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Home , Chromista, Coleps, Litostomatea, Oligohymenophorea, Tokophrya

Volume 4, Issue 4, April – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology ISSN No:-2456-2165 A Survey of (Ciliophora, Chromista) from Groundwater in Mansoura, Egypt

Ahmed E. Hagras1, Sayed A. El-Tantawy2, Ahmed M. El- Naggar3, Engy A. Abo El-makarm 1. Professor of Environmental science, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt. 2. Professor of Invertebrates and Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt. 3. Professor of Environmental science, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt.

Abstract:- An analysis of the physicochemical should be maintained between the rate of consumption and parameters was carried out, and a survey has been made replenishment. When the rate of groundwater consumption of the ciliates communities in groundwater pumped from is greater than replenishment rate, water pollutants and a domestic well in Sandoub locality, Mansoura, Egypt dissolved solids may show extreme values and make during the period from August 2016 to July 2017. groundwater invalid for human and animal consumption Members of dominated the ciliates (Gao et al., 2014). community, followed by , then and Spirotrichea. Each can modify the composition of bacterial species preferred a particular season, but was not community and alter biogeochemical processes such as encountered in other seasons. The number of each ciliate carbon transfer in groundwater systems (Longnecker et al., was obviously low and did not exceed two individuals/ 2009) and biodegradation of organic matter in aquifer one mm3 groundwater. Analysis of the physicochemical sediments (Cunningham et al., 2009; Harvey et al., 2002). features of water indicated that this groundwater source Ciliates are the most common biota in different habitats is safe and slightly alkaline; however persistent providing sufficient amount of nutrients, moisture and pathogenic organisms should be eliminated by proper appropriate microhabitats (Hattori, 1994). Knowledge on treatment methods. the ciliates can present in egyptian groundwater are limited so the aim of this study is to explore the community of Keywords:- Egypt, Mansoura, Physicochemical Factors, groundwater ciliates from a domestic well in Sandoub, Groundwater, Ciliates. Mansoura, Egypt.

I. INTRODUCTION II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Water is the prime and most abundant natural resource Water samples were collected seasonally during the promoting all aspects of over the biosphere. This period from August (2016) to July (2017) from a domestic precious liquid occupies approximately 71% of the earth, of groundwater well which attains a depth of approximately which 97.5% is salty water and only 2.5% is freshwater, 40m and was operated four years ago. This well is affected Less than 1% of the freshwater is accessible for human, by agricultural, industrial and household seepages at animals and (Mishra and Dubey, 2015). Despite the Sandoub, Mansoura, Dakahlia governorate, Egypt. The popular impression that groundwater is protected from water samples were collected in 30L clean and dry contaminants, scientists are monitoring situations of containers, and filtered independently with a vacuum pump pollution in aquifers nearby factories, power farms, and cellulose acetate membrane filter (0.45µm, 110mm). and overpopulated areas around the globe (Sampat, 2000). After filtration, the deposit was centrifuged for 10min. at Large cities in Europe, Africa and Asia depend on the 3000 rpm. Only 5ml of the pellet (deposit) was withdrawn groundwater especially surface one. The groundwater and fixed in 10% formalin to be ready for examination supplies are promising donors for the future in rural areas under high power light microscope. Smears of water were and nations suffering food deficiency and water crisis. stained with Giemsa (Pohlenz et al. 1978), Ziehl Neelsen (Murray et al. 1999) as well as alcoholic eosin and Naturally, sediments and geological structures hold methylene-blue (Muir and Ritchie, 1913). Stains were relative amounts of ions which are transported into the prepared, filtered and preserved in amber colored glass groundwater flowing over these structures. This mineralized bottles. The ciliates were identified according to Kudo water is stored in pores and fractures inside the geological (1977) and classified according to (Ruggiero et al., 2015). formations and finally ends up in permanent deep reservoirs called aquifers (Harter, 2003). These water courses are III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION supplemented either from river basins or surface runoff created by rainwater and human activities in urban and The results of taxonomic position and seasonal suburban areas. Some mineral salts or dissolved solids may occurrence of ciliates [Plate (1A-1E)] are shown in table (1). have created in rainfall or river water that recharges the A total of 30 species of ciliates were identified and aquifer. As a result, a variety of contaminants may be categorized into 8 classes: Litostomatea, Phyllopharyngea, blended and become persistent with other components of the Oligohymenophorea, Spirotrichea, , Heterotrichea, groundwater. To obtain clean groundwater, an equilibrium and Rostomatea. Physicochemical analyses of

IJISRT19AP181 www.ijisrt.com 65 Volume 4, Issue 4, April – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology ISSN No:-2456-2165 the water samples are documented in table (2). No clear mean 4.32 mg/L ±1.02. Biological oxygen demand seasonal pattern was demonstrated for the populations of fluctuated between 2.18 and 4.63mg/L, with mean 3.46 ciliates encountered in the studied water samples. Although mg/L ±0.80. Table (2) also indicates that water temperature 2- - the maximum values of NO2 , NO3 and pH were recorded fluctuated from 17.90 to 31.70°C, with mean 24.43°C ±4.83. in June, during which the minimum value of BOD was The pH level ranged from 7.07 to 8.76 with mean 8.02 estimated. ±0.50 indicating that this groundwater source is relatively - alkaline. The highest levels of NO3 , BOD5 and pH were - 2- From table (1) and plate (1), it could be noticed that documented in June, while the lowest levels of NO3 , NO2 , each organism attains dramatic changes in occurrence, being P and temperature were determined in December (Table 2). encountered during a particular season and absent in others seasons. Regarding class: Colpodea, Bresslaua sp. occurred Data recorded in table (2) indicate also that the studied only during winter, whereas Tillina magna occurred during groundwater is slightly alkaline, moderately oxygenated, autumn. The class: Heterotrichea is represented by only one incorporates relatively considerable amount of nitrates and species, namely amethystinus which was recorded potassium. However, this groundwater source is only during autumn. Similarly, class: Prostomatea and class: phosphorous-poor and contains safe levels of nitrites. Rostomatea were represented by only one species (Pelatractus grandis and hirtus, respectively). Both The present physicochemical evaluation indicated no species were found only during winter, however they were clear relationship between dissolved oxygen and water not encountered during the remainder of the year. Class: temperature as well as between dissolved oxygen and Phyllopharyngea was represented by 6 species, namely hydrogen ion concentration. Aquatic produced oxygen Chilodochona quennerstedti, Chlamydodon mnemosyne, by during day time and consume it by Parapodophrya typha, Pseudogemma sp., Scyphidia sp. and respiration during night. In the presence of large populations sp. The former species was only encountered of aquatic algae, are likely to experience the greatest DO during spring, whereas the later species was only observed fluctuations. The DO concentration is usually lowest just during autumn. The occurrence of Parapodophrya typha, before sunrise, and highest in late afternoon (Caduto, 1990). Pseudogemma sp. and Scyphidia sp. was recorded only Generally, the groundwater is colder than surface waters; during winter. However, Tokophrya cyclopum was only colder water holds more oxygen than warmer water observed during summer. (Caduto, 1990).

Concerning class: Litostomatea, Amphileptus sp., The primary source of food for zooplankton is sp., sp2., Diploplastron affine and phytoplankton because of its occurrence in all seasons such Epidinium ecaudatum were only observed during winter and as Chrysophyceae (the golden algae) in winter that low were absent in other seasons. On the other hand, Askenasia water temperature is suitable for their growth and faurei, Branchioecetes gammaria and Didinium sp1. were development (Predojevic et al., 2014) and Euglenophyta recognized only during summer. Class: Oligohymenophorea algae in warmer months of the year that the high water was represented by 5 species, namely Conchophthirus sp., temperature and irradiance are suitable for their growth and Dogielealla minuta, Hoplitophrya sp., Thuricolopsis development (Predojevic et al., 2015). The more presence kellicottiana and Thuricola folliculatae. Hoplitophrya sp. of phagotrophic and ciliates, the more lack and Thriula folliculatae were only observed during winter, number of . The result of DO and phosphorus and 2- - Conchophthirus sp. only during autumn, Dogielealla minuta potassium as nutrient in addition to NO2 and NO3 allow only during spring and Thuricolopsis kellicottiana only the abundance of ciliates such as Tokophrya genera which during summer. Class: Spirotrichea was represented by 5 are considered as bioindicator for eutrophic water (Lynn, species, namely Halteria sp., Hypotrichidium concium, 2010) and also Strombidium (Ajeagah Gideon et al., 2014). Strombidium calkinsi, Tintinnidium sp. and Uroleptus In shallow and small habitats, macrophyte structures limentis. Seasonal occurrence of these species in table (1) enhance diversity of life forms (Vakkillainen, 2005), reveals that Halteria sp. was restricted to spring. Other including phytoplankton that are distributed by current both species of the class: Spirotrichea were only encountered in horizontal and in vertical directions (Zarei Darki, 2014). during autumn. The analysis by Debastiani et al. (2016) showed that Data recorded in table (2) indicate that estimated Coleps hirtus, Cinetochilum margaritacium and Tintinidium physicochemical parameters, namely nitrite, nitrate, sp. could be used as a potential bioindicator in deteriorated phosphorous, potassium, dissolved oxygen, biological aquatic environments. These organisms exhibit short life oxygen demand, temperature and hydrogen ion cycles and pronounced sensitivity to environmental changes, concentration were within the normal range. Relatively high particularly pollutants. According to (Andrushchyshyn et BOD5 values likely reflect the activity of microorganisms al., 2007), community composition was most diverse 2- blended in water. NO2 ranged from 0.19 to 0.88 mg/L, with between 20 and 60 cm, and rarely found deeper than 60 cm - mean 0.54 mg/L ± 0.23. NO3 varied from 11.66 to 28.40 of the water column. These authers reported that the ciliates mg/L, with mean 20.00 mg/L ± 5.48. P ranged from 0.05 to such as Amphileptus most likely fed on protozoans (mainly 0.18mg/L, with mean 0.10 mg/L ± 0.03. K ranged from 9.60 small ciliates) and on small metazoans, omnivorous ciliates to 16.00mg/L, with mean 12.93 mg/L ± 1.86. Dissolved such as Coleps, -feeding ciliates such as oxygen recorded values between 2.50 and 5.90mg/L, with Strombidium

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Table (1): Seasonal occurrence of ciliates in shallow groundwater extracted from a domestic well at Sandoub, Mansoura, Egypt.

Table (2): Monthly fluctuation of the physicochemical parameters of the groundwater sampled from a domestic well in Sandoub, Mansoura, Egypt.

2- - 5 NO2 = nitrite, NO3 = nitrate, P= phosphate, K= potassium, DO= dissolved oxygen, BOD = biological oxygen demand after 5 days, Temp.= temperature, pH= hydrogen ion concentration.

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Plate1A: Light microscope photomicrograph showing ciliates from groundwater in Mansoura. 1) Bresslaua sp. 2) Tillina magna. 3) Stentor amethystinus. 4) Amphileptus sp. 5) Askenasia faurei 6) Balantidium sp.

Plate1B: Light microscope photomicrograph showing ciliates from groundwater in Mansoura. 7) Branchioecetes gammaria. 8) Didinium sp1. 9) Didinium sp2. 10) Diploplastron affine. 11) Epidinium ecaudatum. 12) Eremoplastron bovis

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Pplate1C: Light microscope photomicrograph showing ciliates from groundwater in Mansoura. 13) Conchophthirus sp. 14) Dogielella minuta. 15) Hoplitophrya sp. 16) Thuricola folliculate. 17) Thuricolopsis kellicottiana. 18) Chilodochona quennerstedti.

Plate1D: Light microscope photomicrograph showing ciliates from groundwater in Mansoura. 19) Chlamydodon mnemosyne. 20) Parapodophrya typha. 21) Pseudogemma sp. 22) Scyphidia sp. 23) Tokophrya cyclopum. 24) Pelatractus grandis.

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Plate1E: Light microscope photomicrograph showing ciliates from groundwater in Mansoura. 25) Coleps hirtus. 26) Halteria sp. 27) Hypotrichidium concium. 28) Strombidium calkinsi. 29) Tintinnidium sp. 30) Uroleptus.

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