Development. Newell, J. from a catastrophic lack of fi lack acatastrophic from 3 992 total areas Protected Koryakia. September ha), have been listed as Ramsar sites (Decree No. (Decree sites Ramsar as listed been have ha), of area atotal with Island, Karaginsky and River, three and Valley (Parapol territories Four established. been has Zapovednik seas. of the productivity biological the reduce cally drasti- and damage irreparable cause may operations, other and construction, transportation, entailing enterprises, Such fore. development tothe come have gas and of oil issues years, recent In importance. industrial of great are and productive extremely are Sea Bering the and of Okhotsk Sea The fi crab Kamchatka west the in populations crab in decline amajorpopulation triggered has for crab demand trouble.Increased in is population crab The Eight successful. been has development areas The of protected area system Protected Environmental problems. ( trout Rainbow coho. and king, sockeye, chum, pink, rivers: the in spawn of Pacifi Five species stable. relatively as quantities fi the view experts catch, large Despite the annually. caught fl cod, herring, of salmon, pollock, amounts large walleye areas, coastal and rivers In of the rfeof the regions other the it in is than much better is Koryakia in tion lage lands, which comprise only only comprise which lands, lage vil- and of city use the is issue environmental acute Aless signifi caused has basins River Vyvenka and Penzhina in deposits platinum gold and not is fi water of the percent about results, totest According problems. sanitary have eleven systems, pipeline However, of twenty-four sources. water clean of their quantity and quality for the unusual are Koryakia and Kamchatka facilities. cleansing exhaust have six only environment, the polluting enterprises forty-six Of plants. electric diesel-powered and coal) (burning plants ing heat- central are majorpollutants The atmosphere. into the Annually, fi area is 45 agricultural total The areas. same the in situated are lands al agricultur- local Thus, of rivers. zones protection water the in of the territory covers military, the and industry mining by the mainly activities, nonagricultural other and for transportation used Land ha. rule, delayed. 2004. . 3 percent of the territory of the of the territory of the percent okrug 6 , 200 , 200 . However, pollution is a problem in many areas. areas. many aproblem. However, in is pollution McKinleyville, fteen thousand tons of pollutants are released released are of tons pollutants thousand fteen 13 -level The ha. Recultivation of the damaged lands is, as a as is, lands damaged of the Recultivation ha. , 1994 ha. The total reindeer pasture area is is area pasture reindeer total The ha. okrug Oncorhynchus mykiss zakaznik zakaznik ). There are thirty natural monuments in monuments in natural thirty are There ). ). Historically, villages have been located located been have villages Historically, ). Russian cant damage to the salmon resources. salmon tothe damage cant The general environmental situa- environmental general The s: Cape Utkholok, Moroshechnaya Moroshechnaya Utkholok, Cape s: s have been created. Koryaksky Koryaksky created. been s have t for drinking. Development of t for drinking. , nancing for needed protective 000 shing shing zone. ounder, and halibut are are halibut and ounder, 37 ha, which amounts to amounts which ha, okrug , 700 ) lives in some rivers. some rivers. in ) lives . These areas suffer suffer areas . These Far ha ( CA: 0 . 1 East: percent of the of the percent Daniel c salmon c salmon 1050 2 , 1 522 , 631 as of , 597 35 , 200 A

sh

& Reference not been allocated. not been however, has program, for the Financing of Koryakia. nature unique the topreserve it possible make will program this ing six zakazniksix and park one national as well as Upper Penzhina), and toral, Lit- Penzhinsky Ledyanoi, Biosphere, Marine Karaginsky fi program, of the territory of the 18 in Koryakia should be increased to7 increased be should Koryakia in area protected total the program, tothe According adopted. until Autonomous Okrug Koryak in areas tected of pro- for on establishment “Support program a federal 1996 In records. of inventory maintenance the including research, and forests, of the patrols air including measures, There are twenty-eight species of mammals in the reserve, reserve, wolverine, the in fox, red ermine, sable, bear, brown the of mammals including species twenty-eight are There Steller’s eagle. and sea eagle sea white-tailed here include nest that species bird endangered and rare Other world. the in stable most and largest the among are highlands Koryak the in populations Their valleys. river of the slopes ( mots schistisagus cormorant ( pelagic the are Sea Bering of the shores tothe common cies Spe- of Peninsula. Goven cliffs rocky the along seabirds ( ( marila white-fronted goose ( goose white-fronted ( goose bean are numerous ticularly Of ( ( pond-lily dwarf ( anemone Drummond’s example, are some 730 There Asia. in shorebirds and of waterfowl concentrations nesting one largest of the harbor which lowlands, Parapol the and highlands Koryak of the ecology of the state natural the zapovednik of the goal The lands. high- Koryak the and Range Penzhina of the spurs adjacent the and lowlands Parapol of the part southern of the consists section Bay, Parapolsky shore of the Penzhina northeastern Onthe basin. River Pylgovayam of the portion upper the and Range Pylgin of the aportion incorporates Peninsula, Goven on the Raion Olyutorsky Govensky,in Parapolsky. and sky up falcons ( sii loon ( yellow-billed for example, endangered, zapovednik fi Zapovedniks. Daniel. nancial support of the World Wildlife Fund ( Fund World of the support Wildlife nancial Calidris pygmaeus Cardamine victori Cardamine Anas penelope Anas Koryak Autonomous Okrug Autonomous Okrug Koryak percent of the total area, will be zapovednik be will area, total of the percent ), black brant ( brant black ), 83 , 000 Cepphus 153 ), northern pintail ( pintail northern ), Falco peregrinus Falco bird species, 97 species, bird ha, and consists of two separate sections, Goven- sections, separate of two consists and ha, ve new ), black-legged kittiwake (L. tridactylus kittiwake black-legged ), covers Phalacrocorax pelagicus Phalacrocorax s of regional signifi s of regional varieties of plants, some of which are rare, for rare, are some of which of plants, varieties Koryaksky was established in 1995 in established was Koryaksky ), and sandpipers ( sandpipers and ), ), and puffi and ), 466 Branta nigricans Branta Nuphar pumilum Nuphar Guide 327 ). There are about thirty colonies of colonies thirty about are There ). zapovednik ). , okrug Anser albifrons Anser 156 pages and F.gyrfalcon and ha, of which the Bering Sea makes makes Sea Bering the of which ha, nest on preserve territory. Par- on preserve nest ns ( Anas acuta ). Within the framework of this of this framework the Within ). Fratercula s are planned (South Tigilsky, Tigilsky, (South planned s are cance. Over for Calidris is to prevent disruption of toprevent disruption is ), and spoonbill sandpiper Anemone drummondii Anemone ), and Victor’s bittercress Victor’s and ), bittercress ), slaty-backed gull (Larus gull slaty-backed ), Anser fabalis Anser ), greater scaup ( scaup greater ), , 245 ), Eurasian wigeon wigeon Eurasian ), Conservation ). Two of). species rare , ) nest on the rocky rocky on the ) nest ). Many are rare or rare are Many ). 800 5 , ha ( Gavia adam- 437 s. Implement- wwf with the ), greater greater ), , 200 2020 24 ), guille- ). The The ). percent percent Ⅲ Aythia Aythia ha, or ha, ” was ” was

, ), 321 and

KORYAKIA Development. Newell,

KORYAKIA of thousands. tens the in seen be may sandpipers migration, here. During nest waterfowl and Raptors goose. fronted birds. other and ducks, of waders, of thousands hundreds are there periods, migratory During molt zakaznik on the thousands goose; of bean areas breeding and molting toprotecting given is attention ticular Par- protection. same—bird the is task but prime its others, on provided p.is 324 zakaznik refuge protects the island’s population of arctic fox ( of arctic population island’s the protects refuge The Raion. of Olyutorsky boundaries the Point, within Ilpyr off situated is island uninhabited This Island. turov regional another is Bay of Karagin part 322 Zakazniks. some covering zone abuffer activity, economic of human effects the from systems To natural the protect habitat. otter Bay, shore reserve’s Korf is much of in the and seen casionally ( otters Sea for walrus. ground feeding afavorite summer is on coast, Goven Bay,Korf especially twenty-fi and hundred three of between apopulation with rookeries larga ( seal spotted the resident) is year-round anearly (and common most The mammals. of marine species home tosix are Peninsula Goven of the waters coastal otter. The river and white-fronted goose ( goose white-fronted lesser brant, of black migration autumn during spots resting important one most is of the Kazarok Laguna population. bird element the protected is principal Here, too, the Island. Manchzhur and Inlet, of Ukin aportion land, adjacent and Lagoon Malamvayam It encompasses Raion. Karaginsky zakaznik All River. Moroshechnaya of the delta the near Raion Tigilsky southern in located is kaznik kaznik This islands. and rocks littoral as sea into the protrudes that cape amountainous includes and Rivers Kvachino and Utkholok the between tundra of swampy area an compasses of of and fi hunting noncommercial and breeding reindeer (e.g., allowed, are use resource of natural forms traditional only zone, buffer protective this territory. adjacent Within on the created was coast. Okhotsk of the areas wetlands and coastal valuable most some of the prises

J. 6 Ostrov Verkhoturova (Verkhoturov Island). Island). (Karagin Karaginsky Ostrov Lake). (Palana Palana Ozero Lagoon). (Brant Kazarok Laguna Utkholok. River). (Cloudberry Moroshechnaya Reka , Ⅲ 576 shing). ). Cape Goven hosts one of the largest coastal seal seal coastal one largest of the hosts Goven Cape ). 2004. is signifi is , 000 ve hundred individuals, both in summer and winter. and summer in both individuals, ve hundred 2 –24 on provided pp. is 323 is 300 THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE There are eight zakaznik eight are There ha. In northern Tigilsky Raion, this this Raion, Tigilsky northern In cantly smaller in area ( area in smaller cantly McKinleyville, km east of Utkholok Zakaznik, in southern southern in Zakaznik, of Utkholok east km The . Anser erythropus Anser Russian 150 , 000 A description of this of this Adescription ha of the zakaznik of the ha This 17 . s, with an overall area area overall an with s, ), and greater white- greater and ), 49 A description of this of this Adescription Enhydra lutris zakaznik , 800 , Far 000 This zakaznik CA: In the northern northern the In ha) than some than ha) zakaznik 676 -ha , Verkho- , East: 062 Alopex ) are oc- ) are Daniel zakaznik ’s lakes. lakes. ’s Phoca com- en- ha za-

A continue to cut fi tocut continue fi affect also regime river’s hydrological larch valley forests. The trees are between 100 between are trees The forests. valley larch chipmunk and Eurasian fl Eurasian and chipmunk Siberian as such species, forest typical Many areas. many precipitously in declining is forests of these area The Asia. in forests boreal one easternmost is of the and Koryakia, in of 62 reserve forest larch This others. and Kurchugan, Topolevka, Khiyuznaya, Murgal, tributaries: its and found) is larch (where Dahurian about its biological diversity. biological its about exists information fragmentary only unstudied; practically is territory Unfortunately, the for moose. habitat important as serve forests larch The of Koryakia. parts other not in found Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ of funds necessary tofi necessary of funds lack the and unit aviation protection forest local of the ing disband- the from resulting basin, river the in logging and fi toforest years several past the during River Penzhina fl disastrous the attributes population local The lagopus Recommendations. Threats. winter. in for reindeer pasture good is cover lichen old. The s. abramov arctic) and (wetland Zakaznik Ayanka 1. Severnaya Biodiversity hotspots in winter. vehicles all-terrain and snowmobiles and summer in river the the 40 is Belaya Reka duced. ( mink American waterfowl. ing nest- and raptors, bear, brown for moose, protection provides It River. Belaya of the reaches central the along established the Raion, the botanical only the is Listvennichny Ayanka Severnaya areas, protected of Koryakia’s northerly most The & Reference Study the biodiversity of the territory. of the biodiversity the Study in of villagers condition economic and social Improve the unit aviation protection forest of the operations Resume Severnaya Ayanka Listvennichny (North Ayanka Larch). Ayanka (North Listvennichny Ayanka Severnaya River). (White Belaya Reka Penzhinsky Raion, providing alternative energy sources. sources. energy alternative providing Raion, Penzhinsky fi forest for combating available funds make and raion okrug Daniel. ), as well as walrus, Steller’s sea lion, and spotted seal. spotted Steller’s lion, and sea walrus, as well as ), The taiga in Penzhinsky Raion is rapidly shrinking. shrinking. rapidly is Raion Penzhinsky in taiga The center, and therefore subject tomotorboat subject center, traffi therefore and . It includes the fl the . It includes 90, —This 000 rewood for fuel. , The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The -ha zoological zakaznik 000 466 62 ght forest fi forest ght Guide , 000 ha is a part of the only tall forest forest tall only of the apart is ha km from the village of Kamenskoe, of Kamenskoe, village the from km ying squirrel ( oodplains of the Penzhina River River Penzhina of the oodplains pages -ha In southern Penzhinsky Penzhinsky southern In zakaznik Mustela vison Mustela res. These changes to the tothe changes These res. for sh populations. Locals sh populations. Locals Pteromys volans protects pristine pristine protects Conservation , Reka Belaya, was was Belaya, , Reka zakaznik ) is being intro- being ) is and 150 and oods onoods the res. res. in years years res res ), are c on

and Development. Newell, J. Zapovednik to help protect the area. area. the tohelp protect Zapovednik Koryaksky created government Russian The sites. these disturb and winter by snowmobile in and summer in by boat However, sites. people enter the nesting their and waterfowl protected has Valley Parapol central in Zakaznik and numerous species of duck. of duck. species numerous and swans, for geese, area molting and anesting as serves swamps and of lakes chain endless An valley. the in congregate birds of of routes anumber migration The Asia. over northeast all from for waterfowl refuge agiant as serves Valley Parapol pasture. reindeer tive produc- ahighly tundra the making hills, the between grow lichen and Moss lakes. thermokarst and glacial numerous are there and developed, well is network river The high. between are hills the area, of the part central the In terrain. the dominate swamps grassy and tundra hilly Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ (wetland and arctic) and (wetland Valley) (Parapol Dol Parapolsky 2. government, September 13 September government, order site No. (by aRamsar as proposed lakes. of thermokarst drainage consequential the and projects, irrigation River, Belaya on the constructed to be 20 (with plant hydropower the Zapovednik), Koryaksky tofragment threatens and region the through go to is that road Ametistovo-Manily the via particularly access, of increased aresult as topoaching lead will deposit (which gold development Ametistovo of the the basins, river the in of gold commencement mining the include threats Future of ammunition. costs rising and surveys, geological fewer population, human of decreasing because however, down, slowed recently has decline This of eggs. collection illegal and poaching, surveys, geological growth, population include These decline. tothe contributing are factors local several wintering), are birds the where areas in hunting intensive (e.g., region outsidethe originating causes the with Along aresult. as hit hard been have on hunting whodepend peoples Valley,for Parapol indigenous the and true holds This declining. been has over Russia all waterfowl Recommendations. measures. protection Existing Threats. for over chernyagina o. 2004. Because it is small, the creation of Koryaksky Zapovednik Zapovednik of Koryaksky creation the it small, is Because for use resource of natural program asustainable Develop in of villagers situation economic and social Improve the areas to preserve the stopover and nesting grounds of grounds nesting stopover and the topreserve areas of protected network acomprehensive tobe needs there populations; bird problem not of solvethe declining does the northern raion Raion. Penzhinsky Since the beginning of the 1960 of the beginning the Since 500 McKinleyville, km and covering covering and km The —Parapol Valley is a vast lowland stretching stretching lowland avast is Valley —Parapol The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The Russian s of Koryakia. , 1994 Parapol Valley has been been has Valley Parapol 1 , 890 ). Since 1987 Since ). , 000 Far CA: ha. Sedge-covered Sedge-covered ha. s, the number of 1050 , the Reka Belaya Belaya Reka , the MW capacity) capacity) MW of the Russian Russian of the 10 East: and 30 and Daniel zakaznik m A

& Reference Ⅲ there is a risk, however, of quickly depleting the natural natural the depleting however, of quickly arisk, is there Without fi use. nature of traditional area an island the tomake proposal a is There not enforced. are they gathering, egg and hunting prohibit regulations Although island. the near living lagers vil- of for nutrition the source important an become again have eggs birds’ For example, resources. natural forgotten long- using again are peoples, indigenous the especially provides nesting grounds for upto grounds nesting provides zakaznik The Peninsula. on Kamchatka of Kostroma village the is area populated nearest the settlements; no permanent a2 and itself znik totals 200 s. abramov n. klochkova, n. gerasimov, o. chernyagina, (marine) Zakaznik Karaginsky Ostrov 3. Threats. Lessing’s arnica ( The governorof Koryakia. by the zakaznik the in permitted are activities trial indus- Afew now thrives. island tothe brought of reindeer Aherd crab. Kamchatka the as such species marine valuable commercially are there shelf on the waters shallow the In streams. of the all almost in spawn Salmon waters. coastal the in encountered often are mammals marine small other and ( murrelets and tern, Aleutian falcon, ( golden eagle species: home of rare toanumber also is reserve The area. the visit gulls and waders, of ducks, of thousands ofthousands waterfowl. migration During periods, hundreds and 500 More than mushrooms. and berries in rich is shoreline the near tundra The areas. hilltop in tundra and grasslands, widespread alder), shrub Island fl of lakes. hundreds and rivers, numerous are There m). ( Mountain Tumannaya (Foggy) is peak the island; the across tonorth south from stretch Ridges part. eastern the dominate mountains and island, of the half western up the make Plains Kamchatka. from landscapes, coastal beautiful damine victori Kamchatka crucifer ( crucifer Kamchatka tor migrating birds. tor migrating to moni- it not is possible reason same For the of funds. lack of the because unprotected Today, practically is reserve the ( laminaria kelp, including of valuable species many are there island of the coasts southern and ern Daniel. Aquila chrysaetos Do a thorough land survey of wetlands and wildlife in in wildlife and of wetlands survey land Doathorough Koryak Autonomous Okrug Autonomous Okrug Koryak Parapol Valley. Parapol Valley. Parapol in birds migratory 64 families grow on the island, including rarities such as as such rarities including island, on grow the families 70 Because of poor economic conditions, the locals, locals, the conditions, economic of poor Because rst fully assessing the island’s biological resources, resources, biological island’s the assessing fully rst ora consists of forests (stone birch, pine, and and pine, birch, (stone of forests consists ora -km wide Litke Strait separates the island, with its its with island, the separates Strait Litke wide -km —Established in 1974 -km coastal zone in Karagin Bay. The island has has Bay. island The Karagin in zone coastal -km ), Shumshu bluegrass ( bluegrass Shumshu ), , 466 000 Arnica lessingii Arnica Guide ), Steller’s sea eagle, gyrfalcon, peregrine peregrine gyrfalcon, Steller’s eagle, ), sea ha and consists of two parts: the island island the parts: of two consists and ha Ermania parriiformis pages species belonging to205 belonging species for ), Victor’s bittercress ( Victor’s), bittercress , Ostrov Karaginsky Zaka- Karaginsky , Ostrov 400 Poa shumshuensis Brachyramphus Conservation Laminaria japonica Laminaria , 000 ). Along the east- the Along ). and are regulated regulated are and marine birds and and birds marine ). Seals Seals ). Ⅲ genera Car- ), and

920 ). 323

and

KORYAKIA Development. Newell,

KORYAKIA Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ for this zapovednikfor this no funding is but there reserve, new of core this the forming ( Zapovednik Karaginsky the tocreate aplan is site. There aRamsar as nominated been has Island Karagin unprotected. virtually thus, is, and no rangers However, zakaznik the regulated. strictly theory, in is, ity activ- industrial All prohibited. is habitats seabird Disturbing Sewage and untreated waste are also affecting affecting also are waste untreated and Sewage overfi znik 324 Threats. zakaznik this Ridge, of Central part northern of slope the western on the Raion, Tigilsky s.o. abramov chernyagina, (wetland) Zakaznik Palanskoe Ozero 4. Recommendations. measures. protection Existing prepared. being also is of Beringia colonies Pacifi Northwestern the in Colonies of Seabird Chain Food and Quantity program the under is This Island. Karagin shore, including Kamchatka’s along of colonies bird inventory an doing are of Sciences) Academy Use (Russian Nature and for Environment Institute atKam- chatka of Ornithology Laboratory the from Researchers island. on the mining development and gas and oil offshore include threats potential Other resources. Phymbristilis okchotski Phymbristilis plant endangered of the habitat northernmost the is this able information, toavail- According springs. the near formed has ecosystem blocked by lava fl was River Palana whenthe formed Lake Palana landscape. and medium mountains reaching reaching mountains medium and springs with temperatures reaching reaching temperatures with springs 100 basin, River Palana upper the In Koryaks. for local resource spiritual and natural important an are area surrounding and lake The Peninsula. Kamchatka on the one largest of the Pacifi ( swan whooper and goose, reindeer,snow bean sheep,wild bear, brown marmot, Kamchatka include: fauna Important stone pine. Japanese of and stone birch by forests rounded J. Cygnus cygnus Enforce land-use regulations of the zakaznik of the regulations land-use Enforce bio- island’s of the use for sustainable measures Develop industrial of proposed impact potential the Research villagers of the condition economic and social Improve the logical resources. logical development. in Penzhinsky Raion. km from Palana Village, there are three hot mineral hot mineral three are there Village, Palana from km Ⅲ , but residents of Palana and Lesnaya are poaching and and poaching are Lesnaya and of, but Palana residents c salmon. The sockeye population in Palana Lake is is Lake Palana in population sockeye The c salmon. shing, particularly the sockeye salmon in Palana Lake. Lake. Palana in salmon sockeye the particularly shing, 2004. Limited industrial activity is permitted in the the in permitted is activity industrial Limited THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE ). The lake protects spawning grounds for grounds spawning protects lake The ). McKinleyville, ows. The lake covers covers lake The ows. The . The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The Russian The zakaznik The 790 —Established in 1980 covers 88 , 000 1 , c. A catalogue of seabird of seabird Acatalogue c. 300 97 ha) with the zakaznik the with ha) ° 28 c m dominate the the mdominate . . An unusual thermal thermal unusual . An , , 200 000 Far has been created. created. been has CA: ha and is sur- is and ha ha. Small Small ha. nerka . East: (seal) in Daniel zaka- has has

A 141 Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ serving as the core zone, but the project lacks funding. funding. lacks project but zone, the core the as serving tral Koryakia National Park ( Cen- the tocreate aplan is there Koryakia, in areas protected for program federal the In summer. and spring during patrols zakaznik the controls Recommendations. measures. protection Existing Khayryuzova is 265 300 is River Tigil long: relatively are rivers largest The ing fl form- slow down, they plain, Kamchatka west reach rivers snow. the with covered When permanently areas and glaciers by fed are and Ridge, of Central slopes western on the tains, moun- the in high originate region of the rivers ment. The govern- Russian by sites the Ramsar as nominated been also 150 cover which Rivers, Utkholok and Moroshechnaya of the sins s.s. abramov o. maximov, chernyagina, forest) and (wetland region Tigilsky the of Rivers 5. can catch enormous quantities of smelt ( enormousquantities catch can ma ( of char populations abundant with together rivers these in live chum) and chinook, value sockeye, pink, (coho, of commercial salmon of Kamchatka Five species birds. for migratory grounds feeding and nesting as serve basins lower river the in bays and lakes, Swamps, salmon fi Here, however, Itelmens. and Koryaks indigenous for the of form subsistence main the tobe, continues and been, has sockeye. Initial results show that populations are declining. declining. are populations show that results Initial sockeye. raphy (Kamchat Pacifi of the branch ka Since resources. coastal opment threatens devel- gas and oil Possible offshore ecosystems. thermal and microclimate the damaged has springs mineral of the ation exploit- medicinal and recreational Uncontrolled populations. region of Kamchatka, people avoid trout, considering them them people avoid considering trout, of Kamchatka, region central the in although, restrictions, few with year-round fi trout Rainbow construction. hatchery and & Reference Improve the social and economic situation of those living living of those situation economic and social Improve the Construct water treatment facilities in Palana to eliminate need areas which todetermine territory the Zone Protect Protect the km, Voyampolka is 167 is Voyampolka km, ha and 49 and ha in Tigilsky Raion. into and wastewater River. discharge Palana sewage springs. of the use medicinal and recreational sustainable for recommendations todevelop inventory of the results the use and hot springs, Palana near inventory biological nik ) and rainbow trout. In the lower reaches of the rivers, one rivers, of the lower reaches the In trout. rainbow ) and oodplains, and some fl and oodplains, Daniel. -level protection of key plant communities, take a take communities, plant of key protection -level shing is forbidden for is scientifi except shing ha, respectively, are now zakaznik are respectively, ha, zakaznik niro The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The km, Belogolovaya is is Belogolovaya km, 466 , but there is only one staff ranger who ranger one only staff is , but there ) has been conducting a study of the of the astudy conducting been ) has c Institute of Fisheries and Oceanog- and of Fisheries c Institute Guide properly. km, and Shamanka is 109 is Shamanka and km, ow into the Sea of Okhotsk. of Okhotsk. Sea ow intothe pages 250 The Koryakia Hunting Service Service Hunting Koryakia The , 000 for ha) with the zakaznik the with ha) Hypomesus 226 1994 Conservation —The lower ba- —The shing is allowed allowed is shing km, Palana is is Palana km, Salvelinus mal- c purposes c purposes , the Kamchat- , the s. have They ). Fishing zapoved- km. km. km, km,

and Development. Newell, J. Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ mining. coal and Raion, on Tigilsky bordering of Okhotsk Sea of the developmentshelf on the gas and oil groundwater, possible to amounts waste this Palana (in rivers into the discharged water industrial and age intensifi for Pacifi that fi for the price market current Because Recommendations. Recommendations. measures. protection Existing Threats. “fi chatka. Covering more than more than Covering chatka. of Kam- Itelmens of the Revival for the Council the and okrug of the government regional by the administered tobe region, Tkhsanom fi the establishing adecree issued governor of Koryakia Indigenous Territories. Economyon Itelmen forPotential Development of Local Environmental and Study Resource of Kamchatka: coast western of the resources natural on the astudy completed tacis from support with Use, Nature and In Raion. Tigilsky of rivers the in trout of rainbow forms endemic and rare are there that We now recognize believed. previously than more is complicated population of the structure The trout. rainbow the studying been have Center, researchers Salmon Wild the and of Washington, University atthe Department University, Lomonosov Fishery State the Moscow involving Since world. the in species of their populations wild remaining somelargest of the are Raion of trout Tigilsky rainbow The winter. during especially highly trout rainbow value Raion of Tigilsky villagers By contrast, Sopochnaya, Moroshechnaya, and Saichik. and Moroshechnaya, Sopochnaya, Utkholok, the as rivers spawning trout rainbow such includes 2004. Continue to study natural resource use patterns of the of the patterns use resource natural tostudy Continue for other technologies sound environmentally Use only development on the gas onand amoratorium oil Declare improve existing and facilities water-treatment Construct measures. protection river Strengthen im- process, the in and, topoaching, alternatives Create lthy fi lthy indigenous peoples and publish the results. the publish and peoples indigenous development. of project stages for all law environmental Russian with compliance full require and extraction, resource natural of Okhotsk. Sea of the shelf systems. sewage in Tigilsky Raion. for living people conditions economic and social prove the , the Koryak Committee on Environmental Protection, Protection, on Environmental Committee Koryak , the ed. Other dangers include inadequately treated sew- treated inadequately include dangers Other ed. sh,” because voles are often found in their stomachs. stomachs. their in found often voles are sh,” because Rainbow trout has never been an abundant species. species. abundant an been never has trout Rainbow (Territory of Traditional Nature Use) in the the in Use) (Territory Nature of Traditional McKinleyville, The c salmon, commercial (and illegal) fi illegal) (and commercial c salmon, 1994 , in a joint Russian-American project project ajoint Russian-American , in 1996 The following actions should be taken: taken: be should actions following The Russian 250 , the Kamchatka Institute for Ecology for Ecology Institute Kamchatka , the cu. m per day), sewage leaking into leaking sewage day), mper cu. 2 In November 1998 , 000 , 000 sh is much higher than Far CA: ha, this territory territory this ha, European Fund, Fund, European East: Daniel , the , the shing has has shing rst A & Reference result of drilling-waste discharge alone, alone, discharge of drilling-waste result and and between one for just borehole are amounts discharge Projected soned. poi- continuously are ecosystems marine the addition, In more complicated. response speedy make and of accidents diffi and storms, indigenous peoples here. peoples indigenous for of food sources primary the are mammals marine and Fish seals. and whales beluga and for gray ground breeding the is area the and here, spawn of Okhotsk Sea the in herring fi spendtheir fry Halibut of Okhotsk. Sea the throughout species other and crab chatka for Kam- area major reproduction it the is because ecologists, by Russian house” “maternity the called been has area this currents, ocean of upwelling Aregion Bays. Penzhina and Gizhigin as Bay, well as Shelikhova includes which above), elements, such as radium 226 radioactive of natural concentrations normal than higher contain layers some water show that also studies Recent sea. and an additional 100 conditions in the area, including tides reaching 13 reaching tides including area, the in conditions fi the polluting toavoid impossible it is because threat future amajor is and area for the proposed been development has gas and Oil es. fi of monitor the use and administer Magadan fi mercial Threats. (at shelf of Okhotsk Sea of the part western north- the is area unique and important One extremely November. after cover ice asteady producing April, until October from zero below here is temperature air The of Koryakia. part western the bayborders The of Okhotsk. Sea ocean—the world’s the productive most perhaps is what bayin largest rostomov,s. o. chernyagina (marine) Koryakia near Shelf Continental Okhotsk of Sea 6. and its biodiversity were fully assessed. were fully biodiversity its and tacis by sponsored program the world. In the in rates highest the 22 much as as be may area (estimated by Kamchat is of Okhotsk Sea of the shelf Kamchatka west fi of bottom-dwelling mass biological overall The fi bottom-dwelling and lusks, mol- and worms, for crabs, rates mortality increases greatly noted forfi other by 50 mollusks and fry salmon of young rate mortality the increases and plankton of capacity production the reduces sea of the poisoning scientifi government toRussian According Daniel. Koryak Autonomous Okrug Autonomous Okrug Koryak 300 1 , fund, the potential fi potential the fund, 000 Anthropogenic pressure is now limited to com- tons of oil products. In 1998 In products. of tons oil shing. Institutions in Kamchatka, Koryakia, and and Koryakia, Kamchatka, in Institutions shing. 150 tons of drilling waste, which contain between between contain which waste, of tons drilling and 400 and sheries. Extreme climatic and hydrological hydrological and climatic Extreme sheries. 466 cult ice conditions, increase the chances chances the increase conditions, ice cult sh species. Oil pollution on the sea bottom bottom sea on the pollution Oil species. sh Guide tons of drilling mud, and between between mud, and of tons drilling , 000 percent. Similar effects have been been have effects Similar percent. pages niro rst two years here, almost all the the all almost here, years two rst shing capacity of Koryakia’s shelf shelf of Koryakia’s capacity shing tons per sq. km, which is one is of which sq.km, per tons tons of chemicals, went into the went intothe of tons chemicals, ). The fi The ). of the capacity shing sh show higher rates of disease. of disease. rates showsh higher and radium 228 for —Shelikhova Bay is the the is Bay —Shelikhova in the North Sea, as a as Sea, North the in Conservation 22 , 000 55 c data, chronic shing shing resourc- . ° latitude and 6

602 tons of tons oil, sh on the m, huge huge m, , 000 Ⅲ

tons tons 200 120 325

and

KORYAKIA Development. Newell,

KORYAKIA Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ (fur) tax. (fur) tsar’s tothe inhabitants indigenous of the subjugation and domination of Russian beginning the marks coast ern two-year expedition ( creation of the Penzhina Marine Zapovednik ( Zapovednik Marine Penzhina of the creation the proposes Koryakia,” in Areas of Protected Establishment 2 decree establishing a November in Then, development shelf. on the and exploration gas and toprevent oil ajoint campaign started Pacifi Northern and of Independent Experts League (Kamchatka Kamchatka and Environment), forCenter the (Magadan Watch), Environment Magadan (Sakhalin lin ngo proposed. was shelf of Okhotsk Sea on the In bay. the in April islands the all as Bay, well as Penzhina along area 326 him. soon followed Peninsula Kamchatka the around by sea whotraveled explorers Cossack interior. Other the toexplore not but mouth stay did River Penzhina the 1651 in began Koryakia of present-day conquest Russian The Baranov A. Abramov, Sergei T. Reshetenko, Economy Recommendations. measures. protection Existing tion to Kamchatka ( toKamchatka tion expedi- Bering second of amember the P. Krasheninnikov, which would include a include would which to Cape Utkholok. Cape to borderof Koryakia southern the from stretching Okhotsk, J. , Find funds for environmental and scientifi and for environmental Find funds Zapovednik. Marine Penzhina Establish shores the near areas marine of protected asystem Create of conditions environmental over control the Strengthen con- toprovide international foundation alegal Establish Sea for the use resource of rational aprogram Develop 000 of Koryakia. of shelf. Kamchatka western the process. this in countries involve all stage, fi and environment oftrol the benefi economic of the assessment an include should program this shelf; Peninsula Kamchatka and shelf of Okhotsk Sea of Okhotsk Sea of the resources of biological monitor use the and to study , when the Cossack explorer M. Stadukhin landed at landed Stadukhin M. explorer Cossack the , when Ⅲ 2004. , 000 ts from fi 8 THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE The best early study of Kamchatka was made by S. by S. made was of Kamchatka study early best The ha and includes a2 includes and ha 1998 McKinleyville, , a moratorium on oil and gas development gas and on oil , amoratorium The shing versus oil and gas development. gas and oil versus shing The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The 1737 Tkhsanom 1697 4 1998 -km-long and 1 – Russian 1741 – , Koryakia’s governor issued a governor issued , Koryakia’s 1698 A federal program, “Support for “Support program, Afederal ). He meticulously described described He meticulously ). -mi. aquatoria in the Sea of Sea the in aquatoria -mi. Union here. The area is over is Union area The here. sheries resources; at a later atalater resources; sheries ) along the peninsula’s west- peninsula’s the ) along -km-wide coastal coastal -km-wide Far CA: c organizations c organizations 7 V. V. Atlasov’s 1 s from Sakha- s from . 1 million ha), ha), million East: c Fund) Daniel yasak

A his the fur trade and fi and trade fur the through peninsula on the presence their increased Norway even and China, Japan, America, time, this At Petersburg. by St. ignored largely was and importance Kamchatka strategic United its States, lost tothe of Alaska sale the After dramatically. decreased had otter, fox sable, populations century, and twentieth of the end By the market. open weresold on the pelts of the many and trade fur the in engaged weredeeply peoples Indigenous not diffi was peninsula the from furs exporting and great, was markets foreign and domestic of both demand the because exception only the was trade fur The of Russia. parts diffi extremely food growing made which conditions, agricultural of unfavorable because primarily by Russia, forgotten virtu- was ally territory the century nineteenth the During disarray, with heating and energy production most seriously seriously most production energy and heating with disarray, okrug to the taxpayers main the are mines platinum Gold and surveyed. been have resources mineral other as well as coal brown and 1930 the in tion. The fi 1934 between lost was herds total of the half almost results; disastrous had herds reindeer of the collectivization profi most the as breeding reindeer overtook try ing. By 1936 fi sea commercial todevelop began government Soviet mid- the in area the closed and interests commercial foreign expelled Soviets The peoples. by indigenous practiced wererarely vegetables fi tilling husbandry, Animal mammals. fi marine hunted populations and settled furs, in traded shed, the subsistence; for their bred reindeer peoples indigenous the fl chive documents of previous explorers. In In explorers. of previous documents chive ar- studied and languages Itelmen and Koryak for the lists word He made artifacts. collected and tides, and currents sea monitored events, of notes meteorological made population, ume of fi ume thirty-fi of which tives, collec- end By of World the wereforty-six War there II, homelands. their in minority people asmall indigenous made north the in for working perquisites by the attracted 1960 the In industries. other tion of the fi oftion the 1950 The salmon. and cod, processing plants. In 1970 In plants. processing total volume of production. of volume total fi although year, Today offi the & Reference All other sectors of Koryakia’s economy are in catastrophic catastrophic in economy are of Koryakia’s sectors other All produc- increasing sector only the is industry mining The Description of the Land ofKamchatka Land ofthe Description cult, and because the region was so remote from other remote other so from was region the because and cult, . ora, fauna, geography, and customs of the indigenous indigenous of the geography, customs and fauna, ora, Daniel. 10 Mostly immigrant Russians developed fi developed Russians immigrant Mostly sh caught in 1958 in sh caught rst geological surveys in the okrug the in surveys geological rst s. By now, deposits of gold, platinum, sulfur, coal, coal, Bys. now, sulfur, of platinum, gold, deposits shing shing fl ’s budget. ’s , 3 cial fi cial , 000 shing does amount to about toabout amount does shing shing. Until the the Until shing. sh catch does not exceed not exceed does catch sh eet and the construction of fi construction the and eet tons of tons fi 466 Guide ve were fi ve were , the catch reached 146 reached catch , the was 40 was 1920 s were marked by the active forma- active by the s weremarked pages sh were caught, and the indus- the and werecaught, sh s, the great infl great the s, s. During the 1930 the During s. shing enterprises. The vol- The enterprises. shing , 000 for 1920 tons, mostly herring, herring, mostly tons, elds, and growing growing and elds, s, the nomadic nomadic the s, . 9 1756 Conservation ux of immigrants 100 70 were conducted wereconducted , he published , he published shing and shing 1930 table. The The table. percent of the of the percent ve fi , , 000 000 s, the cult. and and sh- tons a tons tons. tons. sh- and Development. Newell, J. ity of such stations amounts to amounts stations of such ity own their have enterprises dustrial power diesel small stations ( by town for each separately produced is Electricity affected. relations with Kamchatka Oblast. Oblast. Kamchatka with relations The (for passengers). air and cargo) (for sea are transportation of means main The infrastructure. bypoor its hampered is okrug development of the Economic each. animals thousand four donot exceed herds the Star, Polar and Palana, Karaga, as such farms, collective of the anumber In farms. private thirteen and farms people working in ten collective employs about 650 breeding deer Rein- loss. atanet operate and ods meth- Soviet use practices herding 1980 the in numbers peak of their half than toless fallen have herds reindeer contemporary But population. indigenous of the of most well-being physical and cultural tothe linked closely is and economic activities in the region sustainable environmentally few one is of the herding Reindeer spawning. for salmon unsuitable them making changed, hydrology rivers’ the and enlarged, is watershed surface the formed, are swamps basins, these near over production tohay given are fl the in located are soils Humus-rich agriculture. for large-scale allow donot territory of the topography and geography The winter of 1999 the during of dysentery outbreaks suffered villages several and malnutrition, and hunger in increase an saw a half and year following The Korea. South and Canada, United States, Pacifi various from imported 1998 August the Before hunting). ing, more on subsistence activities (fi relying is poorest, the also is which population, indigenous the awhole, but especially as population The feed. importing and barns of heating costs of the casualties reduced, matically dra- been have porkproduction, and egg as such activities, bankrupt as subsidies were eliminated. The most wasteful more effi agriculture however, local made has, catastrophe economic The for cut fi are more trees as increase forests cal on lo- pressures worsens, situation this As diesel. to conserve 1997 Since acute. extremely become supply problem has energy the 2004. , all settlements have had to resort to periodic blackouts blackouts toperiodic toresort had have settlements , all oodplains of salmon spawning rivers. Where fi Where rivers. spawning of salmon oodplains maintains close close maintains okrug McKinleyville, The – 2000 cient. Many collective farms have gone gone have farms collective Many cient. s. Current Current s. Russian . dps c Rim countries, especially the the especially countries, c Rim 80 shing, small-plot garden- small-plot shing, ). Some institutions and in- and institutions Some ).

– dps 85 MW. In recent years, MW. years, recent In crisis, most food was . The aggregate capac- aggregate . The Far CA: remain viable. economically to support necessary the toattract able been not has it minimally, only environment the impacts production meat and herding reindeer that agrees everyone Although rewood. East: Daniel elds A & Reference Environmental impact. tainable levels for short-term profi atunsus- products sea valuable other and crab harvesting are enterprises Fishing residents. for many of cash source reliable only the become bladder, has gall bear and caviar for salmon primarily Poaching, for fuel. logging unsustainable in results shortages due power tofuel and heating with population the of provision Irregular pollution. air increases ously, which previ- than of lower quality frequently are okrug into the imported resources Energy maintenance. poor and sive wear the in enterprises fi Discharge pollution. water and of air reductions correspondent in nothave resulted output volume of the industrial in decreases environment; the sary funds for its social infrastructure. infrastructure. for social its funds sary cow. okrug economy of The the of the percent Ninety-six Koryakryba. and Marina-Ich, Kutkh, fi u.s.$21 2001 In anumber with ties economic countries. of foreign maintains Koryakia Autonomouskotsky Okrug. or Chu- Oblast Magadan nearby with relations economic sustained any not maintain does okrug the time, same the At Petropavlovsk seaport. the move through goods all Practically season (ending October 1 October (ending season Daniel. sh, and caviar. The main export companies are Iyanin- are companies export main The caviar. and sh, Koryak Autonomous Okrug Autonomous Okrug Koryak million. The main export output remains crab, frozen frozen crab, output remains export main The million. 466 Guide operate ineffi operate okrug , the volume of export amounted to amounted volume of export , the lters and cleaning systems installed at installed systems cleaning lters and The decline in the economy has hurt hurt economy has the in decline The pages on the west coast, November 1 coast, west on the okrug for does not provide the neces- not providethe does ts. The offi The ts. ’s Mos- from comes budget ciently due toexces- ciently Conservation cial cial navigation Ⅲ

on on 327

A. D. King and

KORYAKIA Development. Newell,

KORYAKIA the indigenous population unemployment reached reached unemployment population indigenous the among jobs; not permanent have did employable population unemployment. By early unemployment. By early to consequently and of some enterprises reorganization and liquidation tothe lead production in Declines northern regions will never regrow once destroyed. once regrow never will regions northern the in Tundra vegetation of years. hundreds or even decades, for not regrow will vegetation The communities. organic erosion, fl to leads and of permafrost destruction by the accompanied is operations mining during cover vegetation of the destruction The long-lasting. is activities by human-made soils frost) perma- (often delicate and on autotrophic plants stress the Therefore, short. are chains food and poor very is disturbance slow, to is turnover adaptation biological the because low; very is ecosystems forest-tundra and of tundra productivity biological the noted that It be should destroyed. totally ally usu- is cover vegetation and soil small, is impact of direct units) occupy military and settlements mining (mainly agriculture with not connected enterprises other and transport, Industry, on. so and wetlands, streams, salmon along areas, sensitive in however, located is, often territory impacted highly This pasture. livestock and haying, for gardening, used is part unbuilt the and lands, on these located are lages of the territory entire the amounts to 34 bodies executive of village city, and town, authority the under activi- by human than affected toless amount ties directly Koryakia in areas The Seas. Bering the and Okhotsk of the waters in spills of fuel ability diffi in unloaded be home to Ukraine in August 1998 August in home toUkraine returned doctor Pakhachi’s Srednie and ago, years several doctor its lost Lesnaya scientists). and doctors, (teachers, nel fi outfl amass seen has ation situ- economic and social of the deterioration drastic The not returning. and leaving are Doctors food. or medicine, no moneytobuy disinfectants, have institutions fi average the than higher times okrug the in of tuberculosis rate The problems. health other and functions, immune impaired vision, impaired mia, ane- from people suffer tomalnutrition Due payments. wage in delays by regular aggravated is situation This indigenous. 80 and category income lowest intothe falls population of the percent Thirty-six tofall. ues 328 Social problems. 606 the with emergencies in resulting violated, often is coast) east the cult situation of providing the the of providing situation cult J. okrug . Ⅲ 7 2004. additional ha are mined illegally. Although the area area the Although illegally. mined are ha additional ooding, and the destabilization of soil and subsoil subsoil and of soil destabilization the and ooding, ’s fuel supply. Diesel fuel, coal, and other cargo must must cargo other and ’s supply. coal, fuel, fuel Diesel THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE 6 , 700 McKinleyville, , 200 The standard of living in Koryakia contin- Koryakia in of living standard The The ha, corresponding to just tojust corresponding ha, cult, icy conditions, increasing the prob- the increasing conditions, icy cult, ha. Precious metal mining is is mining metal Precious ha. 1 1999 percent of the total. The land area area land The total. of the percent okrug ow of people, aggravating the dif- the ow aggravating of people, Russian , about 8 , about . Two towns and thirty vil- . Two thirty and towns percent of those people are are people of those percent gure in Russia, yet medical medical yet Russia, in gure withokrug qualifi with no likely. replacement with percent of the okrug of the percent Far CA: 0 . 1 percent of percent ed person- 1 , East: 25 900 Daniel percent. is three three is ha; ha; ’s ’s A theft, and vandalism. vandalism. and theft, suicide, abuse, alcohol and of drug levels high the in evident malaise, spiritual and economic, social, ageneral from suffers Koryakia of organization. due toalack ment situation of the the of regions different in of occur acts totime other time and from which protest, strikes in itself manifests tension Social unemployment rate. high due tothe jobs any with toprovideparents impossible it yet donotschool, is attend often and poverty extreme in live children which in families, of troubled number The gathering. of reindeer, subsistence stock and asmall breeding hunting, by fi only tosurvive peoplemanage and percent, Kovran, and Paren), the unemployment level exceeds exceeds unemployment the level Paren), and Kovran, Voyampolka, Lesnaya, (e.g., villages indigenous several In for platinum, three for coal (upto for coal three for platinum, okrug the in facilities ate on seventeen oper- enterprises six present, At molybdenum. and zinc, bum, plum- chromium, nickel, of tin, signs are there and sulfur; and mercury, of silver, platinum, reserves explored are there gold; and gas, and oil of coal, reserves possesses Koryakia Mining Ⅲ Ⅲ identify: 250 of more than area over an ducted con- study geological Arecent present. tothe continue and of the the surveys in began Regular of Koryakia surveys Geological gold mining. for alluvial twelve in Korfskoe in began mining Coal mining. platinum gold and it develop did later only needs; own its tomeet only irregularly, developed initially of Koryakia industry mining The relatively high estimates of the potential, the extraction base base extraction the potential, of the estimates high relatively of the potential gas total The regions. Voyampolsky and Vivensky the are of 46 area atotal regions, gas and tenoil in concentrated are resources Hydrocarbon (Tigil and Khairyuzovskoe). Tigilsky and Lesnovskoe) and Palana, (Podkagernoe, lansky Pustoretsko-Pa- Mametchenskoe), and River, Chernaya koe, (Gorelovs- Penzhinsky deposits), Khailinskoe and (Korfskoe Olyutorsky regions: coal-bearing main four nearby. are There okrug of the half About 1981 & Reference Deposits of mercury and tin in Koryakia and sulfur in in sulfur and Koryakia in tin and of mercury Deposits of depos- hundreds which within zones, metallic Fourteen 1929 northern Kamchatka—new deposits for the for the deposits Kamchatka—new northern found. been have minerals other and limestone, coal, sulfur, polymetals, of antimony,its mercury, arsenic, okrug and alluvial silver mining in in mining silver alluvial and Daniel. and in Tigil in 1969 in Tigil in and , but they have yet to result in any actual improve- actual any in toresult yet have , but they constantly faces an increase in the the in increase an faces constantly okrug is estimated at87 estimated is okrug 466 Guide okrug ’s settlements have coal deposits deposits coal have ’s settlements . Alluvial gold mining began in in began gold mining . Alluvial pages ’s subsoils started in the the in ’s started subsoils . 8 sq. km. The most promising promising most The sq. km. 1998 50 for , , , including two facilities facilities two , including 000 000 . billion cu. m.Despite cu. billion tons a year), and and ayear), tons sq. km has helped helped has sq. km Conservation shing, shing, 1930 rfe . s. 1960 70

s and Development. Newell, J. cranes. The transport division includes Challenger ( Challenger includes division transport The cranes. auto- (Russian) Ivanovets and trucks, self-dumping (Russian) tion needs of the mining facilities. mining of the needs tion transporta- air provide much of the Korfskoe in Koryak-Avia mi-8 months. winter during place takes transport overland Most of roads. or absence presence of the regardless freight overland deliver can that trucks (Russian) vezdekhod Cat deposits are located. are deposits wherethe Raion, Galmeonsky eroding streams, the from annual production of 6 average an until increased rapidly levels Production year. that Ledyanoi Rivers (Vetvei River basin). In In basin). River (Vetvei Rivers Ledyanoi and Levtyrinyvayam of the deposits platinum the developed Ametistovo and Ozernovsky. Until 1997 Until Ozernovsky. and Ametistovo — of gold ore deposits largest two the mining are pation, partici- foreign with companies, gold independently. Russian erpillar tractors, four Cat 990 Cat four tractors, erpillar in in 1994 started Production sledges. by tractor Korfskoe near Highlands ryak (about 1 for nearly fuel and infrastructure, equipment, camp the winter of 1993 winter the During gold project. Kubaka the near Raion, Severo-Evensky the in Oblast Magadan gold in placer mining in experience had having mine, the operated Koryakgeoldobycha Artel, ka Chaibu- company the with partnership In plant. a mine and infrastructure civil and road necessary the developed pany com- the license, mining the granted was Koryakgeoldobycha in established was Koryakgeoldobycha era. Soviet fi had chatgeology Kam- massif. Galmeonsky erosion of the through formed had which basin, Vetvei of the River streams in mapped and Starting in identifi been have platinoids and chromite, polymetals, fi mineral and surveyed being is territory The Raion. torsky Olyu- in basin Vetvei the River province: platinum-bearing of anew, emergence the world-class indicates potential resource of this scale The increased. sharply has platinum vial of allu- value the years, recent In mapped. fully not been still has depositatOzernovsky hard-rock The deposits. silver and gold Ametistovo the includes which Ichigan-Unneivayamsky, is gold region best-explored The resources. mining promising There are no foreign companies in the the in companies no foreign are There platinum. and Gold detailed surveys. of lack of the because not, however, established been yet has oldobycha-Chaibuka partnership deploys ten ten deploys partnership oldobycha-Chaibuka Koryakge- the deposits, To placer platinum the mine elds bearing gold, arsenic, bismuth, silver, tin, copper, bismuth, silver, tin, arsenic, gold, bearing elds 2004. 1996 773b 930 . By 1998 ( (Russian) all-terrain vehicles, and Kamaz and Ural Ural and Kamaz and vehicles, all-terrain (Russian) McKinleyville, usa miles) from various sites in Magadan to the Ko- tothe Magadan in sites various from miles) The ) haul trucks, Ural (Russian) tractors, Kraz- tractors, (Russian) Ural trucks, ) haul 1990 , totaling about 550 about , totaling , about 17 , about rst discovered these deposits during the the during deposits these discovered rst – Gold and platinum represent the most most representthe platinum Gold and , platinum placer deposits were explored wereexplored deposits placer , platinum 1994 11 Russian

metric tons ( tons metric , Chaibuka Artel transported mining mining transported Artel , Chaibuka tons of platinum had been mined mined been had of tons platinum ( usa kg ( 12 ) front-end loaders, several several loaders, ) front-end 186 Far 16 CA: helicopters fl helicopters , the local com- local , the , 000 , 1993 400 mining okrug oz) was reached reached was oz) and 1994 and oz) of platinum of platinum oz) d-10 East: Daniel 1992 ( usa own by own usa , 500 ed. and and , when ) and ) and ) Cat- km A 256

& Reference tion of Ozernovsky ore fi oftion Ozernovsky explora- geological in engaged are Dome Corporation Placer U.S. the and company, Palamos, Alocal suspended. been has work atAmetistovo Today the Ametistovo. all to develop plans coordinated Ltd. Resources Cte-Genevieve Company Canadian the and Koryaki Compania Gornorudnaya pany Environmental impact. es. For example, to collect tocollect For example, es. resourc- poached routinely Talovka the Lakes, near operated group, which geological Ametistovo of the workers The reached it of sites, anumber At but increased. not did decrease, tion in conducted inspection An rivers. specifi to take weredirected leaders Local level. permissible the than higher 170 was particles by weighed Penzhina) of the taries (tribu- Rivers Kondyreva and Ushkanya of the pollution that okrug the and chatrybvod In incomplete. and delayed usually is tivation Recul- areas. affected degrade completely Mines catastrophic. continue to be attractive to foreign investors in Koryakia. in investors toforeign attractive tobe continue also will mining metals Precious subsidies. order tomake in fuel up for lost toincrease, mining coal We expect can made by atv pass asingle from torecover years many requires tundra Subarctic damage. the increasing thus sections, the around atv ( vehicles terrain traffi heavy support cannot areas Swampy poaching. toincreased leads toremote areas accessibility Increased patterns. reproductive and migratory disturb and animals frighten vehicles and Machinery involved. tothe directly disproportionately area land wildlife affect activities Mining were not polluted. grounds spawning Vetvei Fortunately, the River spring. the in pond’s tothe dike damage after Raion Olyutorsky site in 1998 in happened as ponds, sedimentation mud from admixtures by mechanical pollution of watershed threat increased an is There areas. for the atypical are that ties communi- vegetation of new emergence the and groundwater of rise the causing destroyed installed, is ponds vegetation mud sedimentation and areas, gold mining alluvial In okrug the in well is all that say can one that extent better, but for the not an tosuch changing been has protection outlookfor environmental The stricter. become have legislation conservation of nature for violations Penalties services. conservation ment of independent nature establish- the and country the in occurred that changes the wereit not continued for have would disregard Such Raion. Penzhinsky in only quantities large in found be can which ( pike aton of Northern more than discarded and Daniel. Koryak Autonomous Okrug Autonomous Okrug Koryak roads degrade into bogs or ponds, drivers make detours detours make drivers or ponds, into bogs degrade roads 1983 1662 , a comprehensive inspection conducted by Kam- conducted inspection , acomprehensive s. mg/l (the permissible level is is level permissible (the mg/l c measures to prevent further pollution of the of the pollution toprevent further c measures 466 atv Guide s) along makeshift roads. As sections of sections As roads. makeshift along s) Mining in Koryakia is ecologically ecologically is Koryakia in Mining pages eld. ’s chemical laboratory demonstrated demonstrated laboratory chemical ’s 130 kg of whitefi kg caught they sh, for . 1986 Conservation showed that pollu- that showed at the Ledyanaya Ledyanaya atthe 0 .25 mg/l). Esox esox times times c of all- Ⅲ

329 ), and

KORYAKIA Development. Newell,

KORYAKIA

A. D. King deposit amounts to deposit amounts Korfskoe of the production annual The Gorelovskoe. and Tigilsky in deposits coal and Korfskoe, deposit in coal brown 330 tragedies. suffered or died removal its with connected men the all lore, tolocal according thereafter, Shortly memorial. aWorld for up it set administration Soviet the where ofTilichiki, middle tothe tundra the from dragged was rock sacred This Coal. season. navigation the during by sea imported is stations at power 45 and coal brown and coal 210 consume normally operations power and Heat Tilichiki. and Manily, Palana, of Ossora, towns the in are enterprises and tohouseholds heating supplying are that 100 upto produce annually Power separately. plants organized were villages of other, needs power smaller The Kamenskoe. and Manily, Ossora, Tilichiki, Korf, Tigil, Palana, as such settlements served which Kamchatskenergo, company In the industrialization. increasing and population growing tosupply a enterprises, power electric and heating of large 1970 the in began ment industry of the 1950 the in Koryakia in established mally ( stations power diesel small-scale and plants coal-fi of small consisting industry, energy The Energy coal enterprises are working to increase the Korfskoe produc- Korfskoe the toincrease working are enterprises coal J. million kW per hour. The largest enterprises of the of the enterprises kW hour. largest per The million Ⅲ At present, three coal deposits are being developed: a developed: being are deposits coal three present, At 2004. THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE 1970 s, McKinleyville, dps The 40 were incorporated into the state state into the wereincorporated , 000 Russian tons of brown coal. Currently, the of coal. tons brown , 000 tons of diesel. Diesel used used Diesel of diesel. tons s with the emergence emergence the s with s. Active develop- Active s. Far CA: dps , 000 red heating red heating ), for- was tons of tons East: Daniel okrug A 90 for account plants power and Heating air. into the charged dis- are particulates, oxide and nitrogen, dioxide, carbon 15 more than Annually, requirements. own its tomeet materials 10 produces deposit Gorelovsky the Raion, Penzhinsky In settlements. other retrofi requires but this coal, local only use to opportunity areal is there Raion, Tigilsky Throughout used. tobe coal local allows layer, which boiling the in fuel toburn reequipped was plant heating the Tigil, In costs. tion due transporta- toprohibitive Sedanka), and (Tigil Raion sky Tigil- inside only used deposit is this from Coal annum. per upto produces deposit Tigilsky The Chukotka. Primorsky, and Sakhalin, from tobuy coal prefers administration However, okrug a year. the of Raions Karaginsky and of Olyutorsky ments tion levels to 120 benefi could exploitation Their deposits. explored many are there low, rather is although mining Today, coal of local share the suffi With settlements. openpits tosupply local for small-scale calls deposits of coal distribution wide The year. every crease & Reference , percent of all air pollution ( pollution air of all percent 000 has the raw raw the has okrug the industry, this in cient investment Daniel. t the t the tons per annum, mainly in Manily and Kamenskoe. Kamenskoe. and Manily in mainly annum, per tons okrug , ’s economy, since transportation costs in- costs ’s economy, transportation since 000 466 tons to meet the estimated require- estimated the tomeet tons Guide , 000 pages 13 tons of pollutants, mainly mainly of tons pollutants, , 000 for tons a year). ayear). tons 20 tting plants in the the in plants tting Conservation , 000 tons of coal of tons coal 100 War II II War , 000 tons tons and Development. Newell, J. soshina, and Belayasoshina, Rivers. up to of capacities plants power hydroelectric small constructing and of designing possibility the considering also are thorities donow. they Au- than more regularly electricity have would villages these days, for windless Even accounting settlements. of the asupplementall as atnearly used be could power wind addition, In feasible. are plants wind-power where Slautnoe) and Ilpyr, (e.g., Apuka, okrug the in ments settle- are There generation. power tidal and wind as such sources, energy alternative through achieved best be would fi dust and gas with plants equipping and fuels quality using higher term short the in ameliorated be can pollution Air waste. of coal disposal the for plan management no organized is There rivers. nearby into drain and groundwater into the leach but air, also and land not the pollute only oxides and metals Heavy ments. settle- of the edge on the plants near piled is waste slag and ash so facilities, storage no specialized are there Koryakia, In areas. local in rain contribute toacid (NOx) oxides nitrogen (SO dioxide Sulfur settlements. the in surrounding vegetation the slowlydamaging are pollutants Air air. into the dust coal unburned as released completely, is fuel of most the the Because on sprayers. operating atplants used is which coal, caked poorly powdered, oxidized, received of Palana, city capital the including settlements, several season, navigation the During chutes. and fans of exhaust life working normal the equipment, reducing the damage that impurities effi less lower and is quality fuel the proportionately; however, notlution decreased has, ( winter following the less wereeven eries Environmental impact. coal needs, and only only and needs, coal of its half only with provided was 1999 region , the January in okrug fi The bleak. became full capacity. During the winter of winter the During capacity. full and insuffi haphazard are deliveries fuel Current North. the dustrializing of in- program toacentralized according imported was fuel dif- fi extreme experienced has okrug the years, recent In ineffi it used is enterprises), (six equipment such installed is Where fi or dust gas with not equipped are pollution of but sources most reduced be could Pollution levels tions. opera- poor and toequipment contributes failures of funding lack The Pakhachi. and Ossora, Palana, in worst is pollution Air of settlements. areas low-lying in buildup particulate the concentrate inversions but winter not excessive, may be culties with meeting its fuel needs. During the Soviet era, era, Soviet the During needs. fuel its meeting with culties ltration systems. Real reductions in pollution and waste waste and pollution in reductions Real systems. ltration 2004. okrug ciently. ’s ports only at the end of the navigation season. Thus, Thus, season. navigation end of’s the atthe only ports 20 MW or 50 ’s boiler plants with fi ’s with plants boiler cient for heating and electric power generation at generation power electric and cient for heating McKinleyville, The MW on the Vetrovayam, Kinkil, Ros- Vetrovayam, Kinkil, on the MW rst fuel ships appeared in many of the of the many in appeared ships fuel rst 45 Russian The total pollutant levels released released levels pollutant total The percent of the necessary diesel. Deliv- diesel. necessary of percent the cient. Low-grade coal contains coal cient. Low-grade re grates cannot burn this fuel fuel this burn cannot re grates 1998 Far CA: – 1999 1999 ltration systems. systems. ltration , the situation situation , the – East: 2000 Daniel 2 okrug ) and ) and 1998 ). Pol- ’s ’s

A & Reference (see chapter chapter (see okrug of the segment poorest the for of cash providesources would which functions, collecting data- employed be and monitoring should in they and scape, land- of the details the about knowledgeable most the also are herders, reindeer the especially population, indigenous The levels. atreasonable accommodated be must harvesting) fi herding, deer protection measures. Traditional subsistence activities (rein- on environmental consulted be should population indigenous The generators. world for the tidal in tides highest of the some provides of Okhotsk Sea the and some areas, in viable is power power. Wind of electric sources alternative establish fi The conditions. social to be and must economic priority rst severe the addressing without measures protection ronmental Programme ( Programme United Development for Nations the impossible be It will Sergei Abramov development Toward sustainable The terms situation). social current practices, ogy, hunting (cosmol- well as similarities many are but there decoration), and design, clothing rituals, deer, particular astride (riding groups indigenous of other those from markedly differ tices prac- traditional and beliefs of their Many family. language Altaic of group the Tungus-Manchurian tothe belongs Even The language Oblast). Kamchatka in is (one of which Peninsula on Kamchatka areas general three in live Now they areas. more from southern region tothe Evens migrated cards. the offi in and scholars by Soviet long usage through institutionalized become have terms but the indicate, names four these than map (see Koryakia in Evens live and Itelmens, Chukchi, Koryaks, Baranov A. peoples Indigenous culture, and bear hunting was associated with many rituals, rituals, many with associated was hunting bear and culture, Itelmen in place auspicious held an bear The Kamchatka. of part southern the populated mostly plants, and animals of diversity awide or hunted collected and runs salmon rich the off wholived Itelmens, (Chukotka). tonorth Oblast) (Kamchatka south from running difference, linguistic and/or of cultural of acontinuum tosegments referring of as Daniel. Koryak Autonomous Okrug Autonomous Okrug Koryak 9 . cial ethnic designations inscribed on personal identity identity on personal inscribed designations ethnic cial 3 ). The cultural and linguistic groups are more diverse more diverse are groups linguistic and cultural The ). undp Itelmens shing, hunting, and berry and limited plant 466 Guide ) or other institutions toimplement envi- institutions ) or other , Koryaks pages for , and Chukchi, and Conservation are best thought thought best are 10 4 –73 , pp. 340 Ⅲ

331 ). and

KORYAKIA Development. Newell,

KORYAKIA 332 Alutors The did. Nymylans Koryak much as living latter the Chukchi, maritime and Chukchi of reindeer-herding homelands traditional the are north interior.the Farther in territories large across reindeer herded deer]) in property from derived Chavchuven, term toby the referred (often Koryaks Bay. Nomadic Shelikhova as west far as even and west, the in Bay Penzhina around all and east the in Raion to Olyutorsky Kamchatka central from coasts sea and rivers along towns in word for town— Koryak the from Nymylan term toby the referred people (often Koryak Settled respects. many in similar are languages and two latter but the Koryak Chukchi, from different very is language Itelmen The Raion. Tigilsky southern in lages vil- three today.in people now live Itelmens hundred Most twelve toonly century, eighteenth the in thousand eighteen atover estimated population, Itelmen the reduced pressures socioeconomic and Disease repression. cultural due toSoviet since Kovran in annually celebrated been has which festival, Alkhailailai fall the in culminating J. Ⅲ MAGADAN Khairyuzovo Itelmen 2004. chawchiwaw S e ! a ! Ust- !

Kovran o

THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE f

Khairyuzo O k h PALANA !

Sedanka o McKinleyville,

! t

Tigil s k The , the Koryak word for a rich man [his [his man word for arich Koryak , the ! Voyampolka ! P ! Russian ! Karaga Ossora Paren Even Koryak ! !

!

Tymlat T

k alov Vyvenka

1987 aR. oe l fKrai osdrdidgnu land indigenous considered Koryakia of All Note: Tilichiki n Even and Chukchi Khailino Korf , after a long hiatus along hiatus , after ! oykAtnmu Okrug Autonomous Koryak ! Far ! Penzhina R. CA: nymnym ! Vyvenka R. yNwl n hu/ Zhou and Newell By oyk hkh,adEven and Chukchi, Koryak, Pakhachi East: nieoslnsof lands Indigenous Daniel Achavayam ) lived ) lived Chukchi CHUKOTKA ! 100 0 Sources: ApukaR . ! ¯ bao,20;ER,2002. ESRI, 2000; Abramov, A B

spouses, and “see the world.” Koryaks were not great boatmen boatmen werenot great world.” “see the and Koryaks spouses, fi goods, trade relatives, and friends tovisit winter in miles of hundreds people traveled of Evens), case the (in reindeer or astride mounted sled, reindeer by dogsled, er traveling Wheth- mobile. peoplewerehighly settled and reindeer case, 1920 the until continued and century nineteenth the in began that warfare and of raiding apattern in Koryakia, now is into what south migrated Chukchi Reindeer-herding Chukotka. in north, farther live Chukchi Maritime year. of the part coldest foronly the houses heated in residing toOctober, May from reluctantly villages of Soviet-built edges on tents the these in fer tolive pre- older people of generation the Many poles. of light made tent ( skin ahalf-dome in lived traditionally herders Reindeer people. and deer between connections cosmological by the and organized is Chukchi Koryaks reindeer-herding of the life spiritual The thanksgiving ritual Ololo fall the in dramatically most on hunting, focuses Nymylans of life ritual The Kamchatka. in peoples native by all prized e km & Reference

a 9.3 Map r i n Daniel. g S e a Vyvenka, Tigil. Vyvenka, from synthetic materials and are highly highly are and materials synthetic from made tothose superior are skins seal from itemsmade other and straps, soles, Boot for food. mammals marine other and seals hunting. includes reindeer herding, fi economy, of amixed which tradition their due to interesting anthropologically are Europeans, and who refi and Europeans, with contact before spear-points and intoknives China from iron trade working whowere blacksmiths, skilled for their hotsk. of Ok- Sea the from whales gray nated whales until commercial whaling elimi- beluga and gray shore hunted Okhotsk the on living Nymylans technology. hot-forge of European introduction the nique with ( of Paren Koryaks Nymylan The vayam. Levtyriny- Unneyvayam, Achavayam, Voyampolka, rivers: and of towns names river ( Olyutor ( Olyutor Koryakia: in place-names of many origins the are groups of territorial names The marriage. even and warfare, networks, trade through one another with interacted groups of these all course, Of not both. gatherers, or herders and hunters reindeer either weretraditionally Asia of northeast Po-itelo 466 Guide wayam 15 or Khololo or yaranga To this day, coastal dwellers hunt dwellers To day, coastal this 13 in their language) are famous famous are language) their in pages alut-o-el The other indigenous people people indigenous other The or weyem or ), the frame of which was was of which frame the ), 14 for The indigenous word for indigenous The . ), Tilichiki, Pakhachi, Pakhachi, Tilichiki, ), ) is also found in the the in found also ) is Conservation ned their tech- their ned shing, and shing, s. In any any In s. nd nd and Development. Newell, J. and Sedanka. Several families resided in the Koryak villages villages Koryak the in resided families Several Sedanka. and Utkholok, Khairyuzovo, Moroshechnoe, Napana, Kovran, Sopochnoe, Raion: of Tigilsky villages the in mainly lived Chukchi and Koryak elders prepare to take their sled deer for a practice run during spring corral festivities. festivities. corral spring during run apractice for deer sled their totake prepare elders Koryak and Chukchi in indigenous occurred settlements. changes considerable century, twentieth the In Kamchatkan trade. infl agreater had ships) their provisioning whalers (mostly traders American century, nineteenth the in off pered ta- trade fur Russian the As atone sitting. kettle entire an as much as of tea, amounts huge day, drink herders reindeer this fl sugar, tea, goods, for manufactured trade yasak (called furs in taxes annual topay wereobliged They empire. Russian into the people Asian northeast indigenous incorporated centuries eighteenth and seventeenth the in conquest Russian The communities. simplifi aEuropean were rather refl never have ings group- on. so Such and Evens, Itelmens, Chukchi, among culture Koryak in distinctions approximate the only mark can on maps drawn boundaries Thus, inclined. so became they toanother, if one tomove from settlement individuals or for households allowed even (“friendships”) relationships of trade networks interpersonal Complex time. agood have and feast, contests, and games hold various goods, exchange fi and ing hunt- for short-range primarily boats skin small used and 2004. shing trips. People congregated at annual fairs to fairs atannual People trips. congregated shing McKinleyville, The ected static homogenous populations, but homogenous populations, static ected 16 Russian ) and engaged in the commercial fur fur commercial the in engaged ) and 17 In the 1940 the In cation of dynamic indigenous indigenous of dynamic cation Far CA: s and 1950 s and our, and so on.our, so To and East: Daniel uence uence in s, Itelmen Itelmen s, A & Reference consolidation in the 1950 the in consolidation so-called the during wereclosed villages of Most these Tigil. and Ust-Khairyuzovo, Kochevaya, of Sedanka Belogolovoye, okrug and Rekinniki, the last of which was closed in in closed was of which last the Rekinniki, and Vetvei, Anapka, Kultushnoe, of Mikino, villages the as such settlements, toKoryak happened same The Khairyuzovo. Ust- and Khairyuzovo, of Kovran, villages the in found are titudes of stewardship and a view for the long term that many many that long term for the aview and of stewardship titudes at- fosters This relationships. sacred and of a of personal part network as landscape the values cosmology Indigenous expensive. and rare is for snowmobiles gasoline now that dogteams maintaining and training More people are for cash. caviar the sell they activities in the 1990 on subsistence increasingly torely began Chukchis and Evens,Itelmens, Koryaks, farms, collective state subsidized of employment in years twenty After situations. tonew adapt to equipped best the among also are but they crisis, economic by hit the hardest the among are people Indigenous ( Peoples North of the of Indigenous Association (Russian) Soviet the founded Moscow in intellectuals indigenous and steam, gathered also openly. organization Political practiced were rituals religious and schools, in taught again were once under revival a cultural Union experienced Soviet the across all people Indigenous Daniel. raipon Koryak Autonomous Okrug Autonomous Okrug Koryak -wide organization with an elected leadership. elected an with organization -wide ). Now in operation for ten years, for tenyears, Now operation ). in 466 Guide s. Now when they catch and dry salmon, salmon, dry and catch Nows. whenthey pages glasnost s and 1960 s and for , when indigenous languages languages , whenindigenous s, and now most Itelmen now Itelmen most and s, Conservation raipon 1984 has an an has . 19 18 Ⅲ

333

A. D. King and

KORYAKIA Development. Newell,

KORYAKIA

A. D. King 334 ofMagadan. city the from returning is who son-in-law, his tomeet stream down- way his on River Paren the on shallows through motorboat his rows Sasha they While petroleum. and mining in industries extractive raipon offi through and communities local in people directly indigenous engage should activists environmental foreign and Local hunting. subsistence and fi herding, reindeer as such use, land zapovednik toestablish programs toward hostile are They sustainability. (fi resources local of straining capable are nature.” They with “harmony amystical not in are people However, donot have. indigenous Europeans local J. Ⅲ 2004. , in order to foster sustainable practices and block block and practices sustainable order, in tofoster THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE s or other reserves that would prohibit traditional prohibit would traditional that reserves s or other McKinleyville, The Russian sh, fi game, cial organizations, such as shing, berry collecting, collecting, berry shing, rewood) beyond Far CA: East: Daniel A and agricultural development would not development permitted. be would agricultural and industrial where use, of traditional zones toreserve measures adopted To Koryakia exploitation, from area the protect in Koryakia. expanded operations mining tosee eager are people digenous Very in- few mainland. tothe back toretire planning who are immigrants, Ukrainian and Russian the unlike way, are they this In spoiled. weretobe Kamchatka homeother toif togo no have they that aware are people indigenous population, European immigrant the does as clothing, and buy food vcr and refrigerators for their electricity want & Reference Daniel. ment of alluvial platinum deposits. platinum ment of alluvial necessary to continue industrial develop- it was that and of way life, indigenous the or environment on the impact considerable notany have would technology proposed the using basins River Levtyrinyvayam and Vetvei the in mining that decided it was junction, atGalmoenan-Seynavsky deposits platinum development of alluvial planned center) on the Raion (Olyutorsky Tilichiki ber OnDecem- sites. mining the visited Duma of Koryakia’s aformer deputy and Khailino, araiponadministration, Khailino of the head the farm, collective of Korf director of the consisting committee fi and breeding reindeer disrupt would ing min- platinum that believed who residents, Village wereKhailino project mining of the adversaries main the Initially, were found. violations no serious of monitoring, years three During agencies. conservation nature by monitored was Koryakgeoldobycha by River Levtyrinyvayam the and noi Spring Ledya- work atthe mining and Exploratory indigenous peoples affecting projects Local Association. National Gatavkun the and Tilichiki), in (Nymylan Peoples North of the Indigenous raipon (Karaga Ossora in Raion of Karaginsky Peoples North of the Indigenous Minority Tkhsanom of of Kamchatka Itelmens Revival for the of raipon section (Koryakia Palana in Peoples North of the Indigenous Minority of the Association Okrug the them: among measures, such tosupport ing work- are okrug the in institutions Several shing in the Vyvenka River basin. Then a Then basin. River Vyvenka the in shing 466 27 Guide , 1996 ), the Association of the Minority Minority of the Association the ), in Kovran, the Association of the of the Association the Kovran, in pages , at a public meeting held in held in meeting , atapublic for Conservation representative for ), the Council Council the ), s and cash to cash s and 20

and Development. Newell, J. their views when allocating plots of land tooutsiders. plots of land whenallocating views their intoaccount taking trades, traditional the in engaged people and for enterprises tax land from exemption guarantees also It needs. other and hunting, pastures, for reindeer areas and reserves, nature areas, conservation nature as designated toland access including activities, for economic use and residence traditional of their places in toland access special Russian Federation (articles (articles Federation Russian 22 article on Culture, Federation Russian of the Legislation (Basic communities ethnic small of culture of the protection of state aguarantee including before, than independence economic and legal greater with them provides peoples on indigenous policy state Russian atall. Achavayam fi fewer many that noticed have They Achavayam. and of Apuka residents of the activities tosubsistence critical is River Apuka The nets. with entirely river of the mouths the span and ably fi enterprises such that complained They prises. tooutside enter- granted being was River Apuka in salmon Narodovlastie newspaper, okrug the in protested Raion) (Olyutorsky Village of Achavayam life. of way traditional their order toensure in peoples, enous indig- minority of the territories the in use of forest regime for aspecial provides legislation forest Federation Russian During fi the salmon toall closed be would basin River Pankara of fi places be fi indigenous of traditional aplace was Canal Korzhavin the on July meeting a community documentsscrutinizing on traditional fi and villagers the of all views the into account taking without River Pankara the bayand northern of the region the in administration banned fi Ivashka of the head The populations. immigrant and enous of fi allocation over the Raion) In July and Sopochnoe, Nomadic Sedanka, and Moroshechnoe in in Moroshechnoe and Sedanka, Nomadic Sopochnoe, and Raion; Karaginsky in Uka and Anapka, Rekinniki, Raion; Vetvei Olyutorsky in and Kultushnoe Raion; Penzhinsky in Mikino including villages of several revival possible Beginning in ( administrations tolocal paid fees on and taxes of the portion A needs. own for their forestlands of federal ment use for the article Enterprises, Municipal and of State Privatization on the (Law cost atequitable enterprises handicraft and trades traditional 42 article on Subsoils, (Law peoples nomic development of those eco- and social for the used be people shall of indigenous ries shing in Kamchatka, the northern and southern bays would would bays southern and northern the Kamchatka, in shing 2004. krai ). Indigenous peoples have preferential rights in acquiring acquiring in rights preferential have peoples Indigenous ). 22 s, This includes exempting indigenous peoples from pay- from peoples indigenous exempting includes This sh now enter the Apuka River and most do not reach donot most reach and River nowsh Apuka enter the 20 oblast ). McKinleyville, 1998 The s, shing for all the residents of Ivashka, and the the and of Ivashka, residents the for all shing okrug 1998 , a dispute arose in Ivashka (Karaginsky (Karaginsky Ivashka in arose , adispute 1990 fi s) for subsoil exploitation on the territo- on exploitation the for subsoil s) shing season, eighty-seven residents residents eighty-seven season, shing Russian , information was collected on the on the collected was , information shing by the immigrant population population immigrant by the shing 28 shing sites between the indig- the between sites shing 10 , 51 , because the right to catch tocatch right the , because ). The Land Codex of the of the Codex Land The ). , 1998 , 89 , 9094 Far , it was decided that that decided , it was CA: shing methods. At At methods. shing ) guarantees ) guarantees East: sh unsustain- Daniel shing. 21 A & Reference aircraft; and imports of fi imports and aircraft; and ships, by vehicles, access nature; traditional than of other activities for economic required is owners of the Permission status. legal land’s of the peculiarities and of behavior rules on the information as owner, well of the as name and type the showing lands, of these borders on the installed are signs Special prohibited. is or needs public state forthereof, the or parts lands, of these alienation Forceful for life. charge without provided legislation local with accordance in use and them, of People’s Council the when allocating Deputies by determined is lands of tribal size The activities. economic traditional in engaged and habitat of traditional territories in residing permanently communities tribal and families, zens, lands. Tribal Land reform. profi are of them some people; of indigenous rights the toenhance designed initiatives and regulations, of laws, a variety are There Indigenous rights the presence of an endemic territory of traditional settlement settlement of traditional territory endemic of an presence the is establishment of community principles main One of the communities. Tribal spawning places) by any means permitted by the legislation. by the permitted means by any places) spawning (except basins water and areas hunting the in year entire the and fi birds, game tohunt animals, hoofed entitled are community of the members food, with To families activities. provide their economic traditional the with development not connected or other for industrial toalienation subject be out consent, its with- cannot, community tothe transferred Lands areas. ing hunt- and forests, basins, water pastures, reindeer exceptions, certain with are, one as or in complex block, charge, without fi and hunting, agricultural, resources, natural renewable Land, lands. individual and family, of tribal, distribution the and cluding fi in- borders, of land changes and demarcation original on the decides Assembly General The of way life. traditional the lead and community the in permanently whoreside families their and groups indigenous or other Evens,Itelmens, Koryaks, be can Members peoples. of indigenous language and culture, of way life, of the or preservation by law, revival for the an inventory of land use was made. The borders of borders The made. was use of land inventory an herders, reindeer-breeding private and cooperatives, national activities aimed to revive those villages weresuspended. villages those torevive aimed activities due to the deteriorating economic situation in the the in situation economic deteriorating due tothe Unfortunately, Sopochnoe. and Kultushnoe, Rekinniki, vive tore- study, recommended it Following was Raion. Tigilsky to be determined by October 10 by October determined to be Daniel. shing areas are provided to the community indefi community tothe provided are areas shing Koryak Autonomous Okrug Autonomous Okrug Koryak Red Data Book Data Red the in listed those (except sh shing and hunting sites provided to the community, community, tothe provided sites hunting and shing The right to own tribal land is granted tociti- granted is land tribal toown right The To create a land fund for indigenous peoples, peoples, To for indigenous fund aland create 466 led led here. Guide A tribal community may be established, established, be may community Atribal pages rearms, dogs, and traps. and dogs, rearms, for , 1991 . Conservation 24 25 ) during ) during nitely nitely and okrug

ttp Ⅲ

s were 23 , all , all 335 26 and

KORYAKIA Development. Newell,

KORYAKIA comprehensive use. ttp fi territories, hunting land, 336 (TTP). use nature traditional of Territories By January trades. traditional and customs, language, culture, indigenous of way life, traditional of the revival the responsibilities by law, their among have regulated are which cooperatives, Native ownership. land nal commu- and property of communal basis on the conducted are activities economic traditional The activity. economic and in wereestablished there, peoples indigenous of the rights the of Raion, and twelve in Tigilsky Raion. Tigilsky in twelve and Raion, Olyutorsky one in Raion, Penzhinsky in three Raion, sky okrug the in organized been had operatives J. ttp 1997 Ⅲ —AK Ust-Khairyuzovo. and Khairyuzovo, Upper Kovran, to supply of problems the solve would deposit coal this of development the as issue, this on united however, not, is community local The issue. this on light shed can review apublic or state the only and founded, well are expressed concerns The mine. the for Kamchatlestopprom to issued was TE 00196 N PLN No. 17, license March on 1998, and, comments formal any made not had residents 1997, local the 25, but September on mine the on report initial an published had okrug The review. vironmental en- an conduct to assistance for Fund Wildlife World the asked has and deposit the over runs which River, Tikhaya the in grounds spawning salmon about concerned was Plekhen cooperative native The hunting. for used they area an for planned was project the that complained members Community development. acontentious ing becom- is regulation, its from exempt the in is but TTP, which mine, Tkhsanom coal Khairyuzovsky The heritage. cultural and natural the of protection the ensure to is objective main The Protection. Environmental on mittee Com- Koryakia the by administered jointly was and areas natural protected of list the in included is Tkhsanom TTP excluded. are and Ust-Khairyuzovo Khairyuzovo, Verkhne Kovran, of municipalities the and ha) (3,100 deposit coal Khairyuzovsky The ha). (15,000 River Moroshechnaya and ha) (49,800 Point Utkholok includes and ha 2,180,752 covers TTP Tkhsanom the Raion, Tigilsky in Established (TTP) Use Nature Traditional of Territory Tkhsanom 2004. s, provisions for sound management and protection of protection and management for sound provisions s, . 28 Attp THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE 29 McKinleyville, can include reindeer pastures, agricultural agricultural pastures, reindeer include can The s are established upon the applica- upon the established s are Russian shing streams, and other areas for areas other and streams, shing newspaper, Narodovlastie 1998 27 , nineteen native co- native , nineteen The legal status status legal The : three in Karagin- in : three Far CA: East: Daniel , A tion of a tribal cooperative and and cooperative oftion atribal Fishing. Reindeer breeding. improvement. of land plans existing the under working teams of reindeer-breeding holdings on the based be may and regulated also is allocations of such size The Land transfers okrug benefi of subsidies, provision the through resources of natural protection for the and industry for the both envisaged reindeer,is to breed support but state alicense toobtain It necessary is pasture. of the capacities carrying the exceeds whenherd size only levied Taxes are regulated. been have breeding of reindeer foundations social and economic, legal, the Koryakia, in residing peoples enous of indig- culture and of way life the topreserve and activities and preserved areas of national parks is prohibited. is parks of national areas preserved and reservations state inside Fishing resources. natural other with fi touse right apreferential have tions associa- and entities legal their and peoples Indigenous lated. fi commercial and fi for which enterprises which are made in consultation with local raipon local with consultation in made are which allocations, land in preference given are enterprises breeding reindeer- toestablish wanting herders forbidden. Indigenous water resources, ttplandmarks, Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Prohibitions include: Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ In a peoples. to indigenous allocated preferentially are resources natural of renewable use for the Quotas order court. or in by administrative settled are of a use the with connected Disputes orsold, subleased. privatized, be they property, nor can personal become cannot taxes. land exempt from are and years, forty-nine of upto leases or on long-term use forprovided permanent peoples. indigenous of the consent the without A ttp body. self-government or alocal administration Koryakia’s & Reference Activities that affect natural complexes, threaten their their threaten complexes, natural affect that Activities chemicals. of any application The Commercial logging. resources. Development of mineral by outsiders. Trespassing mammals. Hunt sea selectively, for household needs. private Log fi Hunt and Breed reindeer. animals. Hunt fur-bearing Collect wild plants. state, or contradict the aims and objectives of a objectives and aims the or contradict state, Daniel. ’s budget. ’s cannot be used for industrial or other development or other for industrial used be cannot To protect the economic interests of indigenous of To indigenous interests economic the protect ttp the local residents may: residents local the . The transfer of historical and cultural heritage heritage cultural and of historical transfer . The sh forsh sport. 32 shing in rivers and coastal waters are regu- are waters coastal and rivers in shing To create conditions for viable economic To economic for viable conditions create 466 shing is the only way to survive, sport sport tosurvive, way only the is shing Guide pages raipon, ts, and services from the the from services and ts, s, and burial grounds is is grounds burial and s, for shing resources along along resources shing and regulated by regulated and Conservation 31 ttp

ttp offi ttp 33 s are s are cials. lands lands . ttp 30

and Development. Newell, J. development of the indigenous peoples of the North. North. of the peoples development indigenous of the and support the for funding aside set tobe are peoples enous indig- of minority activities economic of the proceeds and settlement, of traditional territories the in tooperate right for the taxes special resources, natural and land tothe caused for damage by enterprises payments extraction, resource providing food, and so on). on). so and food, providing pensioners with fi helps and Tymlat, Karaga, and Ossora, in festivals public supports apartments, obtains organization the activities, its in founded awomen’s organization Aborigenka, is One such the allocation of land for national enterprises. for national of land allocation the about disputes on the questions resolve heads administration Social services. Funding. indigenous. be must staff permanent of the percent 70 atleast and activity, economic atraditional in engaged National enterprises. Hunting. by consensus. established is season fi met are residents indigenous of the needs the licenses, ing fi salmon The Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ include: taxes on exempt from profi are enterprises and cooperatives Indigenous 1998 Red Data Book Data Red the in listed species but year, not may take the throughout tohunt allowed are hunters subsistence indigenous licenses Under free tosurvive. way only or the of way life traditional the either is for whom hunting tribes and families, to citizens, rst, and they may take 200 take may they and rst, 2004. Hunting. dogs. of sled sale and Breeding souvenirs, of goods, household sale and Manufacture skins, animal domestic and of wild sale and Tanning plants. of wild sale and processing, Collecting, sea other and of furs sale and processing, Hunting, of fi sale and processing, Fishing, products. of reindeer sale the and breeding Reindeer 1995 tools, fur clothing, footwear, and so on. so and footwear, clothing, fur tools, fi and mammals, sea products. mammal limited to fi , there were fi , there and registered by the Department of Justice. Among Among of Justice. Department by the registered and The ownership of hunting areas can be transferred transferred be can areas of hunting ownership The Fifty percent of the fees paid to the tothe paid fees of the percent Fifty McKinleyville, The ts from traditional economic activities, which which activities, economic traditional from ts sh). . 35 Indigenous social services are also developing. developing. also are services social Indigenous shery is protected by quota. In distribut- In by quota. protected is shery nancial nancial diffi fty-one indigenous enterprises in the the in enterprises indigenous fty-one By law, a national enterprise must be be must By enterprise law, anational Russian sh. kg of fi kg culties (by paying utility bills, bills, utility paying (by culties 34 sh annually. The salmon salmon The annually. sh shing products (not products shing Far CA: for natural for natural okrug 37 East: By January January By Daniel 36

Raion okrug

A

. & Reference are describedare below. towork effi impossible it is routes, of land lack total the considering helicopters, Without helicopters. for leasing no funds are there and boats), going sea- motor outboard boats, (snowmobiles, transportation of means with equipped ill are bodies protection nature All effi sible toexercise it impos- makes which laboratories, own its lacks Koryakia of Koryakia amounts to amounts of Koryakia fi of illegal cases most toprosecute impossible, even sometimes diffi It extremely is understaffed. and underfunded seriously is agency The inspectors. of forty-two consists staff The expedition. of each staff on the included are branch this of inspectors state one or several on. so Usually tion, and expedi- theragra Sea Bering the expedition, herring tions, expedi- crab and theragra of Okhotsk Sea the expeditions: fi of specialized framework the within operate at sea to1 amounts Service Inspection Marine Special of the branch Koryakia by the supervised area responsible for monitoring pollution emissions, but lack of but lack emissions, pollution for monitoring responsible because of the lack of necessary professionals in the the in professionals of necessary lack of the because understaffed are authorities protection nature The work. their complicate that forces due toexternal partially desired, The effi Service. Forest Koryakia the and Gostekhnadzor, Resources, ontee Land Commit- Koryakia the Kamchatrybvod, Service, Inspection Marine Special of the branch Koryakia the Service, Hunting Koryakia the Resources, of Natural Ministry Koryakia by the handled is Koryakia in protection Environmental Vladimir Korchmit issues Legal Gostekhnadzor (emissions inspection service). inspection (emissions Gostekhnadzor Resources. Land on Committee Koryakia The Service. Inspection Marine Special Koryakia The fl has hunting illegal therefore, and, weak very is for inspection port sup- Financial inspector. per territory of protected ha million insuffi are animals of game management sustainable toensuring dedicated Resources protection. render some animal help in inspectors Ten inspectors. voluntary hunting state four and supervisors, persons, including fi Service. Hunting Koryakia with the land legislation, on a total area of area on atotal legislation, land the with conducted Resources Land Daniel. shing. Koryak Autonomous Okrug Autonomous Okrug Koryak ourished in recent years. recent in ourished ciency of all these authorities leaves much to be much tobe leaves authorities these of all ciency 466 Guide cient. For example, there is more than one more is than there cient. For example, cient and timely ecological monitoring. monitoring. ecological timely cient and ve hunting experts, seventeen hunting hunting seventeen experts, ve hunting pages 29 The staff consists of about thirty of thirty about consists staff The ciently. A number of these agencies ciently. agencies of these Anumber , 256 192 for inspections, in compliance , 300 , 148 ha. The Committee on Committee The ha. , 000 Conservation sq. km. Vessels sq. km. 647 The land fund fund land The , Two staff are Two are staff 900 The marine marine The cult, and and cult, ha. ha. shing shing okrug Ⅲ

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A. D. King 338 landscape. cultural a rich tocreate entities ofnonhuman kinds many with landscape natural the populate Koryaks ofhow example one is ofParen village the near shore Okhotsk the on post sacred This Service. Forest Koryakia engines limits the effectiveness of this agency. by diesel pollutants of air equipment release the tocontrol west winds. west with on days Palana in sensed be could latter the smoke from fi forest 1998 conditions. weather tofavorable only 1997 fi forest reason, tion for forest protection activities practically ceased. For this J. , forest fi , forest Ⅲ 2004. res in Penzhinsky Raion and Magadan Oblast, and and Oblast, Magadan and Raion Penzhinsky in res THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE res did not turn into natural disasters, thanks thanks disasters, into natural not did turn res re fi McKinleyville, The ghting is done only near settlements. In In settlements. done near is only ghting In 1995 Russian – 2000 , fi nancing of avia- nancing saw several huge huge several saw Far CA: East: Daniel A tional natural resources. of tradi- use and environment of the protection tothe related closely are language their and culture, their ofway living, traditional of their preservation the peoples, indigenous other fi are Itelmens The use nature traditional of aterritory Establishing Olga Murashko Perspective & Reference Daniel. shermen and hunters. For them, as for For hunters. as them, and shermen 466 Guide The present population of population present The where many moved, in in moved, many where Village, Kovran in live half About Koryakia. southeast in live Itelmens numbered between 15 between numbered on Kamchatka Itelmens the century, seventeenth end of the atthe ropeans Eu- with contact in came they When Raion. elsewheresettlers in Tigilsky Russian and Koryaks with together live rest The of Okhotsk. Sea of the forstretched 200 that estuaries river in located villages mapped. monuments were cultural and torical fi former and years, hundred three past for the area the in population enous indig- by the use land to demonstrate wereused documents Historical the Russian population. among taken werealso polls opinion Public communities. toItelmen lands historical of the return over the ryakia of Ko- administration the held with were negotiations and tolive, used wherethey places of the resources the about villagers Kovran were held with discussions years, For several sources. re- totraditional rights their reclaim to Itelmens enabled Foundation MacArthur the from Support todoso. no support have they but rivers, on small old settlements totheir returning about dream selves almost no fi has years, forty past the during tion of overexploita- because which, left, one have river only Itelmens The distributed. widely was population their time, that 122 18 shing areas, sacred places, and his- and places, sacred areas, shing , 000 villages, situated on situated villages, pages . They were living in at least atleast in wereliving . They sh. The Itelmens them- Itelmens The sh. for km along the coast coast the along km Conservation , 000 1956 30 rivers. At At rivers. and and , from fi , from 1 , 250

ve and Development. Newell, J. the Koryakia administration allocated allocated administration Koryakia the 2 on December signed was agreement The wereprepared. communities seven of 1998 summer the In todoso. trained be would representatives and resources, the protect would peoples indigenous the Under agreement, the Tkhsanom by the managed jointly tobe lands, Koryak and Itelmen traditional on park anature establish would Union, agreement the for the Provision The Entitled istration. the with agreement adraft prepared report this of author the and communities To the request, the support by the union are not included in the the in not included are union by the claimed Village Sedanka near areas hunting is indigenous that administration the with agreement the in omission An River. Moroshechnaya and Utkholok Cape zakaznik federal two are There Khairyuzovo. fi work attwo mainly who Russians thousand two with together territory on the people living Tkhsanom tional Nature Use ( of aTerritory of Tradi- status the lands Itelmen togive tion of 1997 fall the In fi hunting, for sport tourists host future, the in and, environment the protect will but also sis, ba- on aseasonal activities traditional in not engage only will wherethey old villages, the in posts environmental establish Tkhsanom language. Itelmen the in joined the union, named named union, the joined people indigenous one thousand Around villages. now closed in on residence based organization of social old system the preserve still villages adjacent and Kovran in populations indigenous as established, was A“union of communities” 2004. Union. There are about one thousand indigenous indigenous one about thousand Union. are There McKinleyville, The Union and the Koryakia administration. administration. Koryakia the Union and ttp , the union asked the okrug the asked union , the Russian , development projects for two of the of the for, development two projects ), then a new type of legal institution. institution. of legal type anew then ), Tkhsanom shing, and dogsled riding. riding. dogsled and shing, sh canneries in Ust- in canneries sh members decided to decided members , which means “rebirth” “rebirth” means , which ttp, Far 2 CA: , ttp 100 although about about although by the Tkhsanom by the , 000 s in the area: area: the s in , 1998 East: administra- admin- okrug Daniel ha to the tothe ha , and , and A

& Reference mended to other indigenous communities. indigenous toother mended recom- and promising deemed was which project, the about raipon boats. and houses for small materials construction as well equipment, as other and tions sta- radio for purchasing funds provided has and holok River on aproject Utk- supporting is Fund World The Wildlife agreement. of the scope outside the remains also Village of Khairyuzovo grounds hunting indigenous of center the the deposit in by secured territory the to lands their of annexing issue on the consulted be should villagers The there. live Koryaks and Itelmens hundred six bying for establishment of ttp lob- especially continued, be should Work Duma state the in communities. by other used be could that administrations regional and peoples indigenous between agreement draft sal auniver- todevelop necessary it. It also is replicate could East Far the and Siberia, North, the in communities indigenous other known, widely is procedure this If peoples. indigenous for lands historical and resources traditional for securing dure proce- the topublicize It imperative is situations. such with for dealing developed tobe needs strategy Acommon traditional fi to athreat present could development. This and prospecting tender for under currently are which reserves, gas and oil ing promis- contains shelf Okhotsk The issued. been had there Tkhsanom before For example, issues. legal and environmental urgent things, other among territory, on the toaddress, people living by indigenous development of the self-governance discuss to necessary It also is Rivers. Belogolovaya and Sopochnaya, Moroshechnaya, Khairyuzovo, Kovran, on the communities toother expanded and continued, be should project This Daniel. Koryak Autonomous Okrug Autonomous Okrug Koryak secured the territory, a license for coal mining mining for coal territory, the alicense secured shing and marine mammal hunting activities. activities. hunting mammal marine and shing 466 Guide pages . The Khairyuzovo coal coal Khairyuzovo Tkhsanom. The ttp s. for and located partly on the on the partly located and has been well informed informed well been has Conservation 38

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