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The Challenges of Integrating BRT and Private Transit Services Sustainable and equitable transportation in Latin America, Asia and Africa: The challenges of integrating BRT and private transit services Written and edited by Dan Chatman, Lisa Rayle, Manuel Santana Palacios, and Robert Cervero With additional chapter co-authors: Kelan Stoy, Abigail Cochran, Corwin Bell, Ulises Hernández Jiménez, Eleanor Leshner, Francisco Trejo Morales, Raleigh McCoy, and Emily Roach Special thanks to Roger Behrens, Aaron Golub, Herrie Schalekamp, Julian Arellana and Victor Cantillo UC Berkeley Center for Future Urban Transport Institute of Transportation Studies Institute for Urban and Regional Development Department of City and Regional Planning University of California, Berkeley June 22, 2019 Table of Contents Preface and Acknowledgments ........................................................................................... 4 SECTION I: Overview of the Study and Report ................................................ 6 Chapter 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 2 Literature Review............................................................................................... 11 Private Transit and Paratransit: And Overview of Benefits, Challenges, and Costs ........... 11 Bus Rapid Transit: Arguments for Its Implementation, and Benefits and Challenges ........ 12 Arguments for BRT ........................................................................................................... 13 Challenges of BRT Implementation ................................................................................... 14 Operational integration with BRT and private transit ......................................................... 17 Fare integration ................................................................................................................. 18 Chapter 3 Research Approach & Methods ........................................................................ 20 SECTION II: CASE STUDIES ............................................................................ 22 Chapter 4 Case study: Barranquilla .................................................................................. 25 Formalization attempts and current BRT-private transit integration plan: Missing elements and further challenges ...................................................................................................... 35 Chapter 5 Case study: Cape Town .................................................................................... 38 Public transport and paratransit prior to BRT .................................................................... 41 Cape Town’s BRT, MyCiTi ................................................................................................ 45 Intended and actual BRT-paratransit integration ............................................................... 50 Chapter 6 Case study: Dar es Salaam ............................................................................... 55 Fragmented Mass Transit ............................................................................................... 56 Modernizing Transit with BRT........................................................................................ 58 BRT Operations, System Design and Interim Services ................................................ 59 Paratransit Integration and Displacement ......................................................................... 60 Vehicle Scrappage ............................................................................................................ 63 Other Challenges to BRT-Paratransit Integration .............................................................. 64 Transitioning to a Formal BRT System.............................................................................. 65 Chapter 7 Case study: Jakarta ........................................................................................... 67 TransJakarta BRT ............................................................................................................. 68 Paratransit: Complements or Competitors?....................................................................... 69 BRT-Minibus Integration ................................................................................................... 71 Ramping Up to Direct Minibus Services and BRT-Minibus Integration .............................. 75 Experiences to Date and Lessons ..................................................................................... 78 Chapter 8 Case study: Quito .............................................................................................. 81 Quito’s Metropolitan Area Public-Private Transit System Overview ................................... 84 Bus Rapid Transit Evolution: Local Politics and System Fragmentation ............................ 89 Private-Public Transit Integration Plan: Description, Challenges, and Missing Links ......... 91 SECTION III: Data Collection and Analysis in Barranquilla and Cape Town 94 Chapter 9 Survey data analysis: Comparing travel time changes in Barranquilla and Cape Town .......................................................................................................................... 95 Methods ............................................................................................................................ 95 Commute time changes .................................................................................................. 103 2 Non-work travel time changes ......................................................................................... 111 Chapter 10 Perspectives from Barranquilla residents ................................................... 119 Methods .......................................................................................................................... 119 Findings .......................................................................................................................... 122 Chapter 11: Perspectives from Cape Town residents .................................................... 132 Findings .......................................................................................................................... 135 Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 155 SECTION IV: Conclusions .............................................................................. 157 Chapter 12 Summary of Findings .................................................................................... 158 Case study findings......................................................................................................... 159 Findings from survey data in Barranquilla and Cape Town ............................................. 162 Findings from qualitative interviews with residents in Barranquilla and Cape Town......... 164 Chapter 13 Policy Implications, Research Needs, and Conclusions ............................ 166 Policy implications........................................................................................................... 167 Research needs .............................................................................................................. 168 Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 169 References ........................................................................................................................ 171 3 Preface and Acknowledgments The genesis of this study was in a 2013 proposal to the Volvo Research and Educational Foundations by Dan Chatman and Robert Cervero of UC Berkeley along with Aaron Golub of Portland State University and Roger Behrens and Herrie Schalekamp of the University of Cape Town. We are grateful to the Volvo Research and Education Foundations for the grant that made field work possible between 2014 and 2016, and that funded graduate students Lisa Rayle, Manuel Santana Palacios and Kelan Stoy at UC Berkeley. Special thanks to Henrik Nolmark, executive director at VREF, and Fabienne Niklasson for their substantive, administrative, and moral support, including the opportunity to present the work at the Mobilize conference in Santiago de Chile in June 2017 and in Dar es Salam, Tanzania, in July 2018. For the institutional case studies, we interviewed dozens of transport providers and experts. Barranquilla’s case study was possible thanks to the information provided by Adriana Sarmiento of the Colombian National Planning Department, Barranquilla’s Mobility Secretariat staff, Raul Ramos of Monteria Ciudad Amable, representatives of Metrocaribe and SISTUR – the two companies that operate the BRT routes in Barranquilla, and representatives of the three-wheeled taxis and private transit buses. Special thanks to Federico Diaz from Transmetro and Victor Cantillo from Universidad del Norte who helped us scheduling some of the interviews in Barranquilla. Many thanks to Julio Echeverria, Diego Carrion, Cesar Arias, Cristobal Buendia, Freddy Paredes, and Julie Gamble who provided information for the Quito case. Thanks to Yoga Adiwinarto from ITDP Indonesia for providing valuable information for the Jakarta case and representatives of the City of Cape Town and taxi associations for providing information for the Cape Town case. For the survey data & analysis chapter, Kelan Stoy helped design the survey template and
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