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Home , Dahshur, Double Pyramid, Egyptian Museum, Egyptian pyramids, Hawara, History of architecture

EDITED BY Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities and Director of the Excavations

PROJECT EDITORS Laura Accomazzo Valeria Manferto De Fabianis

GRAPHIC DESICN Paola Piacco

WHITE STAR PUBLISHERS THE TREASURES OF THE PYRAMIDS Contents

INTRODUCTION Page 5 CHAPTER 8 by H.E. Mrs. Suzanne Mubarak THE ROYAL MORTUARY ENCLOSURES OF ABYDOS AND HIERAKONPOLIS by Matthew Adams and O'Connor Page 78 THE PYRAMIDS Page 12 by Zahi Hawass CHAPTER 9 THE STEP PYRAMIDS CHRONOLOGY Page is by Ali Radwan Page 86 CHAPTER I CHAPTER 10 WHY A ? PYRAMID RELIGION THE PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY by James P. Allen Page 22 by Page 112

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER \ \ THE QUEENS' PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY AT GIZA THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 138 by Vassil Dobrev Page 28 CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 3 THE SATELLITE PYRAMID OF AN OLD KINGDOM PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 150 by Page 32 CHAPTER 13

CHAPTER A THE MYSTERY OF HETEPHERES

THE ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EGYPTIAN ROYAL by Zahi Hawass Page 152 by Zahi Hawass Page 46 CHAPTER 14 CHAPTER 5 THE SECRET DOORS INSIDE THE GREAT PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 156 THE ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS OF THE PYRAMID COMPLEX CHAPTER 15 by Zahi Hawass Page 50 THE CHAPTER e by Zahi Hawass Page 160 THE PREDYNASTIC PERIOD CHAPTER \6 by Renee Friedman Page 54 THE ROYAL BOATS AT GIZA by Zahi Hawass Page 164 CHAPTER I

THE OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DYNASTIES CHAPTER a AT ABYDOS AND SAQOARA THE by Giinter Dreyer Page 62 by Mark Lehner Page 172

10 CHAPTER IS The Publisher would like to thank: H.E. Farouk Hosny - The Egyptian Minister of Culture, THE TOMBS OF THE HIGH OFFICIALS AT GIZA Nabil Osman - President of the Egyptian Information Center by Peter Der Manuelian Page 190 Attiya Shakran - General Director of the Press Center, CHAPTER 19 M. El-Damaty - Director of the Egyptian , Cairo, Mena House Oberoi Hotel, Cairo, THE 'UNFINISHED' PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY Gamal Sbafik of the Cairo Press Center, by Michel Valloggia Pag. 224 The curators and assistants of the , Cairo, CHAPTER 20 Rajiv Kaul, Guido Paradisi and Fabio Calamante - photographers' iiss/staiifs. THE PYRAMIDS OF THE FIFTH DYNASTY by Miroslav Verner Pag. 236 CHAPTER 21 The Editor would like to thank Mark Linz and Neil Hewison of the American University in Cairo Press. He also wants to thank Essam Shehab of the Giza Inspectorate, and THE SURPRISING BLOCKS. Mohamed Ismail, Mobamed Megahed, Brook Myers, and Sahar Mabroukfrom the by Zahi Hawass and Miroslav Verner Pag. 260 Technical Office of the Supreme Council of Antiquities. CHAPTER 22

THE PYRAMIDS OF THE SIXTH DYNASTY by Audran Labrousse Pag. 264 CHAPTER 23 10-11 THE DECORATIVE PROGRAM OF THE OLD KINCDOM PYRAMID COMPLEXES Scene showing the ' geese,' by Zahi Hawass Page 282 Egyptian Museum Cairo, Old CHAPTER 24 Kingdom.

THE TOMBS OF THE FIFTH AND SIXTH DYNASTIES AT by Karol Mys'liwiec Page 286 CHAPTER 25

THE PYRAMIDS OF THE MIDDLE KINGDOM © 2003 White Star S.r.l. by Dieter Arnold Page 326 Via C Sassone, 22/24 13100 Vercelli, CHAPTER 26 www.whitestar.it

All rights reserved. No pan ol this publication may be THE TOMBS OF THE NOBLES IN THE MIDDLE KINGDOM reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by David P. Silverman Page 348 photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher.

CHAPTER 21 ISBN 88-8095-233-1 ROYAL AND PRIVATE STATUES OF THE OLD AND MIDDLE KINGDOMS Reprints: by Hourig Sourouzian Page 366 12 3 4 5 6 07 06 05 04 03

Printed in Italy by Officine Grafiche De Agostini INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Page 392 Color separation by Fotomcc,

I I Chapter i 5

The Pyramidion

by Zahi Hawass

T. h e term 'pyramidion refers to a miniature pyramid which is different from all the other pyramids at Giza. that was placed on the top of the larger pyramid to serve Nabil Swelim believes that two pieces of polished

as its apex. It was made of a special type of stone, in the diorite, discovered by Selim Hassan, could be part of the

Old Kingdom, either diorite, , or a vety fine pyramidion of . He reconstructs this pyramid as

limestone which was then cased with gold or electrum having a whitish-gold outer facing with a course of rose

was used, In the Middle Kingdom, the pyramidion was granite below a dark green, diorite pyramidion.

usually granite, which was then inscribed with texts and The only other Fourth Dynasty pyramidion

symbols. discovered was found near one of the subsidiary

A number of examples of , or capstones, pyramids of . Only the square base of this

have been discovered around Old and Middle Kingdom pyramidion has been preserved; a second piece that

pyramids. The oldest pyramidion ever discovered was would have been on top is missing. The lower stirface is

found by Rainer Stadelmann in 1982 in the area of the smooth and pierced with holes that could have been

Red Pyramid of at . It is made of fine, used to secure the stone to the pyramid This base is

white Tura limestone and is uninscribed. The pyramidion made of limestone, I believe that the upper part was

was found in pieces,- it has now been reconstructed, and made of a dilferent type of stone, otherwise it would

stands at a height of about three quarters of a merer. It most likely have been made in one piece.

has been placed on a stand located on the east side of The pyramids of the Fifth Dynasty were also

the at Dahshur. surmounted by special pyramidions, A found

The second oldest pyramidion was found east of the within the pyramid complex of Djcdkare Isesi shows

Great Pyramid of Khutu in 1991, near the Tecenlly that his pyramid once had a pyramidion: one scene

discovered satellite pyramid that it once surmounted. shows King Isesi standing with a staff in his hand; in

The east side of Khufu's pyramid had been explored front of him is an inscription that reads: "Following the before, but all previous excavators had missed this small pyramidion to the pyramid of Isesi," The actual

pyramid. The pyramidion was found to the south of the pyramidion of this pyramid has not been found The satellite pyramid, its top and base had been destroyed Gzech expedition under the direction of Mirsolav and were reconstructed by Josef Dorner. A trapezoidal Verner found a fragment of a basalt pyramidion from the

block from the third course from the top was also found pyramid of Khentkaus II, a consort of Neferirkarc, that

near the satellite pyramid; this block and the pyramidion was originally cased with metal ( and gold?).

have been up just to the north of the satellite pyramid. Blocks from the causeway of at Abusir,

Many people believed that the discovered recently when work was being done

never had a pyramidion because they thought that the to prepare the site for the public, are decorated casing of white limestone continued to the top of the with scenes related to the installation of the

pyramid, However, Italian scholars Maragioglio and pyramidion. One unique scene shows the

Rinaldi surveyed the top of this pyramid and pointed out pyramidion being dragged toward the that the summit of the pyramid had been destroyed and pyramid. Workmen pull a rape connected now ended in a small platform. Another Italian to the pyramidion (depicted on the next expedition recently surveyed this pyramid to assess block to the right, which has not been found). In damage from an earthquake. They discovered that the this scene, one can see part of the sledge on which the casing stone of the top is only live centimeters thick, pyramidion rested, as as the workmen who pull the

iti The black granite pyramidion .1. i i.; from idf reign of Amenemhet IH, Twelfth Dynasty, found at Lisfct ffiMswra HO cm in haghx and the itase is i 85 cm. Nou> in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo.

Chap/ f.s I 160

Pyra m id ion

sledge and pour water in front of the runners to reduce coated with electrum. Several pyramidions have also

friction with the ground. Other scenes show women, been found that date horn the Middle Kingdom.

labeled as members of the khener, wearing a special Fragments of pyramidions made of red granite have been

uniform, standing with their right hand upraised and found near two of the queens' pyramids in the complex

their left hand on their waist. The word kbener has of Scnusrct I, second king of the Twelfth Dynasty, at

traditionally been translated as 'harem,' but has recently . From Amenemhct Ill's pyramid at Dahshur comes

been reinterpreted as 'musical troop.' However, this a pyramidion of black granite, with a band of

meaning seems rather narrow and does not express the hieroglyphs running around its base and the image of

nuance of constraint that the original word conveys, wings and a sun disk protecting the eyes, names, and

They may well have been restricted in their freedom, titles of the king. This was found in good condition. It

and some of them may also have served as concubines may never have been set at the apex of the pyramid,

to the king. Whatever the interpretation, entertainers, since Amenemhet left Dahshur and built a second

musicians, singers, and dancers were dearly an pyramid at . Numerous fragments of a black

important part of the king's female entourage, and part discovery, so it was a surprise to find it in the magazine. granite pyramidion belonging to the Thirteenth [}ynasty of the celebration of the pyramidion installation. It is The surface of this pyramidion is polished and is king, , were found in his complex at South clear from these scenes that art expedition was sent into pierced with three holes. These holes would have been Saqqara These were covered with hieroglyphic the to quarry special stone for the pyramidion. used to attach a plating of electrum to the pyramidion. inscriptions and have now been reconstructed. Two

The presence of a group of emaciated Bedouin, who are We found the second and third pyramidions in the area additional pyramidions of black granite were found at apparently being brought to the royal court to be tried of the complex in 1992-93. Both were made of South Saqqara, in association with an unfinished and

for attacking the quarrying party, indicates that the area limestone^ one has a square base, is unpolished and has unattributcd pyramid of the Middle Kingdom, One of

into which the royal team ventured was barren and broken edges; the other is 46 centimeters high and its these was polished and the other was left rough; both desolate, inhabited only by wandering tribes. In 1996, base is 53 by 37 centimeters. were uninscribed. The fact that these pyramidions were while we were carrying out excavations at in The French expedition at South Saqqara recently found on the site of an unfinished pyramid suggests that the complex of Teti, the first king of the Sixth Dynasty, found pieces of the pyramidion of the subsidiary they were brought to the site early on in the we rediscovered a pyramidion which had originally pyramid of Queen Meritetes, wife of Pepy I of the Sixth process. The scenes on the blocks found at discovered in 1930 by Firth and Gunn near the Dynasty. And finally, there is evidence for the existence Abusir illustrate the importance of the king's search for southeast corner of the pyramid of Queer I, one of a pyramidion connected with the subsidiary pyramid special stone for the pyramidion; a military escort was of Teti's wives When we found it, it was lying in the of Queen Wedjebten of Pepy II, which is located at the even sent along to protect the quarrying expedition. The area between the pyramid of this queen and northeast corner of the main pyramid, An inscribed pyramidion, like the pyramid itsell, was a representation another, . It is uninscribed and its top is block was found here by Jequier in 1925-26; the text of the baiben stone—in fact, the word in Egyptian for destroyed. It is of polished limestone and has a included a phrase which he translated as "pyramidion of pyramidion is penfwi. The original bmben was kept in the rectangular base. Its total height is 47 centimeters. electrum." This interpretation is supported by the work sun at Hcliopotis, and was a potent symbol of

Maragiogho and Rinaldi suggested that it might be of other scholars, there is no other reasonable way to the sun god. part of an , similar to one found in the upper understand this text. Most of the Old Kingdom The scenes from Abusir suggest that the pyramidion temple of Pepy II, rather than the pyramidion for Iput pyramidions found were in poor condition. There is no was the last architectural component to be installed as

Is pyramid. However, the style of this pyramidion is direct evidence that pyramidions were cased in the part of the pyramid. It was probably done during a of the New Kingdom, and I do not believe it comes Fourth Dynasty. However, it is likely that these festival in the presence of the king, and marked the

from an obelisk. pyramids had pyramidions encased in gold, connecting moment when the king became a god When the

We found three additional pyramidions during our them to the sun cult. The inscriptions from Abusir and workmen put the pyramidion on the top of the pyramid, recent work at Saqqara. One was inside the storage Saqqara, coupied with the pierced example from the ii meant thai the pyramid was officially finished, and magazine of Firth and Cunn, the original excavators of complex of Khuit, all support the theory that everyone in would have danced and sung in the complex of Teti. They had not published this pyramidions of the Filth and Sixth Dynasties were celebration of its completion.

162 {63 The Jim while limestone pyramidtOM Tbt pyramidion of the Red Pyramid from the reign of Khufu, with tbt til Dahshur dates from the reign of Great Pyramid of Khufu behind Sneferu, Khttfut father. Dahshur, Giza, Fourth Dynasty Fourth Dynasty.

Cfjrtjilcr J5 I 163 Krejcî, J., "The Origins and Development of the Royal Swelim, N., "Additional Views Concerning the Vercoutter, J., lEgyptt et la valKe du Nil, NOUVELLE CUO of Khufu, GID" in P. Der Manuelian (ed.), Studies in at Abusir during the Old Kingdom," in Monument Called Sinki," MDAIK 38 (1982), pp. 94f. TomelDesOriginesälaFmdel'AncienEmpite, , 1992. Honor of William Kelly Simpson, : Museum of M. Bärta and J. Krejcf (eds.), Abusir and Sagaara m the Some Problems on the History of the Third Dynasty, Fine Arts, 1996. Year 2000, Praha, 2000, pp. 477, figs. 2 and 4. , 1983. Photo credits: The Funerary Establishments of Khufu, Khafra, and Lauer, J-Ph, la Pyramide à Degré, i-ffl, Cairo, 1936-1939. - -, The Pyramid at Abu Roash, Numbered I by 112 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star Menkaura During the Old Kingdom, Ph.D. —, "Histoire Monumentale des Pyramides d'Egypte I: Les Lepsius, Alexandria,11983. 113 Private collection Dissertation, University of micro­ Pyramides à Degrés (Hle Dynastie)," fttf 39 (1962). "Some Remarks on the Great Rectangular 114-115 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star film, Ann Arbor, MI, 1987. "Les petites pyramides à degrés de la Ille dynas­ Monuments of Middle Saqqara," MDAIK 47 114 bottom Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star —, update in W M. F. Petrie, The Pyramid and Temples of tie," Rev. archéologique (1962), pp. 5-15. (1991), pp. 389-402. 115 Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Gizah, London: Histories & Mysteries of Man, 1990. "Recherche et découverte de tombeau sud de Tray, L, Patterns of Chumship in Ancient Egyptian Myth 116-117, 117 top Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio 'The Discovery of the Pyramidion of the L' Sekhem-Khet san son complexe funéraire and History, Uppsala, 1986, pp. 56ff. White Star Satellite Pyramid of Khufu (GID)," Iubilate Conlegac: à Saqqarah," BIE 48/49 (1969), pp. 121-131. Verner, M., The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science 117 bottom Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Studies Memory of Abd Aziz Sadek Part I, Varia —, Saotyra: The Royal Cemetery of Memphis, London, 1976. of Egypt's Great Monuments, Cairo, New York, 2002. 118, 119, 120-121 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio Aegyptiaca, Vol. w, (1997). Leclant, J. and G. Clerc, "Fouilles et travaux en Westendes, W,DflsAfe%)>fc!t, Baden-Baden, 1968, p. 30. White Star Lauer, J. P., Pyramide a degrís I, Cairo 1935. Egypte et au Soudan," Orentialia 57, no. 3 (1988), Wildung, D., "Die Rolle ägyptischer Konige im 111 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star Lehner, M., The Pyramid Tomb of Hetep-beres and the pp. 336, figs. 40, 41. Bewustsein ihrer Nachwelt," MAS 17 (1969). 122-123 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star Satellite Pyramid of Khufu, Mainz am Rhein, 1985. Lehner, M., "Z 500 and the of Zawiyet —, "" LA III (1980), pp. 145-148. 122 bottom Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Maragioglio, V. and C. Rinaldi, L'Arctarttura della el-Aryan," in P. der Manuelian (ed.), Studies m Honor of —, 'Two Representations of Gods from the Early Old 123 top Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star piramidi menfite, vols. 2-8, Turin and Rapello: Tip. W.K. Simpsonll, Boston, 1996, pp. 507-522. Kingdom," Mscellanea Wilhouriana I (1972), pp. 145ff. 124 top Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Artale, 1963-77. —, The Complete Pyramids, London, Cairo, 1997. Wilson, J. A., "Buto and Hierakonpolis in the 124 bottom Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star Reisner, G. A. A., History of the Giza Necropolis, vol IL Lesko, L H.,"Seila 1981," JARŒ25 (1988), pp. 215-235. Geography of Egpyt," JNES 14(1955), pp. 209-236. 126-127 Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star The Tomb of Hetepheres, Mother of Cheops, , Muller, H.W., "Lowenskulpturern/MftKXVI Ziegler (ed.), Chr., Hart (gyptien au temps des Pyramides, 128-129, 129 bottom Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio MA, 1955. (München 1965), pp. 20. Cat. Paris, 1999, pp. 34-51, 148-165. White Star Reisner, G. A., Mycerinus: The Temples of the Third "Gedanken zur Entstehung, Interpretation und 129 top Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Pyramid at Giza, Cambridge, MA, 1931. Rekonstruktion ältester ägyptischer Photo credits: 130 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star Smith, W. S., The Art and 0} , Monumentalarchitektur," in Ägypten-Dauer und Wandel, 86 Oriental Institute of The University of 131, 132-133, 133 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio Harmondsworth, 1981. in DA1K, Sonderschrift 18, Mainz 1985, pp. 7-33. 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93 Araldo De White Star Stadelmann, R., "Die Pyramiden des Sneferu in O'Connor, D., "New Funerary Enclosures Luca/Archivio White Star 132 bottom left Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Dahschur: Erster Bericht über die Grabungen an (Talbezirke) of the Early Dynastic Period at 94-95 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star 132 bottom right, 134, 135, 136 bottom left and nördlichen Steinpyramide," MDAIK 38, 1982. Abydos," JARCE 26 (1989), pp. 51-86. 95 top Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star right Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star Die ägyptischen Pyramiden, Mainz, 1985. Otto, E., 'Die Religion der Alten Ägypter," in Handbuch 96 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star 136-137, 137 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Vyse, H., Operation carried on at the Pyramids of Giza 2, der Orientalistik, Abt 1, Bd VIII, 1, Leiden 1964, p. 55. 98, 99 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star Star London, 1841. Parra Ortiz, J. M., "Houni et Snéfrou: Les Pyramides 100, 101 Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star de Meïdoum et Dahschour," GM 154 (1996), pp. 77-91. 102, 102-103, 103 bottom left Marcello Photo credits: Radwan, A, "Recent Excavations of the Bertinetti/Archivio White Star THE QUEENS' PYRAMIDS 151 Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star at Abusir: A Cemetery of the 1st Dynasty," in D. 103 bottom right Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY AT GIZA KesslerTa^nd R. Schultz (eds.), Gedenkschrift für 104 top Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star Text by Zahi Hawass Winfried Barta, in MÄU 4 (1995). pp. 312, n. 11. 104-105, 106-107, 107 bottom Marcello THE MYSTERY OF HETEPHERES —, " XVII at Abusir (First Dynasty): Bertinetti/Archivio White Star Bibliography: Text by Zahi Hawass Preliminary Results and General Remarks," in M. 107 top, 108 top, 109 bottom right Giulio Veggi/ Badawy A., History of Egyptian Architecture!, Giza, 1954. Bârta and J. Krejci (eds.), Abusir and Sahara in the Archivio White Star Borchardt, L., Das Grabdenkmal des Königs Sahu-Re II, Bibliography: Year 2000, Praha, 2000, pp. 509-514, fig. 2. 108-109, 109 bottom left Marcello Bertinetti/ Leipzig, 1913. Lehner, M., 'The Development of the Giza "Some Remarks Concerning the Superstructure Archivio White Star Edwards, I. E. S., The Pyramids of Egypt, rev. ed.. New Necropolis: the Khufu project," MDAIK 41 (1985). of Some at Abusir," in Z. Hawass (ed.), 110 top Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star York, 1985. Hawass, Z., The Funerary Establishments of Kbufu, at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century. f 10 center and bottom Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Fakhry, A., ThePyramids, Chicago and London, 1969. Khafra, and Menkaura During the Old Kingdom, Ph.D. Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of 111 Miroslav Verner Hawass, Z., The Funerary Establishments of Khufu, Khafra, Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania micro­ Egyptologists, Cairo 2000, Cairo, 2002. and Menkaura During the Old Kingdom, Ph.D. film, Ann Arbor, MI, 1987. Ricke, H., "Bemerkungen zur ägyptischen Baukunst Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania micro­ des Alten Reiches 1," Beitrage, Bf 4 ( 1944). THE PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY film, Ann Arbor, MI, 1987. Photo credits: Ritner, R. K., O. "Gardiner 363: A Spell Against Text by Rainer Stadelmann update in W. M. F. Petrie, The Pyramid and Temples 153, 154, 155 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star Night Terrors," JARCE 27 ( 1990), pp. 37f., fig. 5 of Gizah, London: Histories & Mysteries of Man, Schraff, A., "Die Ausbreitung des Osiriskultes in der Born October 24, 1933 in Oettingen/ as son 1990. Frühzeit und wärend des Alten Reiches," SBAW of a professor of classical languages, he studied Lehner, M., ThePyramidTombofHetep-beresandthe THE SECRET DOORS INSIDE Heft 4, (1948). Egyptology at the Universities of and Satellite Pyramid of Kbufu, Mainz am Rhein, 1985. THE GREAT PYRAMID Seidel, M., and D. Wildung, in C. Vandersleyen Heidelberg. He first visited Egypt between Maragioglio, V. and C. Rinaldi, LArchitettura della Text by Zahi Hawass (ed.), Das alte Ägypten (Propyläen Kunstgeschichte December 1955 and April 1956 and participate in piramidi menfite. Vols. 2-8, Turin and Rapello: Tip. 15), , 1975, pp. 218-220. excavations at the Sun Temple of at Abusir. Artale, 1963-77. Bibliography: Seidel, M., "Die königlichen Statuengruppen I," Completed his PhD in spring 1960 with a thesis on Reisner, G. A., A History of the Giza Necropolis, vol. ¡1 Hawass, Z., M. Waters, and C. Sandreal, 'The HAB 42, 1996, pp. 5-9. "Syrisch-Palästinensische Gottheiten in Ägypten" The Tomb of Hetepheres, Mother of Cheops, Cambridge, Recent Investigation of the so-called doors inside Sourouzian, H, "Inventaire iconographique des and became Assistant Lecturer of Egyptology at the MA, 1955. the great pyramid" Statues en Manteau Jubilaire," in Hommages à J. University of Heidelberg. In 1967 he completed a Riser, E., Der Königliche Harim im alten Ägypten und seine Stadelmann, R. with the contribution of R. leclant, BdÉ 106, vol.l (1994), pp. 50ff. second Ph.D., Habilitation, in Heidelberg with a Verwaltung, , 1972. Cantenbrink, "Die Sogenanntem Luftkanle der —, "L'iconographie du roi dans la statuaire des trois thesis on: "Altägyptische Bauinschriften und Namen Simpson, W. K., TheMastabas ofKawab, Khafkhufu I, II, kheopspyramide. Modellkorridore für den premières dynasties," in Kunst des Alten Reiches, von Bauteilen" and became Assistant Professor. In andlü. Boston, 1978. Aufstiey des Kings Zum Himmel," MDAIK 50 DAIK, Sonderschrift 28 (1995), pp. 133ff. April 1968 he became Scientific Director of the Stadelmann, R., Die ägyptischen Pyramiden, Mainz, 1985. (1994), pp. 285-294. —, "Concordances et Écarts entre Statuaire et German Institute of in Cairo and Vyse, H-, Operation carried on at the Pyramids of Giza 2, Représentations à deux dimensions des Particuliers Honorary Professor at the University of Heidelberg. London, 1841. Photo credits: de L'Époque Archaïque," in N. Grimai (ed.), Les In 1989 he became First Director of the German 157, 158 Kenneth Garrett Critères deDatation Stylistiques, BdÉ 120 (1998), pp. Institute of Archaeology in Cairo. He has at Photo credits: 305ff. Elephantine Island and the of Sety 132 bottom left Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Stadelmann, R., "Pyramiden," LÀIV (1982), pp. 1205ff. I at Gurna and the Pyramids of Sneferu at Dahshur. 132 bottom right, 134, 135, 136 bottom left and THE PYRAMIDION "Das vermeintliche Sonnenheiligtum im Norden Newest excavation and conservation work at the right Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star Text by Zahi Hawass des Djoserbezirkes," ASAE 69 (1983), pp. 373-378. Temple of 111 and the Colossi of 136-137, 137 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star "Die Oberbauten der Königsgräben der 2. Memnon. He has published several books about the 1 38, 1 39 Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Bibliography: Dynastie in Sakkara," Mélanges G. E. Mokhtar II, pyramids and ca. 100 scholarly articles in German, 140, 141 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star Arnold, D., "Rituale und Pyramidentempel," MDAÍK BdÉ 97/2 (1985), pp. 295-307. 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