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Home , Chukchi Peninsula, European Russia, Ural (region), Ural Mountains

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Workers on the statue Russians in front of Motherland Calls, St. Basil’s Cathedral, Volgograd

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RussiaRussia andand the the EurasianEurasian

f you had to describe RepublicsRepublics Iin one word, that word would be BIG! Russia is the largest country in the world in area. Its almost 6.6 million square miles (17 million sq. km) are spread across two — and . As you can imagine, such a large country faces equally large challenges. In 1991 Russia emerged from the as an independent country. Since then it has been struggling to unite its many ethnic groups, set up a demo- cratic government, and build a stable economy.

▼ Siberian tiger in a NGS ONLINE in eastern Russia www.nationalgeographic.com/education

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REGIONAL ATLAS

Focus on: Russia and the Eurasian Republics THIS spans the continents of Europe and Asia. It includes Russia—the world’s largest country—and the neigh- boring independent republics of Armenia, Georgia, , , Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. Russia and the Eurasian republics cover about 8 million square miles (20.7 million sq. km). This is greater than the size of , the , and combined.

The Caspian is actually a salt lake that lies at the base of the in The Land Russia’s southwest. Farther east is , The region of Russia and the Eurasian the world’s deepest lake. Many rivers wind republics stretches nearly halfway around the through Russia and the Eurasian republics. Some globe and includes many different landscapes. of the rivers flow eastward, like the , which The Mountains run north to south, divid- forms Russia’s border with China. Others, like the ing Russia into a European region and a much , flow south through plains. The , larger Asian region. West of the Urals is the , and Rivers all flow north to the fertile North —home to three- . fourths of the country’s population. East of the Urals lies , which means “sleeping land.” The Climate Immense and sparsely populated, Siberia is an area of harsh, forbidding landscapes. Russia’s is dominated by , a In the southern part of the region, the treeless plain. Winters on the tundra are long, rise along the borders of dark, and fiercely cold. During the brief sum- Russia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan. Mountains also mers, only the top few inches of soil thaw out. pass through several republics in . Deeper down is —permanently The Pamirs in Tajikistan have some of the region’s frozen ground. highest peaks. The range in Kyrgyzstan South of the tundra are vast evergreen holds some of the world’s largest glaciers. . This vast woodland area, known as the

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Wildflowers and wooden churches on the North European Plain, in north- western Russia ▼

▼ Young people strolling and singing in St. Petersburg

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REGIONAL ATLAS

taiga, is the largest continuous stretch of forest Industrial growth was also more important on the . Snow blankets the taiga for as than the needs of the people. Shortages of many as eight months of the year. Even farther consumer goods—clothing and household south, the taiga gives way to flat grass-covered products, for example—were common. plains, or steppes. Here the climate is less harsh, In the 1990s, when Russia and the other and the soil is quite rich. For centuries, routes republics of the Soviet Union became inde- across these plains brought invading armies. pendent countries, each took charge of its Today the plains make up Russia’s most important own economy. Today Russia and the Eurasian farming and industrial area. republics are struggling to make the change to a free market system, in which people run their own businesses and farms. The Economy For many years, Russia and the Eurasian The People republics formed one state called the Soviet Union. It had an economy planned and run by About 220 million people live in Russia and Communist leaders. Wheat and other crops the Eurasian republics. Russia has the region’s were grown on huge government-owned farms. largest population with about 145.5 million The top economic priority was heavy industry, people. Climate and landscape affect where or the of goods such as machin- people live in Russia and the Eurasian republics. ery and military equipment. Rich deposits of Most people in Russia live west of the Ural minerals, , and oil supplied the raw materi- Mountains, where the climate is mildest and als and energy for many industries. The Soviet the land is most fertile. push to industrialize, however, led to wide- Ethnic Groups Each of the republics has a spread pollution of the air, soil, and water. major ethnic group, language, and culture. There are also many smaller groups in each republic. More than 100 different ethnic groups live throughout the region. Most Russians are descendants of Slavic peoples, or . They speak Russian and practice Eastern Orthodox . Various ethnic groups inhabit Armenia and Georgia. They practice their own forms of Christianity. Turkic ethnic groups (Uzbeks, , Turkmenis, and Azeris) are dominant in Central Asia. They have their own languages and practice the religion of Islam. ▼ Russian worker inspecting tractors in a factory

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The Arts The arts of Russia and the Eurasian republics include architecture, painting, music, and dance. Each republic has its own rich her- itage. You have probably seen pictures of Russia’s onion-domed churches and heard the classical music of Peter Tchaikovsky and Russia other Russian composers. Ancient churches Data Bits with drumlike tops and bells are scattered across the rugged countryside of Armenia Automobiles per 1,000 people 120 and Georgia. In the Central Asian republics, beautiful tiles in swirling patterns decorate Television sets per 1,000 people 421 Islamic mosques. VOTE Democratic elections Yes

Ethnic Makeup m Church of the Resurrection World Ranking in St. Petersburg, Russia Tatar 4% Other 10% Chuvash 1% GNP per capita Life Ukrainian 3% in US $ 1st expectancy

50th 76th $2,680

100th 114th 67 years

Russian 82% 150th

Population: Urban vs. Rural

73% 27%

Sources: World Desk Reference, World Development Indicators, 2000; 2002; The World Almanac, 2004.

Exploring the Region 1. Why might Russia’s north-flowing rivers be difficult to travel in winter? 2. Why would it be hard to grow crops on the tundra? 3. What was the top economic priority of Communist leaders? 4. To which ethnic group do most Russians belong?

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REGIONAL ATLAS Russia and the Eurasian Republics

Physical 70 60 ° ° ° 80 W 100 W N ° ° ° NORTH N 60 W 120 W AMERICA °N 40°W 80 140°W 20°W 160°W

ATLANTIC A R OCEAN C ° North ° Wrangel I. Chukchi T 0 Pole 180 I C

C

I R East C 20°E 160°E L Siberian E New Sea 40°E North Siberian Land Islands 60°E 120°E K K E U R O P E Novaya ° ° o o Klyuchevskaya 80 E 100 E 140°E l l y y Sopka ea Barents Zemlya m m S a c a 15,584 ft. lti Kola Sea R a R a (4,750 m) B Peninsula n g RUSSIA e L V KAMCHATKA e e n rk a h PENINSULA NORTH oyansk Range R. Sea of EUROPEAN S CENTRAL N . Okhotsk I R PLAIN S I B E R I A °N A b T 50 Moscow O WEST SIBERIAN . N R Y U e n . SIBERIAN n y Sakhalin o R O i o a s PLATEAU v D . Kam M PLAIN e o e . Island R y n g R a t a n lg L R a r Vo Ir S R ty . u A s h y U m r R y

a RUSSIA v A C Mt. Elbrus l R . R U o

au . R n c 18,510 ft. . e a lo g s b b n u (5,642 m) O Ya a s Lake R GEORGIA ts. Baikal M KAZAKHSTAN M

T'bilisi a Astana yan t e s a °N . S S 40 ARMENIA Sea of Yerevan n U THE Lake a Aral Japan i Z Balkhash p Sea T B STEPPES (East Sea) Baku s U a E R K C K G I M a AZERBAIJAN ra S E g T Tashkent Bishkek N u A K m N YR I GYZ Ashgabat S STAN T T A Dushanbe AJI N KIST AN °N 30 ASIA N National capital peak E 0 mi. 1,000 W 0 km 1,000 S OF Two-Point Equidistant projection PIC RO ER T NC CA °N 20

PACIFIC 26,247 ft. 0 mi. 500 8,000 m OCEAN NORTH EUROPEAN PLAIN 0 km 500 19,685 ft. KAMCHATKA 6,000 m URAL SAYAN STANOVOY PENINSULA 13,123 ft. MOUNTAINS MOUNTAINS LAKE RANGE 4,000 m BAIKAL SEA OF MOSCOW RIVER °N 6,562 ft. OKHOTSK 2,000 m 10

Sea level

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Political ° ° 70 80 W 100 W ° 60°W 120°W N NORTH GREENLAND AMERICA °N 40°W 80 140°W ICELAND 20°W 160°W

ATLANTIC A ARCTIC OCEAN R

OCEAN C ° North ° T 0 Pole 180 I

C

C

I R East C 20°E 160°E L Siberian E Sea 40°E 140°E O P E K U R 60°E 120°E o E ° ° l 80 E 100 E y m a Murmansk a Se Laptev Sea c lti Barents R Ba Kara Sea . RUSSIA Sea

L St. Petersburg e n a R. Sea of . Okhotsk R Yakutsk °N b 50 Moscow Nizhniy O RUSSIA Novgorod Y . e R . Kazan n R i . n . s o a R e R D g a y Vol Kam r Irt R u U ysh . m ral R A R . Volgograd . Lake Astrakhan Baikal GEORGIA Irkutsk

T'bilisi a Astana e °N S 40 ARMENIA KAZAKHSTAN Yerevan n U Aral Lake Sea of a i Z Sea Balkhash Japan p T B Baku s U a E (East Sea) R K C K I AZERBAIJAN M S E T Tashkent Bishkek N A K N YR I GYZ Ashgabat S STAN T T A Dushanbe AJI N KIST AN °N 30 ASIA N E W S OF PIC RO ER T NC CA National capital Mountain peak PACIFIC MAP STUDY OCEAN 0 mi. 1,000

0 km 1,000 Two-Point Equidistant projection 1 Where are most Russian cities located? Why are they located °N there? 10

2 What is the capital of Russia?

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REGIONAL ATLAS Russia The Russian Winter 80°W 100°W 60°W 120°W

40°W 140°W

20°W 160°W

80 0° ° ° North 180 N Pole 70

° 1 N 60 20°E ARCTIC OCEAN 160°E Anadyr

° N Bering 40°E 140°E Sea

60°E 120°E EUROPE 0 80°E 100°E Barents Laptev Murmansk Sea Sea RUSSIA Kara Sea 0 Khatanga 3 St. Petersburg <1 3 Petropavlovsk Kamchatskiy LE Okhotsk <1 IRC 1 IC C Sea of 1 Salekhard ARCT Yakutsk Okhotsk Moscow 50 ° N RUSSIA 2 Sverdlovsk 5 2 3 2 Volgograd Omsk Lake Novosibirsk 3 Baikal 6 Irkutsk

a Vladivostok e 40 S Sea of °N n Japan a i

p (East Sea) s

a

C ASIA

Average annual number of days with snow cover N 0 mi. 1,000 More than 240 0 km 1,000 200 to 240 W E Two-Point Equidistant projection 160 to 200 S 120 to 160 80 to 120 40 to 80 20 °N Less than 40 MAP STUDY TRO PIC OF CAN Contiguous United States Daily average CER hours of sunshine and Russia: 7 Land Comparison in January 1 On average, how many days of snow cover does Moscow have per year? 10°N 2 Which city would you expect to have more hours of sunlight in June—Vladivostok or Khatanga?

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Russia’s Geo Extremes COMPARING POPULATION: 1 HIGHEST POINT 4 LARGEST LAKE United States and Russia Mount Elbrus 18,510 ft. 143,244 sq. mi. UNITED STATES (5,642 m) high (371,000 sq. km) 2 LOWEST POINT 5 DEEPEST LAKE Caspian Sea Lake Baikal RUSSIA 92 ft. (28 m) 5,315 ft. below sea level (1,620 m) deep = 25,000,000 3 LONGEST RIVER 6 LARGEST ISLAND

Ob-Irtysh Sakhalin Source: Population Reference Bureau, 2003. 3,362 mi. 29,500 sq.mi. (5,411 km) long (76,405 sq. km) COMPARING AREA AND POPULATION: Russia East and West of the AREA West of Urals 24.4%

3 6

East of 1 5 Urals 75.6% 2 4 POPULATION West of East of Urals 74% Urals 26%

GRAPHIC STUDY

1 What two “extremes” does the Caspian Source: The Hammond Citation World Atlas, 1999. Sea lay claim to?

2 What percentage of Russia’s people live west of the Ural Mountains?

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REGIONAL ATLAS Country Profiles

AZERBAIJANAZERBAIJAN ARMENIAARMENIA GEORGIAGEORGIA POPULATION: 8,200,000 Baku 246 per sq. mi. 95 per sq. km POPULATION: POPULATION: 4,700,000 3,200,000 LANGUAGES: T’bilisi Yerevan 173 per sq. mi. 280 per sq. mi. Azeri, Russian, 67 per sq. km 108 per sq. km Armenian CAPITAL: LANGUAGES: MAJOR EXPORT: LANGUAGES: Baku Georgian, Russian Armenian, Russian Petroleum LANDMASS: MAJOR EXPORT: CAPITAL: CAPITAL: MAJOR IMPORT: MAJOR EXPORT: 33,436 sq. mi. Citrus Fruits T’bilisi Yerevan Machinery 86,599 sq. km LANDMASS: LANDMASS: MAJOR IMPORT: MAJOR IMPORT: Fuels 26,911 sq. mi. Grain 11,506 sq. mi. 69,699 sq. km 29,801 sq. km

KAZAKHSTANKAZAKHSTAN

POPULATION: 14,800,000 14 per sq. mi. Astana 5 per sq. km LANGUAGES: Kazakh, Russian KYRGYZSTANKY RGYZSTAN MAJOR EXPORT: CAPITAL: Petroleum Astana POPULATION: MAJOR IMPORT: LANDMASS: Machinery 5,000,000 Bishkek ▼ 1,049,151 sq. mi. 66 per sq. mi. pulling sled across 2,717,301 sq. km 25 per sq. km the tundra, Siberia LANGUAGES: Kirghiz, Russian MAJOR EXPORT: Cotton CAPITAL: MAJOR IMPORT: Bishkek Grain LANDMASS: 76,641 sq. mi. 198,500 sq. km

RUSSIARUSSIA

POPULATION: 145,500,000 Moscow 22 per sq. mi. 9 per sq. km LANGUAGES: Russian, Local CAPITAL: Languages Moscow MAJOR EXPORT: LANDMASS: Petroleum 6,592,819 sq. mi. MAJOR IMPORT: 17,075,401 sq. km Machinery

Countries and flags not drawn to scale

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For more information on countries in this region, refer to the Nations of the World Data Bank in the Appendix.

TAJIKISTANTAJIKISTAN UUZBEKISTANZBEKI POPULATION: STAN 6,600,000 119 per sq. mi. Dushanbe 46 per sq. km TTURKMENISTANURKMENISTAN POPULATION: LANGUAGES: 25,700,000 Tajik, Russian 149 per sq. mi. Tashkent 58 per sq. km MAJOR EXPORT: CAPITAL: LANGUAGES: Aluminum POPULATION: Dushanbe Ashgabat Uzbek, 5,700,000 MAJOR IMPORT: LANDMASS: Russian, Tajik Fuels 30 per sq. mi. 55,251 sq. mi. CAPITAL: 12 per sq. km MAJOR EXPORT: Tashkent 143,100 sq. km Cotton LANGUAGES: LANDMASS: Turkmen, MAJOR IMPORT: 172,741 sq. mi. Russian, Uzbek CAPITAL: Machinery 447,399 sq. km MAJOR EXPORT: Ashgabat Natural Gas LANDMASS: MAJOR IMPORT: 188,456 sq. mi. Machinery 488,101 sq. km

Initiative Under communism, the government is the main employer. Many people no longer had a steady income when the Soviet Union broke apart. The government could no longer take care of them. People had to figure out on their own how to solve the problem of making enough money to feed their families. In other words, they had to show initiative. Describe a time when you showed initiative to solve a challenge Teens washing cars to earn money m you faced.

WRITE ABOUT IT

You can develop initiative with practice. Use the problem- solving process to identify a business you could start alone or with friends. Gather information, list and consider your options, and consider the advan- tages and disadvantages. Then write a paragraph about the business you chose.

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pter ha C Russia’sRussia’s 88 LandscapeLandscape andand HistoryHistory

Social Studies

To learn more about Russia’s land Chapter Overview Visit The World and Its and history, view The World and Its People Web site at twip.glencoe.com and People Chapter 15 video. click on Chapter 8—Chapter Overviews to preview information about Russia.

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Categorizing Information When you group information into categories, it is easier to make sense of what you are learning. Make this foldable to help you learn about Russia’s past and present.

Step 1 one sheet of paper in half Step 2 Fold it in half again from side from top to bottom. to side.

Past Step 3 Unfold the paper once. Cut up Step 4 Turn the paper the inside fold of the top flap only. and sketch a map of the Soviet Union Soviet Union and Russia on the front tabs. Label Present This cut will your foldable as shown. make two tabs. Russia

Reading and Writing As you read the chapter, write under the appropriate flaps of your foldable what you learn about the former Soviet Union and present-day Russia.

A New Government Russia is a land rich in natural resources but has a troubled political history. The various peoples in Russia have had little experience with hands-on government. This experience is needed for a stable democracy to work. On the other hand, a strong central government is needed to create policies to prevent continued air and water pollution and to build up the economy. How will Russia meet both of these aims? The answer is important to us all. ▼ ▼ Statue of at the Exhibition of Economic Achievement, Moscow, Russia 402-409 U5 CH14 S1 TWIP-860976 3/15/04 5:42 AM Page 404

Guide to Reading Main Idea 11 A Vast Land Russia is a huge country with a cold climate due to its far northern location. Terms to Know • steppe • tundra Siberian tigers hunt in the eastern forests • permafrost of Russia—sometimes even climbing • taiga trees to find food. Only a few Reading Strategy hundred now live in the wild, Create a chart like this though. The animals they one. Give a specific hunt—, deer, and wild name for each type of boar—are dwindling, physical feature listed. and the tigers are hunted by people. Russia Poachers who Plains kill the tigers illegally Mountains can sell a skin for Rivers $15,000. Russia is trying to enforce laws to save these animals.

Russia is the world’s largest country. Nearly twice as big as the United States, Russia is called a Eurasian country because its lands lie on two continents—Europe and Asia. The Ural Mountains form the dividing line between the two continents. The European or western part of Russia borders countries such as Finland, Belarus, and . The much larger eastern part of Russia stretches across Asia to the . The , on Russia’s far eastern border,is separated from by only about 50 miles (80 km). Russia is so wide that it shares borders with 14 other countries. It also includes 11 time zones from east to west. When it is 12:00 P.M. (noon) in eastern Russia and people are eating lunch, people in west- ern Russia are still sound asleep at 1:00 A.M. Russia’s Climate As you can see from the climate map on page239 , Russia’s south- ern border is in the middle latitudes, but the north reaches past the . Most of the western part of Russia has a humid conti- nental climate. Summers are warm and rainy, while winters are cold

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and snowy. In contrast, eastern Russia experiences short, cool sum- mers and long, snowy winters. Russia has a long coastline along the Arctic Ocean, which is frozen most of the year. Ice makes shipping difficult or impossible. Many of Russia’s ports on the and Pacific Ocean are also closed because of ice part of the year. Russia’s gigantic size and harsh climates make transportation dif- ficult within the country as well. If you visited Russia, you would dis- cover that, unlike in the United States, railroads, rivers, and canals are still important means of getting around. With about 54,000 miles (about 87,000 km) of track, railroads are the leading movers of peo- ple and goods in Russia. How does Russia’s climate affect shipping? Find the Ural Mountains on the physical map on page230 . The ancient Urals, worn by years of erosion, are not very tall. Their length is extensive,though,running from the Arctic Ocean to Russia’s southern

Russia: Climate

North Pole ° 0

°

180

20 E ° ° E ARCTIC OCEAN 160 40 Bering ° °E E Sea 140 60° °N °E E 80 120 60 80°E °E ° 100 N Barents Murmansk Sea Baltic Sea St. Petersburg Magadan Lena R. Sea of CLE E S CIR Okhotsk RCTIC P N A Yakutsk I N A O Moscow E T RUSSIA Nizhniy R N Yenisey R. W Novgorod U S U O Ob R. Perm

E Don R. M Saratov Samara L A R Khabarovsk Volgograd Volga R. U Omsk Krasnoyarsk Lake Black Baikal Sea Astrakhan Novosibirsk Irkutsk 0 mi. 1,000 Groznyy Vladivostok 40° Caspian 0 km 1,000 N Sea Two-Point Equidistant projection Sea of ASIA Japan (East Sea)

Dry Applying Map Skills Steppe Mid-Latitude Humid continental 1. What high latitude climate zones High Latitude cover much of Russia? Subarctic Tundra 2. What type of climate does Moscow have?

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boundary. West of the Urals lies the North European Plain. This fer- tile plain has Russia’s mildest climate, and about 75 percent of the pop- ulation live here. This region holds Russia’s capital, Moscow, and other important cities, such as St. Petersburg and Volgograd. Much of Russia’s agriculture and industry is found on the North European Plain. Good farmland also lies south of the North European Plain, along the Don and Volga Rivers. This area is part of the steppe, the nearly treeless grassy plain that stretches through Ukraine. To the far south of European Russia lay the high, rugged Caucasus (KAW•kuh•suhs) Mountains. Thickly covered with and other trees, the Caucasus are much taller than the Urals. What is the steppe? East of the Urals The huge Asian part of Russia lies east of the Ural Mountains and is known as Siberia. Northern Siberia has one of the coldest climates in the world. Not even hardy evergreens can grow here. Instead, you find tundra, a vast and rolling treeless plain in which only the top few inches of the ground thaw during the summer. The permanently frozen lower layers of soil are called permafrost and cover 40 per- cent of Russia. The few people who live in the tundra make their living by fish- ing, seals and ,or herding reindeer.With so few trees, many of the houses are made of skins. Because the distances are so great and the land is usually covered in ice and snow, people may use helicopters for travel. The Taiga South of the tundra is the world’s largest forest, the taiga (TY•guh). Here, evergreen trees stretch about 4,000 miles (6,436 km) across the country in a belt 1,000 to 2,000 miles (1,609 to 3,218 km) wide. As with the tundra,few people live in this area.Those who do sup- port themselves by lumbering or hunting. This area is so sparsely popu- lated that forest fires sometimes burn for weeks before anyone notices.

On Location •

Siberia

This is cold! Boiling water freezes in midair in icy northern Siberia. Place How do people in the tundra make their living? 402-409 U5 CH14 S1 TWIP-860976 3/15/04 5:43 AM Page 407

On Location

Vegetation in Russia

The tundra (left) is Southern Siberia Plains, plateaus, and mountain ranges cover the found in northern southern part of Siberia. Southeastern Siberia is home to the majestic Russia. South of the Siberian tiger, now an endangered species. Other wildlife found here tundra is the huge include , reindeer, , , wildcat, elk, and . expanse of the taiga (center). The steppes The Mountains also rise on the far eastern dominate southwest Kamchatka (kam•CHAHT•kuh) Peninsula. Many of these mountains Russia (right). are part of the . This name is used to describe the active Place What type of volcanic zone that forms the western, northern, and eastern edges of vegetation grows on the Pacific Ocean. Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes sometimes the taiga? occur on this peninsula. What is the Ring of Fire? Inland Water Areas Russia touches many inland bodies of water. In the southwest, it borders the . Through the Black Sea, Russian ships can reach the . Look at the physical map on page 230 to find another large sea in southwestern Russia—the Caspian Sea. About the size of California, the Caspian Sea is actually the largest inland body of water in the world. Like the Great Salt Lake in Utah, the Caspian Sea has salt water, not freshwater. Russia shares this sea

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with four other countries—Azerbaijan, , Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan. High in the is Lake Baikal—the world’s deepest freshwater lake. In fact, Lake Baikal holds almost 20 percent of the world’s supply of unfrozen freshwater. It is also the world’s oldest lake, dating back nearly 30 million years. Some of the plant and fish species in the lake can be traced to prehistoric times. Scientists come from all over the world to study its rare and unusual species. Tourists travel by train to see the lake’s shimmering blue waters. Unfortunately, a large paper mill nearby has polluted the Lake Baikal region. The paper mill is a major source of jobs and wealth. An important issue for this region is to try to save both the lake and the badly needed industry. Russia has several major rivers. The Volga—the longest river in Europe—is a vital transportation route. Canals connect it and other rivers of European Russia. Boats use the canals to transport people and goods from one city to another. Many rivers also flow through the Asian side of Russia. Most of these rivers begin in the mountains of southern Siberia and flow north across the marshy lowlands to empty into the frigid Arctic Ocean. The Lena (LEE•nuh), the Yenisey (YIH•nih•SAY), and the Ob (AHB) are among the longest rivers in the world. What is an important issue for the Lake Baikal region? 11 AssessmentAssessment

Defining Terms Graphic Organizer 1. Define steppe, tundra, permafrost, taiga. 7. Categorizing Information Create a chart like this one. Then place each of the following Recalling Facts items into the column in which it is located: 2. Location What separates Moscow, Lake Baikal, Kamchatka Peninsula, Europe and Asia? St. Petersburg, Volga River, Volgograd, taiga. 3. Region How many countries does Russia border? European Russia Asian Russia 4. Place What is unique about Lake Baikal? Critical Thinking 5. Analyzing Information Why do you think trains are more important than other Applying Social Studies Skills kinds of vehicles for moving people and goods across Russia? 6. Making Comparisons How do the 8. Analyzing Maps Turn to the climate map on waters of the Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal page239 . Select a Russian city. Now look at the differ? map of “The Russian Winter” on page232 . On average, how many days of snow cover does your selected city have per year?

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ART SCIENCE CULTURE TECHNOLOGY

Cooperative Space Ventures The space age officially began in 1957 participate on the space station Mir. The astro- when Russia launched Sputnik I. It was the nauts and Russian cosmonauts performed many first artificial satellite to orbit the earth. experiments on the effects of weightlessness. In 1993 the United States and Russia decided The Space Race to work jointly to build the International Space The Russians sent the first person into space Station. In July 2000, the Russian space module in 1961, when cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin orbited Zvezda (“star”) linked up with the rest of the sta- the earth. A few weeks later, Alan Shepard made tion. Four months later, the International Space the United States’s first spaceflight. John Glenn Station had its first permanent human inhabitants. was the first astronaut to orbit the earth in 1962. The crew was made up of both Russian cosmo- After this, the “space race” between the United nauts and American astronauts. States and Russia was of global importance. It was feared that one country could dominate the world if it had the right equipment in space. Over the years, both Russia and the United 1. What country launched the space age? States launched many spacecraft. In 1986 the 2. How have the United States and Russia cooper- Russian space station Mir, which means “peace,” ated on space ventures? began to orbit the earth. This was the first per- 3. Making Predictions What space technology do manently staffed laboratory in space. Astronauts you think we will see in the future? What social from more than a dozen countries were invited to consequences might result from this?

InternationalInternational SpaceSpace StationStation

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Guide to Reading 22 Main Idea A Troubled History The harsh rule of powerful leaders has often sparked violent uprisings in Russia. Terms to Know • czar •serf After becoming czar in 1698, Peter • industrialize the Great wanted to modernize • communist state Russia. He toured parts of • • Europe to learn about ship- • free enterprise yards and factories. After system returning home, Peter • forced the Russian Reading Strategy nobles to adopt west- Create a chart like this ern European ways. one. List three main In fact, those who czars and important refused to study math facts to remember about them. and geometry were not allowed to get married. Czar Importance

Today Russia is the world’s largest country. Early in its history, how- ever, it was a small territory on the edge of Europe. Strong rulers gradu- ally expanded Russia’s borders.Their harsh rule led to unrest,eventually leading to two major upheavals—one in 1917, the other in 1991. Early Russia To understand the challenges facing Russia today, let us go back through Russia’s history. Modern Russians descend from early groups of Slavs who settled along the rivers of what are today Ukraine and Russia. During the A.D. 800s,these built a civilization around the city of Kiev, today the capital of Ukraine. This civilization was called Kievan Rus (KEE•EH•vuhn ROOS). By the A.D. 1000s, the ruler and people of Kievan Rus had accepted Eastern Orthodox Christianity. They prospered from trade with the Mediterranean world and . In the 1200s, the Mongols swept in from Central Asia and con- quered Kiev. Under their 200-year-rule, Kiev lost much of its wealth and power. Meanwhile, Moscow became the center of a new Slavic

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territory called Muscovy (muh•SKOH•vee). In 1480 Ivan III, a prince of Muscovy, drove out the Mongols and made Muscovy independent. Ivan III was known as “Ivan the Great.” Rise of the Czars Muscovy slowly developed into the country we know today as Russia. Russian rulers expanded their power, built up armies, and seized land and other resources. They called themselves czars, or emperors. They had total control over the government. As a citizen of Muscovy,you would have feared Czar Ivan IV,who ruled dur- ing the 1500s. Known as “,” he used a secret police force to tighten his iron grip on the people and control their lives. As the map on page246 shows,the czars gradually conquered sur- rounding territories. As a result, many non-Russian peoples became part of the growing . (Russia still suffers from ethnic Early Czars tensions caused by these early conquests.) Czars such as and Catherine the Great pushed the empire’s borders south- Ivan III, or “Ivan the Great,” (left) ruled ward and westward. They also tried to make Russia modern and more Muscovy until 1505. like Europe. Peter built a new capital—St. Petersburg—in the early His grandson, Ivan IV, 1700s. Built close to Europe near the Baltic coast, St. Petersburg was also known as “Ivan designed like a European city with elegant palaces, public squares, the Terrible,” (right) and canals. If you had been a Russian noble at this time, you would used a secret police have spoken French as well as Russian. You also would have put aside force to control the people of Muscovy. traditional Russian dress, worn European clothes, and attended fancy balls and parties. History Who drove the Mongols out of Kiev? On Location

•

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Expansion of Russia

Kievan Territory 1360–1524 20° ° W 160 W 1524–1689 Chukchi ALASKA 1689–1917 Sea (Sold to U.S. in 1867) 0° 180° North Pole N

1917–1945 °

Boundary of the 60 E 20 ° East N Soviet Union in 1945 ° ° E ARCTIC OCEAN Siberian 80 160 Bering Present-day Russian 40 Sea ° °E boundary E Sea 60 140 °E °E Barents 80°E °E 120 Sea 100 Laptev Sea Kara Sea

St. Petersburg (Leningrad) LE IRC Sea of IC C ARCT Okhotsk Kiev Moscow RUSSIA Black Sea Lake Baikal °N 40

Caspian Sea Aral N Sea E W S 0 mi. 1,000 0 km 1,000 Two-Point Equidistant projection Applying Map Skills

1. During which time period was the most land added The czars and nobles enjoyed rich,comfortable lives.At the bottom to Russia? of society,however,were the great masses of people. Most were serfs, 2. Was Russia’s land area or farm laborers, who could be bought and sold along with the land. larger in 1945, or is it These people lived hard lives, working on the nobles’ country estates larger today? or in city palaces. Few could read or write. They did not follow Find NGS online map resources @ Western customs, but kept the Russian traditions. www.nationalgeographic.com/maps Dramatic Changes In 1812 a French army led by Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Russia. Brave Russian soldiers and the fierce winter weather finally forced the French to retreat. Have you ever heard the 1812 Overture, with its dramatic ending that includes ringing bells and bursts of cannon fire? Written by the Russian composer Peter Tchaikovsky (chy•KAWF•skee), this musical masterpiece celebrates the Russian victory over Napoleon. Turn to page254 to read more about Napoleon’s defeat. In the late 1800s, Russia entered a period of economic and social change. The Russian Empire expanded southward into the Caucasus Mountains and eastward toward the Pacific Ocean. In 1861 Czar Alexander II, known as the Czar-Liberator, freed the serfs from being tied to the land. His new law did little to lift them out of poverty, though. Russia began to industrialize, or change its economy to rely

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more on manufacturing and less on farming. Railroads, including the famous Trans-Siberian Railroad, spread across the country. It linked Moscow in the west with Vladivostok on Russia’s Pacific coast. What civilization did early Slavs build in Ukraine?

The Soviet Era In 1914 World War I broke out in Europe. Russian and German armies met and fought bloody battles in . Unprepared for war, Russia suffered many defeats and had few victories. As the fighting dragged on, shortages of food in Russian cities caused starva- tion. The Russian people blamed the czars for their troubles. Social Studies

The In 1917 political leaders, soldiers, and fac- Web Activity Visit tory workers forced Czar Nicholas II to give up the throne. Later that The World and Its People Web site at year,a political revolutionary named Vladimir Lenin led a second revolt twip.glencoe.com and and seized control. He and his followers set up a communist state. click on Chapter 8— This means the country’s government has strong control over the Student Web Activities to learn economy and society as a whole. Fearing invasion, the Communists more about the moved Russia’s capital from coastal St. Petersburg inland to Moscow. Russian Revolution. Growth of Soviet Power By 1922, after a brutal civil war, Russia’s Communist leaders were securely in power. In that year, they formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), or the Soviet Union. This vast territory included the republic of Russia and 14 other republics—most of the conquered territories of the old Russian Empire. After Lenin died in 1924, Communist Party officials disagreed over who was to the country. Within a few years, Joseph Stalin had won out over the others and became the Soviet Union’s leader.Under Stalin’s orders,the government took complete control of the economy.Stalin ended private ownership of farms and businesses, and he set up five-year plans to industrialize the country. Under this type of system, called a command economy, factory managers were told what to make and how to make it. Those who opposed Stalin’s actions were killed or sent to remote prison camps deep in the vast forests of icy Siberia. Millions of people were brutally murdered or forced into slave labor under Stalin’s rule. In 1941 Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union, drawing the country into World War II. During the conflict, the Soviets joined with Great Britain and the United States to defeat the . About 20 million Russian soldiers and civilians died in what Russians call the Great Patriotic War. Superpowers Wage the Cold War When World War II ended, Stalin wanted to protect the Soviet Union from any more invasions. He set up Communist governments in the neighboring Eastern European countries of Poland, East Germany,Czechoslovakia, ,Romania, and Bulgaria. They became satellite nations, or countries controlled by another, more powerful nation. The Soviet government cut off these countries from contact with the rest of the world. As a result, they

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On Location •

Soviet Control

Czechoslovakia tried to throw off Soviet were said to lie behind an “iron curtain.” Any satellite nations that control in 1968. Soviet tanks and opposed Soviet rule were brutally put down. troops poured into Stalin and the leaders who followed him spent large amounts of Bratislava to crush money on the military and weapons. The Soviet Union became one of the revolt. the two most powerful nations in the world. The other superpower— Movement Why did the United States—opposed Soviet actions.These two nations engaged Stalin set up in the Cold War, competing for world influence without breaking out Communist govern- in actual fighting.They even competed in space.Both the Soviet Union ments in Eastern and the United States launched rockets in a bid to be first in outer European countries? space. Turn to page243 to learn more about the space race. During the Cold War years—from 1940 to the late 1980s—the Soviet economy faced many problems. With no competition, government- owned factories became inefficient and produced poor-quality goods. The government cared more about making tanks and airplanes for military purposes than consumer goods,such as cars and refrigerators. As a result, people had few goods to buy. Food often became scarce, and people waited in long lines to buy bread, milk, and other neces- sary items. The Soviet Union had another challenge.This vast empire included not only Russians but also people from many other ethnic groups. Non-Russians in the Soviet republics resented the control of the gov- ernment in Moscow, which they believed favored ethnic Russians. They wanted to leave the Soviet Union and form their own countries.

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Soviet Collapse Despite plans to improve housing and agriculture, the Soviet economy fell even further behind the economy of the United States. In 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev (GAWR•buh•CHAWF) became the leader of the Soviet Union. He introduced changes to get the Soviet economy moving. Under his policy of perestroika, or “restructuring,” Gorbachev allowed farmers and factory managers to make many of their own decisions. By loosening government control, Gorbachev moved the economy toward a free enterprise system. In this type of economy, most businesses are privately owned, and there is competition—resulting in better products at lower prices. Gorbachev also allowed people to speak freely about the govern- ment and important issues, a policy called glasnost, or “openness.” Instead of strengthening the country, however, Gorbachev’s policies made the people doubt communism even more. Some people thought Gorbachev was moving too quickly with reforms. Others thought he h was not moving fast enough. People’s demands for more and more Mikhail Gorbachev tried to lessen the Russian changes eventually led to the collapse of both communism and the government’s control of Soviet Union. the economy and society. In the late 1980s,massive protests against Soviet control erupted in the satellite nations. By 1991, all of the Soviet satellites had thrown off communist rule in favor of democracy.By the end of that year, each of the 15 republics that made up the Soviet Union also declared their independence. The Soviet Union no longer existed. Russia emerged as the largest and most powerful of those republics. Who helped move the Soviet Union toward democracy?

22 AssessmentAssessment

Defining Terms Graphic Organizer 1. Define czar, serf, industrialize, communist state, 7. Organizing Information In a chart like Cold War, perestroika, free enterprise system, this one, write facts that show the contrast glasnost. between the nobles and the serfs of Russia. Recalling Facts Nobles Serfs 2. History Why did Peter the Great build a new capital of Russia? 3. History Who led the 1917 revolution in Russia? 4. History What happened to the Soviet Union in 1991? Critical Thinking 5. Understanding Cause and Effect Applying Social Studies Skills How did the Soviet economy change under perestroika? 8. Creating Mental Maps Create your own map 6. Analyzing Information How did of early Russian territory. Label where Kievan glasnost weaken the communist system? Rus was located. Then label where Peter the Great moved the capital. 416-419 U5 CH14 RR TWIP-860976 3/15/04 5:55 AM Page 416

Understanding Cause and Effect Understanding cause and effect involves considering why an event occurred. A cause is the action or situation that produces an event. What happens as a result of a cause is an effect.

Learning the Skill h Revolutionary leaders and philosophers Lenin, Engels, and Marx To identify cause-and-effect relationships, follow these steps: 2. (A) Revolutionary leaders seized • Identify two or more events or control of the Russian government. developments. (B) During World War I, shortages of • Decide whether one event caused the food in Russian cities caused much other. Look for “clue words” such as starvation. because, led to, brought about, produced, (C) Discontent grew among the Russian as a result of, so that, since, and therefore. people. • Look for logical relationships between 3. (A) The Soviet government kept prices events, such as “She overslept, and then for goods and services very low. she missed her bus.” (B) Many goods and services were in • Identify the outcomes of events. Remem- short supply in the Soviet Union. ber that some effects have more than one cause, and some causes lead to more than one effect. Also, an effect can become the Applying the Skill cause of yet another effect. In your local newspaper, read an article describing a current event. Determine at Practicing the Skill least one cause and one effect of that event. For each number below, identify which Show the cause-and-effect relationship in a statement is the cause and which is the diagram like the one here: effect. Cause Effect 1. (A) Russia’s capital was moved from coastal St. Petersburg to Moscow in the heart of the country. Practice key skills with Glencoe (B) The capital of Russia was threat- Skillbuilder Interactive Workbook, Level 1. ened by an outside invasion.

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pter ha C 88 ReadingReading ReviewReview

SectionSection 11 A Vast Land Terms to Know Main Idea steppe Russia is a huge country with a cold climate due to its far tundra northern location. permafrost ✓Location Spanning two continents—Europe and Asia—Russia is taiga the world’s largest country. ✓Region The western part of Russia is mostly plains. The eastern Siberian region is covered with mountains and plateaus. ✓Region European Russia has the mildest climate, while most of Siberia, or Asian Russia, has cold high-latitude climate zones. ✓Movement Inland waterways are important for moving goods through Russia, but many long rivers drain north into the frigid Arctic Ocean and freeze in winter.

SectionSection 22 A Troubled History Terms to Know Main Idea czar The harsh rule of powerful leaders has often sparked violent serf uprisings in Russia. industrialize ✓History Emperors known as czars ruled the Russian Empire from communist state 1480 to 1917. Cold War ✓History The czars expanded Russian territory to reach from perestroika Europe to the Pacific. free enterprise system ✓Government Under the Communists, Russia became part of the glasnost Soviet Union. ✓History In 1991 the Soviet Union broke apart into 15 indepen- dent republics.

+ A train on the Trans-Siberian Railroad runs along Lake Baikal.

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pter ha C AssessmentAssessment 88 andand ActivitiesActivities

Using Key Terms Reviewing the Main Ideas Match the terms in Part A with their Section 1 A Vast Land definitions in Part B. 11. Human/Environment Interaction Why is A. Russia unable to use ports along its Arctic coast for most of the year? 1. permafrost 6. taiga 12. Location Which area of Russia has the 2. czar 7. glasnost mildest climate? 3. perestroika 8. communist state 13. Movement What is an important means 4. steppe 9. industrialize of transportation for people in Russia? 14. Region Why is the Kamchatka Peninsula 5. serf 10. tundra considered part of the Ring of Fire? B. 15. Place What is the longest river in Europe? a. huge, subarctic evergreen forests b. dry, treeless plains in the high latitudes Section 2 A Troubled History c. dry, treeless grasslands 16. Location Where was the earliest center d. permanently frozen lower layers of soil of Russian civilization? e. farm laborer 17. History Which czar used secret police to maintain strict control over the people? f. former emperor of Russia 18. History When was the Union of Soviet g. openness Socialist Republics formed? h. rely more on manufacturing and less on 19. Government Why did Stalin send people farming to Siberia? i. restructuring 20. Economics How did Gorbachev try to j. government controls the economy change the Soviet economy?

Russia’s Landscape and History

Place Location Activity N On a separate sheet of paper, match W E the letters on the map with the S numbered places listed below. G 1. Ural Mountains D 2. Kamchatka Peninsula 3. Lake Baikal F C 4. Volga River I B 5. Moscow J H 6. Don River A 7. Siberia E 8. Caspian Sea 0 mi. 1,000 9. Caucasus Mountains 0 km 1,000 Two-Point Equidistant projection 10 . St. Petersburg 416-419 U5 CH14 RR TWIP-860976 3/15/04 5:56 AM Page 419

Social Studies

Self-Check Quiz Visit The World and Its People Web site at twip.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 8—Self-Check Quizzes Standardized Test Practice to prepare for the Chapter Test. Directions: Read the paragraph below, and then answer the question that follows.

You may be surprised to know that the Critical Thinking former Soviet republic of Kazakhstan was— 21. Understanding Cause and Effect How and still is—important to the exploration of did World War I help lead to the Russian outer space. The Russian space center Revolution? Baikonur (by•kuh•NOOR) lies in south- 22. Organizing Information Create a diagram central Kazakhstan. During the Soviet like this one. Complete it with four physical period, Baikonur was used for many space features in Siberia. launches. Several historic “firsts in space” occurred here. For example, the first satel- lite was launched in 1957. The first crewed flight took place when cosmonaut Yuri Physical Features Gagarin orbited the earth in 1961. In addi- in Siberia tion, the flight of the first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova, was launched in 1963. After the Soviet collapse, the Russian- owned center remained in independent H Comparing Activity Kazakh territory. 23. History Catherine the Great expanded Russia’s territory when she was czar in the 1. The at Baikonur eighteenth century. There are many other holds great importance, mostly because powerful women who have shaped the F it is located in south-central Kazakhstan. world’s history. Create a list of five influen- tial women, and include the region where G it provides jobs for the people who live they had influence. What do these women near the launch site. have in common? H many “firsts in space” flights were launched from it. Mental Mapping Activity J Valentina Tereshkova was the first 24. Focusing on the Region Create a simple woman in space. outline map of Russia and label the following: • Arctic Ocean • Ural Mountains • Pacific Ocean • St. Petersburg Test-Taking Tip: When a question uses • Vladivostok • Siberia the word most or mostly, it means that more • Moscow • Baltic Sea than one answer may be correct. Your job is to pick the best answer. For example, Technology Skills Activity Baikonur’s location in Kazakhstan may be important to the people who live near it, 25. Developing Multimedia Presentations which is answer G. Another answer, how- Choose an ethnic or political problem that the Russian people have faced in the last ever, provides a more general reason for 10 years. Research your choice and create Baikonur’s importance. a multimedia presentation on this problem. Include information on when, what, and where. Use pictures, maps, and time lines to make your presentation more visual.

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GEOGRAPHY & HISTORY

Napoleon and troops retreat from Russia.

RUSSIA’S STRATEGY: Freeze Your Foes Winter weather can cancel school and stop traffic. It can army invaded Russia, then part of even change history. Such was the case when French the Soviet Union. As the German army fought its way to Moscow, ruler Napoleon Bonaparte thought he had conquered Soviet leader Joseph Stalin issued the Russian Empire. his own “scorched-earth policy.” Soviet citizens burned anything of use to the invaders. By In fact, Napoleon did not Winter Wins a War want to conquer Russia. His real December, German troops were enemy was Great Britain. Napo- With winter approaching, within sight of the Kremlin, leon wanted Russia and other Napoleon waited in Moscow for Moscow’s government center, countries to stop trading with Alexander I to offer peace. The when winter struck. Great Britain. Yet Russia’s czar, czar remained silent, however. Snow buried the invaders. Alexander I, refused. By 1812, With dwindling supplies and Temperatures fell below freez- Napoleon was determined to many of his troops lacking win- ing. Grease in guns and oil in change Alexander’s mind. In ter clothes, Napoleon was forced vehicles froze solid. German sol- June, leading an army of more to retreat. He tried to take a new diers suffered frostbite and died. than half a million soldiers, way back, but the Russians made The Soviets were better clothed Napoleon invaded Russia. To Napoleon use the same ruined and had winterized their tanks reach Moscow and the czar, route he had used before. Armed and trucks. Stalin’s troops Napoleon had to fight his way bands of Russians attacked at pushed back the German army. across the Russian countryside. every turn. Starving and desper- Once again the Russians tri- By the time Napoleon’s battle- ate to escape the bitter cold, sev- umphed with help from weary forces reached Moscow, eral of Napoleon’s soldiers threw “General Winter.” supplies were scarce. All along themselves into burning build- QUESTIONS the route, Russians had burned ings. Most of Napoleon’s troops villages as they retreated, leaving never made it out of Russia. 1 After Napoleon con- no food or shelter. Reaching quered Moscow in 1812, Moscow, Napoleon found the History Repeats city in flames and nearly empty why did he retreat? of people. The czar had moved More than a century later, dur- to St. Petersburg. Napoleon took ing World War II, Russia’s winter 2 How did Russia’s winter Moscow without a fight, but was again a mighty foe. On June affect fighting in World most of the city was in ashes. 22, 1941, Adolf Hitler’s German War II? `````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` ````````````````````````````````````````````````

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Average Winter Temperatures EUROPE

Moscow

RUSSIA

N W E S ASIA Napoleon’s Advance, < -40°F June–October 1812 -40° to -31°F 0° to 10°F -30° to -21°F 11° to 20°F German Forces Front -20° to -11°F 21° to 30°F Line, December 1941 -10° to 0°F > 30°F