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Protistology Species Composition of Benthic Ciliate Community in The

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Protistology Species Composition of Benthic Ciliate Community in The Protistology 4 (2), 107120 (2005) Protistology Species composition of benthic ciliate community in the Chernaya River estuary (Kandalaksha Bay, White Sea) with a total checklist of the White Sea benthic ciliate fauna Yuri A. Mazei1 and Igor V. Burkovsky2 1 Department of Ecology, Penza State Pedagogical University, Penza, Russia 2 Department of Hydrobiology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Summary During the period of 19982000, 123 psammophilous ciliate species were found in the White Sea estuary. Community consists of marine stenohaline species occurring in the marine part of the estuary, marine euryhaline ciliates represented both in the marine and the freshened zone and brackish water organisms dominating in the riverine part of the estuary. On the other hand, community is composed of basic structureforming species (the community "nucleus"), constantly prevailing in a certain estuarine zone, and accidental, or very rare species (cryptic diversity), sporadically occurring at different stations during different seasons. The total list of the White Sea benthic ciliate fauna contains 273 species from 94 genera, recorded in the Kandalaksha Bay. Only 3.55.8% of the total White Sea species richness constitute "active" diversity in a given microhabitat at a particular point in time. Relations between the number of samples taken and the number of species registered testify to species saturation at all stations. Spatial heterogeneity of the biotope causes a greater increase in species richness than temporal one. Key words: benthic interstitial ciliates, estuary, White Sea ciliate fauna, community structure Introduction and critical salinity level (38 ‰) cause lower community complexity in estuaries as compared with Protozoan communities in estuaries are formed communities in other biotopes (Khlebovitch, 1974; under the influence of a complex of factors. Among Safianov, 1987; Burkovsky and Stoljarov, 1995; them salinity is of the greatest importance (Mazei et Burkovsky and Mazei, 2001). However, species richness al., 2002). Moreover, great environmental variability may achieve high levels due to complex interactions © 2005 by Russia, Protistology 108 · Yuri A. Mazei and Igor V. Burkovsky between active and passive species diversity and envi ronmental factors. The aim of this study is to describe species com position of psammophilous ciliate community in terms of their distribution along the salinity gradient in the estuary and their role in the community organisation. In addition, we present a total species list of benthic ciliates of the White Sea. Material and Methods Investigations were conducted during 19982000 summer periods in the Chernaya river estuary (the Fig. 1. A scheme of location of stations 15 in the Kandalaksha Bay, the White Sea). Material was estuary. Thick line coastline, thin line zero of collected at 5 permanent stations. The stations were depth. located at the middle horizon of the intertidal zone along the estuary (Fig. 1). A detailed hydrological and 100, st. 2 94, st. 3 87, st. 4 72, st. 5 59 species. As hydrochemical characteristic of the stations was given salinity decreases, the number of species falls significantly. in a previous article (Burkovsky and Mazei, 2001). During one summer season only some of the species Each station was a strictly fixed sampling area 50 x characteristic of a given biotope can be encountered, 50 cm, where recordings of the ciliate abundance were since many ciliates (about a half at every station) do performed. Extraction and quantitative counting of not always get into the samples because of their low ciliates were performed on live individuals (Carey, abundance. 1991). The ciliates were identified on the ShattonLwoff From the total ciliate species diversity, species silverimpregnated preparations (Foissner, 1991), groups according to salinity gradient are distinguished according to Carey (1991). with the aid of cluster analysis (Fig. 2). In different Most of the species names are given following Carey seasons 67 clusters are marked at the same similarity (1991). The main results of recent revisions of Trache level. The trends of species' relative abundance changes locercidae, Kentrophoros and Metopus were also taken along the estuary are represented in Fig. 3. Clusters 1 into account (see Azovsky and Mazei, 2003). The and 1a include marine stenohaline species occurring at following species of Trachelocercidae already redes the stations 1 and 2; clusters 2 and 3 are composed of cribed are given below in accordance with the newly marine euryhaline organisms from the stations 2 and 3 rebuilt system and the synonymy arisen: Trachelocerca accordingly; clusters 4, 4а and 4b consist of brackish sagitta (Syn.: Tracheloraphis striata Raikov 1962), water ciliates, forming community at the stations 4 and Trachelocerca incaudata (Syn.: Tracheloraphis incaudatus 5. Quantitative data about all estuarine ciliates are given (Kahl 1933) Dragesco 1960), Tracheloraphis longicollis in table 1, where species are grouped in accordance to (Syn.: Trachelonema longicollis Dragesco 1960), Tra belonging to clusters reflecting their spatial distribution cheloraphis oligostriata (Syn.: Trachelonema oligostriata along the salinity gradient. Raikov 1962). On the other hand, estuarine ciliate species may be To distinguish species groups with similar distribu grouped depending on the role played by ciliates in the tion along the estuary, the cluster analysis by complete community: 1) basic structureforming species with linkage method on the basis of a matrix of Czsekanovsky distinct preferences in terms of distribution along the similarity indices was performed. Calculations were estuary, 2) species widely distributed along the estuary conducted with the help of STATISTICA software and appearing at different stations in different years, package. To construct curves of dependence between 3) rare ciliates sporadically occurring in the community the number of samples taken and the number of species (Table 1). observed, original software rendered by Dr. A.I. Azovsky Annually, 23 dominating and 37 subdominating (Moscow M.V. Lomonosov State University) was used. species compose the basis of the ciliate community in the estuary, which constitutes almost a half of the total Results and Discussion species richness. These species occur constantly in samples and form the community "nucleus". In Fig. 4 distribution patterns of mass species (relatively constant SPECIES COMPOSITION OF THE ESTUARINE COMMUNITY structural components of the community) are given. Altogether, in the studied zones of the Chernaya The share of each of them at least at one of the 5 stations river estuary 123 species of ciliates were found: st. 1 is about 5% of total biomass. However, their relative Protistology · 109 within the estuary, but they are very infrequent (Table 1). It has been proposed that the microbial diversity of a habitat may be defined as the number of microbial niches filled at a particular point in time (Finlay et al., 1997). Therefore in a given ecosystem only a limited number of microbial niches is available at any moment in time (Finlay and Esteban, 1998). So, ciliate species diversity may be divided into "active" and "passive" diversity, i.e. species that have found their niches and are engaged in population growth, and those that are waiting for the arrival of conditions suitable for growth and reproduction (Petz and Foissner, 1988; Fenchel et al., 1997; Finlay, 1998). In the estuary during the three summer periods only 60 species (about 50% of the total species richness) may be distinguished as "active" diversity (Table 1). Moreover, a single sample contains 2060 species (concrete level depends on salinity regime and seasonal succession stage (Burkovsky and Mazei, 2001; Mazei and Bur kovsky, 2002; Mazei et al., 2002), i.e. on the number of ecological niches available). Among them only 1016 species dominate and may be considered as an "active" component of the community. So we may conclude that only 3.5 5.8% of the total White Sea species richness constitute "active" diversity in a given microhabitat at a particular point in time. Fig. 2. Results of the cluster analysis of the species based on In addition, in Fig. 5 relations between species distribution similarity according to salinity gradient. 1 number of samples taken and number of species 4b clusters. A 1998, B 1999, C 2000. registered are represented. It is obvious that at all stations asymptotic level of species richness contribution into total abundance and biomass fluctuates curve (i.e. species saturation) is observed. All curves are from year to year and throughout the season (it is approximated by linear regression model in log reflected in the corresponding indices of coefficient of transformed data. Asymptotic value of species richness variation CV). As a rule, the most mass and typical curve is proved by negative residuals occurring in the for a given area species have the most stable abundance. tail in the residuals vs. number of samples curve. In table Low values of CV indicate a higher correspondence of 2 data representing the dependence between the set of given conditions to the ciliates' environmental requi samples taken and the number of species recorded is rements, whereas high values, lower correspondence, given. For revealing 90 % of total species richness it is thus characterising the preferendum zone for this or necessary to take: a) 69 samples at a station in a given that species in the whole complex of
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