DOCSLIB.ORG

Genetic” a Rttigo Icle

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Genetic” a Rttigo Icle DOI: 10.1590/1413-812320182410.19102019 3607 A R How diseases became “genetic” TIGO A Como as doenças se tornaram “genéticas” rt ICLE Ilana Löwy (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6963-0578) 1 Abstract This article examines the origins of the Resumo O presente artigo tem o objetivo de exa- term “genetic disease.” In the late 19 and early 20th minar as origens do termo “doença genética. No century, an earlier idea that diseases that occur in final do século XIX e início do XX, a vaga ideia families reflect a vague familiar “predisposition” que a doença manifesta entre familiares refletia was replaced by the view that such diseases have uma “predisposição” familiar, foi substituída pela specific causes, while Mendelian genetics provided visão que essas doenças possuem causas específi- then clues to the patterns of their transmission. cas, enquanto a genética mendeliana forneceu as The genetictisation of inborn pathologies took pistas para os padrões de transmissão da doença. a decisive turn with the redefinition, in 1959, of A genética das patologias congênitas deu uma Down syndrome as a chromosomal anomaly, then guinada decisiva, em 1959, com a redefinição da the development of tests for the diagnosis of other Síndrome de Down como uma anomalia cromos- hereditary pathologies. At that time, geneticists sômica e, depois, com o desenvolvimento de testes distinguished “hereditary” diseases that run in para o diagnóstico de outras patologias hereditá- families, from “genetic” conditions that are the rias. Naquela época, os geneticistas distinguiam result of new mutations during the production of doenças “hereditárias” como aquelas que acome- egg and sperm cells. In the latter case, the inborn tiam os elementos de uma família, de condições impairment is produced by an anomaly in the “genéticas” que são o resultado de novas mutações genetic material of the cell, but is not hereditary, ocorridas durante a produção dos óvulos e esper- because it is not transmitted from one or both pa- matozoides. Neste último caso, a deficiência inata rents. In the late 20th and early 21st century, new é causada por uma anomalia do material genético genomic technologies blurred the distinction be- da célula, porque não é transmitida por qualquer tween hereditary and genetic impairments, exten- um ou ambos os pais. No final do século XX e iní- ded the concept of genetic disease, and modified cio do XXI, as novas tecnologias genômicas obs- the experience of people living with such a disease. cureceram a distinção entre deficiências hereditá- 1 CERMES 3 Paris & visiting professor - Instituto Key words Heredity disease, Genetic disease, ria e a genética, estenderam o conceito da doença de Medicina Social, Down syndrome, Genomic technologies genética e modificaram a experiência das pessoas Universidade Estadual do que vivem com esse tipo de doença. Rio de Janeiro. R. Francisco Xavier 524/bl. D/7º, Palavras-chave Hereditariedade, Genética, Cro- Maracanã. mossomos, Síndrome de Down, NIPT 20550-013 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil. [email protected] 3608 Löwy I Hereditary diseases before genetics quired traits. Another British psychiatrist, Alfred Frank Tredgold (1870-1952) whose Textbook of An interest in traits that children inherit from Mental Deficiency, first published in 1908, then their parents – the father’s hair, the mother’s actualized and reedited until the author’s death, eyes – may be as old as civilizations, but inter- became a key source of knowledge on this ques- est in diseases that run in families is document- tion in the English-speaking world, put the ac- ed from the 17th century on, when physicians cent on the role of “pathological heredity” in pro- started to systematically record families with an ducing “feeble mindness”. Mental impairment, unusual concentration of abnormal traits1,2. The Tredgold believed, is nearly always “hereditary,” search for “morbid heredity” was intensified in a broad term which included advanced parental the 19th century. At that time, this concept in- age, alcoholism, syphilis and tuberculosis. Tred- cluded a multiplicity of causes, such as familial gold included the last two pathologies among traits (“likes begets likes”) intensified by inter- causes of hereditary “feeble mindness”, because, marriage, but also alcoholism, tuberculosis, and he argued, the geneticists’ claim that infectious venereal diseases, especially syphilis. Tubercu- diseases do not affect “germ plasm” is not plausi- losis and syphilis were classified as “hereditary ble. It is difficult to believe that a systemic disease causes” of pathologies because, until mid-20th such as tuberculosis does not degrade the quality century, the term “heredity,” especially in its lay of sperm and egg cells9. At first, Tredgold was a uses, englobed all the elements that could affect moderate eugenist. He did believe that the ma- the “quality of the seed” and fetal development. jority of inborn impairment were inherited, but Maternal conditions that may affect the fetus, also that society cannot do much to prevent them, such as syphilis, tuberculosis or alcoholism could mainly because impaired children are frequently therefore be described as “hereditary”3. born to parents who do not display marked signs In late 19th and early 20th century physicians – of “degeneration”. In the 1930s, perhaps under especially those linked with the rapidly growing the influence of ideas propagated by the German eugenic movement – were concerned by hered- Nazi and their British sympathizers, Tredgold ity of “feeble mindness”, and its potential threat changed his mind, and converted to the idea that to society4-7. The British psychiatrist George the sterilization of selected categories of “degen- Edward Shuttleworth (1842-1928), author of erates «and the prohibition of marriage of people the textbook, Mentally Deficient Children: Their from “tainted” families›› will reduce the burden Treatment and Training, proposed to distinguish of hereditary diseases in society”10. between “acquired mental deficiency,” produced Tredgold views on the effectiveness of eugen- by accidents of childbirth or childhood by events ic interventions such as sterilization to reduce such as trauma, a febrile disease or intoxication, the frequency of “feeble mindness” were strongly and “inborn mental deficiency,” produced before opposed by the British geneticist, Lionel Penrose birth by “formative defects”. Shuttleworth in- (1898-1972). Penrose coordinated in the 1930s a cluded in the latter category conditions such as large study on the possible inheritance of men- microcephalus (too small brain), hydrocephalus tal conditions, the Colchester Survey. In the final (the accumulation of liquid in the skull), “mon- report of this survey Penrose explained that very gol” feeblemindedness, (today, Down syndrome), few mental disorders, were truly “hereditary” that “cretinism” (today, thyroid insufficiency), and is, followed a Mendelian pattern of transmis- anomalies produced by diseases of the pregnant sion11. Among the latter he singled out two dis- woman, such as epilepsy, syphilis and eclampsia eases, Huntington’s chorea and phenylketonuria (seizures during pregnancy). Mental deficien- (PKU), both undoubtedly hereditary – and very cy which stems from “formative defects” (that rare. Penrose was especially interested in PKU, is, impairments acquired before birth) Shuttle- seen by him as an exemplary hereditary patholo- worth pointed out, is frequently associated with gy. PKU is produced by the organism’s decreased visible physical defects such as hare lip, deficient ability of metabolize the amino acid phenylal- ear lobes, missing fingers, unusual shape of face anine. The accumulation of phenyl alanine in or crane anomalies. A trained physician should the blood leads to intellectual impairment, sei- be able to recognize the physical traits of mental zures and behavioral problems. This condition deficiency even in relatively mild cases. Such traits was first described by the Norwegian physician are often more exaggerated in advanced cases8. and biochemist Ivar Asbjorn Folling in 193412. Shuttleworth saw “feeble mindness” as re- Penrose coined the name phenylketonuria and flecting a complex mixture of inherited and ac- demonstrated, thanks to the data collected by the 3609 Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 24(10):3607-3617, 2019 24(10):3607-3617, Coletiva, & Saúde Ciência Colchester Survey, that it was a hereditary reces- digestive anomalies while others did not have sive disorder13,14. PKU was presented by Penrose such anomalies; some had very severe intellectu- as a rare case of heredity of a mental impairment, al limitations while others, especially when they and, at the same time, a strong argument against received well-adapted and compassionate educa- eugenicists’ claims. He had calculated that about tion (contrary to received ideas, already in the 19th 1% of the British people are carriers of the PKU century selected institutions and educations pro- trait. It was pointless to try to control the repro- vided such education) made important progress, duction of all the individuals with this trait, while and some were able to live quasi-autonomous controlling only the affected people (assuming lives and hold jobs. that they will have offspring in spite of their se- Researchers rapidly arrived to the conclu- vere mental impairment) would have practically sion that “mongolism” in all probability a shared no effect on the frequency of the “defective” gene biological basis, but also that it does not run in in Britain, and would
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Reforming Eugenics
    Working Papers on the Nature of Evidence: How Well Do “Facts” Travel? No. 12/06 Confronting the Stigma of Perfection: Genetic Demography, Diversity and the Quest for a Democratic Eugenics in the Post-war United States Edmund Ramsden © Edmund Ramsden Department of Economic History London School of Economics August 2006 how ‘facts’ “The Nature of Evidence: How Well Do ‘Facts’ Travel?” is funded by The Leverhulme Trust and the E.S.R.C. at the Department of Economic History, London School of Economics. For further details about this project and additional copies of this, and other papers in the series, go to: http://www.lse.ac.uk/collection/economichistory/ Series Editor: Dr. Jon Adams Department of Economic History London School of Economics Houghton Street London WC2A 2AE Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 (0) 20 7955 6727 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7955 7730 Confronting the Stigma of Perfection: Genetic Demography, Diversity and the Quest for a Democratic Eugenics in the Post- war United States1 Edmund Ramsden Abstract Eugenics has played an important role in the relations between social and biological scientists of population through time. Having served as a site for the sharing of data and methods between disciplines in the early twentieth century, scientists and historians have tended to view its legacy in terms of reduction and division - contributing distrust, even antipathy, between communities in the social and the biological sciences. Following the work of Erving Goffman, this paper will explore how eugenics has, as the epitome of “bad” or “abnormal” science, served as a “stigma symbol” in the politics of boundary work.
    [Show full text]
  • SOHASKY-DISSERTATION-2017.Pdf (2.074Mb)
    DIFFERENTIAL MINDS: MASS INTELLIGENCE TESTING AND RACE SCIENCE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY by Kate E. Sohasky A dissertation submitted to the Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Baltimore, Maryland May 9, 2017 © Kate E. Sohasky All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Historians have argued that race science and eugenics retreated following their discrediting in the wake of the Second World War. Yet if race science and eugenics disappeared, how does one explain their sudden and unexpected reemergence in the form of the neohereditarian work of Arthur Jensen, Richard Herrnstein, and Charles Murray? This dissertation argues that race science and eugenics did not retreat following their discrediting. Rather, race science and eugenics adapted to changing political and social climes, at times entering into states of latency, throughout the twentieth century. The transnational history of mass intelligence testing in the twentieth century demonstrates the longevity of race science and eugenics long after their discrediting. Indeed, the tropes of race science and eugenics persist today in the modern I.Q. controversy, as the dissertation shows. By examining the history of mass intelligence testing in multiple nations, this dissertation presents narrative of the continuity of race science and eugenics throughout the twentieth century. Dissertation Committee: Advisors: Angus Burgin and Ronald G. Walters Readers: Louis Galambos, Nathaniel Comfort, and Adam Sheingate Alternates: François Furstenberg
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Genetics in Britain: Origins and Development
    CLINICAL GENETICS IN BRITAIN: ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT The transcript of a Witness Seminar held by the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, London, on 23 September 2008 Edited by P S Harper, L A Reynolds and E M Tansey Volume 39 2010 ©The Trustee of the Wellcome Trust, London, 2010 First published by the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, 2010 The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL is funded by the Wellcome Trust, which is a registered charity, no. 210183. ISBN 978 085484 127 1 All volumes are freely available online following the links to Publications/Wellcome Witnesses at www.ucl.ac.uk/histmed CONTENTS Illustrations and credits v Abbreviations vii Witness Seminars: Meetings and publications; Acknowledgements E M Tansey and L A Reynolds ix Introduction Sir John Bell xix Transcript Edited by P S Harper, L A Reynolds and E M Tansey 1 Appendix 1 Initiatives supporting clinical genetics, 1983–99 by Professor Rodney Harris 83 Appendix 2 The Association of Genetic Nurses and Counsellors (AGNC) by Professor Heather Skirton 87 References 89 Biographical notes 113 Glossary 133 Index 137 ILLUSTRATIONS AND CREDITS Figure 1 Professor Lionel Penrose, c. 1960. Provided by and reproduced with permission of Professor Shirley Hodgson. 8 Figure 2 Dr Mary Lucas, clinical geneticist at the Galton Laboratory, explains a poster to the University of London’s Chancellor, Princess Anne, October 1981. Provided by and reproduced with permission of Professor Joy Delhanty. 9 Figure 3 (a) The karyotype of a phenotypically normal woman and (b) family pedigree, showing three generations with inherited translocation.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Testing
    GENETIC TESTING The transcript of a Witness Seminar held by the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, London, on 13 July 2001 Edited by D A Christie and E M Tansey Volume 17 2003 CONTENTS Illustrations v Introduction Professor Peter Harper vii Acknowledgements ix Witness Seminars: Meetings and publications xi E M Tansey and D A Christie Transcript Edited by D A Christie and E M Tansey 1 References 73 Biographical notes 91 Glossary 105 Index 115 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1 Triploid cells in a human embryo, 1961. 20 Figure 2 The use of FISH with DNA probes from the X and Y chromosomes to sex human embryos. 62 v vi INTRODUCTION Genetic testing is now such a widespread and important part of medicine that it is hard to realize that it has almost all emerged during the past 30 years, with most of the key workers responsible for the discoveries and development of the field still living and active. This alone makes it a suitable subject for a Witness Seminar but there are others that increase its value, notably the fact that a high proportion of the critical advances took place in the UK; not just the basic scientific research, but also the initial applications in clinical practice, particularly those involving inherited disorders. To see these topics discussed by the people who were actually involved in their creation makes fascinating reading; for myself it is tinged with regret at having been unable to attend and contribute to the seminar, but with some compensation from being able to look at the contributions more objectively than can a participant.
    [Show full text]
  • Johnston, Alan
    Alan Johnston Personal Details Name Alan Johnston Dates 1928 Place of Birth UK (Manchester) Main work places Aberdeen Principal field of work Clinical genetics Short biography See below Interview Recorded interview made Yes Interviewer Peter Harper Date of Interview 24/09/2008 Edited transcript available See below Personal Scientific Records Significant Record set exists Records catalogued Permanent place of archive Summary of archive Biography Alan Johnston was born 8.1.1928 in Manchester, educated at Manchester Grammar School and studied medicine at Cambridge and UCH qualifying in 1951. He later spent a year at Johns Hopkins Hospital. He became Consultant Physician in the Aberdeen Teaching Hospitals in 1966 and subsequently Clinical Senior Lecturer in medicine and genetics. Fellowship of the three Colleges of Physicians followed. With Eric McKay, he initiated the clinical genetics service for N.E.Scotland. With David Pyke, he played a crucial role in the setting up of the Clinical Genetics Committee of the College of Physicians and was its first Hon. Sec. He also served in various capacities on other committees and working parties concerned in the recognition of the specialty and its training programme, including the Scottish Molecular Genetics Consortium. In addition to lectures to the Royal Colleges, he published around one hundred papers. His outside interests include eldership of the Church of Scotland, active membership of the Christian Medical Fellowship, travel, gardening, archaeology and three grandchildren. INTERVIEW WITH DR ALAN JOHNSTON, 24th SEPTEMBER, 2008 PSH. It’s 24th September 2008 and I’m talking with Dr Alan Johnston from Aberdeen and the recording is being made in London.
    [Show full text]
  • 2007 Newsletter
    INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR PEACE STUDIES AND GLOBAL PHILOS- OPHY Rhos y Gallt, Llanerfyl, Near Welshpool, Powys, Wales, SY21 OER Tel/Fax: 01938 820586 website: www.educationaid.net email: [email protected] Director, Thomas Clough Daffern B.A. (Hons) D.Sc. (Hon) PGCE email: [email protected] Tel. 01938 820586 Mobile: (m) 07951 600959 Secretary General, Mary Napper (B.A. Hons.) 01939 233834 email: [email protected] International Secretary: Sheena McDonagh 07779851739 [email protected] Olga Skerry, Development Coordinator, London 0207 341 7632 Mobile 0798 5590052 [email protected] Treasurer: Jenny Wheatcroft B.A. (Hons.) Tel. 00 64 4 2932987Email: [email protected] IIPSGP 2007 NEWSLETTER 1.EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION: Firstly, I thought I’d take this opportunity of the Newsletter to let you know a little of what I have been up to in the past year (2006). All in all it’s been a pretty eventful and memorable year for me, so I thought I would share it with my friends and IIPSGP members. This year (2007) there is no MUSES Journal per se; instead, members will receive a free copy of my SELECTED PHILOSOPHICAL AND HISTORICAL ESSAYS 1985-2005 on CD rom. This is a 795 page book, which has been published in hard back form by www.lulu.com/iipsgp –The essays are divided into 9 sections, one dedicated to each to the 9 Muses, as is the normal Muses Love Journal from IIPSGP. I hope you enjoy them ! Next year a Journal ! In the Spring and Summer terms I was teaching still at Sherwood Hall School in Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire, and enjoying the regular rhythm of commuting to work, living in Nottinghamshire in the week and coming home for weekends, staying in an interesting part of Nottingham called Sherwood.
    [Show full text]
  • Chromosomes in the Clinic: the Visual Localization and Analysis of Genetic Disease in the Human Genome
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2013 Chromosomes in the Clinic: The Visual Localization and Analysis of Genetic Disease in the Human Genome Andrew Joseph Hogan University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons Recommended Citation Hogan, Andrew Joseph, "Chromosomes in the Clinic: The Visual Localization and Analysis of Genetic Disease in the Human Genome" (2013). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 873. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/873 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/873 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Chromosomes in the Clinic: The Visual Localization and Analysis of Genetic Disease in the Human Genome Abstract This dissertation examines the visual cultures of postwar biomedicine, with a particular focus on how various techniques, conventions, and professional norms have shaped the `look', classification, diagnosis, and understanding of genetic diseases. Many scholars have previously highlighted the `informational' approaches of postwar genetics, which treat the human genome as an expansive data set comprised of three billion DNA nucleotides. Since the 1950s however, clinicians and genetics researchers have largely interacted with the human genome at the microscopically visible level of chromosomes. Mindful of this, my dissertation examines
    [Show full text]
  • Stories in Isolation the Impact of Gene Discovery on Families And
    Stories in Isolation The impact of gene discovery on families and professionals Catherine Sampson Submitted to Cardiff University in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2009 UMI Number: U585292 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U585292 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed.O?Jf^4*^ft< . ..(candidate) Date .•3?.:3:.as3.............. STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD. Signed. .. .(candidate) Date a o * 3 : ..2 s S f ll............ STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signed Q)fr*&r?r.. .. .(candidate) Date... ....2Q.-3.:.2sP%............ STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations.
    [Show full text]
  • Historians Art and Science Have Discussed the Creation of Pictorial
    OCAD University Open Research Repository Faculty of Liberal Arts & Sciences and School of Interdisciplinary Studies 2005 Ideas About Heredity, Genetics, and ‘Medical Genetics’ in Britain, 1900–1982 William Leeming OCAD University [email protected] © Elsevier. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here for your personal use under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Not for redistribution. Original source at DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.07.004. Recommended citation: Leeming, William. “Ideas about Heredity, Genetics, and ‘medical Genetics’ in Britain, 1900–1982.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 36.3 (2005): 538–558. Web. Leeming, W. (2005). Ideas about heredity, genetics, and ‘medical genetics’ in Britain, 1900–1982. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 36(3), 538-558. Pre-Publication Draft Ideas About Heredity, Genetics, and ‘Medical Genetics’ in Britain, 1900-1982 Abstract: The aim of this paper is to understand how evolving ideas about heredity and genetics influenced new medical interests and practices and, eventually, the formation of ‘medical genetics’ as a medical specialism in Britain. I begin the paper by throwing highlight on the social and institutional changes through which these ideas passed. I argue that, with time, there was a decisive convergence in thought that combined ideas about the familial aspects of heredity and the health needs of populations with an omnibus ‘genetic’ approach to health and illness that focused on the structures and activities of chromosomes and genes in individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Testing (V19) 3/11/03 8:46 Pm Page I
    Genetic Testing (v19) 3/11/03 8:46 pm Page i GENETIC TESTING The transcript of a Witness Seminar held by the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, London, on 13 July 2001 Edited by D A Christie and E M Tansey Volume 17 2003 ©The Trustee of the Wellcome Trust, London, 2003 First published by the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, 2003 The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL is funded by the Wellcome Trust, which is a registered charity, no. 210183. ISBN 978 085484 094 6 All volumes are freely available online at: www.history.qmul.ac.uk/research/modbiomed/wellcome_witnesses/ Please cite as: Christie D A, Tansey E M. (eds) (2003) Genetic Testing. Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine, vol. 17. London: Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL. Key Front cover photographs, top to bottom: Professor Marcus Pembrey Dr Patricia Tippett Professor Doris Zallen Professor Sir David Weatherall, Professor Charles Rodeck Inside front cover photographs, top to bottom: Professor John Woodrow Professor Rodney Harris Professor John Edwards (1928–2007) Professor Sue Povey Back cover photographs, top to bottom: Professor Ursula Mittwoch Professor Malcolm Ferguson-Smith Professor Matteo Adinolfi Professor Paul Polani (1914–2006) Inside back cover photographs, top to bottom: Professor Matteo Adinolfi, Professor Paul Polani (1914–2006) Professor Paul Polani (1914–2006), Professor Rodney Harris Professor Bernadette Modell Mrs Cathy Holding, Professor Alan Handyside Genetic Testing (v19) 3/11/03 8:46 pm Page iii CONTENTS Illustrations v Introduction Professor Peter Harper vii Acknowledgements ix Witness Seminars: Meetings and publications xi E M Tansey and D A Christie Transcript Edited by D A Christie and E M Tansey 1 References 73 Biographical notes 91 Glossary 105 Index 115 Genetic Testing (v19) 3/11/03 8:46 pm Page iv Genetic Testing (v19) 3/11/03 8:46 pm Page v ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1 Triploid cells in a human embryo, 1961.
    [Show full text]
  • 1919: Psychology and Psychoanalysis, Cambridge and London – Myers, Jones and Maccurdy
    November 13, 2007 Time: 07:54pm 005.tex 1919: PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOANALYSIS, CAMBRIDGE AND LONDON – MYERS, JONES AND MACCURDY John Forrester, Cambridge, UK ‘The A ferment here is remarkable’, Ernest Jones wrote to Freud in early January 1919. This paper explores some of the consequences of this English ferment for the future direction of psychoanalysis in the period 1919–1926. It differs from more standard accounts of the early history of psychoanalysis in that it is deliberately not focused on the strategies adopted by Freud and his close disciples. This rather different picture of the development and reception of psychoanalysis in Britain arose as part of a larger ‘micro- history’ of the reception of psychoanalysis in Cambridge. Instead of being Vienna-ocentric, this picture is Cambridge-ocentric.1 It might seem odd, perhaps even perverse, to take this view from the English Fens of the quintessentially central European urban creation that was Freud’s, but, as the cradle of the British elite and as the centre of its scientific institutions in the early twentieth century, its ‘High Science’, Cambridge turns out to be an ideal place to study the establishment of Freud’s ideas and practices (Werskey 1978). If one needs more persuasion, one has only to turn to a list of those early English analysts who had strong ties with Cambridge: John Rickman, James and Alix Strachey, Karin and Adrian Stephen, Joan Riviere, Susan Isaacs, Donald Winnicott and John Bowlby – and this list is by no means complete. As important as the backgrounds and experience of individuals are the development of institutions, in particular the foundation of the British Psycho-Analytical Society (BPsaS), the transformation of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and the development of psychological 1.
    [Show full text]
  • A Century of Geneticists Mutation to Medicine a Century of Geneticists Mutation to Medicine
    A Century of Geneticists Mutation to Medicine http://taylorandfrancis.com A Century of Geneticists Mutation to Medicine Krishna Dronamraju CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2019 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-4866-7 (Paperback) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-35313-8 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, trans- mitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright .com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.
    [Show full text]