DOCSLIB.ORG

Ancient Tales of Chukotka

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Compiled and Edited by Alexander B. Dolitsky Translated by Henry N. Michael ANCIENT TALES OF CHUKOTKA Compiled and edited by Alexander B. Dolitsky With editorial assistance by Linda E. Kruger, Peter Metcalfe and Mark Kissel Translated by Henry N. Michael Alaska–Siberia Research Center Revised and Updated Edition Publication No. 18 Copyright ã AKSRC 2019 i Copyright ã 2019 by the Alaska–Siberia Research Center All rights reserved. No portion of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright holder. First edition Published by the Alaska–Siberia Research Center, P.O. Box 34871, Juneau, Alaska, U.S.A. 99803. www.aksrc.homestead.com Cover illustrations are by Tamara Semenova, St. Petersburg, Russia and Leigh Rust, Victoria, Australia. General editor: Alexander B. Dolitsky, President, Alaska–Siberia Research Center, Juneau, Alaska Copy editor: Linda E. Kruger, Ph.D., a former research social scientist with the U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Juneau, Alaska Illustrators: Tamara Semenova and Leigh Rust Translator: Henry N. Michael Book designer: Andy Romanoff, Alaska Litho, Inc., Juneau, Alaska Cover designers: Alexander B. Dolitsky, AKSRC and Andy Romanoff, Alaska Litho, Inc. Key words: Siberian Yupik, Eskimo, Chukchi, Tales, Myths, Legends, Bering Strait, Chukotka ii CONTENTS Preface by Alexander B. Dolitsky ........................................................................................................... i Foreword by Oksana Y. Danchevskaya ................................................................................................ ii Introduction by Gregory Menovshchikov ........................................................................................... iv Ethnographic Information by Alexander B. Dolitsky .....................................................................xv Siberian Yupik 01. The Youth Who Became Northern Lights ................................................................................... 1 02. The Quarrel of the Wind and the Sun .......................................................................................... 2 03. Thunder and the Creator of Life ................................................................................................... 4 04. Tykyvak ............................................................................................................................................ 5 05. The Boy and the Eagles .................................................................................................................. 7 06. The Ruler of the Sea ...................................................................................................................... 11 07. Lost at Sea ...................................................................................................................................... 13 08. Amek .............................................................................................................................................. 16 09. The Tale about the Flying Shaman ............................................................................................. 18 10. The Hunter and the Giants .......................................................................................................... 21 11. The Hunter and the Polar Bear ................................................................................................... 24 12. The Younger Son ........................................................................................................................... 26 13. The Reindeer Herder and the Wolves’ Family ......................................................................... 30 14. The Man with Two Wives ........................................................................................................... 32 15. The Woman Who Did Not Want to Marry ............................................................................... 35 16. The Jealous Man from Ukivak and His Wife ............................................................................ 41 17. The Alikhpagmitsy ....................................................................................................................... 46 18. The Wolf and the Loon ................................................................................................................ 51 19. The Nunagmit Whale ................................................................................................................... 54 20. The Old Man and the Wild Deer ................................................................................................ 57 21. The Miraculous Drum .................................................................................................................. 59 22. The Master of Fire and the Child ................................................................................................ 62 23. The Story about Ememkut ........................................................................................................... 64 24. The Lost Brothers .......................................................................................................................... 68 25. Five Brothers and a Woman ........................................................................................................ 70 26. Kayaksigvik ................................................................................................................................... 72 27. The Abandoned Young Man ....................................................................................................... 75 28. Isuklik ............................................................................................................................................. 77 29. Akhakhanavrak ............................................................................................................................. 80 30. The Orphan .................................................................................................................................... 82 31. The Second Wife .......................................................................................................................... 84 32. The Invisible Man ......................................................................................................................... 88 33. The Hunter and the Eagle ............................................................................................................ 90 34. The Hunter and the Giant Eagles ............................................................................................... 95 35. Two Brothers and the Raven ....................................................................................................... 99 36. How the Raven Got Married ..................................................................................................... 102 iii 37. The Marriage of an Orphan ....................................................................................................... 105 38. Mayyrakhpak .............................................................................................................................. 109 39. The Five Daughters .................................................................................................................... 113 40. The Two Strongmen and the Oldster ...................................................................................... 118 41. The Revenge ................................................................................................................................ 119 42. The Reindeer Herders ................................................................................................................ 122 43. The Raven and the Fox ............................................................................................................... 129 44. The Ground Squirrel and the Raven ........................................................................................ 133 45. The Raven and the Owl ............................................................................................................. 135 46. The Little Mouse and the Mountain ........................................................................................ 136 47. The Raven and the Sea Gull ...................................................................................................... 137 48. The Bullock and the Little Vixen .............................................................................................. 139 49. The Moose and the Bullock ....................................................................................................... 140 50. The Smart Fox .............................................................................................................................. 141 51. The Little Bird .............................................................................................................................. 144 52. The Smart Vixen and the Teals ................................................................................................. 146 53. Kanagakhsilyak ........................................................................................................................... 147 54. The Grandmother and Her Grandson ....................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • The Dakini Project

    The Dakini Project

    UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones 5-1-2014 The Dakini Project Kimberley Harris Idol University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the American Literature Commons, and the Comparative Literature Commons Repository Citation Idol, Kimberley Harris, "The Dakini Project" (2014). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 2094. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/5836113 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE DAKINI PROJECT: TRACKING THE “BUTTERFLY EFFECT” IN DETECTIVE FICTION By Kimberley Harris Idol Bachelor of Arts in Literature Mount Saint Mary’s College 1989 Master of Science in Education Mount Saint Mary’s College 1994 Master of Arts in Literature California State University, Northridge 2005 Master of Fine Arts University
  • Russia and the Eurasian Republics THIS REGION Spans the Continents of Europe and Asia

    Russia and the Eurasian Republics THIS REGION Spans the Continents of Europe and Asia

    390-391 U5 CH14 UO TWIP-860976 3/15/04 5:21 AM Page 390 Unit Workers on the statue Russians in front of Motherland Calls, St. Basil’s Cathedral, Volgograd Moscow 224 390-391 U5 CH14 UO TWIP-860976 3/15/04 5:22 AM Page 391 RussiaRussia andand the the EurasianEurasian f you had to describe Russia RepublicsRepublics Iin one word, that word would be BIG! Russia is the largest country in the world in area. Its almost 6.6 million square miles (17 million sq. km) are spread across two continents—Europe and Asia. As you can imagine, such a large country faces equally large challenges. In 1991 Russia emerged from the Soviet Union as an independent country. Since then it has been struggling to unite its many ethnic groups, set up a demo- cratic government, and build a stable economy. ▼ Siberian tiger in a forest NGS ONLINE in eastern Russia www.nationalgeographic.com/education 225 392-401 U5 CH14 RA TWIP-860976 3/15/04 5:28 AM Page 392 REGIONAL ATLAS Focus on: Russia and the Eurasian Republics THIS REGION spans the continents of Europe and Asia. It includes Russia—the world’s largest country—and the neigh- boring independent republics of Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. Russia and the Eurasian republics cover about 8 million square miles (20.7 million sq. km). This is greater than the size of Canada, the United States, and Mexico combined. The Caspian Sea is actually a salt lake that lies at the base of the Caucasus Mountains in The Land Russia’s southwest.
  • GENERAL AGREEMENT on Ï^^We TARIFFS and TRADE Limited Distribution

    GENERAL AGREEMENT on Ï^^We TARIFFS and TRADE Limited Distribution

    RESTRICTED GENERAL AGREEMENT ON ï^^we TARIFFS AND TRADE Limited Distribution '--•••-•• ••-•- Originals English NOTIFICATIONS OF IMPORT RESTRICTIONS OF NEWLY INDEPENDENT COUNTRIES Addendum BARBADOS The Government of Barbados has submitted the following information concerning import restrictions in force in Barbados up to 30 September 1968. 1. The information attached shows the goods which are subject to import restrictions and details concerning the application of such restrictions. 2. The Government of Barbados permits entry on open general licence for all goods, other than those set out in the Second Schedule of the Exports and Imports (General Open Import Licence) Order 1962 as amended by the Exports and Imports (General Open Import Licence) (Amendment) (No.2) Order 1968, from all countries of the world except those listed in the First Schedule of the 1962 Order. 3. It should be noted that no discrimination exists in relation to trade with Japan. In view of the non-reciprocity of trade with that country, it has been decided that the quantity and value of imports should be kept under constant review in order not to widen an already adverse imbalance of trade with that country and to protect certain local infant industries. 4. Trade with socialist countries is not prohibited. In order, however, that control can be exercised on trade relations with these countries the Government considers it necessary to licence imports. 5. Because of South Africa's apartheid policy and the illegal régime which has been established in Southern Rhodesia,.trade with these two countries has been prohibited. 6. Detailed information concerning the applicable.import régime and.the reason for restriction concerning items mentioned in the export and import, order s following are__co.ntain.ed in .the.
  • Traditional Rural House Types: Origin, Evolution & Characteristics, Roof And

    Traditional Rural House Types: Origin, Evolution & Characteristics, Roof And

    Geography, PG, 2nd Semester Paper‐201, Unit‐1: Settlement Geography Topic: Traditional rural house types: Origin, evolution & characteristics, roof and building materials Origin The earliest dwelling of Homo erectus was the cavesite in Africa, most probably “at Choukoutien. But caves and rock shelters were not the only places for human habitations. Most of the settlement site were in the open. The earliest evidence of housing reflects on pit dwellings, dug into the ground, oval- to-near-rectangular in shape. Thus there is allusion in the phrase ‘Caveman era’ to the caves as the first human habitation”. The pit dwellings took several evolutionary forms. ‘Choukoutien’ Cave Pit House: • Pit house is a large house in ground used for shelter from the most extreme of weather conditions. • Also be used to store food and for cultural activities like telling of stories, dancing, singing and celebrations. • Pit house as a Dug out and has similarities to a half dugout. • Through dwellings man could easily adopt the environment, and his occupance spread in varied ecological conditions. • Dwellings are varied in the raw materials used, in the climatic conditions ( winds, temperatures, precipitation, Seasonalities ) Rural Buildings: The rural houses form one of the essential facts of unproductive occupation of the rural landscape, with the complex relations between man and his environment; represent the cultural heritage of the past and the survival of tradition and reflection of the social state. The buildings are distinguished in three group: • Primitive building: Produced by societies defined as primitive by anthropologists, people have very few building types, a model with few individual variations.
  • Contemporary State of Glaciers in Chukotka and Kolyma Highlands ISSN 2080-7686

    Contemporary State of Glaciers in Chukotka and Kolyma Highlands ISSN 2080-7686

    Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series, No. 19 (2020): 5–18 http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2020-0006 Contemporary state of glaciers in Chukotka and Kolyma highlands ISSN 2080-7686 Maria Ananicheva* 1,a, Yury Kononov 1,b, Egor Belozerov2 1 Russian Academy of Science, Institute of Geography, Moscow, Russia 2 Lomonosov State University, Faculty of Geography, Moscow, Russia * Correspondence: Russian Academy of Science, Institute of Geography, Moscow, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] a https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6377-1852, b https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3117-5554 Abstract. The purpose of this work is to assess the main parameters of the Chukotka and Kolyma glaciers (small forms of glaciation, SFG): their size and volume, and changes therein over time. The point as to whether these SFG can be considered glaciers or are in transition into, for example, rock glaciers is also presented. SFG areas were defined from the early 1980s (data from the catalogue of the glaciers compiled by R.V. Sedov) to 2005, and up to 2017: these data were retrieved from sat- Key words: ellite images. The maximum of the SGF reduction occurred in the Chantalsky Range, Iskaten Range, Chukotka Peninsula, and in the northern part of Chukotka Peninsula. The smallest retreat by this time relates to the gla- Kolyma Highlands, ciers of the southern part of the peninsula. Glacier volumes are determined by the formula of S.A. satellite image, Nikitin for corrie glaciers, based on in-situ volume measurements, and by our own method: the av- climate change, erage glacier thickness is calculated from isogypsum patterns, constructed using DEMs of individu- glacier reduction, al glaciers based on images taken from a drone during field work, and using ArcticDEM for others.
  • Pamphlet to Accompany Scientific Investigations Map 3131

    Pamphlet to Accompany Scientific Investigations Map 3131

    Bedrock Geologic Map of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, and Accompanying Conodont Data By Alison B. Till, Julie A. Dumoulin, Melanie B. Werdon, and Heather A. Bleick Pamphlet to accompany Scientific Investigations Map 3131 View of Salmon Lake and the eastern Kigluaik Mountains, central Seward Peninsula 2011 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................1 Sources of data ....................................................................................................................................1 Components of the map and accompanying materials .................................................................1 Geologic Summary ........................................................................................................................................1 Major geologic components ..............................................................................................................1 York terrane ..................................................................................................................................2 Grantley Harbor Fault Zone and contact between the York terrane and the Nome Complex ..........................................................................................................................3 Nome Complex ............................................................................................................................3
  • When December Burns Cold Like a Stone Rise to the Unknown I Now

    When December Burns Cold Like a Stone Rise to the Unknown I Now

    When December Burns Cold like a stone rise to the unknown I now drown in despair when December burns Locked in one’s mind my state of being, denial Drag me away with your toxin this bliss lasts just for one moment What’s left of this world? Where’s your true purpose? These flames seem to wait atop a hill Breath to the wind I’m built up with sin What can you find beneath my ashes? See hope in others’ eyes this earth leaves nothing to thrive living beside the dead upon stacks of burial mounds My skin starts to boil The stench is too grim to bear But now there's no turning back I will not perish in dissent Cold like a stone Rise to the unknown I now drown in despair When December burns Where's your god? Where's your faith when we all die the same? The smoke now rises, the sky turns pale This is my end, my farewell Your life leaves nothing for me Burn me again and again I stand alone on this hill Flames succumb all around Black like coal In the unknown I now burn In December Jeremy Farfan - Guitar, Vocals Efrain Farfan - Guitar, Vocals Manolo Estrada - Drums Martin Tune - Bass Recorded at Atomic Sound, Red Hook Brooklyn April 20 and May 28, 2019 Recorded by Dakota Bowman Mixed by Neil Kernon Mastered by Alan Douches at West West Side Music Starved For Energy I'm Crawling through earth and through stone I gasp for one last breath of your innocent silence Covered in dirt I know you bare this hurt alone Contemplating suicide A look inside this tangled mind A noose that hangs six feet high Can you see it sway? The clouds now merge With obscure shades of grey The fields then burn With the smell of decay What more can be said For a wind thats passed This unspoken whisper Lingers in smoke as dead eyes stare down! I drown my tears over flames That vanish snow And I can't fight the dark that's consumed me My sanity has left me here.
  • Plain Pots: a Study of Late Woodland Pottery in Central Alabama by Jason Mann and Richard Krause

    Plain Pots: a Study of Late Woodland Pottery in Central Alabama by Jason Mann and Richard Krause

    Bulletin 27 November 30, 2009 Plain Pots: A Study of Late Woodland Pottery in Central Alabama By Jason Mann and Richard Krause Discovery and Excavation of the Moundville Earth Lodge By Vernon James Knight Analysis of Daub from Mound V, Moundville: Its Role as an Architectural Indicator By Jeffery L. Sherard Analysis of Wood Charcoal from an Earth Lodge on Mound V at Moundville By Amanda Tickner BULLETIN ALABAMA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY The scientific publication of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. Dr. Phil- lip Harris, Editor. BULLETIN ALABAMA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY is published by the Alalabama Museum of Natural History, a unit of The University of Alabama. The BULLETIN succeeds its predecessor, the MUSEUM PAPERS, which was ter- minated in 1961 upon the transfer of the Museum to the University from its parent organization, the Geological Survey of Alabama. The BULLETIN is devoted primarily to scholarship and research concerning the natural history of Alabama and the Southeast. It appears twice yearly in conse- cucutively numbered issues. Communication concerning manuscripts, style, and editorial policy should be addressed to: Editor, BULLETIN ALABAMA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, The University of Alabama, Box 870345, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0345; tele- phone (205) 348-1831 or emailed to [email protected]. Prospective authors should examine the Notice to Authors inside the back cover. Orders and requests for general information should be addressed to BULLE- TIN ALABAMA MUSEUM OF NATUTURAL HISTORY, at the above address or emailed to [email protected]. Yearly subscriptions (two issues) are $30.00 for individuals, $50.00 for corporations and institutions.
  • THE SUN, the MOON and FIRMAMENT in CHUKCHI MYTHOLOGY and on the RELATIONS of CELESTIAL BODIES and SACRIFICE Ülo Siimets

    THE SUN, the MOON and FIRMAMENT in CHUKCHI MYTHOLOGY and on the RELATIONS of CELESTIAL BODIES and SACRIFICE Ülo Siimets

    THE SUN, THE MOON AND FIRMAMENT IN CHUKCHI MYTHOLOGY AND ON THE RELATIONS OF CELESTIAL BODIES AND SACRIFICE Ülo Siimets Abstract This article gives a brief overview of the most common Chukchi myths, notions and beliefs related to celestial bodies at the end of the 19th and during the 20th century. The firmament of Chukchi world view is connected with their main source of subsistence – reindeer herding. Chukchis are one of the very few Siberian indigenous people who have preserved their religion. Similarly to many other nations, the peoples of the Far North as well as Chukchis personify the Sun, the Moon and stars. The article also points out the similarities between Chukchi notions and these of other peoples. Till now Chukchi reindeer herders seek the supposed help or influence of a constellation or planet when making important sacrifices (for example, offering sacrifices in a full moon). According to the Chukchi religion the most important celestial character is the Sun. It is spoken of as an individual being (vaúrgún). In addition to the Sun, the Creator, Dawn, Zenith, Midday and the North Star also belong to the ranks of special (superior) beings. The Moon in Chukchi mythology is a man and a being in one person. It is as the ketlja (evil spirit) of the Sun. Chukchi myths about several stars (such as the North Star and Betelgeuse) resemble to a great extent these of other peoples. Keywords: astral mythology, the Moon, sacrifices, reindeer herding, the Sun, celestial bodies, Chukchi religion, constellations. The interdependence of the Earth and celestial as well as weather phenomena has a special meaning for mankind for it is the co-exist- ence of the Sun and Moon, day and night, wind, rainfall and soil that creates life and warmth and provides the daily bread.
  • Jataka Tales: Layers of Meaning from the Universal to the Personal

    Jataka Tales: Layers of Meaning from the Universal to the Personal

    Jataka Tales: Layers of Meaning from the Universal to the Personal Grade Level or Course Type: English, Social Studies, adaptable for grades 6 through 10 Overview of the Lesson Jataka Tales: Birth Stories of the Buddha are among the world’s oldest collection of stories. Many, about endearing animals who misbehave – and then learn to behave better – are appealing to children throughout the world. In this lesson students compare an Aesop’s fable to a Jataka Tale to see what they share in common. Students then learn about the Buddhist context of the tales, through which they deepen their appreciation of what makes a Jataka Tale unique. Finally, students approach a Jataka Tale through the meaning it held in the life of Noor Inayat Khan (1914-1944), whose classic collection Twenty Jataka Tales is still in print. She was a Muslim who worked as a covert agent for the British in Occupied France. She died at Dachau in 1944. In all three activities, students gain insight into what makes stories important in our lives. Learning Outcomes: • Identify stories by genre as fable, parable, folktale and fairy tale. • Decipher the moral of a story. • Understand Buddhist concepts (Ten Perfections, cycle of death and rebirth) • Learn about the life and appreciate the artistry of Noor Inayat Khan. Materials Needed • This lesson and the handouts included with it. They include: Handout 1. Life of Noor Inayat Khan with photos and scrapbook activity Handout 2. The Monkey and the Dolphin credited to Aesop and genre definitions Handout 3. The Patient Buffalo, a Jataka Tale Handout 4.
  • BEACH HUTS Selling Secrets – Everything You Need to Know About Selling Your Property on the Prom …

    BEACH HUTS Selling Secrets – Everything You Need to Know About Selling Your Property on the Prom …

    T 01273 735237 59 Church Road F 01273 820592 Hove E [email protected] East Sussex BN3 2BD W www.callaways.co.uk Callaways Residential Sales & Lettings BEACH HUTS Selling Secrets – everything you need to know about selling your property on the prom … Heather Hilder-Darling Callaways est a te age nts Beach,, Huts, for a never-to-be- forgotten summer of seaside memories … ,, Award winning Estate & Lettings Agency 2009 – 2017 UK REAL ESTATE R E A L EST A T E in association with ««««« BEST REAL BEST REAL ESTATE ESTATE AGENCY AGENCY EAST SUSSEX UK BEST REAL ESTATE EAST SUSSEX AGENCY EAST SUSSEX Callaways Estate & Lettings Agent Callaways Estate Callaways by Callaways & Lettings Agent Callaways est a te age nts 59 Church Road, Hove BN3 2BD Tel: 01273 735237 B1 Yeoman Gate, Yeoman Way Worthing BN13 3QZ Tel: 01903 831338 [email protected] www.callaways.co.uk Thank you for downloading this guide from Callaways 1. Preparing to sell your Beach Hut Residential Sales & Lettings. 2. Useful documents and information We hope you find it helpful. 3. What to include in the sale If you have any questions or 4. Preparing your Beach Hut for Sale comments or you would like 5. Photography to organise a free saleability 6. Viewings and advice consultation, then 7. Agreeing a sale please click here. 8. Managing the sale to completion 9. Preparing for hand-over 10. Contact us page 2 sales ... lettings ... property management ... new homes August,, – children playing, lapping water, cups of tea and the sea … ,, Preparing to sell your Beach Hut How is the current value of current value, and what we recommend as local market and straight talking a marketing strategy that will help sell your good advice, which clients appreciate.
  • Storytelling

    Storytelling

    Please do not remove this page Storytelling Anderson, Katie Elson https://scholarship.libraries.rutgers.edu/discovery/delivery/01RUT_INST:ResearchRepository/12643385580004646?l#13643502170004646 Anderson, K. E. (2010). Storytelling. SAGE. https://doi.org/10.7282/T35T3HSK This work is protected by copyright. You are free to use this resource, with proper attribution, for research and educational purposes. Other uses, such as reproduction or publication, may require the permission of the copyright holder. Downloaded On 2021/09/24 13:02:38 -0400 Chapter 28- 21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook Edited by H. James Birx Storytelling Katie Elson Anderson, Rutgers University. Once upon a time before words were written, before cultures and societies were observed and analyzed there was storytelling. Storytelling has been a part of humanity since people were able to communicate and respond to the basic biological urge to explain, educate and enlighten. Cave drawings, traditional dances, poems, songs, and chants are all examples of early storytelling. Stories pass on historical, cultural, and moral information and provide escape and relief from the everyday struggle to survive. Storytelling takes place in all cultures in a variety of different forms. Studying these forms requires an interdisciplinary approach involving anthropology, psychology, linguistics, history, library science, theater, media studies and other related disciplines. New technologies and new approaches have brought about a renewed interest in the varied aspects and elements of storytelling, broadening our understanding and appreciation of its complexity. What is Storytelling? Defining storytelling is not a simple matter. Scholars from a variety of disciplines, professional and amateur storytellers, and members of the communities where the stories dwell have not come to a consensus on what defines storytelling.