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The Quorum Humanities Magazine QUORUM The Queenswood Humanities Magazine | Issue 1 IN THIS ISSUE QUORUM 2 Classical Civilisation What can modern authors learn ...is a reference to the minimum number from ancient writers? of people required on a deliberative Jemima Wolstencroft body to make a binding decision. This magazine embodies that idea; not only 6 History is it the collective product of the Heads Why was Machiavelli’s book The of Department in Humanities, working Prince so controversial? together to promote and make this Bella Massam collaborative record, but it would not be possible were it not for the large body of 13 Geography work the girls produce. Without each other, “The Paris Climate Change this magazine would not happen and so agreement is a ‘game-changer’ it is with some pleasure that we show you and will ensure global action to the heights that can be reached when staff limit carbon emissions.” Discuss. and pupil efforts, decisions and actions Valery Eroshenko come together. In Humanities we feel that this level of academic excellence should be 17 Geography trumpeted and we want to show you what How is Britain changing? the girls are capable of achieving. Many Alice Baker of the essays herein were awarded national recognition from Oxford or Cambridge 22 History and thus represent the cream of national Why did early modern people academic distinction attained again and accuse their neighbours of again by girls here at Queenswood. being witches? Welcome to QUORUM, the Eleanor Smalley Queenswood Humanities Magazine; prepare to be enlightened and impressed by the girls. 29 Religious Studies “Conscience is the super-ego.” Stephen Daughton Discuss Head of Humanities Faculty Meiyin Chen The image on the cover is the ‘Mappa Mundi’. It is the oldest world map in England. Completed on vellum in the 13th Century, it stands for the HISTORY of this nation. It is a map of the world as people in that time saw it. Their north is our east, so to understand the map you will probably have to rotate the magazine 45 degrees clockwise to recognise it and then our GEOGRAPHY will match theirs. It is based upon the ancient maps of CLASSICAL CIVILISATIONS. It is written in LATIN and shows God, heaven and the angels at the top of the map, the Garden of Eden underneath and various biblical places, such as the Tower of Babel; it is therefore illuminated by RELIGIOUS STUDIES. This image gives a perfect example of how the Humanities complement each other in terms of understanding and, as such, we selected it as our cover image. 1 QUORUM CLASSICS WHAT CAN MODERN AUTHORS LEARN FROM ANCIENT WRITERS? Jemima Wolstencroft Highly commended: St John’s College, Oxford Classics and Ancient History Essay Competition 2 QUORUM What can modern authors learn from ancient writers? | Jemima Wolstencroft nterestingly, since the first printing press The parallelism in this couplet creates vivid imagery was not invented until around 1440-1460, of nature making it a pleasant experience to listen ancient writers such as Homer spread their to for the reader. Of course with the invention of works through word of mouth. As a result, the printing press a change in literature was spurred IHomer’s works were less accessible to common on with exhaustive novels becoming popular in people at the time, although the existence of the Victorian era as they possessed a value-for- illuminated manuscripts and the work of late money quality no longer found in short-stories or Antiquity scribes cannot be discredited as without poems. However, modern technology is growing their works most literature of Greece and Rome at an exponential rate, and authors such as Charlie would have perished. Yet the works of ancient Brooker are writing for television and even video writers were written to be spoken, hence great games. Salman Rushdie said if he had his time importance is given to the sounds of words and the again he would write for video games, showing how sentence structure - as is evident in Homer’s Odyssey: words are once again being written to be spoken ‘Apollo, Lord of the silver bow, protector of Chryse and and experienced, not just to be read on a page. It holy Cilla, and mighty ruler of Tenedos.’ is because of this fact that ancient writers are of even more importance today than ever before as This complex sentence is made longer through modern authors/poets can learn from them how Homer’s use of naming places, giving ‘Apollo’ to manipulate words, focusing on their sounds to greater importance as more time is spent describing enthral an audience; for is there any greater orator and introducing him. Arguably there was no than Cicero in his De Oratore? difference between ancient prose and poetry for In an age where we are able to interact with both were written to be sung, with the rhythm of technology, words are not only merely lines on hexameter or pentameter never lost on the ear of a page. I believe modern writers can now learn even the most uneducated listener due to the beauty from ancient writers how to wield words in three of their construction. Ovid’s Amores Book III is a dimensions, employing techniques of artistic merit prime example, where each line is written in strict such as homoioteleuton, parallelism and spondees elegiac couplets which creates a flowing piece: to give rhyme to verse thus capturing the attention ‘ipse sub arboreis vitabam frondibus aestum – fronde sub of listeners. IPods and speakers have enabled arborea sed tamen aestus erat’ people to carry music everywhere; as a result a ‘I escaped the heat under the leafy trees – under a leafy more musically-focused employment of the English tree but it was still burning hot.’ language may help modern writers to gain a wider audience. A prime example of this is Heine’s use of German, though not quite a modern example Heine’s match of German to music had the effect of making him a popular poet as by combining mediums of communication the audience is forced to pay attention, an experience which can perhaps be related to playing a video game such as Grand Theft Auto. Possibly the most obvious connection between ancient and modern writers is that Latin and Greek are the root of English and so surely the study of these languages would give the greatest understanding of literature – helping to improve the writings of modern authors? Yet, a plethora of new things have been discovered/created since the time of the ancient writers and so our language has changed. However, the existence of the Academie Française who work to ensure no English words 3 QUORUM What can modern authors learn from ancient writers? | Jemima Wolstencroft become part of the French language demonstrates The Homecoming in which pauses are used to how some people believe languages should keep make the audience come to their own conclusions. to their roots. Modern authors/poets can therefore Pinter’s use of the audience can be related to ancient learn from ancient writers how to see past modern writers such as Cicero in In Verrem. By addressing acronyms to portray their views in different ways to the Judges (‘Iudices’) or directly addressing the others of their time. I think that language constructs person in question (Verres) as ‘homo’ – ‘that man’ the way we think and view things and that by – and through the use of rhetorical questions naming an object or feeling we are able to interpret the audiences’ own morality is questioned. This it. The perfect example of this being words which demonstrates how modern authors should learn to cannot be translated e.g. ‘shantih’, which means interact with their audience more in order to achieve ‘the peace that passes all understanding’ yet there their desired effect. is no English equivalent therefore it is beyond our The Art of Poetry by Horace exemplifies scope of understanding, as without a name of ‘it’ techniques to be learnt from ancient writers, yet the how can we know it exists? So many new words rigid structure of e.g. Ovid’s Amores is the antithesis have been created; surely we interpret the world of the common free verse style often found today differently now than Ancient writers ever could as by poets such as Sylvia Plath, for example in new technologies, e.g. advancements in robotics, ‘Daddy’. Therefore what can we learn from these have led to a whole new genre of fiction, Sci-fi, such old grammatical techniques? Are they outdated? No. as MaddAddam by Margaret Atwood. Furthermore The ancients’ rigid structure, I believe, stems from perhaps the reason why the ancient writers seem their search for reason; they are reflecting their own so competent to speak about their world and structured society through their poetic techniques. humanity is because the world was simpler then, Today, surrounded by cameras and within a society demonstrating that a lesson to be learnt from the where we are constantly watched, the modern poets ancient writers is that we must focus on one feeling, use un-controlled means of expressing themselves in one human emotion in order to adequately portray order to escape the constricted society in which they it; and, in extension of that idea, perhaps the most live. So what can we learn from the ancients if our beautiful of works are the ones left open to the worlds have changed so much? interpretation of the reader. ‘pictoribus atque poetis quidlibet audendi semper fuit aequa A modern example of potestas’ this can be found in ‘But painters and poets have always shared the right to Harold Pinter’s dare anything’.
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