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Polish Analytical Philosophy Wydawnictwo Naukowe Semper ® Jacek Jadacki Polish Analytical Philosophy Studies on its heritage with the appendix containing the bibliography of Polish logic from the second half of the 14th century to the first half of the 20th century Warszawa 2009 Książka dofinansowana przez Instytut Filozofii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego Ilustracje pochodzą z Archiwum Filozofii Nauki oraz ze zbiorów prywatnych © Copyright by Jacek Jadacki and Wydawnictwo Naukowe Semper ®, Warszawa 2009 © Opracowanie graficzne, skład: Studio Graficzne Semper ®, Jarosław Zuzga © All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the publishers, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Semper ® © Wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone. Przedruk, odtwarzanie lub przetwarzanie fragmentów tej książki w mediach każdego rodzaju wymaga pisemnego zezwolenia Wydawnictwa Naukowego Semper ® ISBN: 978–83–7507–060–6 Wydawnictwo Naukowe Semper ® Redakcja i Studio Graficzne: ul. Mariensztat 8 00–302 Warszawa tel./fax: 022 538 92 03 Dział handlowy i księgarnia firmowa: ul. Bednarska 20A 00–321 Warszawa tel./fax: 022 828 49 73 e–mail: [email protected] www.semper.pl Printed in Poland Contents Introduction . 7. Part I Interests and trends 1 . The sources of the contemporary Polish logic . 1. 1 2 . The development of the Polish philosophy of science and philosophy of nature before the II world war . 42 3 . The rise and decline of the modern scientific philosophy in Warsaw . 52 4 . The conceptual system of the Lvov–Warsaw School . 69 5 . The Lvov–Warsaw School and its influence upon the Polish philosophy of the twentieth century . 7. 8 6 . Polish philosophers during the II world war . 109 Part II Influences and correlations 7 . Alexius Meinong and the Polish philosophy . 135 8 . Heinrich Scholz and the Lvov–Warsaw School . 15. 5 Part III Figures and doctrines 9 . On Kazimierz Twardowski’s descripitive semiotics and its metaphysical basis . 175 10 . On Leon Chwistek’s philosophy of language . 200 11 . On Władysław Tatarkiewicz’s personality and philosophical achievements . 209 12 . On Tadeusz Czeżowski’s metaphysics and semiotics . 22. 8 13 . On Roman Ingarden’s philosophy of language . 25. 2 14 . On Jan Salamucha’s life and work . 266 References . 30. 7 Appendix: Bibliography of the Polish logic from the second half of the 14th century to the first half of the 20th century . 3. 41 Index of names . 373. Introduction This book contains some results of my inquiry into the domain of the history of Polish analytical philosophy . It is divided into three parts . First part includes studies in which I take a general view of some phases and aspects of this history — culminating in the Lvov–Warsaw School and its successors . Second part shows two examples of close connections between the modern analytical philosophy in Poland and the analytical movement in Austria and Germany . Third part is a collection of monographs concerning some important figures of Polish analytical philosophy . Some historians identify the modern phase of this philosophy with the Lvov–Warsaw School, but this opinion is a misun­ derstanding . For instance, Leon Chwistek and Roman Ingarden were certainly analytical philosophers, but they were not members of this school; what is more, they criticized very rough pupils of Kazimierz Twardowski, and vice versa, the formers were criticized also very rough by the latters . “Appendix” contains the bibliography of Polish logic from the second half of the 14th century to the first half of the 20th century (the only text, which refers to items of this bibliography — except works published after 1945 — is “The sources of the contemporary Polish logic”; the bibliography for all the remain­ ing texts is completed in “References”) . It is a fruit of my research executed in connection with preparing a fragment about the history of Polish logic to the History of Polish science . Its part containing the old logic is collected mainly on the ground of indirect sources . On the other hand, the list of works from the period 1757–1939, is collected by me personally . This list seems to be complete in principle . Particular texts were published during the period of last thirty years . Refer­ ences to them are not actualized, although I am conscious that in some cases many new studies on the subject appeared . I mention here only that it was inaugurated the sub–series Polish Analytical Philosophy within the framework of Poznań Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities (pub­ lished by Rodopi); it contains, i .a ., the volumes presenting at great length the philosophical production of Kazimierz Twardowski, Tadeusz Czeżowski and Jan Salamucha . * * * I am very grateful to the publishers for their kind permission to insert in this volume my texts originally published in anthologies or philosophical journals . 7 “The sources of the contemporary Polish logic” and “Polish philosophers during the II world war” are reprinted by courtesy of the Editors of Dialectics and Humanism (where the second text was published under the title “Think­ ers with brave hearts”) . “The development of the Polish philosophy of science and philosophy of nature before the II world war” (with Władysław Krajewski as a co–author), “The Lvov–Warsaw School and its influence upon the Polish philosophy of the twentieth century”, the second part of the text “On Kazimierz Twardowski’s descripitive semiotics and its metaphysical basis” (published origi­ nally under the title “Kazimierz Twardowski’s descriptive semiotics”), the first part of the text “On Tadeusz Czeżowski’s metaphysics and semiotics” (published originally under the title “Trouble with ontic categories or some remarks on Tadeusz Czeżowski’s philosophical views”) and “On Jan Salamucha’s life and work” (published originally in abridged version with Kordula Świętorzecka as a co–author) are reprinted by courtesy of Editions Rodopi. “The rise and decline of the modern scientific philosophy in Warsaw”, “The conceptual system of the Lvov–Warsaw School” and “Alexius Meinong and the Polish philosophy” are reprinted by courtesy of the Editors of Axiomathes (where the first text was published under the title “Warsaw: the rise and decline of the modern scientific philosophy in the capital city of Poland”) . “Heinrich Scholz and the Lvov–Warsaw School” is reprinted by courtesy of the Editors of Filozofia Nauki . The first part of the text “On Kazimierz Twardowski’s descripitive semiotics and its metaphysical basis” is reprinted by courtesy of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie–Skłodowskiej (which published it under the title “The metaphysical basis of Kazimierz Twardowski’s descriptive semiotics”) . “On Leon Chwistek’s philosophy of language” is reprinted by courtesy of Mouton Publishers (which published it under the title “On Leon Chwistek’s semiotic views”) . “On Władysław Tatarkiewicz’s personality and philosophical achievements” is reprinted by courtesy of Wydawnictwo Wydziału Filozofii i Socjologii Uniwersytetu War- szawskiego (which published it under the title “Chapter from the history of Polish philosophy: Władysław Tatarkiewicz”) . The second part of the text “On Tadeusz Czeżowski’s metaphysics and semiotics” is reprinted by courtesy of the Editors of Brentano Studien (where it was published under the title “On Tadeusz Czeżowski’s semiotic views”) . “On Roman Ingarden’s philosophy of language” is reprinted by courtesy of the Editors of Analecta Husserliana (where it was published under the title “On Roman Ingarden’s semiotic views: a contribution to the history of Polish semiotics”) . “Bibliography of the Polish logic from the second half of the 14th century to the first half of the 20th century” is reprinted in translation from the Polish by courtesy of the Editors of Studia Filozoficzne (where it was published under the title “Bibliografia logiki polskiej”) . Jacek Jadacki Warsaw, 27th of September, 2008 . 8 Part I Interests and trends 1. The sources of the contemporary Polish logic The text below falls into three parts . In the first part I shall make up the mainattain - ments of the golden age of Polish logic, the two decades between the wars . The sec­ ond part will contain a general overview of Polish logical inheritance going back six centuries and which constitutes the foun­ dation for those attainments I mention in the first part . In the third part I shall indicate the immediate sources of those attainments, that is, the prob lems which occupied the minds of Polish logicians in the years prior to the golden age . 1. The attainments The greatest of Polish historians of phi­ Jan Łukasiewicz losophy, Władysław Tatarkiewicz, once made this comment about his subject: It is in a worse state than other branches of history simply because philosophy is in a bet­ ter state . You see, political or economic events pass by, whereas philosophical events are here to stay: in the shape of manuscripts and books . For this reason political or economic history has its raison d’être, since a historian in these fields reconstructs something which no longer takes place; the historian of philosophy, on the other hand, only copies what is already there anyway . He did add, however, a few lines later: If that really were all the historian of phi­ Konstanty Michalski losophy did, then his work would have no meaning . But actually he does something else […] . The work of the historian of philoso­ phy is not limited to corroborating facts . He must also, as must other historians, make 11 choices, interpret, unite, order, connect and correct (Tatarkiewicz 1952: 63–64) . Thus, although the attainments of Polish logic during the Second Republic are generally known and continue to con­ stitute the source for logical investigation both here in Poland and elsewhere, it is yet quite pertinent to our subject to try to make a choice of the most important and influential attainments, unite and bring them together, and to discover the immediate and not so immediate connec­ tions hol ding between them .
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    _________________________________ RUNDBRIEF NR. 50 FEBRUAR 2005 _________________________________ Der Dachau-Altar in der Lagerkapelle des Konzentrationslagers Ausgangs- und Zielpunkt religiösen Lebens 1 Zum Umschlagbild: Die Farbzeichnung hat vermutlich Bruder Raphael Tijhuis OCarm im KZ Dachau für eine Gratulationskarte zur Priesterweihe Karl Leisners gemalt. Das Foto auf der Rückseite außen zeigt den Dachau-Altar heute in einem Andachtsraum des Priesterhauses Berg Moriah (Simmern), das auf der Rückseite innen den Christuskopf vom Kreuz aus der Lagerkapelle, heu- te im Karmel Heilig Blut Dachau. Impressum: Herausgeber: Internationaler Karl-Leisner-Kreis e.V. Kleve (IKLK) Redaktion: Hans-Karl Seeger, Gabriele Latzel Geschäftsstelle: Wasserstraße 1, 47533 Kleve Telefon 02821/92595; Telefax 02821/980331 Konto-Nr.: 5028378, Sparkasse Kleve (BLZ 324 500 00), IBAN: DE 63 32450000 0005028378, BIC: WELADE1KLE Konto-Nr.: 2260431, Postbank Essen (BLZ 360 100 43), IBAN: DE 70 36010043 0002260431, BIC: PBNKDEFF Internetadresse: www.Karl-Leisner.de Bildnachweis: Umschlagbild vorne, S. 25–27, 67, 71, 76, 92, 99 l., 106, 214, 223 f. Archiv IKLK; Umschlagbild hinten außen Priesterhaus Berg Moriah; S. 5 Oskar Bühler; S. 18 Musioł S. 484; S. 34 Lenz S. 451; S. 35 Goldschmitt Nr. 4, S. 67; S. 47 Goldschmitt Nr. 4, S. 38; S. 53 Goldschmitt Nr. 4, S. 34; S. 126 Goldschmitt Nr. 5, S. 59; Umschlagbild hinten innen, S. 44 Karmel Heilig Blut; S. 78 Pierre Laffilé; S. 82 f. Govers S. 144 u. 148; S. 88, 90, 99 r., 101, 105 Hermann Gebert; S. 91 Eleonore Philipp; S. 98 Weiler Bildband S. 20; S. 181, 194, 205, 207 Chronik Coefeld; S. 228 f. Klaus Riße; S.
  • The Exile Mission: the Polish Political Diaspora

    The Exile Mission: the Polish Political Diaspora

    introduction ||| Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Polish nation repeatedly fought ¤rst to retain and, later, to regain its independence after expansionist neighbors Prussia, Russia, and Austria had divided histor- ically Polish territories among themselves in three successive partitions in 1772, 1793, and 1795. The two largest Polish national uprisings—the 1830 No- vember Uprising and the 1863 January Uprising—failed under the over- whelming military might of the partitioning powers. But no oppressors could defeat the spirit of the Polish people, whose national anthem pro- claimed, “Poland is not overcome yet, as long as we are still alive.” Even while continuing their armed resistance, Poles also struggled against the at- tempts of foreign administrations to make them forget who they were and to transform them into Germans or Russians. Poles consciously resisted the politics of denationalization and took special care to preserve and to develop Polish national culture, language, traditions, and history. Their dreams of an independent state became a reality in the Treaty of Versailles: Poland re- gained its independence as a new and democratic state in 1918, after 123 years of partition. The concept of the exile’s responsibility toward the homeland has roots as deep as the 1830 November Uprising, whose failure drove thousands of political émigrés out of Poland. Most of them settled in France, Great Britain, and Belgium, where they carried out activities intended to provide political and spiritual leadership to the nation. The Great Emigration (Wielka Emi- gracja), as it came to be known, produced important Polish intellectual and artistic legacies, weaving together the nation’s Romantic tradition and pro- found patriotic feelings.