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Russia and the Eurasian Republics THIS REGION Spans the Continents of Europe and Asia
390-391 U5 CH14 UO TWIP-860976 3/15/04 5:21 AM Page 390 Unit Workers on the statue Russians in front of Motherland Calls, St. Basil’s Cathedral, Volgograd Moscow 224 390-391 U5 CH14 UO TWIP-860976 3/15/04 5:22 AM Page 391 RussiaRussia andand the the EurasianEurasian f you had to describe Russia RepublicsRepublics Iin one word, that word would be BIG! Russia is the largest country in the world in area. Its almost 6.6 million square miles (17 million sq. km) are spread across two continents—Europe and Asia. As you can imagine, such a large country faces equally large challenges. In 1991 Russia emerged from the Soviet Union as an independent country. Since then it has been struggling to unite its many ethnic groups, set up a demo- cratic government, and build a stable economy. ▼ Siberian tiger in a forest NGS ONLINE in eastern Russia www.nationalgeographic.com/education 225 392-401 U5 CH14 RA TWIP-860976 3/15/04 5:28 AM Page 392 REGIONAL ATLAS Focus on: Russia and the Eurasian Republics THIS REGION spans the continents of Europe and Asia. It includes Russia—the world’s largest country—and the neigh- boring independent republics of Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. Russia and the Eurasian republics cover about 8 million square miles (20.7 million sq. km). This is greater than the size of Canada, the United States, and Mexico combined. The Caspian Sea is actually a salt lake that lies at the base of the Caucasus Mountains in The Land Russia’s southwest. -
Contemporary State of Glaciers in Chukotka and Kolyma Highlands ISSN 2080-7686
Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series, No. 19 (2020): 5–18 http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2020-0006 Contemporary state of glaciers in Chukotka and Kolyma highlands ISSN 2080-7686 Maria Ananicheva* 1,a, Yury Kononov 1,b, Egor Belozerov2 1 Russian Academy of Science, Institute of Geography, Moscow, Russia 2 Lomonosov State University, Faculty of Geography, Moscow, Russia * Correspondence: Russian Academy of Science, Institute of Geography, Moscow, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] a https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6377-1852, b https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3117-5554 Abstract. The purpose of this work is to assess the main parameters of the Chukotka and Kolyma glaciers (small forms of glaciation, SFG): their size and volume, and changes therein over time. The point as to whether these SFG can be considered glaciers or are in transition into, for example, rock glaciers is also presented. SFG areas were defined from the early 1980s (data from the catalogue of the glaciers compiled by R.V. Sedov) to 2005, and up to 2017: these data were retrieved from sat- Key words: ellite images. The maximum of the SGF reduction occurred in the Chantalsky Range, Iskaten Range, Chukotka Peninsula, and in the northern part of Chukotka Peninsula. The smallest retreat by this time relates to the gla- Kolyma Highlands, ciers of the southern part of the peninsula. Glacier volumes are determined by the formula of S.A. satellite image, Nikitin for corrie glaciers, based on in-situ volume measurements, and by our own method: the av- climate change, erage glacier thickness is calculated from isogypsum patterns, constructed using DEMs of individu- glacier reduction, al glaciers based on images taken from a drone during field work, and using ArcticDEM for others. -
34. Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands Categories Approved by Recommendation 4.7 of the Conference of the Contracting Parties
34. Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands Categories approved by Recommendation 4.7 of the Conference of the Contracting Parties. NOTE: It is important that you read the accompanying Explanatory Note and Guidelines document before completing this form. 1. Date this sheet was FOR OFFICE USE ONLY. completed/updated: DD MM YY September 1997 Designation date Site Reference Number 2. Country: Russian Federation 3. Name of wetland: Brekhovsky Islands in the Yenisei estuary 4. Geographical coordinates: 70°30'N, 82°45'E 5. Altitude: floodplain and islands: < 10 m; 6. Area: c. 1,400,000 ha bedrock coast: up to 118 m a.s.l. 7. Overview: An estuarine wetland complex, incorporating a network of rivers, streams, channels and lakes, as well as islands, floodplains and terraces covered with tundra vegetation. The area is internationally important for breeding, staging and moulting birds, in particular for red-breasted goose Branta ruficollis. 8. Wetland Type (please circle the applicable codes for wetland types as listed in Annex I of the Explanatory Note and Guidelines document.) marine-coastal: A • B • C • D • E • F • G • H • I • J • K inland: L • M • N • O • P • Q • R • Sp • Ss • Tp • Ts U • Va • Vt • W • Xf • Xp • Y • Zg • Zk man-made: 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 Please now rank these wetland types by listing them from the most to the least dominant: L,Ts,U,W,O,M . 9. Ramsar Criteria: (please circle the applicable criteria; see point 12, next page.) 1a • 1b • 1c • 1d │ 2a • 2b • 2c • 2d │ 3a • 3b • 3c │ 4a • 4b Please specify the most significant criterion applicable to the site: 1c 10. -
A Case Study on the Angara/Yenisey River System in the Siberian Region
land Article Optical Spectral Tools for Diagnosing Water Media Quality: A Case Study on the Angara/Yenisey River System in the Siberian Region Costas A. Varotsos 1,2 , Vladimir F. Krapivin 3, Ferdenant A. Mkrtchyan 3 and Yong Xue 2,4,* 1 Department of Environmental Physics and Meteorology, University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; [email protected] 2 School of Environment Science and Geoinformatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China 3 Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Fryazino Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Fryazino, 141190 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] (V.F.K.); [email protected] (F.A.M.) 4 College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Derby DD22 3AW, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This paper presents the results of spectral optical measurements of hydrochemical char- acteristics in the Angara/Yenisei river system (AYRS) extending from Lake Baikal to the estuary of the Yenisei River. For the first time, such large-scale observations were made as part of a joint American-Russian expedition in July and August of 1995, when concentrations of radionuclides, heavy metals, and oil hydrocarbons were assessed. The results of this study were obtained as part of the Russian hydrochemical expedition in July and August, 2019. For in situ measurements and sampling at 14 sampling sites, three optical spectral instruments and appropriate software were used, including big data processing algorithms and an AYRS simulation model. The results show Citation: Varotsos, C.A.; Krapivin, V.F.; Mkrtchyan, F.A.; Xue, Y. Optical that the water quality in AYRS has improved slightly due to the reasonably reduced anthropogenic Spectral Tools for Diagnosing Water industrial impact. -
Circumpolar Wild Reindeer and Caribou Herds DRAFT for REVIEW
CircumpolarCircumpolar WildWild ReindeerReindeer andand CaribouCaribou HerdsHerds DRAFTDRAFT FORFOR REVIEWREVIEW 140°W 160°W 180° 160°E Urup ALEUTIAN ISLANDS NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN KURIL ISANDS Paramushir ALEUTIAN ISLANDS Petropavlovsk Kamchatskiy Commander Islands Bering Sea Kronotskiy Gulf r ive Gulf of Kamchatka a R k 50°N at ch NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN m Ka 40°N Sea of Okhotsk Bristol Bay KAMCHATKA PENINSULA Karaginskiy Gulf Okha ALASKA PENINSULA Tatar Strait Kodiak Gulf of Sakhalin Bethel Iliamna Lake Shelikhova Gulf P’yagina Pen. Koni Pen. Riv Homer ina er iver zh Magadan Cook Inlet R n m Pe Taygonos Pen. wi Coos Bay ok sk u Kenai K Kotlit S . F Gulf of Anadyr' Okhotsk-Kolyma Upland Kenai Peninsula o Western Arctic Wi r Uda Bay llam Anchorage k iver Eugenee Ku r’ R tt Tillamook Gulf of Alaska sk dy e S o Nome A na R Prince William Sound kw Salem2iv Queen Charlotte Islands u im s e Astoria Palmeri R Norton Sound ive r t iv R r STANOVOY RANGE n e a r a Valdez m Portland2 R y r Aberdeen2 Port HardyQueen Charlotte Sound i l e Dixon Entrance v o v Vancouver1 e CHUKCHI PENINSULA K i r R y r Centralia Bering Strait O u e Sitka l t v Olympia Seward Peninsula o h i ALASKA RANGE y R k R Courtenay ive u ia KetchikanAlexander Archipelago r K b TacomaStrait of Juan de Fuca Nanaimo m r Bol’sho u e y l A Wrangell v n o Puget Sound Strait of Georgia i United States of America yu C SeattleEverett R y r er Kotzebue Sound Ri e Juneau p ve iv BellinghamVancouver2 S op r R Yakima t C Kotzebue n ik r o COAST MOUNTAINS in e l COLUMBIA PLAT. -
K. Fujita1, E. E. Dretzka2 and A. Grantz3 This Report Is Preliminary and Has Not Been Reviewed for Conformity with U. S. Geologi
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTHEAST SIBERIAN GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS (SECOND EDITION) K. Fujita1, E. E. Dretzka2 and A. Grantz3 OPEN FILE REPORT 82-616 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U. S. Geological Survey editorial standards. Menlo Park, California July 1982 1. Department of Geology, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824 2. Department of Geological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60201; now at: Department of Computer Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305. 3. U. S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 INTRODUCTION This bibliography is a compendium of literature available in English, either in its original form or in translation, on the geology and geophysics of northeast Siberia and adjacent seas and shelves. It is an expanded version of Fujita and Dretzka (1978-) and has been updated to include publications released through early 1982. The area! coverage extends from the edge of the Siberian platform (just east of the Lena River) on the east to the U. S. - Russia Convention Line of 1867 on the west. The East Siberian and Chukchi Seas are included as the northern limit while the Sea if Okhotsk and Kamchatka represent the southern limits. Sakhalin has been excluded and some, but not all, references to the Kuril Islands have been included. A sketch map of the area is shown in figure 1. It is hoped that this listing is nearly exhaustive for works on this area with some exceptions. Neither the Paleontological Journal nor Petroleum Geology have been indexed in this edition and, in addition, articles on Recent seismicity and volcanic activity in the Kuril-Kamchatka arc have been omitted. -
Inventory and Distribution of Rock Glaciers in Northeastern Yakutia
land Article Inventory and Distribution of Rock Glaciers in Northeastern Yakutia Vasylii Lytkin Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk 677010, Russia; [email protected] Received: 2 September 2020; Accepted: 8 October 2020; Published: 10 October 2020 Abstract: Rock glaciers are common forms of relief of the periglacial belt of many mountain structures in the world. They are potential sources of water in arid and semi-arid regions, and therefore their analysis is important in assessing water reserves. Mountain structures in the north-east of Yakutia have optimal conditions for the formation of rock glaciers, but they have not yet been studied in this regard. In this article, for the first time, we present a detailed list of rock glaciers in this region. Based on geoinformation mapping using remote sensing data and field studies within the Chersky, Verkhoyansk, Momsky and Suntar-Khayata ranges, 4503 rock glaciers with a total area of 224.6 km2 were discovered. They are located within absolute altitudes, from 503 to 2496 m. Their average minimum altitude was at 1456 m above sea level, and the maximum at 1527 m. Most of these formations are located on the sides of the trough valleys, and form extended sloping types of rock glaciers. An assessment of the exposure of the slopes where the rock glaciers are located showed that most of the rock glaciers are facing north and south. Keywords: rock glacier; permafrost; inventory; northeastern Yakutia; remote sensing 1. Introduction The geography of distribution of rock glaciers is quite extensive. They are found in many mountainous regions of Europe, North and South America and Asia, including some circumpolar regions [1–18]. -
Wiiw Balkan Observatory Working Paper 106: the Spatial Structure Of
The wiiw Balkan Observatory December Working Papers|106| 2012 Valentina Lapo The spatial structure of the Russian economy and the multipolar world The wiiw Balkan Observatory www.balkan-observatory.net About Shortly after the end of the Kosovo war, the last of the Yugoslav dissolution wars, the Balkan Reconstruction Observatory was set up jointly by the Hellenic Observatory, the Centre for the Study of Global Governance, both institutes at the London School of Economics (LSE), and the Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies (wiiw). A brainstorming meeting on Reconstruction and Regional Co-operation in the Balkans was held in Vouliagmeni on 8-10 July 1999, covering the issues of security, democratisation, economic reconstruction and the role of civil society. It was attended by academics and policy makers from all the countries in the region, from a number of EU countries, from the European Commission, the USA and Russia. Based on ideas and discussions generated at this meeting, a policy paper on Balkan Reconstruction and European Integration was the product of a collaborative effort by the two LSE institutes and the wiiw. The paper was presented at a follow-up meeting on Reconstruction and Integration in Southeast Europe in Vienna on 12-13 November 1999, which focused on the economic aspects of the process of reconstruction in the Balkans. It is this policy paper that became the very first Working Paper of the wiiw Balkan Observatory Working Papers series. The Working Papers are published online at www.balkan- observatory.net, the internet portal of the wiiw Balkan Observatory. It is a portal for research and communication in relation to economic developments in Southeast Europe maintained by the wiiw since 1999. -
Sino-Russian Gas Connections and Impacts
THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY OF RICE UNIVERSITY JAPANESE ENERGY SECURITY AND CHANGING GLOBAL ENERGY MARKETS: AN ANALYSIS OF NORTHEAST ASIAN ENERGY COOPERATION AND JAPAN’S EVOLVING LEADERSHIP ROLE IN THE REGION SINO-RUSSIAN GAS CONNECTIONS AND IMPACTS XIAOJIE XU PETROSTRATEGICSTUDIES BEIJING, CHINA PREPARED IN CONJUNCTION WITH AN ENERGY STUDY SPONSORED BY THE CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY AND THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY RICE UNIVERSITY – MAY 2000 Sino-Russian Gas Connections and Impacts CONTENT INTRODUCTION CHANGING ENERGY PICTURE IN NORTHEAST ASIA 1. Energy Demands 2. New Hydrocarbon Sources SEARCHING FOR COOPERATION 1. Quests for Russian Resources - Japan - South Korea - North Korea and Mongolia - China 2. Sino-Russian Gas Cooperation - Gas import options and routes - E&P joint ventures in Russia - Extensive cooperation - Financial arrangements - Environmental protection - Governmental coordination - Risk management GEOPOLITICS 1. Geopolitical impacts 2. Geopolitical comparison CONCLUSIONS 1. Prospects 2. Strategic Choices ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCE 2 Sino-Russian Gas Connections and Impacts INTRODUCTION Northeast Asia (N. E. Asia), a sub-region on the Eurasian continent, is strategically significant both geographically and economically. The region has a history of strife including the Russian occupation of Japanese northern islands, the separation of the Koreas as result of Korean War and the Japanese invasion of China during the World War II. Economic connections and political cooperation in this region was minimal during the entire Cold War. Energy producing countries did not export to key consumers in the region. Russian Siberia is bestowed with huge hydrocarbon resources and serves as a large non- OPEC producer competing with OPEC. -
Modernism and Reindeer in the Bering Straits
More Things on Heaven and Earth: Modernism and Reindeer in the Bering Straits By Bathsheba Demuth Summer 2012 Bathsheba Demuth is a PhD candidate in the Department of History at the University of California, Berkeley The Scene On a modern map, the shoulders of Eurasia and North America nearly touch at the Bering Strait, a 52-mile barrier between Old World and New. During the rolling period of ice ages known as the Pleistocene, the Pacific Ocean pulled back leaving the Chukchi Peninsula connected to Alaska’s Seward Peninsula by a wide, grassy plain. Two million years ago, the animal we call the reindeer emerged along this continental juncture.1 As glaciers spread, reindeer followed them southward; by 20,000 years ago, Rangifer tarandus had moved deep into Western Europe, forming the base of Neolithic hunters’ diets and appearing, antlers lowered in the fall rutting charge, on the walls of Lascaux.2 Reindeer, like our human ancestors who appeared a million and a half years after them, are products of the ice age. They are gangly, long-nosed, and knob-kneed, with a ruff of white fur around their deep chests, swooping antlers and nervous ears, and have the capacity to not just survive but thrive in million-strong herds despite the Arctic dark and cold. Like any animal living in the far north, reindeer – or caribou, as they are known in North America – must solve the problem of energy. With the sun gone for months of the year, the photosynthetic transfer of heat into palatable calories is minimal; plants are small, tough, often no more than the rock-like scrum of lichens. -
Maintaining Arctic Cooperation with Russia Planning for Regional Change in the Far North
Maintaining Arctic Cooperation with Russia Planning for Regional Change in the Far North Stephanie Pezard, Abbie Tingstad, Kristin Van Abel, Scott Stephenson C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1731 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-0-8330-9745-3 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2017 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover: NASA/Operation Ice Bridge. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface Despite a period of generally heightened tensions between Russia and the West, cooperation on Arctic affairs—particularly through the Arctic Council—has remained largely intact, with the exception of direct mil- itary-to-military cooperation in the region. -
Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) from Russia, with Description of a New Species of Stenodynerus De Saussure, 1863
JHR 79: 89–109 (2020) doi: 10.3897/jhr.79.57887 RESEARCH ARTICLE https://jhr.pensoft.net New records of eumenine wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) from Russia, with description of a new species of Stenodynerus de Saussure, 1863 Alexander V. Fateryga1, Maxim Yu. Proshchalykin2, Denis N. Kochetkov3, Batchuluun Buyanjargal4 1 T.I. Vyazemsky Karadag Scientific Station – Nature Reserve of RAS – Branch of A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, Kurortnoye 298188, Feodosiya, Russia 2 Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia 3 Khingan State Nature Reserve, Arkhara 676740, Russia 4 Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 210351, Mongolia Corresponding author: Maxim Yu. Proshchalykin ([email protected]) Academic editor: Michael Ohl | Received 22 August 2020 | Accepted 7 October 2020 | Published 30 October 2020 http://zoobank.org/2C9F2068-B708-4AF4-92B4-1AA28B2070A3 Citation: Fateryga AV, Proshchalykin MYu, Kochetkov DN, Buyanjargal B (2020) New records of eumenine wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) from Russia, with description of a new species of Stenodynerus de Saussure, 1863. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 89–109. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.57887 Abstract New additions to the knowledge of the subfamily Eumeninae in Russia are provided. Stenodynerus rossicus Fateryga & Kochetkov, sp. nov. is described from Amurskaya Province and Altai Republic. Three species of eumenine wasps are reported from Russia for the first time:Onychopterocheilus kiritshenkoi (Kostylev, 1940), Pterocheilus quaesitus (Morawitz, 1895), and Stenodynerus chitgarensis Giordani Soika, 1970. An- cistrocerus dusmetiolus (Strand, 1914) is excluded from the fauna of Russia; the previous records of this species were based on a misidentification of another similar species, i.