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Modernismo Y Suicidio: La Muerte Voluntaria En La Literatura Modernista En Lengua Inglesa UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA ESCUELA INTERNACIONAL DE DOCTORADO Modernismo y Suicidio: la Muerte Voluntaria en la Literatura Modernista en Lengua Inglesa Dª Eva Gloria Castells Calabuig 2021 UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA FACULTAD DE LETAS DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOLOGÍA INGLESA Programa de Doctorado en Artes y Humanidades: Bellas Artes, Literatura, Teología, Traducción e Interpretación y Lingüística General e Inglesa Modernismo y suicidio: La muerte voluntaria en la literatura modernista en lengua inglesa Presentada por Doña Eva Gloria Castells Calabuig Dirigida por Dr. Juan Antonio Suárez Sánchez 2021 Agradecimientos Quiero agradecer, en primer lugar, al Dr. Juan Antonio Suárez Sánchez por su apoyo incondicional y por haberme animado y guiado constantemente a lo largo de estos años. Gracias, Juan Antonio, por tu apoyo y tu dirección, por tu infinita paciencia. Esta tesis no habría sido posible sin tu ayuda. Gracias al estupendo psicólogo y psicoanalista Sergio Cánovas Cuenca por dedicar su tiempo a resolver mis dudas y guiarme en cuestiones de psicoanálisis. Gracias a mi familia, a mis padres por brindarme la oportunidad de estudiar una carrera maravillosa que me abrió las puertas a nuevos intereses. Gracias a Miguel por su apoyo y por estar conmigo en mis momentos más bajos animándome. Gracias a mis hijos, que desde pequeñitos han entendido que “mamá no puede jugar ahora. Tengo que estudiar,” dándome esos abrazos minúsculos que me daban fuerzas para poder continuar. “I talk to God, but the sky is empty.” Sylvia Plath “Antes morir de pie que vivir de rodillas.” El hombre rebelde, Albert Camus ÍNDICE Resumen .......................................................................................................................... 16 Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 17 Introducción ..................................................................................................................... 19 Estado de la cuestión ....................................................................................................... 21 Interés personal y objetivo ............................................................................................... 24 Metodología empleada y lógica interna........................................................................... 25 Capítulo 1. Los discursos sobre el suicidio en la Edad Contemporánea: La psiquiatría, la filosofía y la sociología ................................................................................................... 32 1.1.-El suicidio en psiquiatría .......................................................................................... 32 1.1.1.-Inglaterra ........................................................................................................ 36 1.1.2.-Francia ............................................................................................................ 45 1.1.3.-Alemania ........................................................................................................ 49 1.1.4.-Recapitulación ................................................................................................ 54 1.1.5.-La psiquiatría moderna ................................................................................... 55 1.1.6.-Conclusión ..................................................................................................... 65 1.2.-El suicidio en filosofía.............................................................................................. 66 1.2.1.-Primeros filósofos. La antigua Grecia ............................................................ 67 1.2.2.-La Ilustración y el Romanticismo temprano .................................................. 68 1.2.3.-Siglo XIX: De camino al Existencialismo ..................................................... 74 1.2.4.-Filosofía contemporánea ................................................................................ 83 1.3.-El suicidio en sociología .......................................................................................... 91 9 1.3.1.-Teorías sociológicas clásicas.......................................................................... 97 1.3.1.1.-Émile Durkheim y el paradigma funcionalista .................................. 98 1.3.1.2.-Karl Marx y el paradigma del conflicto ............................................. 99 1.3.1.3.-Max Weber y el paradigma del interaccionismo simbólico ............ 101 1.3.2.-La labor de la sociología en el suicidio ........................................................ 103 Capítulo 2. La ambigua liberación de Edna Pontellier en The Awakening, de Kate Chopin ........................................................................................................................... 112 2.1.-Argumento de la obra y revisión bibliográfica ...................................................... 112 2.2.-El despertar de Edna ............................................................................................... 122 2.2.1.-La sexualidad femenina en The Awakening ................................................. 125 2.2.1.1.-La liberación sexual de la mujer ...................................................... 125 2.2.1.2.-El despertar sexual de Edna ............................................................. 127 2.2.1.3.-La sexualidad femenina supeditada a la maternidad ....................... 129 2.2.2.-La liberación de las represiones ................................................................... 132 2.3.-Los roles sociales preestablecidos .......................................................................... 135 3.3.1.-La problemática de la identidad ................................................................... 136 2.3.2.-Investidura de objeto .................................................................................... 139 2.4.-La independencia de la mujer................................................................................. 140 2.5.-Narcisismo .............................................................................................................. 144 2.6.-El hábito y la costumbre ......................................................................................... 148 2.7.-Cuando la pulsión de vida es derrotada .................................................................. 150 10 Capítulo 3. Hidrato de cloral y deterioro psicológico en The House of Mirth, de Edith Wharton ......................................................................................................................... 155 3.1.-Argumento de la obra y revisión bibliográfica ...................................................... 155 3.2.-Los problemas económicos de Lily Bart: El inconveniente de ser mujer .............. 162 3.3.-El conflicto interno de Lily: ¿Lujos o independencia? .......................................... 165 3.4.-El valor de la mujer como bien de cambio en el mercado del matrimonio ............ 166 3.5.-Cuando el mercantilismo impregna las relaciones humanas .................................. 169 3.6.-El proceso de la identificación en Lily Bart ........................................................... 171 3.7.-Lily Bart: Dualidad y controversia de voces .......................................................... 174 3.8.-La paradoja de la libertad: Ser libre genera angustia ............................................. 177 3.9.-El sentimiento de odio como germen del suicidio ................................................. 178 3.10.-Desarrollo e indicios de una posible depresión en Lily Bart................................ 180 3.10.1.-La pérdida de objeto como génesis del trastorno depresivo ...................... 181 3.10.2.-Incapacitación aprendida ............................................................................ 183 3.10.3.-El trastorno distímico ................................................................................. 183 3.10.4.-La desesperanza: Clave en el suicidio del depresivo ................................. 186 3.11.-Fármacos cuestionables y peligrosos: En manos del azar .................................... 188 3.12.-La sociedad como elemento inductor al suicidio ................................................. 190 3.13.-La muerte de Lily Bart, un suicidio incuestionable ............................................. 192 Capítulo 4. Trauma, trastorno y marginación social en Mrs. Dalloway, de Virginia Woolf: El suicidio de Septimus Warren Smith ............................................................. 196 4.1.-Argumento de la obra y revisión bibliográfica ...................................................... 196 11 4.2.-Cambios históricos y sociales: El nacimiento de nuevas técnicas narrativas ........ 207 4.3.-La neurosis de guerra o shell shock ........................................................................ 211 4.3.1.-La neurosis de guerra en Septimus Warren Smith ....................................... 213 4.3.2.-Necesidad de comunicación ......................................................................... 213 4.3.3.-El suicidio como acto comunicativo. El ser libre de Jean-Paul Sartre y Martin Heidegger ............................................................................................................... 214 4.3.4.-Delirio de grandeza ...................................................................................... 216 4.3.5.-Desapego y dificultad para demostrar cariño ............................................... 218 4.3.6.-El
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