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Social Transition in the North, Vol. 1, No. 5, August 1993

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Social Transition in the North, Vol. 1, No. 5, August 1993 Ethnographic Summary: The Kamchatka Region Olga A. Mourashko, Alexander I. Pika and Dmitry D. Bogoyavlenski August, 1993 National Economic Forecasting Institute Russian Academy of Sciences Demography & Human Ecology Center Ethnic Demography Laboratory This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DPP-9213137. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations exprcsscd in this material are those of the author(s) and do not nensrorily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Table of Contents Page: I . Social and Demographic Transformations in Kamchatka ..................... 1 I.A. Geographical Background .................................... 1 I.B. Ethnic History of Kamchatka Indigenous Populations ................ 5 I.C. The Military and Administrative Colonization of Kamchatka ........... 6 I1. Kamchatka's Economic Recovery and the Revival of Indigenous Cultures ...... 12 1I.A. Economic Colonization of Kamchatka (1912-1917) ................ 14 1I.B. Soviet Administrative Reforms ............................... 15 1I.C. Settlement Pattern and Traditional Means of Communication ........ 17 I11 . Ethnic Composition and Population Dynamics in Kamchatka ............... 23 1II.A. Koryaks ................................................ 24 1II.B. Itelmens ............................................... 28 1II.C. Kamchadals ............................................. 31 1II.D.Evens ................................................. 33 1II.E. Population Density in Central Kamchatka ...................... 34 1II.F. Subsistence Patterns Now and Before .......................... 38 III.F.l. The Subsistence Economies of Itelmens and Settled Koryaks . 39 IV . The Historic Economies of Nomadic Koryak. Chukchi and Even in Kamchatka . 48 1V.A. The Specific Traits of the Historic Social Structure and Culture ...... 51 1V.B. Historic Forms of Demographic Behavior ...................... 55 1V.C. Historical Reconstruction of Family Structure ................... 57 1V.D. The History of Villages in the Central and Northern Kamchatka ..... 61 IV.D.1. Kovran and Tigil .................................. 61 V . The Population History of the Tigil and Kovran Communities ............... 66 V.A. Indexes of Birthrate. Mortality Rates and Population Growth ........ 68 V.B. Social Security ............................................ 77 V.C. The Demography of the Indigenous Population of Karaga ........... 77 V.D. Family Planning and Contraception ........................... 80 Appendix A: Inhabited Localities of the Karaginsky amd Tigdsky Districts ....... 81 Appendix B: Demographic. Mortality. and Morbidity Details ................. 88 References ...................................................... 105 Maps 1. Russian Study Regions ............................................. 7 2. Kamchatka Study Sites ............................................. 8 Tables 1. Population Dynamics. 1740 Through 1989 .............................. 36 la. Population Dynamics Over the Last 50 Years ........................... 37 2a . Statistics of Economic Activities of Settled Population of Kamchatka ......... 46 2b . Statistical Data for the Years 1895/1896 ..............................47 2c . Game Harvested in 1895/1896 ......................................47 26 . Fish and Vegetables Harvested in 1895/1896 ........................... 48 3. Number of Reindeer Livestock in the Karaginsky and Tigilsky Districts ........ 49 4 . Distribution of Reindeer Livestock ................................... 50 5 . The Farnily/Household Size for Different Ethnic Groups ................... 59 6. The Fraction of Ethnically Mixed Marriages ............................ 67 6a . Demographic Statistics for the Three Ethnic Groups ..................... 69 7 . Demographic Indices for the Koryak and Itlemen Population ................ 70 8. Distribution of Causes of Deaths ..................................... 71 9. The Average Number of Children for the Three Reconstructed Tigil Populations . 72 10. The Age Structure of the Tigil Population ............................. 73 11. Demographic Statistics for Kamchatka Even ........................... 77 12. Opinions on the Number of Children in the Family ...................... 80 B1. Population Changes in the Three Surveyed Kamchatka Districts ............ 89 B2 . Natural Trends in the Population ................................... 93 B3 . The Child/Woman Ratio ......................................... 97 B4 . Mono-Ethnic Families Among the Indigenous Population of Kamchatka ...... 99 B5 . The Average Life Expectancy ..................................... 101 I. SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATIONS IN KAMCHATKA LA. Geographical Background The Kamchatka Administrative Region is made up of the Tigilsky, Karaginsky and Bystrinsky Districts. These districts share common boundaries, which extend from latitude S045'to 60°45' north to longitude 153'45' to 165Oeast. Together, they cover 108,300 square km, with the Tigilsky District spreading out over 68,200 square km, the Karaginsky District spanning 29,500 square km and the Bystrinsky District occupying 20,600 square km. From south to north, the boundaries between the districts are divided by the Sredinny Mountain Ridge. This ridge descends towards the isthmus of the Kam- chatka Peninsula and becomes a watershed (made up by rivers flowing into the Okhotsky and Bering Sea). Between the Tagilsky and Bystritsky Districts, there is the Ichinsky volcano (3,621 m) which is extinct. To the west of the Sredinny Ridge lies the West Kamchatka Lowland. This lowland makes up a major part of the Tigilsky District; but because it is so badly bogged it keeps the development of land traffic and communications in the Tigilsky Districts greatly hindered. It is only in the coastal area that there are still old pathways linking separate villages, and trails which lead up to the passes over the Sredinny Ridge. The northern part of the Tigilsky District and the entire Karaginsky District are located in the southern edge of the Eternal Congelation Zone. Located in this zone are the villages of Tigil, Sedanka, Elovka and Uka. Further north, in the narrowest part of the neck where the valleys of the Anapka and Pustaya rivers meet, is Parapolsky Dol. The climate of the Tigilsky District is largely determined by the cold and stormy Social Transition in the North Kamchatka Ethnography, Page 1 Okhotsky Sea. During the winter the west and northwest winds from the Okhotsky Sea bring cold and dry weather. The east winds, from the Seredinny Ridge, also bring dry, chilly and crisp air currents. The snow cover usually lasts between mid-October to mid- May. On the average, there are 242 days where the mean temperature (Celsius) reaches below zero. Annually there is an average of 30 days of snowfall (between January and March). The average minimum temperature is -39.8sC, with the average maximum being + 27.5T. and the average annual temperature is -2.1sC. The climate of the Karaginsky District is somewhat more severe, due to the freezing of the Strait of Litke, where the ice remains until the middle of June. In the mountains, the first snow falls in the beginning of September; and on the coast, the first snowfall has usually occurred by the end of September. The snow depth can be as high as 100 cm. The prevailing winds in winter are northwest; in summer, they are southeast and often bring rain. In the Karaginsky District there is annually about 46 days with snow. The average minimum temperature in this district is -42.3T, the average maximum reaches + 3l.X and the average annual temperature is -2.29C. The Bystrinsky District has a variety of micro-climatic zones due to the rugged and varied landscape, which is made up of high mountain peaks that are separated by deep and narrow ravines. These valleys are the first affected by the cold air masses coming from the seas. During the summer these winds are quite feeble and contribute to the abundance of mosquitoes, thus creating a problem with reindeer pasturing. In winter, snow tends to come down from the higher elevations and into the valleys where avalanches are dangerous to both humans and reindeer. In general, however, the climate Kamchatka Ethnography, Page 2 here is milder than that of the Tigilsky and Karaginsky Districts. This area has the highest number of sunny days. The average temperature minimum is -16.2T, the average maximum is + 15.4"C, and the average annual temperature -0.8T. Because this area is so heavily divided by mountains the rivers are fairly short. The longest river found here is the Tigil River (500 krn long), which originates in the eastern slopes of the Seredinny Ridge and flows into the Okhotsky Sea. One of the other big rivers of the Okhotsky Sea Basin is the Pustaya River (in the Karaginsky Dis- trict). In the Tigilsky District, there are (from north to south) the Yamanka, Lesnaya, Palana Voyampolka, Khajruzova, Belogorlovaya, Moroshechnaya, and Sopochnaya Rivers. In the Bolsheretsky District there are the Ichi and Oblukoviny Rivers. The rivers in the Karaginsky District that flow into the Bering Sea are much shorter. These rivers are as follows: Kichiga, Tymlat, Karaga, Drunka, Pankara, Rusakova, Nachihi and Uka. The western coast has only a few accessible coastal bays (Kvachina, Seledochnaya, Chemurnaut and Rekinikskaya). Because of the frequent high seas, sailing along the Tigilsky District coast is difficult and risky. Ships often have to wait for weeks to unload their cargo in the
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