THE TREASURES of the PYRAMIDS Contents

2* A HI U AX^A S S

^^^^^ EDITED BY ZAHI HAWASS Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities and Director of the Giza Pyramids Excavations

PROJECT EDITORS Laura Accomazzo Valeria Manferto De Fabianis

GRAPHIC DESICN Paola Piacco

WHITE STAR PUBLISHERS THE TREASURES OF THE PYRAMIDS Contents

INTRODUCTION Page 5 CHAPTER 8 by H.E. Mrs. Suzanne Mubarak THE ROYAL MORTUARY ENCLOSURES OF ABYDOS AND HIERAKONPOLIS by Matthew Adams and David O'Connor Page 78 THE PYRAMIDS Page 12 by Zahi Hawass CHAPTER 9 THE STEP PYRAMIDS CHRONOLOGY Page is by Ali Radwan Page 86 CHAPTER I CHAPTER 10 WHY A PYRAMID? PYRAMID RELIGION THE PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY by James P. Allen Page 22 by Rainer Stadelmann Page 112

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER \ \ THE QUEENS' PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY AT GIZA THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 138 by Vassil Dobrev Page 28 CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 3 THE SATELLITE PYRAMID OF KHUFU BUILDING AN OLD KINGDOM PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 150 by Mark Lehner Page 32 CHAPTER 13

CHAPTER A THE MYSTERY OF HETEPHERES THE ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EGYPTIAN ROYAL TOMB by Zahi Hawass Page 152 by Zahi Hawass Page 46 CHAPTER 14 CHAPTER 5 THE SECRET DOORS INSIDE THE GREAT PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 156 THE ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS OF THE PYRAMID COMPLEX by Zahi Hawass Page 50 CHAPTER 15 THE PYRAMIDION CHAPTER e by Zahi Hawass Page 160 THE PREDYNASTIC PERIOD CHAPTER \6 by Renee Friedman Page 54 THE ROYAL BOATS AT GIZA by Zahi Hawass Page 164 CHAPTER I

THE TOMBS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DYNASTIES CHAPTER a AT ABYDOS AND SAQOARA THE SPHINX by Giinter Dreyer Page 62 by Mark Lehner Page 172

10 CHAPTER IS The Publisher would like to thank: H.E. Farouk Hosny - The Egyptian Minister of Culture, THE TOMBS OF THE HIGH OFFICIALS AT GIZA Nabil Osman - President of the Egyptian Information Center by Peter Der Manuelian Page 190 Attiya Shakran - General Director of the Cairo Press Center, CHAPTER 19 M. El-Damaty - Director of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Mena House Oberoi Hotel, Cairo, THE 'UNFINISHED' PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY Gamal Sbafik of the Cairo Press Center, by Michel Valloggia Pag. 224 The curators and assistants of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, CHAPTER 20 Rajiv Kaul, Guido Paradisi and Fabio Calamante - photographers' iiss/staiifs. THE PYRAMIDS OF THE FIFTH DYNASTY by Miroslav Verner Pag. 236 CHAPTER 21 The Editor would like to thank Mark Linz and Neil Hewison of the American University in Cairo Press. He also wants to thank Essam Shehab of the Giza Inspectorate, and THE SURPRISING ABUSIR BLOCKS. Mohamed Ismail, Mobamed Megahed, Brook Myers, and Sahar Mabroukfrom the by Zahi Hawass and Miroslav Verner Pag. 260 Technical Office of the Supreme Council of Antiquities. CHAPTER 22 THE PYRAMIDS OF THE SIXTH DYNASTY by Audran Labrousse Pag. 264 CHAPTER 23 10-11 THE DECORATIVE PROGRAM OF THE OLD KINCDOM PYRAMID COMPLEXES Scene showing the 'Meidum geese,' by Zahi Hawass Page 282 Egyptian Museum Cairo, Old CHAPTER 24 Kingdom.

THE TOMBS OF THE FIFTH AND SIXTH DYNASTIES AT SAQQARA by Karol Mys'liwiec Page 286 CHAPTER 25

All rights reserved. No pan ol this publication may be THE TOMBS OF THE NOBLES IN THE MIDDLE KINGDOM reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by David P. Silverman Page 348 photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. 21 CHAPTER ISBN 88-8095-233-1 ROYAL AND PRIVATE STATUES OF THE OLD AND MIDDLE KINGDOMS Reprints: by Hourig Sourouzian Page 366 12 3 4 5 6 07 06 05 04 03

Printed in Italy by Officine Grafiche De Agostini INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Page 392 Color separation by Fotomcc, Turin

I I Chapter 5

The Architectural — Components of — the Pyramid Complex

by Zahi Hawass

M any people approach the royal pyramids a small offering area marked by royal stelae Later, the white limestone, and can be located to the east or of the Old and Middle Kingdom as if they were upper temple became larger and more elaborate. From south of the main pyramid Small chapels often lie to

isolated monuments. But in fact, each major pyramid the reign of Sneferu onward, the walls ol the upper the east of these pyramids. Queens' pyramids usually

forms the centerpiece of an elaborate complex temple were decorated with scenes. contain evidence for a burial, such as a sarcophagus,

consisting of fourteen distinct elements, each crucial bones, or funerary equipment.

in its own right to the successful afterlife ol the king THE ENCLOSURE WALL In early Old Kingdom complexes, the position

and the proper functioning of the Egyptian cosmos. AND PYRAMID COURT of the ritual pyramid is somewhat variable, but

Each pyramid was surrounded by a wall about eventually takes up a standard position at the

THE PYRAMID three meters high, built of stone rubble. A second wall southeast corner of the main pyramid (where it is

The most important component of each complex was built around the first. A well-preserved example seen, for example, in the complex of Khufu). The

is the pyramid itself, which marked the burial place of of these enclosure walls can be seen in the complex of substructure can be T-shaped or echo the interior of

the king. In the Old Kingdom, these were built Menkaure. These walls served to limit access to the the main pyramid on a smaller scale,- cult pyramids

mainly of local limestone cased with finer white pyramid and its inner court to the priests directly do not contain evidence for burial. The prototype

limestone from the site of Tura; in the Middle responsible for the cult of the king. During the Oid for the ritual pyramid is the south tomb of Djoser.

Kingdom, the core was of limestone rubble or mud Kingdom, the enclosure walls were left undecorated, Scholars are still debating the function of these

brick and the casing of limestone. In the Old during the Twelfth Dynasty, kings began to carve structures Kingdom, the entrance to the pyramid was in the their names in monumental hieroglyphs on these north face, with some exceptions, For example, the walls. BOAT PITS Bent Pyramid at Dahshur has two entrances, one from Boat pits have been associated with royal

the north and the other from the west. The architects THE CAUSEWAY mortuary complexes since the Early Dynastic period:

of ihe later Middle Kingdom tried to hide the The causeway leads east from the upper temple David O'Connor and the Pennsylvania-Yale

entrance to the pyramid in an attempt to outwit tomb to the lower temple, Our recent work at Giza found Expedition to Abydos recently found thirteen wooden

robbers, so its location is variable. The burial chamber some decorated blocks in silM, suggesting that boats cased with mud brick near some massive

is always located under the pyramid, except for in the causeways were roofed as early as the reign ol enclosures associated with the mortuary cults of the

pyramids of Khufu at Giza and Sneferu at Dahshur, Khufu. Most causeways were built of limestone, kings of the First and Second Dynasties Some other

where the burial chambers are within the pyramid although some, like the causeway of Menkaure, Early Dynastic funerary monuments also have model

core, above ground level. were of mud brick. Causeways were decorated with boats or boat pits as parts of their complexes.

scenes depicting activities of the king and events The pyramid complex of Khufu has five boat pits

THE UPPER TEMPLE such as the capping of the pyramid with its cut into the rock around the pyramid. Three are on

The upper temple, also called the funerary temple pyramidion, The average length ol the causeway the east side, and are shaped like boats, The fourth

or mortuary temple, where the cult of the deceased was about one and a half kilometers. and fifth are south of the pyramid and are rectangular

king was celebrated, is usually located on the east side in shape; a full-size wooden boat had been dismantled of the pyramid, unless the topography ol the area THE SUBSIDIARY PYRAMIDS and buried inside each of these pits. One of these caused the temple to be moved, such as in the Third Two kinds of subsidiary pyramids appear as pan boats has been excavated and restored, it is now

Dynasty complex of Djoser and the Fifth Dynasty of pyramid complexes: queens' pyramids, and cult, or exhibited in a museum just south of the pyramid. The complex of llserkaf. In the Third and early Fourth ritual pyramids. These smaller pyramids usually stand pyramid complex of Khafre also includes five boat

Dynasties, the temple plan was very simple, generally about 50 to 60 meters high, were cased with fine pits, all to the east of the pyramid.

150 THE PYRAMID COMPLEX OF KHUFU

A PYRAMID OF KHUFU H THE LOWER TEMPLE B THE UPPER TEMPLE I PVfiAMfD CITY C THE ENCLOSURE WAIL AMD J RA-SHE PYRAMID COURT K THE PALACE D THE CAUSEWAY L THE ESTATES E THE SUBSIDIARY PYRAMIDS M THE HARBOR F BOAT PITS N THE WORKMEN'S C WORKSHOP COMMUNITY j\rch>i tecturct lM^ Clom portents

WORKSHOP THE PYRAMID CITY THE PALACE There is no specific location for the pyramid Each pyramid had a pyramid city associated with It was once thought that the king's palace was workshop, where cult objects such as small statues it, always located to the south of the lower temple located at Memphis, but we now know that each king were produced and stored, where the process of and bearing the same name as the pyramid itself, had a palace at his pyramid site, The pyramid was the mummification was carried out, and where kitchens During the Fourth Dynasty, only the priests who national project of the country, every household in the for the preparation of fresh offerings were located. maintained the cult of the king, all of whom were entire land, from the Delta to Aswan, participated in

Evidence for what could be Khufu's workshop was royal relatives, lived in the pyramid city, in the later building the pyramid by sending workers and food. found to the south of his causeway. Our recent work Fifth and Sixth Dynasties, the pyramid city expanded Therefore, the king needed to be on hand to unite the at Giza has demonstrated that the so-called in size, We recently found evidence for the pyramid nation, and the pyramid site itself was the most logical

Workmen's Barracks' located to the west of Khalre's city of Khufu south of his lower temple, stretching for place from which he could control his most important pyramid were actually workshops and storage about five square kilometers, under the modern village project magazines. Menkaure's workshop was to the south of of Nazlet al-Samman,- other known pyramid cities are Recent excavations at Memphis by David Jcffcrys his causeway. No workshops have yet been found that of Khentkawes at Giza and Senusret II in the demonstrates that there was no major settlement in the around the pyramids of the later Old Kingdom, but Fay urn area. area dating to the Archaic Period or Old Kingdom. this is primarily due to lack oi sufficient excavation. Instead, he found evidence for the Archaic capital of RA-SHE Inb-hedj near (he tombs of the first and Second THE LOWER TEMPLE Rij-sbe means the mouth ol the lake or pool, or Dynasties at Saqqara. The papyri found in the tomb of The lower temple, or valley temple, is invariably delimited areas for the building site for the pyramid Senedjemib-lnty at Giza stale that the Fifth Dynasty located to the east of the pyramid complex, generally complex. This area is referred to in texts, and seems king Djcdkarc Isesi lived in a palace near the site of his at the edge o! the floodplain. Scholars have suggested to be the place where goods from royal estates around pyramid. In addition, wc have recently found evidence that the temple was used for mummification and also the country were delivered to the pyramid for use in for a palace to the south ol Khufu's valley temple. for the people who attended festivals and feasts after the maintenance of the king's cult and for the living the death of the king. I believe the temple was used king, It was the area where the boundary between the THE ESTATES for the worship of the king as Horus. mundane world outside the pyramid complex and the We know of the existence of royal estates from

Plans have been recovered for eight Old Kingdom sacred world within was located. Only one Rrt-slie has offering lists and scenes representing personified lower temples; the temple of Khafre is the best- been found and excavated, in front of the lower estates used to decorate the pyramid temples and preserved ol these. The temple of Unas at Saqqara is temple of Khafre's pyramid. This area has two ramps associated private tombs. These were scattered along now being restored, The lower temple of Khufu was sloping up from the harbor area to the east and the length of the Nile. The estates were agricultural recently discovered during the construction of a leading to the two entrances of the temple, one to the units which provided tood offerings of grains, fruits, sewage system for the village at the foot ol the Giza north and one to the south. Beneath each of the vegetables, and animals for the maintenance of the plateau Due to the presence of a modern villa on the ramps is a boat-shaped tunnel, perhaps representing living king and for the royal cult; relatives and priests site, we were not able to excavate the entire temple, boats used by the king for the day and nighl trips, or were granted materials from these royal estates as a but we collected some of the basalt blocks, found in perhaps built so that people could pass through mark of favor. We have no archaeological evidence siiu, that formed part of its pavement. without entering the sacred space of the complex. for these estates.

Cbaptrr 5 1« Tin: HARBOR Kingdom settlement in this area, ol which we have The harbor is always located near the lower caught only glimpses, seems to include a camp for the temple We have evidence at Giza for harbors of both workmen who moved the stones and a village for the

Khufii and Khafre. h is believed that a large tana] was permanent artisans tut parallel to the Nik, and additional canals were 4. The 'Wall of the Crow.' This separates the built to connect to these harbors. The harbor was workmen's area from the royal tombs themselves. It is used for the delivery of non-local stone, such as built of limestone, and is about ten meters high and granite, basalt, alabaster, and white fine limestone, as two hundred meters long. A doorway in the center well as offerings from the royal estates, to the site, It leads from the workmen's community to the sacred was also used by the workers who lived nearby and pyramid site. traveled to the worksite every morning, and by people There are very few complexes for which we have attending feasts of the gods. found all of these components, and modern excavations are constantly finding new pieces of the THE WORKMEN'S COMMUNITY individual pyramid complexes that were missed by The only well-excavated example of a workmen's earlier excavators. Much important information is community is at Giza, located southeast of the main buried under the shifting sands of the Egyptian desert plateau This was discovered recently and is still being or hidden by the new buildings that are constantly excavated The workmens community consists of the being erected in the Memphite region to serve the following areas: exploding Egyptian population.

1, The tombs of the pyramid builders. The lower cemetery contains the tombs of supervisors and the workmen who moved the stones, and the upper cemetery contains the tombs of the more skilled artisans, such as craftsmen, draftsmen, and artists, as well as minor officials.

2. The industrial area. In this area are bakeries, an area for sorting salted fish, metal and faience-working shops, and also dormitories where the workmen sltpt during the work week.

3 The settlement ol the workmen. The Old

52 bottom

Scene shounni) jewelry IMrfeihJp, Tamb of

Merentka, Sahara, Old Kingdom

53 tofi left

Scene shnwint)/UMILHRF workshop, Tomb of

Nîankbnum and Khnumbotep, Sahara, (Did

Kingdom

5 3 tap right

Steps of sculpting of a statue, Tomb of

Niankbnum and Khnumbotep, Sahara, Old

Kingdom

5 3 center n

A wooden I N : ; I : of a man tending afire,

Egyptian Museum C«iro, Old Kingdom

53 bottom

A wooden statue of two men preparing bread and

beer. Egyptian Museum Cairo, Old Kingdom RISE AND RUN - CASING "Pyramid Construction: New Evidence Bibliography: —, "Boat Graves and Pyramid Origins: New Discoveries Arnold, D., "Maneuvering casing blocks of pyra Discovered in Giza," in H. Guksch and D. Polz Spencer A. J., Early Egypt, London: British Museum at Abydos, Egypt," Expedition 33/3 (1991), pp. 5-17. mids," in John Baines, et al. (eds.), Pyramid Studies (eds.) Stationen Beiträge zur Kultur-geschichte Ägyptens Press, 1993. O'Connor, D. and M. Adams, "Moored in the and Other Essays presented to I. E. S. Edwards, London, Gewidmet R. Stadelmann, Mainz, 1998. Desert: Digging an Ancient Armada," Archaeology

1988, pp. 12-24. Maragioglio, V, and C. Rinaldi, LArchitettura della ABYDOS (May/June 2001), pp. 44-45. Isler, M-, "Concerning the concave faces on the piramidi menfite, vols. 2-8. Turin and Rapello, 1963-77. Amelineau, E., Les Nouvelles Fou^lles d'Abydos I-III, Great Pyramid," JARCE 20, no. 27-32 (1983). Petrie, W. M. F., The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Paris, 1895-1904. Photo credits: Lally, M., "Engineering a pyramid," JARCE 26, no. London, 1883. —, he Tombeau d'Osiris, Paris, 1899. 78, 79, 80 top, 80-81 Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star 207-218 (1989). Smith, W. S. The Art and Architecture Of Ancient Egypt, Petrie, W. M. F, The Royal Tombs of the First Dynasty I-II 81 top, 82-83, 83 David O'Connor Lauer, J.-P., "Sur le choix de l'angle de pente dans les 2nd ed, revised by W. K. Simpson, (Mem. Egypt Expl. fund 18,21), London, 1900-1901. 84, 85 Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star pyramides d'Égypte," Bulletin de l'Institut d'Égypte 37 Harmondsworth, 1981. Dreyer, G., Umm el-Qaab I, Das prädynastische Königsgrab (1956), pp. 57-66. Stadelmann, R., Die ägyptischen Pyramiden, Mainz, 1985. U-j in Abydos und seine frühen Schriftzeugnisse Lauer, J.P., "Observations sur les pyramides," BdÉ 30 (Archäologische Veröffentlichungen 86), Mainz, 1998. THE STEP PYRAMIDS (Cairo, 1960). Photo credits: Dreyer G., et al., "Umm el-Qaab, Nachuntersuchungen Text by Ali Radwan Robins, G. and C. C. D. Shute, "Determining the 52, 53 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star im frühzeitlichen Königsfriedhof. Vorberichte slope of pyramids," GM 57 (1982), pp. 49-54. (preliminary reports)," Mitteilungen DAIKairo (MDAIK) Ali Radwan is a Professor at Cairo University where 38, 46, 49, 52, 54, 56 (Mainz, 1982-2000). he teaches Egyptian Art and Archaeology. He was Photo credits: THE PREDYNASTIC PERIOD the former dean of Cairo Uninersity and excavated 33 top Archivio White Star Text by Renee Friedman SAQQARA at Abusir. 33 bottom Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star Emery, W B., Great Tombs of the ist Dynasty I-III, 34, 35 Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Renee Friedman is the Heagy Research Curator in Excavations at Sahara, Cairo, 1949,-London, 1955-58. Bibliography: 36, 37 Alberto Siliotti/Archivio Geodia the Egyptian Department of the British Museum and — The Tomb of Hemaka, Excavations at Sacjcfara, Cairo, 1938. Allen, J. P., "Funerary Texts and Their Meaning," in 38 Mark^ehner Director of the Hierakonpolis Expedition, specializ Hor Aha, Excavations at Sahara, Cairo, 1939. S. D'Auria, P. Lacovara and C. H. Roehrig (eds.), 39 Alfio Garozzo/Archivio White Star ing in Egypt's Predynastic Period. Educated at the Lauer, J. Ph., "Histoire monumentale des pyramides Mummies and Magic-. The Funerary Arts of Ancient Egypt, 43, 45 Marcello Bertinetfi/Archivio White Star University of California, Berkeley, she has excavated d'£gypte," Bibliothfyue dttude 39, Cairo, 1962. Boston, 1988, pp. 38-49. at a number of sites in Egypt, including Giza, Altenmüller. H., "Bemerkungen zur frühen and Mendes, Tell el-Muqdam, and Hierakonpolis, where Photo credits: späten Bauphase des Djoserbezirkes in Saqqara," THE ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT she has worked since 1983. She has co-authored and 62 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star MDAIK 28 (1972), pp. 8-12. OF THE EGYPTIAN ROYAL TOMB edited several books including Egypt Uncovered 63 Günter Dreyer Barsanti, A., "Ouvertüre de la pyramide de Zaouie't Text by Zahi Hawass (1998), The Followers of Horns (1992), and Egypt and 64 top RMN el-Aryan," ASAE II (1901), pp. 92-4.

Nubia: Gifts of the Desert (2002). 64 center and bottom Günter Dreyer Cwiek, A., "Date and Function of the So-called Minor Bibliography: 66 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star Step Pyramids," GM 162 (1998), pp. 39-52. Edwards, I.E.S., The Pyramids of Egypt, rev. ed., New Bibliography: 67 top Günter Dreyer Dreyer G. and W. Kaiser, "Zu den kleinen York, 1985. Adams, B., Predynastic Egypt (Shire Egyptology 7), 67 center Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star Stufenpyramiden Ober-und Mittelägyptens," Hassan, S., The Sphinx: Its History in the light ojRecent Aylesbury, 1988. 68-69 and 68 bottom Günter Dreyer MDAIK 36 (1980), pp. 43-59, Taf. 68-77. Excavations, Cairo: Cairo University, 1949. --- , Ancient Nekhen: Garstang in the City of Nekhen (ESA 69 bottom left Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star Dreyer G. and N. Swelim, "Die kleine Hawass, Z., 'The Khufu Statuette: Is It an Old no.3), SIA Publishing, 1995. 70 and 71 private collection Stufen pyramide von Abydos-Süd (Sinki)," in Kingdom Sculpture?" Melanges Gamal Eddin Mokhtar. Adams, B and K. Cialowicz, Protodynastic Egypt 72-73 private collection MDAIK 38 (1982), pp. 83-93, Taf. 11-14. Bibliotheque d'Etude, Institut Francais d'Archeologie (Shire Egyptology 25), Great Britain, 1997. 73 top, center and bottom Araldo De Luca/ Dreyer, G., "Der erste König der 3. Dynastie," in H. Orientale no. 971,(1985). Darnell, J.C, Theban Desert Road Survey in the Egyptian Archivio White Star Guksch and D. Polz (eds.), Stationen, Fs. R The Funerary Establishments oj Khufu, Khafra, and Western Desert, Volume i-. Gebel Tjauti Rock Inscriptions 74 Günter Dreyer Stadelmann, Mainz, 1998, pp. 31-34. Menkaura During the Old Kingdom, Ph. D. 1-45 and Wadi el-Hdl Rock Inscriptions i-45, Oriental 75 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star Dodson, A., "On the Date of the Unfinished Dissertation University of Pennsylvania micro Institute Publications 119, Chicago, 2002. 76 top and bottom Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Pyramid of Zawyet el-Aryan," Discussions in film, Ann Arbor, MI, 1987. Friedman, R. et al., "Preliminary Report on Field Star Egyptology 3 (1985), p. 21. "Histories, Mysteries of Man" in WM.F. Petrie, Work at Hierakonpolis 1996-1998," JARCE 36 76-77 Günter Dreyer Edwards, I. E. S., The Pyramids of Egypt, The Pyramid and Temples of Gizab, London, 1990. (1999), pp. 1-35. Harmondsworth, 1961. --- "Pyramid Construction: New Evidence Friedman, R. and B. Adams (eds.), The Followers of Fakhry, A., ThePyramids, Chicago, 1969. Discovered in Giza," in H. Guksch and D. Polz Horus: Studies dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman, THE ROYAL MORTUARY ENCLOSURES OF Faulkner, R. O., The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, (eds), Stationen Beiträge zur Kultur-gescbichte Ägyptens Oxford, 1992. ABYDOS AND HIERAKONPOLIS Oxford, 1969. Gewidmet R. Stadelmann, Mainz, 1998. Friedman R., Egypt and Nubia-. Gifts of the Desert, Text by David O'Connor and Matthew Adams Firth, C. M., J. E. Quibell and J-Ph. Lauer, The Step —Jbe Pyramid of Ancient Egypt, Carnegie Institute, London, 2002. Pyramid, I, II, Cairo, 1935, 1936. Pittsburgh, 1990. Hoffman, M. A., Egypt Before the Pharaohs, New York, David O'Connor is Lila Acheson Wallace Professor of Fischer, H. G, "Some Emblematic Uses of Hieroglyphs Lehner, M., 'The Development of the Giza Texas, 1979/1991. Egyptian Art and Archaeology at the Institute of Fine with Particular Reference to an Archaic Ritual Vessel," Necropolis: The Khufu Project." MDAIK 41,1985. Midant-Reynes, B., The Prehistory of Egypt: From the Arts, New York University. He is also a Professor in Ancient Egypt in The Metropolitan Museum Journal Maragioglio, V., and C. Rinaldi., VArchitettura della First Egyptians to the First Pharaohs, Oxford, 2000. Emeritus of the University of Pennsylvania and (1977), pp. 3lff, 181 (palette from Helwan). piramidi menfite. Vols. 2-8. Turin and Rapello, 1963¬ Spencer, A. ]., Early Egypt-. The Rise of Civilization in the Curator Emeritus of the Egyptian Section, University Friedman, F. D., "The Underground Relief Panels of 77. Nile Valley, London, 1993. of Pennsylvania Museum of Anthropology and King Djoser at the Step Pyramid Complex," Reisner, G. A., The Development of The Egyptian Tomb --- (ed.), Aspects of Early Egypt, London: British Archaeology. David O'Connor has excavated exten JARCE 32 (1995), pp. 1-42. Down to the Accession of Cheops, Cambridge, Mass., Museum Press, 1996. sively in Egypt and the Sudan, and his publications Goneim, M. Z., The Buried Pyramid, London, 1956. 1935. Shaw, I. (ed.), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, include Ancient Nubia: Egypt's Rival in Africa, Ancient Egypt: --, Horas Sekhem-Khetm the Unfinished Step Pyramid at Smith, W. S., The Art and Architecture Of Ancient Egypt. Oxford, 2000. a Social History (co-author),- and several others. He is Sahara, I Cairo, 1957. 2nd ed., revised by W. K. Simpson, Wendorf, F. and R Schild, Holocene Settlement of the currently completing a book entitled Abydos-. The Greven, L, "Der Ka in Theologie und Königkult der Harmondsworth, 1981. Egyptian Sahara, vol. i-. The Archaeology of Nabta Evolution of a Sacred Landscape. Ägypten des Alten Reiches," ÄF 17 (Glückstadt, 1952). Playa, New York, 2002. Hawass, Z., "A Fragmentary Monument of Djoser Photo credits: Matthew Douglas Adams holds a dual Ph.D. in from Saqqara," JEA 80 (1994), pp. 45-56. 46 Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Photo credits: Anthropology and Egyptology from the University Helck, W, "Der Name des letzten Königs der 3. Dynastie 47 Marcello Berti netti/Archivio White Star 54, 55 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star of Pennsylvania. He is Research Scholar at the un die Stadt Ehnas," SAK 4 (1976), pp. 123-130. 48 Alfio Garozzo/Archivio White Star 56, 57 left Renee Friedman Institute of Fine Arts, New York University, and a —, "Gane," LÄ II (1977), pp. 391, n. 95. 57 right Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star Research Associate of the University of Pennsylvania "Die Datierung der Gefäßaufschriften aus der 58, 59 Renee Friedman Museum. He has worked at Abydos since 1981 and Djoserpyramide," ZÄS 106 (1979), pp. 120-132. THE ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS 60 The British Museum has been a project director there since 1991. He is —, "Sanacht"LÄ V (1984), pp. 375f. OF THE PYRAMID COMPLEX 61 Kenneth Garrett Director of the Abydos Settlement Site Project, and --, "Zum Statuensockel des Djoser," in I. Gamer- Text by Zahi Hawass has undertaken excavations in the ancient town of Wallert and W.Helck (eds.), Gegengabe, Fs Emma Abydos. He is Associate Director of the Abydos Early Brunner-Traut, Tübingen, 1992, 143-150. Bibliography: THE TOMBS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND Dynastic Project and has excavated many of north Hornung, E., "Exploring the Beyond," in E. Hornung Badawy A., A History of Architecture I, Berkeley, DYNASTIES AT ABYDOS AND SAQQARA Abydos' Early Dynastic royal monuments. In addition and B. M. Bryan (eds.), The Quest for Immortality: University of California, 1966. Text by Günter Dreyer to Egypt, Dr. Adams has also done archaeological Treasures of Ancient Egypt, Munich, London and New Brinks, J., Die Entwicklung der Königlichen Grabanlagen des fieldwork in Turkey, Syria, and North America. The York, 2002, pp. 33. AltenReicbes, Hildesheim, 1979. Günter Dreyer studied Egyptology, Assyriology author of several articles and reviews, his research Kaiser, W, 'Zu den Königlichen Talbezirken in Abydos Edwards, I.E.S., The Pyramids of Egypt, rev. ed., New and Ancient Near Eastern archaeology in Hamburg interests include Egypt as a complex society, kingship und zur Baugeschichte des Djoser-Grabmals der 1. and the nature of the early state in Egypt, Egyptian York, 1985. and Berlin, where he completed his Ph.D. in 1978 und 2. Dynastie," MDAIK 25 (1969), pp. 1-21. socio-economic organization, and the archaeology of Fakhry, A., The Pyramids, 2nd ed., Chicago: University about temple donations in the early periods of --, "Ein Kultbezirk des Königs Den in Sakkara," settlement in Egypt. of Chicago Press, 1974. Egypt. He excavated with the German Institute of MDAIK 41 (1984), pp. 47-60. Hawass, Z., 'The Pyramid," in D. P. Silverman and Archaeology at Luxor, Elephantine, Wadi Garawi, —, "Zur unterirdischen Anlage der Djoserpyramide D. Baird (eds), Ancient Egypt, London and New Abydos and Giza. He became assistant director of Bibliography: und ihrer entwicklungsgeschichtlichten York: Oxford University Press, 1998. the German Institute in 1989, and director in 1998. Kemp, B., "Abydos: The Royal Tombs of the First Einordnung," in I. Gamer-Wallert and W. Helck The Funerary Establishments of Khufu, Kbafra,_and He completed his Habilitation at Berlin University Dynasty," JEA 52 (1966), pp. 14-22. (eds.), Gegengabe, Fs Emma Brunner-Traut, Tübingen Menkaura During the Old Kingdom, Ph. D. in 1997 on Early Writing from Egypt and is now O'Connor, D., "New Funerary Enclosures (Talbezirke) (1992), pp. 167-190. Dissertation University of Pennsylvanaia micro mainly conducting the excavations of the earliest of the Early Dynastic Period," Journal of the American Kees, H., Der Götterglaube im Alten Ägypten, Leipzig, film, Ann Arbor, MI, 1987. Royal Tombs at Abydos. Research Center in Egypt 26 (1989), pp. 51 -86. 1941, pp. 214ff.

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