Spicy Reading Level The History and Traditions of Bullfighting:

Bullfighting has been called Spain's favorite sport. But to call it this is wrong for two reasons: first, soccer (called fútbol in Spain) is the most popular sport; and second, bullfighting cannot really be called a sport. It should be called, more properly, a spectacle, an exhibition, or a performance, like a ballet. However, this ballet is like dancing on a tightrope, because if the bullfighter makes a mistake, he is likely to be injured or killed.

A bullfight is not really a contest between a man and a bull. Actually it is a contest between a man and himself. The audience goes to the ring to see a man conquer his own fear of the horns and take as many chances with the bull as possible. The men who most gracefully execute the most daring manoeuvres become the stars.

Bullfighting is one of the few ways a poor boy can become rich and famous in Spain and Latin America--and many matadores have become millionaires. But for every successful matador, there are hundreds who have fallen by the wayside and are forgotten. Many do not have the necessary grace and skill. Some are crippled by the bulls, and some are killed. How Did Bullfighting Begin?

Bullfighting has existed in one form or another for more than 2,000 years. The ancient Cretans used to perform what they called bull dancing. Both men and women would leap over the bulls' horns in graceful, reckless exhibitions.

One of the reasons that Spain has been the leading place for bullfighting is that the fighting bull first lived there. Bullfighting cannot be done with ordinary animals. It requires the special toro de lidia, or toro bravo, which is as different from a domestic bull as a cobra is from a gopher snake, or a wolf is from a dog. For centuries, herds of these fierce bulls roamed wild over Spain. The Romans imported them for their savage battles against men and other animals in the Colosseum. The bulls usually won, even when pitted against lions and tigers. The Arabs in Spain helped make bullfighting popular around the early 12th century. In those days the spectacle consisted of a skillful horseman killing a wild bull with a lance while guiding his horse so as to avoid injury both to his mount and to himself. It is said that the famous cavalier El Cid was the first Spaniard to take part in organized bullfighting in an arena.

Bullfighting quickly became very popular, and for centuries rich Moors and Christians, nobles, and even kings practiced it. No feast day was complete without a corrida de toros.

The common people used to help the nobles fight the bulls, but they did so on foot. They used capes to distract the bull and keep it from charging at their bodies. Little by little this became the more exciting part of the act, and the ritual developed as we know it today. The Arena and the Toreros

The first thing a person sees in the plaza de toros, or arena, is the gaily dressed and excited crowd. When the band strikes up, toreros stride into the arena and parade around it while the aficionados, or fans, cheer.

All people who fight bulls are called toreros. The matadores are the stars of the show, and there are usually three in an afternoon's program. Each one has two picadores and three banderilleros to help him. It is old-fashioned and incorrect to refer to bullfighters as toreadores. (The "toreador" of Bizet's opera Carmen is actually a matador.)

The Contest

The men stride across the sand of the arena, and then the ring is cleared and the bull charges in. The bull has not been trained or tortured or starved; yet, because of its centuries of breeding, it knows it is supposed to fight. A banderillero will run out and swirl his cape a few times in front of the animal to demonstrate to his matador how this particular animal charges, since each bull has a different style of fighting.

Now the matador goes out. Where the banderillero was awkward and stayed safely away from the bull's horns, the matador, being the star, must stand very close to the animal. He swings the cape gracefully and lets the horns slice just by his legs. On each pass that the matador performs well, the crowd yells and cheers. If the matador bends over awkwardly and steps back out of the path of the bull as the banderillero did, the crowd boos loudly. The audience would like to see the bullfighters behave exactly opposite from the way they would behave if they had to stand in front of a huge bull with only a cape for protection. The bull goes at the cloth not because it is red, but because the matador knows just how to shake the cape to attract the animal and make it go at the lure instead of his body. The cape is yellow on one side and red on the other, but because bulls are color-blind, it makes no difference which side the matador presents to the animal.

After the matador does several passes, called veranicas, a trumpet blows and the picadores enter on horseback. They prick the bull with their lances in order to weaken his neck muscles. They do this so that at the end the matador will be able to reach over the horns and place the sword blade where it should go--between the bull's shoulder blades. The horses have been safely padded since 1930, so there is less chance that they will be injured by the charging bull.

Next, each of the three banderilleros places two banderillas ("barbed sticks") in the animal's shoulders. These further weaken the bull's neck muscles.

Finally the matador goes out with the sword and a little cape called the muleta. This is the most dangerous time of the fight, in spite of the fact that the bull is tired. There have been about 125 great matadores since 1700, and 42 of them have been killed, generally during this part of the bullfight. This is because the little cape is so small, the bull has learned so much during the course of the fight, and the man must make his most dangerous passes at this time. The Kill

Killing the bull, called "the moment of truth," is the most dangerous maneuver of all. The man must run at the bull at the same time that the bull runs at him, and plunge the sword between the shoulder blades. When this is done correctly, the bull will drop over dead almost instantly.

If the matador has done his job well, the crowd applauds, and he is awarded the ear of the bull as a trophy. If he has done a superior job, he is given both ears and the tail. The meat of the bulls is sometimes given to the poor, but usually the animals are butchered in back of the arena and sold for steaks.

Joselito and Manolete, two of the greatest bullfighters of the 20th century, were killed by bulls. Joselito died when he was only 25; Manolete at the age of 30. Many other matadores, like the great Antonio Ordonez and El Cordobes of Spain, have been severely injured in the bullring. The ambition of most bullfighters, who usually come from poor families, is to make enough money to buy a bull ranch and retire at about the age of 30.

The best fights in Spain are held in Madrid, Seville, Valencia, and Malaga during the spring and summer. In Latin America the best fights can be seen in Mexico City or Lima, Peru. In Portugal the only ring of importance is in Lisbon.

Barnaby Conrad Author, La Fiesta Brava, The Death of Manolete Source: Scholastic Books

The subject of bullfighting has been a hot debate for many years. It is rapidly becoming an unpopular event. Why do you think that is? What is your position on tradition versus animal rights? Can you accept both viewpoints, or do you firmly defend one side of this debate. Express your viewpoint on this matter.

Medium Reading Level

The spectacle of bullfighting pits a person against a charging bull in a large arena surrounded by spectators. The main bullfighter is called the matador. Aided by a group of assistants, called the cuadrilla, the matador goads the bull into charging at him. A bullfight is relentless. If a matador is injured, another replaces him, and the matador normally kills the bull at the end of each match. To followers of bullfighting, the contest between man and beast demonstrates human skill and courage as does no other sport. However, many people believe bullfighting is barbaric and inhumane. Today, bullfighting is illegal in many places.

Bullfighting is the national spectacle of Spain and Mexico, and it is also popular in Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador, Portugal, and other countries. In Portuguese bullfighting, the matador fights on horseback and the bull is lanced but not killed in the arena (but it is usually slaughtered after the fight). Forms of “bloodless bullfighting,” in which the animal is not killed, are practiced in many places, including southern France and some U.S. states.

A bullfight usually features three matadors, each of whom kills two bulls, for a total of six fights in succession. The bullfighters are paid professionals who have completed special training. Most often the matadors are men, but women have also fought bulls since ancient times. The bullfighters wear ornate traditional garments, the most elaborate being the matador’s traje de luces, meaning “suit of lights.”

The bulls are of a distinctly savage breed especially trained to attack humans. They do so continually, often without being provoked. Animal-rights activists have charged that the animals are sometimes drugged, beaten, or otherwise debilitated before the fight.

The contest begins with a colorful grand entrance by the participants. Then the first of the six fights starts. A single bullfight is often described as a “tragedy in three acts.” Before the main part of each “act,” a bullfighter lures the bull into rushing at his cape several times. The main part of the first act features a member of the cuadrilla called a picador, who fends off the bull’s charges while riding a horse (which wears protective padding and a blindfold). The picador weakens and angers the bull by piercing its neck and shoulders three times with sharp, steel-tipped pikes. The second act features a couple of members of the cuadrilla called banderilleros. They take turns rushing the bull on foot and planting pairs of decorated, barbed darts in the animal’s neck, further weakening and angering it. In the last act, the matador leads the bull in a series of graceful passes with small cape called a muleta. He works as close as possible to the bull. Finally, he thrusts his sword into the bull’s neck from the front. If the sword enters correctly between the shoulder blades, it severs the aorta, or great artery, and the animal dies almost instantly.

Spectacles with bulls were held on Crete more than 3,500 years ago, and gladiators of ancient Rome fought bulls in the Colosseum. Through the years, rulers of some nations and the Christian church opposed or tried to ban the sport because of the danger. Spain and Portugal eventually became the center of bullfighting.

By 1900 bullfighting had almost developed into its present form. Then, in 1914, Juan Belmonte revolutionized bullfighting with his daring capework, practiced extremely close to the bull. Most other bullfighters soon began to copy Belmonte’s dangerous but exciting style. The spectacle’s combination of grace and danger has made many bullfighters national heroes. Belmonte and Joselito (José Gómez), both of Spain, were heroes of the golden age of bullfighting at the beginning of the 20th century. Joselito was gored to death at the age of 25 during a competitive bullfight with Belmonte (who lived until he was 69 years old). One of the most popular matadors in the early 21st century was Spain’s El Juli (Julián López Escobar). Other great bullfighters of the 20th century included Carlos Arruza of Mexico and Manolete (Manuel Rodríguez) of Spain.

Many books have been written about bullfighting, especially in Spanish. Ernest Hemingway wrote a nonfiction work in English about bullfighting, Death in the Afternoon (1932), that has become a classic.

Source: Britannica Kids

The subject of bullfighting has been a hot debate for many years. It is rapidly becoming an unpopular event. Why do you think that is? What is your position on tradition versus animal rights? Do you and someone that you live with agree or disagree?

Mild Reading Level (or could be read together)

How did bullfighting start? Bullfighting festivals have existed for around 300 years, although the fighting of bulls dates back to Roman times. The first bullfights were on horseback to celebrate special occasions such as royal weddings and military victories.

Records suggest the killing of bulls for public entertainment also took place in England in ancient times. Today, bullfighting involves riders on horseback as well as people, called matadors, who fight against the bull on foot.

In which countries does bullfighting take place? As well as Portugal, bullfighting takes place in several European countries including Spain and parts of France. It also takes place in Latin American countries like Cuba, Mexico and Venezuela. It also takes place in the US state of California. Earlier this year, Barcelona voted to ban bullfighting after a big campaign by animal rights groups.

What happens in a bullfight? There are usually six separate fights and each lasts around 20 minutes. Like a play, bullfighting is all about characters and the main characters are the cavaleiros, matadors and forcardas. The Portuguese festival begins when a team of riders, called cavaleiros, dressed in grand costumes, enter the ring. The horsemen target the bulls with spears and darts tipped with what looks like brightly-coloured tinsel. The cavaleiros are the stars of the show and are applauded as they dodge the bulls' charges. Next come matadors who use a coloured cape, called a muleta, to direct the bulls around the ring. Although the capes are usually bright red, all cattle are actually colour-blind. Red is often used to try to hide any trace of blood. In Spain, the matador plays the leading role, killing the bull to the cheers of the crowd. But in Portugal the matadors make way for the forcardas. A team of eight men called forcardas then show their bravery by standing in front of a bull. One of the team attracts the bull's attention and then it charges at the men. As bulls can weigh up to half a tonne, it often knocks over one of more of the forcardas. At the end of a fight in Portugal, the bull is dragged out of the ring and is usually taken to a butcher to be killed.

Arguments for bullfighting The festivals are seen by many as an important part of Portugal's tradition and history. Rather than a sport, bullfighting is seen as an art form and a cultural event, like a play or an opera. Those who support the sport talk of the skill and agility that is displayed by those involved, especially the matadors and the cavaleiros. Bullfighting is an established part of Portuguese and Spanish culture and supporters say that others should try to understand and respect this.

Arguments against bullfighting There are two main arguments against the sport. Firstly that it is cruel and secondly that it inflicts pointless suffering on the animals involved. Those against say that the odds are stacked against the bull and that the sport is cruel and evil. Even though the death of the bull isn't shown in Portugal, the bulls are nearly always killed. Each year there are about 300 fights and around 2,500 bulls are killed in Portugal. Animal rights campaigners claim that in Spain 30,000 bulls are killed in the ring each year. Horses ridden by the cavaleiros also suffer, as they get injured when they clash with the bulls. The fights can be dangerous and matadors have been killed during bullfights. One of the most famous bullfighters in history, Manolete, was killed in 1947.

Source: BBC NewsRound

Now that you have read all about bullfighting, what is your viewpoint? Should this long-standing Hispanic tradition be kept, or should it stop for the sake of the animals?