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Russia and the Eurasian Republics THIS REGION Spans the Continents of Europe and Asia
390-391 U5 CH14 UO TWIP-860976 3/15/04 5:21 AM Page 390 Unit Workers on the statue Russians in front of Motherland Calls, St. Basil’s Cathedral, Volgograd Moscow 224 390-391 U5 CH14 UO TWIP-860976 3/15/04 5:22 AM Page 391 RussiaRussia andand the the EurasianEurasian f you had to describe Russia RepublicsRepublics Iin one word, that word would be BIG! Russia is the largest country in the world in area. Its almost 6.6 million square miles (17 million sq. km) are spread across two continents—Europe and Asia. As you can imagine, such a large country faces equally large challenges. In 1991 Russia emerged from the Soviet Union as an independent country. Since then it has been struggling to unite its many ethnic groups, set up a demo- cratic government, and build a stable economy. ▼ Siberian tiger in a forest NGS ONLINE in eastern Russia www.nationalgeographic.com/education 225 392-401 U5 CH14 RA TWIP-860976 3/15/04 5:28 AM Page 392 REGIONAL ATLAS Focus on: Russia and the Eurasian Republics THIS REGION spans the continents of Europe and Asia. It includes Russia—the world’s largest country—and the neigh- boring independent republics of Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. Russia and the Eurasian republics cover about 8 million square miles (20.7 million sq. km). This is greater than the size of Canada, the United States, and Mexico combined. The Caspian Sea is actually a salt lake that lies at the base of the Caucasus Mountains in The Land Russia’s southwest. -
Contemporary State of Glaciers in Chukotka and Kolyma Highlands ISSN 2080-7686
Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series, No. 19 (2020): 5–18 http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2020-0006 Contemporary state of glaciers in Chukotka and Kolyma highlands ISSN 2080-7686 Maria Ananicheva* 1,a, Yury Kononov 1,b, Egor Belozerov2 1 Russian Academy of Science, Institute of Geography, Moscow, Russia 2 Lomonosov State University, Faculty of Geography, Moscow, Russia * Correspondence: Russian Academy of Science, Institute of Geography, Moscow, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] a https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6377-1852, b https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3117-5554 Abstract. The purpose of this work is to assess the main parameters of the Chukotka and Kolyma glaciers (small forms of glaciation, SFG): their size and volume, and changes therein over time. The point as to whether these SFG can be considered glaciers or are in transition into, for example, rock glaciers is also presented. SFG areas were defined from the early 1980s (data from the catalogue of the glaciers compiled by R.V. Sedov) to 2005, and up to 2017: these data were retrieved from sat- Key words: ellite images. The maximum of the SGF reduction occurred in the Chantalsky Range, Iskaten Range, Chukotka Peninsula, and in the northern part of Chukotka Peninsula. The smallest retreat by this time relates to the gla- Kolyma Highlands, ciers of the southern part of the peninsula. Glacier volumes are determined by the formula of S.A. satellite image, Nikitin for corrie glaciers, based on in-situ volume measurements, and by our own method: the av- climate change, erage glacier thickness is calculated from isogypsum patterns, constructed using DEMs of individu- glacier reduction, al glaciers based on images taken from a drone during field work, and using ArcticDEM for others. -
Circumpolar Wild Reindeer and Caribou Herds DRAFT for REVIEW
CircumpolarCircumpolar WildWild ReindeerReindeer andand CaribouCaribou HerdsHerds DRAFTDRAFT FORFOR REVIEWREVIEW 140°W 160°W 180° 160°E Urup ALEUTIAN ISLANDS NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN KURIL ISANDS Paramushir ALEUTIAN ISLANDS Petropavlovsk Kamchatskiy Commander Islands Bering Sea Kronotskiy Gulf r ive Gulf of Kamchatka a R k 50°N at ch NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN m Ka 40°N Sea of Okhotsk Bristol Bay KAMCHATKA PENINSULA Karaginskiy Gulf Okha ALASKA PENINSULA Tatar Strait Kodiak Gulf of Sakhalin Bethel Iliamna Lake Shelikhova Gulf P’yagina Pen. Koni Pen. Riv Homer ina er iver zh Magadan Cook Inlet R n m Pe Taygonos Pen. wi Coos Bay ok sk u Kenai K Kotlit S . F Gulf of Anadyr' Okhotsk-Kolyma Upland Kenai Peninsula o Western Arctic Wi r Uda Bay llam Anchorage k iver Eugenee Ku r’ R tt Tillamook Gulf of Alaska sk dy e S o Nome A na R Prince William Sound kw Salem2iv Queen Charlotte Islands u im s e Astoria Palmeri R Norton Sound ive r t iv R r STANOVOY RANGE n e a r a Valdez m Portland2 R y r Aberdeen2 Port HardyQueen Charlotte Sound i l e Dixon Entrance v o v Vancouver1 e CHUKCHI PENINSULA K i r R y r Centralia Bering Strait O u e Sitka l t v Olympia Seward Peninsula o h i ALASKA RANGE y R k R Courtenay ive u ia KetchikanAlexander Archipelago r K b TacomaStrait of Juan de Fuca Nanaimo m r Bol’sho u e y l A Wrangell v n o Puget Sound Strait of Georgia i United States of America yu C SeattleEverett R y r er Kotzebue Sound Ri e Juneau p ve iv BellinghamVancouver2 S op r R Yakima t C Kotzebue n ik r o COAST MOUNTAINS in e l COLUMBIA PLAT. -
K. Fujita1, E. E. Dretzka2 and A. Grantz3 This Report Is Preliminary and Has Not Been Reviewed for Conformity with U. S. Geologi
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTHEAST SIBERIAN GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS (SECOND EDITION) K. Fujita1, E. E. Dretzka2 and A. Grantz3 OPEN FILE REPORT 82-616 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U. S. Geological Survey editorial standards. Menlo Park, California July 1982 1. Department of Geology, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824 2. Department of Geological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60201; now at: Department of Computer Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305. 3. U. S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 INTRODUCTION This bibliography is a compendium of literature available in English, either in its original form or in translation, on the geology and geophysics of northeast Siberia and adjacent seas and shelves. It is an expanded version of Fujita and Dretzka (1978-) and has been updated to include publications released through early 1982. The area! coverage extends from the edge of the Siberian platform (just east of the Lena River) on the east to the U. S. - Russia Convention Line of 1867 on the west. The East Siberian and Chukchi Seas are included as the northern limit while the Sea if Okhotsk and Kamchatka represent the southern limits. Sakhalin has been excluded and some, but not all, references to the Kuril Islands have been included. A sketch map of the area is shown in figure 1. It is hoped that this listing is nearly exhaustive for works on this area with some exceptions. Neither the Paleontological Journal nor Petroleum Geology have been indexed in this edition and, in addition, articles on Recent seismicity and volcanic activity in the Kuril-Kamchatka arc have been omitted. -
Inventory and Distribution of Rock Glaciers in Northeastern Yakutia
land Article Inventory and Distribution of Rock Glaciers in Northeastern Yakutia Vasylii Lytkin Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk 677010, Russia; [email protected] Received: 2 September 2020; Accepted: 8 October 2020; Published: 10 October 2020 Abstract: Rock glaciers are common forms of relief of the periglacial belt of many mountain structures in the world. They are potential sources of water in arid and semi-arid regions, and therefore their analysis is important in assessing water reserves. Mountain structures in the north-east of Yakutia have optimal conditions for the formation of rock glaciers, but they have not yet been studied in this regard. In this article, for the first time, we present a detailed list of rock glaciers in this region. Based on geoinformation mapping using remote sensing data and field studies within the Chersky, Verkhoyansk, Momsky and Suntar-Khayata ranges, 4503 rock glaciers with a total area of 224.6 km2 were discovered. They are located within absolute altitudes, from 503 to 2496 m. Their average minimum altitude was at 1456 m above sea level, and the maximum at 1527 m. Most of these formations are located on the sides of the trough valleys, and form extended sloping types of rock glaciers. An assessment of the exposure of the slopes where the rock glaciers are located showed that most of the rock glaciers are facing north and south. Keywords: rock glacier; permafrost; inventory; northeastern Yakutia; remote sensing 1. Introduction The geography of distribution of rock glaciers is quite extensive. They are found in many mountainous regions of Europe, North and South America and Asia, including some circumpolar regions [1–18]. -
Modernism and Reindeer in the Bering Straits
More Things on Heaven and Earth: Modernism and Reindeer in the Bering Straits By Bathsheba Demuth Summer 2012 Bathsheba Demuth is a PhD candidate in the Department of History at the University of California, Berkeley The Scene On a modern map, the shoulders of Eurasia and North America nearly touch at the Bering Strait, a 52-mile barrier between Old World and New. During the rolling period of ice ages known as the Pleistocene, the Pacific Ocean pulled back leaving the Chukchi Peninsula connected to Alaska’s Seward Peninsula by a wide, grassy plain. Two million years ago, the animal we call the reindeer emerged along this continental juncture.1 As glaciers spread, reindeer followed them southward; by 20,000 years ago, Rangifer tarandus had moved deep into Western Europe, forming the base of Neolithic hunters’ diets and appearing, antlers lowered in the fall rutting charge, on the walls of Lascaux.2 Reindeer, like our human ancestors who appeared a million and a half years after them, are products of the ice age. They are gangly, long-nosed, and knob-kneed, with a ruff of white fur around their deep chests, swooping antlers and nervous ears, and have the capacity to not just survive but thrive in million-strong herds despite the Arctic dark and cold. Like any animal living in the far north, reindeer – or caribou, as they are known in North America – must solve the problem of energy. With the sun gone for months of the year, the photosynthetic transfer of heat into palatable calories is minimal; plants are small, tough, often no more than the rock-like scrum of lichens. -
Crustal Architecture of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf and Adjacent Arctic Ocean Constrained by Seismic Data and Gravity Modeling Results
This is a repository copy of Crustal architecture of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf and adjacent Arctic Ocean constrained by seismic data and gravity modeling results. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/129730/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Drachev, SS, Mazur, S, Campbell, S et al. (2 more authors) (2018) Crustal architecture of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf and adjacent Arctic Ocean constrained by seismic data and gravity modeling results. Journal of Geodynamics, 119. pp. 123-148. ISSN 0264-3707 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2018.03.005 Crown Copyright © 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an author produced version of a paper published in Journal of Geodynamics. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. This manuscript version is made available under the Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Reuse This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND) licence. This licence only allows you to download this work and share it with others as long as you credit the authors, but you can’t change the article in any way or use it commercially. More information and the full terms of the licence here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. -
The Russian-U.S. Borderland: Opportunities and Barriers, Desires and Fears
The Russian-U.S. Borderland: Opportunities and Barriers, Desires and Fears Serghei Golunov∗ Abstract The paper focuses on the Russia-U.S. cross-border area that lies in the Bering Sea region. Employing the concept of geographical proximity, I argue that the U.S.-Russian proximity works in a limited number of cases and for relatively few kinds of actors, such as companies supplying Chukotka with American goods, border guards conducting rescue operations, organizers of environmental projects and cruise tours, and aboriginal communities. The impressive territorial proximity between Asia and North America induces ambitious and sometimes widely advertised official and public desires of conquering the spatial divide, promoted by extreme travellers and planners of transcontinental tunnel or bridge projects. At the same time, cooperation is seriously hindered by limited economic potential of the Russian North-East, weakness of transportation networks, harsh climate, and pervasive alarmist sentiments on the Russian side of the border. Introduction Russian and U.S. territories are situated close to each other in the areas of the Bering Sea: the shortest distance between the closest islands across the border is less than four kilometers. However, the nearby territories are sparsely populated and have limited resources that make intensive cooperation between them problematic while larger cities are situated at a much larger distance across the border. The area where Russian and U.S. territories are close to each other can be conceptualized as a geographical proximity that is a multidimensional, relational, and highly subjective phenomenon. In what respects and for whom does the Russia-U.S. proximity matter? To what extent does it matter for cross-border cooperation? What kinds of desires does such proximity induce? Are there some pervasive alarmist sentiments linked with proximity and, if there are, what ways do they influence cross-border interaction? To respond to these questions, the following issues are addressed. -
A Religious Movement on the Chukchi Peninsula During the 1920S
Document generated on 10/01/2021 5:15 a.m. Études/Inuit/Studies The “priests” of East Cape: A religious movement on the Chukchi Peninsula during the 1920s and 1930s Les «prêtres» du Cap Est: un mouvement religieux des années 1920-1930 dans la péninsule des Tchouktches Peter P. Schweitzer and Evgeniy V. Golovko Tchoukotka Article abstract Chukotka Recently broadened fieldwork opportunities in Siberia have not only enabled Volume 31, Number 1-2, 2007 the study of current social and cultural processes, but also facilitated a re-assessment of previous periods of rapid social change. One of those was, URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/019714ar undoubtedly, the decade following the Russian Revolution, when Russians and DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/019714ar other outsiders significantly increased their impact in many areas of Siberia. Fieldwork conducted during the 1990s has provided evidence of a previously unrecognised phenomenon, namely the existence of a syncretistic system of See table of contents worldview and ritual practice in the Siberian Yupik village Naukan. Similar to so-called “revitalisation movements” elsewhere, it can be interpreted as a reaction to increasing Russian colonial pressure. The present paper attempts to Publisher(s) situate the Naukan movement in its cultural and political contexts, in order to provide a post-colonial reading of early 20th century transformations. Association Inuksiutiit Katimajiit Inc. Centre interuniversitaire d'études et de recherches autochtones (CIÉRA) ISSN 0701-1008 (print) 1708-5268 (digital) Explore this journal Cite this article Schweitzer, P. P. & Golovko, E. V. (2007). The “priests” of East Cape: A religious movement on the Chukchi Peninsula during the 1920s and 1930s. -
On the History of Archaeological Studies in the Russian Arctic
CHAPTER I From Birth to Collapse: On the History of Archaeological Studies in the Russian Arctic It is astonishing that archaeological studies in the Arctic have a history of more than two hun- dred years. However, during most of this period the materials were collected sporadically, and the rare explorations were amateur in character. Sporadic professional expeditions were often focused on surveying for relics of a special character. The excavations at the Eskimo site on Cape Bolshoi Baranov, east of the Kolyma River mouth, were carried out by Captain G. A. Sarychev (who was the leader of a special research team on the Billings expedition, undertaken in 1785–1793) on June 22 in 1787, and they are considered the starting point of Arctic archaeology (Sarychev 1802:95, 96). It must be stressed that it was not an occasional excavation and collection of strange objects but real excavations undertaken with the deliberate intention of getting information about the former inhabitants of abandoned ruins of semisubterranean houses seen near Cape Bolshoi Baranov. For Rus- sia this fact is doubly remarkable, being the starting point of Russian archaeology in general (Khlobystin 1991). Inasmuch as the present study deals with a vast territory, it seems logical to give a histori- cal sketch of the archaeological studies in sequence with the main natural areas that make up the region under consideration: Northeast Europe (including the Kola Peninsula and the Malozemelskaya and Bolshezemelskaya Tundras), Northwest Siberia, the Taimyr Peninsula, and Northeast Asia. Investigations in Transpolar areas of Northeast Europe, where the first notes on the archaeo- logical sites are dated to 1592—from the records of the Russian ambassadors who visited the Kola Peninsula for negotiations on the disputed position of the Russian-Norwegian frontier and described stone features in Varanger Fjord and near Kola village)—began only in the late 19th century, though some archaeological finds were reported from time to time (Schmidt 1930; Gurina 1951). -
Searching for Compatibility in Ecological, Traditional, And
Anthropogenic Impacts on Habitat Structure and Species Richness in the West Siberian Arctic Olga Khitun Olga Rebristaya Abstract—Intensive technogenous invasion in the West Siberian Arctic during the last two decades in connection with gas and oil exploration, along with the constant growth of domestic reindeer herds, has caused dramatic changes in arctic ecosystems. Loss of biodiversity on the species level has not yet been documented in the region on a whole, but changes in ecosystems in intensively exploited areas are obvious. The absence of some plant species and the disap- pearance of rare bird species surrounding the Bovanenkovo Gas Field in central Yamal is likely the result of technogenous destruction of their habitats. Length of recovery for different habitats varies greatly. Only about 40 percent of local flora can colonize anthropogenic habi- tats. Habitats such as well-drained southern slopes occupied by herbaceous meadows, willow copses in the flood plains, coastal marshes, and isolated outposts of trees contain the largest amount of rare species. These are mainly relics of the past, while at the same time are the most vulnerable to disturbance. They should be of special concern. Nature reserves in the region are not representative enough and are not practical in function. Introduction ______________________________________________________ Different sectors of the Arctic vary in terms of geological history, formation of biota, and land-use history. The Yamal-Gydan region (namely Yamal, Gydansky, and Tazovsky Peninsulas) is one of the most inaccessible and sparsely inhabited parts of the Arctic. It spreads northward from the Polar Circle for more than 750 km (466 miles). -
Diagonistic Analysis of the Environmental Status
DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF THE ENVIRONMENTALSTATUS OF THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACILITY UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMME NPA-ARCTIC PROJECT DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC (Advanced Summary) Moscow Scientific World 2011 УДК 91.553.574 ББК 21 Д44 Editor-in-Chief: B.A. Morgunov Д44 Diagnostic analysis of the environmental status of the Russian Arctic (Advanced Summary). – Moscow, Scientific World, 2011. – 172 р. ISBN 978-5-91522-256-5 This diagnostic analysis of the environmental status of the Russian Arctic was performed as part of the implementation of the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and Global Environmental Facility (GEF) Project «Russian Federation: Support to the National Program of Action for Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment» by: A.A. Danilov, A.V. Evseev, V.V. Gordeev, Yu.V. Kochemasov, Yu.S. Lukyanov, V.N. Lystsov, T.I. Moiseenko, O.A. Murashko, I.A. Nemirovskaya, S.A. Patin, A.A. Shekhovtsov, O.N. Shishova, V.I. Solomatin, Yu.P. Sotskov, V.V. Strakhov, A.A. Tishkov, Yu.A. Treger. The advanced summary was prepared by A.M. Bagin, B.P. Melnikov, and S.B. Tambiev. English editor: G. Hough Cover photos were supplied by S.B. Tambiev This publication is not an official document of the Russian Government. Electronic and full versions of the Diagnostic Analysis of Environmental Status of the Russian Arctic are published at http://npa-arctic.ru ISBN 978-5-91522-256-5 © NPA-Arctic Project, 2011 © Mineconomrazvitiya of Russia, 2011 © Scientific World, 2011 CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................ 6 Chapter 1. Physical and geographical characteristics of the Russian Arctic .............................................