chamber, oriented east-west and designed to symbolically rejuvenate him and renew the second course above the foundation platform. We measuring about eight meters by three and a half his right to rule. I believe that this festival was held found many casing blocks that had toppled out of place meters. We found this substructure unroofed, when the royal mortuary complex was completed, to along the south side and lay scattered on the ground. completely open to the sky. There is a cutting in the celebrate the fact that the king had completed all that The original baseline, or setting line, marking the floor of the rectangular chamber, one meter wide, the gods had asked him to do. foot of the lowest course of casing blocks, is preserved immediately in front of the opening into the chamber The unfinished pyramid complex of Djoser's on five foundation slabs on the east side and seven from the entrance passage. The walls of this chamber successor, Semerkhet, also contained a south tomb,

foundation blocks on the south side. We found no were cut to a depth of 2.85 m; the north and south walls which contained, in the passageway, the mysterious remains of the original baseline on the north side, where slope inward slightly as they go up. skeleton of a two-year old boy in a Third Dynasty most of the foundation slabs were missing. We could At the west end of the chamber there are four small wooden coffin. Two of the three major pyramids of see sockets or emplacements cut into the rock floor to holes, a pair each in the north and south walls Sneferu each have subsidiary pyramids associated with

Chapter i2 I 150 150-f5i The remains of the satellite pyramid of Khufufrom the south sides. Giza, Fourth Dynasty.

them that do not seem to have served as burial places not seem to have had a ritual pyramid; it is interesting solar symbols for the storage of offerings. I believe for queens, but instead were connected with the cult to note that he also had no boat pits. We know he that the satellite pyramids were used during the sed of the king, and thus qualify as ritual pyramids. died before his complex was finished, so it may be festival, perhaps as a changing room where the king The lack of a satellite pyramid in Khufu's complex that his ritual pyramid and boat pits were never built removed his jubilee cloak and put on the kilt and bull's has always been a stumbling block in the discussion of because of his early death. tail in which he would perform his ritual dance. these ritual structures, and now we have filled in this The standard pyramid complex of the Fifth and I believe that Khufu originally planned to place gap. Khafre may have had a ritual pyramid, placed Sixth Dynasties includes a satellite pyramid, usually his satellite pyramid north of the three queens' directly south of his main pyramid and on the same located at the southeastern corner of the complex (like pyramids, and that the so-called 'trial passage' that lies north-south axis. Inside this subsidiary pyramid were Khufu's). There is still a great deal of discussion among north of the causeway was cut as the substructure of wooden fragments that have been reconstructed as scholars about the function of these structures. Some this pyramid. After Year 5 of his reign, when Khufu belonging to a statue shrine,- ox bones,- fragments of believe that they were for the royal ka, one aspect of changed his cult and took on the role of the sun god stoppers from jars or vases, one of which reads, "The the king's soul, or to store his canopic equipment (the Re, he enlarged the upper temple and abandoned the eldest royal son of his body, beloved by him, the sole viscera, which were removed and packaged separately) original satellite pyramid. G Id, the new satellite friend",- and two carnelian necklaces. However, this or placenta. Others suggest that they were built to pyramid, appears to have been built in a hurry near might also be a queens' pyramid, in which case we do house the royal crowns, as provisional tombs to store the end of Khufu's reign, or perhaps even a few days not have a ritual pyramid for Khafre. Menkaure does the king's body while he was being embalmed, or as after his death.

Chapter 12 151 Krejd, )., "The Origins and Development of the Royal Swelim, N., "Additional Views Concerning the Vercoutter, J., LEgypte et la valKe du Nil, NOUVEI1E CUO of Khufu, GID" in P. Der Manuelian (ed.), Studies in Necropolis at Abusir during the Old Kingdom," in Monument Called Sinki," MDAIK 38 (1982), pp. 94f. TomelDesOrigmesalaFmdel'AncienEmpire, Paris, 1992. Honor of William Kelly Simpson, Boston: Museum of M. Bärta and J. Krejcf (eds.), Abusir and Sagqara m the —, Some Problems on the History of the Third Dynasty, Fine Arts, 1996. Year 2000, Praha, 2000, pp. 477, figs. 2 and 4. Alexandria, 1983. 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"Recherche et découverte de tombeau sud de Tray, L, Patterns of Chumship in Ancient Egyptian Myth 116-117, 117 top Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio —, 'The Discovery of the Pyramidion of the L'Horus Sekhem-Khet san son complexe funéraire and History, Uppsala, 1986, pp. 56ff. White Star Satellite Pyramid of Khufu (GID)," Iubilate Conlegac: à Saqqarah," BIE 48/49 (1969), pp. 121-131. Verner, M., The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science 117 bottom Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Studies Memory of Ahd Aziz Sadek, Part I, Varia —, Saggara-. The Royal Cemetery of Memphis, London, 1976. of Egypt's Great Monuments, Cairo, New York, 2002. 118, 119, 120-121 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio Aegyptiaca, Vol. to, (1997). Leclant, J. and G. Clerc, "Fouilles et travaux en Westendorf,W,DijsAflt%)itm, Baden-Baden, 1968, p. 30. White Star Lauer, J. P., Pyramide h degrís I, Cairo 1935. Egypte et au Soudan," Orentialia 57, no. 3 (1988), Wildung, D., "Die Rolle ägyptischer Konige im 111 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star Lehner, M., The Pyramid Tomb of Hetep-beres and the pp. 336, figs. 40, 41. Bewustsein ihrer Nachwelt," MAS 17 (1969). 122-123 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star Satellite Pyramid of Khufu, Mainz am Rhein, 1985. Lehner, M., "Z 500 and the Layer Pyramid of Zawiyet —, "Imhotep" LA III (1980), pp. 145-148. 122 bottom Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Maragioglio, V. and C. Rinaldi, L'Arctarttura della el-Aryan," in P. der Manuelian (ed.), Studies m Honor of —, 'Two Representations of Gods from the Early Old 123 top Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star piramidi menfite, vols. 2-8, Turin and Rapello: Tip. W.K. Simpsonll, Boston, 1996, pp. 507-522. Kingdom," Mscellanea Wilbouriana I (1972), pp. 145ff. 124 top Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Artale, 1963-77. —, The Complete Pyramids, London, Cairo, 1997. Wilson, J. A., "Buto and Hierakonpolis in the 124 bottom Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star Reisner, G. A. A., History of the Giza Necropolis, vol IL Lesko, L H.,"Seila 1981," JARŒ25 (1988), pp. 215-235. Geography of Egpyt," JNES 14(1955), pp. 209-236. 126-127 Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star The Tomb of Hetepheres, Mother of Cheops, Cambridge, Muller, H.W., "Lowenskulpturern/MftKXVI Ziegler (ed.), Chr., Hart (gyptien au temps des Pyramides, 128-129, 129 bottom Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio MA, 1955. (München 1965), pp. 20. Cat. Paris, 1999, pp. 34-51, 148-165. White Star Reisner, G. A., Mycerinus: The Temples of the Third "Gedanken zur Entstehung, Interpretation und 129 top Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Pyramid at Giza, Cambridge, MA, 1931. Rekonstruktion ältester ägyptischer Photo credits: 130 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star Smith, W. S., The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt, Monumentalarchitektur," in Ägypten-Dauer und Wandel, 86 Oriental Institute of The University of Chicago 131, 132-133, 133 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio Harmondsworth, 1981. in DA1K, Sonderschrift 18, Mainz 1985, pp. 7-33. 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93 Araldo De White Star Stadelmann, R., "Die Pyramiden des Sneferu in O'Connor, D., "New Funerary Enclosures Luca/Archivio White Star 132 bottom left Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Dahschur: Erster Bericht über die Grabungen an (Talbezirke) of the Early Dynastic Period at 94-95 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star 132 bottom right, 134, 135, 136 bottom left and den nördlichen Steinpyramide," MDAIK 38, 1982. Abydos," JARCE 26 (1989), pp. 51-86. 95 top Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star right Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star Die ägyptischen Pyramiden, Mainz, 1985. Otto, E., 'Die Religion der Alten Ägypter," in Handbuch 96 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star 136-137, 137 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Vyse, H., Operation carried on at the Pyramids of Giza 2, der Orientalistik, Abt 1, Bd VIII, 1, Leiden 1964, p. 55. 98, 99 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star Star London, 1841. Parra Ortiz, J. M., "Houni et Snéfrou: Les Pyramides 100, 101 Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star de Meïdoum et Dahschour," GM 154 (1996), pp. 77-91. 102, 102-103, 103 bottom left Marcello Photo credits: Radwan, A, "Recent Excavations of the Cairo University Bertinetti/Archivio White Star THE QUEENS' PYRAMIDS 151 Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star at Abusir: A Cemetery of the 1st Dynasty," in D. 103 bottom right Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY AT GIZA KesslerTa^nd R. Schultz (eds.), Gedenkschrift für 104 top Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star Text by Zahi Hawass Winfried Barta, in MÄU 4 (1995). pp. 312, n. 11. 104-105, 106-107, 107 bottom Marcello THE MYSTERY OF HETEPHERES —, "Mastaba XVII at Abusir (First Dynasty): Bertinetti/Archivio White Star Bibliography: Text by Zahi Hawass Preliminary Results and General Remarks," in M. 107 top, 108 top, 109 bottom right Giulio Veggi/ Badawy A., History of Egyptian Architecture!, Giza, 1954. Bârta and J. Krejci (eds.), Abusir and Sahara in the Archivio White Star Borchardt, L., Das Grabdenkmal des Königs Sahu-Re II, Bibliography: Year 2000, Praha, 2000, pp. 509-514, fig. 2. 108-109, 109 bottom left Marcello Bertinetti/ Leipzig, 1913. Lehner, M., 'The Development of the Giza "Some Remarks Concerning the Superstructure Archivio White Star Edwards, I. E. S., The Pyramids of Egypt, rev. ed.. New Necropolis: the Khufu project," MDAIK 41 (1985). of Some Mastabas at Abusir," in Z. Hawass (ed.), 110 top Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star York, 1985. Hawass, Z., The Funerary Establishments of Kbufu, Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century. f 10 center and bottom Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Fakhry, A., ThePyramids, Chicago and London, 1969. Khafra, and Menkaura During the Old Kingdom, Ph.D. Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of 111 Miroslav Verner Hawass, Z., The Funerary Establishments of Khufu, Khafra, Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania micro Egyptologists, Cairo 2000, Cairo, 2002. and Menkaura During the Old Kingdom, Ph.D. film, Ann Arbor, MI, 1987. Ricke, H., "Bemerkungen zur ägyptischen Baukunst Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania micro des Alten Reiches 1," Beitrage, Bf 4 ( 1944). THE PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY film, Ann Arbor, MI, 1987. Photo credits: Ritner, R. K., O. "Gardiner 363: A Spell Against Text by Rainer Stadelmann update in W. M. F. Petrie, The Pyramid and Temples 153, 154, 155 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star Night Terrors," JARCE 27 ( 1990), pp. 37f., fig. 5 of Gizah, London: Histories & Mysteries of Man, Schraff, A., "Die Ausbreitung des Osiriskultes in der Born October 24, 1933 in Oettingen/Bavaria as son 1990. Frühzeit und wärend des Alten Reiches," SBAW of a professor of classical languages, he studied Lehner, M., ThePyramidTombofHetep-beresandthe THE SECRET DOORS INSIDE Heft 4, (1948). Egyptology at the Universities of Munich and Satellite Pyramid of Khufu, Mainz am Rhein, 1985. THE GREAT PYRAMID Seidel, M., and D. Wildung, in C. Vandersleyen Heidelberg. He first visited Egypt between Maragioglio, V. and C. Rinaldi, L'Architettura della Text by Zahi Hawass (ed.), Das alte Ägypten (Propyläen Kunstgeschichte December 1955 and April 1956 and participate in piramidi menfite. Vols. 2-8, Turin and Rapello: Tip. 15), Berlin, 1975, pp. 218-220. excavations at the Sun Temple of Userkaf at Abusir. Artale, 1963-77. Bibliography: Seidel, M., "Die königlichen Statuengruppen I," Completed his PhD in spring 1960 with a thesis on Reisner, G. A., A History of the Giza Necropolis, vol. ¡1 Hawass, Z., M. Waters, and C. Sandreal, 'The HAB 42, 1996, pp. 5-9. "Syrisch-Palästinensische Gottheiten in Ägypten" The Tomb of Hetepheres, Mother of Cheops, Cambridge, Recent Investigation of the so-called doors inside Sourouzian, H, "Inventaire iconographique des and became Assistant Lecturer of Egyptology at the MA, 1955. the great pyramid" Statues en Manteau Jubilaire," in Hommages à J. University of Heidelberg. In 1967 he completed a Riser, E., Der Königliche Harim im alten Ägypten und seine Stadelmann, R. with the contribution of R. leclant, BdÉ 106, vol.l (1994), pp. 50ff. second Ph.D., Habilitation, in Heidelberg with a Verwaltung, Vienna, 1972. Cantenbrink, "Die Sogenanntem Luftkanle der —, "L'iconographie du roi dans la statuaire des trois thesis on: "Altägyptische Bauinschriften und Namen Simpson, W. K., TheMastabas ofKawab, Khafkhufu I, II, kheopspyramide. Modellkorridore für den premières dynasties," in Kunst des Alten Reiches, von Bauteilen" and became Assistant Professor. In andlü. Boston, 1978. Aufstiey des Kings Zum Himmel," MDAIK 50 DAIK, Sonderschrift 28 (1995), pp. 133ff. April 1968 he became Scientific Director of the Stadelmann, R., Die ägyptischen Pyramiden, Mainz, 1985. (1994), pp. 285-294. —, "Concordances et Écarts entre Statuaire et German Institute of Archaeology in Cairo and Vyse, H-, Operation carried on at the Pyramids of Giza 2, Représentations à deux dimensions des Particuliers Honorary Professor at the University of Heidelberg. London, 1841. Photo credits: de L'Époque Archaïque," in N. Grimai (ed.), Les In 1989 he became First Director of the German 157, 158 Kenneth Garrett Critères dcDatation Stylistiques, BdÉ 120 (1998), pp. Institute of Archaeology in Cairo. He has at Photo credits: 305ff. 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