DOCSLIB.ORG

Archaeological Journal Roman Antiquities in Carinthia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Archaeological Journal Roman Antiquities in Carinthia This article was downloaded by: [Northwestern University] On: 21 January 2015, At: 02:48 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Archaeological Journal Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/raij20 Roman Antiquities in Carinthia Bunnell Lewis M.A., F.S.A. Published online: 16 Jul 2014. To cite this article: Bunnell Lewis M.A., F.S.A. (1896) Roman Antiquities in Carinthia, Archaeological Journal, 53:1, 56-107, DOI: 10.1080/00665983.1896.10852702 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00665983.1896.10852702 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http:// www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions Downloaded by [Northwestern University] at 02:48 21 January 2015 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES IN CARIXTHIA. By BUNNELL LEWIS, M.A., F.S.A. The antiquities of Carinthia have been greatly neg- lected ; as far as I am aware, no English or French author has given a detailed description of them. At first this seems strange, the province being within one day's journey from Vienna, and separated only by the Carnic or Julian Alps from Venetia. But the causes 01 neglect are not far to seek. Carinthia is remote from London and Paris.1 Tirol, easily accessible, presents greater attractions to the mineralogist and geologist; while the traveller, seeking to gratify his love for the picturesque, finds more to astonish him in the lofty peaks and serrated ridges of the Dolomite Mountains than in the tranquil scenery, grand and pleasing though it is, that surrounds the Valley of the Drave.2 Besides, there are here no Roman buildings still standing above ground—no temples, amphi- theatres and aqueducts as we see them in Southern France.3 jSTor is the district intimately connected, as Britain, 1 Moreover, railway communication Part II, p. 092 sq.; XXXI, Via; Norici. with Klagenfurt, the capital of the 1. Aquileia Virunum per Saifnitz. province, was opened much later than 3 Of the temples the Maison Carree in many parts of Europe. at Nimes is the best known, and on 2 Murray's Handbook for South, Ger- account of its size, beauty and preserva- many, Edit. 1890, Part II, p. 460, tion, deservedly so. I mention it now, " sharp peaks and tooth-like ridges, rising because a recent discovery has been many thousand feet into the air, . made here. "It is constructed wTitli present the most picturesque outline." the optical refinement of the curved The Dolomite Mountains, by Gilbert horizontal lines hitherto considered and Churchill, 8vo, 1864; see especially peculiar to the Parthenon and other Downloaded by [Northwestern University] at 02:48 21 January 2015 Chap. XII: Tour through Carinthia- Greek temples of the fifth and sixth .Zollleld, Klagenfurt, &c. These writers centuries B.C." : American Journal Oj are not antiquarian specialists, but they Philology, 1895, January-March, p. 1. give some information which the archseo- For this reference I am indebted to Mr. logist may find useful, v. Chap. XII, W'eale, Principal Librarian of the South Gail Thai, p. 173, seqq., Auf del· Kensington Museum. This peculiarity Plecken on the Italian frontier—Roman Avas unknown to the builders of the road from Lienz (improperly identified Madeleine at Paris, hence the effect of with Leontium) to Aquileia—an impor- straight lines in the pediment is dis- tant route of commerce, which was the agreeably heavy. Similarly, as I have portal into Venetia. Compare the been informed, the architects of the Antonine Itinerary, pp. 276, 277, Pantheon were not acquainted with Sir Christopher Wren's train of mathe- Wesseling's pagination, and Corpus matical reasoning, and consequently Inscriptionum Latinarum, Vol. Ill, failed in their attempts to imitate him. 57 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES IN CARINTIIIA. Gaul and Spain are, with the course of important events in Eoman history, and the names of great generals and statesmen. Some, too, may have been hindered by Gold- smith's experience recorded in a well-known line, and afraid that boors would shut the door against them.1 I need hardly say that such apprehensions are now ground- less ; the archaeologist will feel much more safe and com- fortable in the Austro-Hungarian Empire than if he pur- sues his inquiries, as I have done, in Spain, Sicily or Turkey. My object now is to fill up, at least to some extent, a gap in antiquarian studies by calling attention to monuments comparatively unknown; and I shall begin with a work of art which is far superior to all that have been found in the Eastern Alps hitherto. In 1502 a bronze statue was discovered in the Mag- (lalenenberg,2 near Zollfeld, by a peasant as he was plough- ing. It was removed to Salzburg, where it remained for a long time in the possession of the Archbishops ; lastly, in 1806 it came to Vienna, and, as a chef d'ceuvre, now adorns the great Museum of thatcapital, occupying the post of honour in the thirteenth hall of the Antikensammlung.3 1 Traveller, lines 3 and 4. Klagenfart und Villach sowie der 2 This hill is also called Helenenberg ; Kariitnerischen Seen und ihrer TJmge- and the latter name is used in the title bungen, von Josef Rabl. Mit EO of the most elaborate account of the Illustrationen und einer Karte. See figure now under consideration, viz., pp. 31, 33, 35. On his way the visitor Die Frzstatue vom Helenenberge Fest- may enjoy the fine prospect of the most schrift zur Begriissung der XII Ver- extensive plain in Carinthia and of the sammlung Deutscher Fliilologen und Karawanken mountains beyond it. Schulmanner zu Wien . τοη Robert 3 Ueiersicht der kunsthistorischen- von Schneider, Wien, 1893, folio with Sammlungen des Allerhochsten Kaiser- photographs. The locality is defined hauses, p. 90, " Sie selbst ist alter als in Map No. I appended to Karnten's die Inschrift und wahrscheiulioh die Romisehe Alterthiimer, by Jabornegg- Statue eines Siegers in den griechischen Altenfels; Situations-Plan des Zol- Kampfspielen und ein Originalwerk aus feldes init Andeutung der Ausdehnung den V. Jahrhunderte r. Chr. Erworben Downloaded by [Northwestern University] at 02:48 21 January 2015 von Virunum nach den Grebaude-Spuren vom Biscliofe von G-urk Matthaus liebst Bezeichnung der in der Umgebung Lang von Wellenburg, ward sie nach gefundenen romischen Ruinen und dessen Walil zum Erzbischofe von Denkmale; comp. No. II Situations- Salzburg dahin gebracht, von wo sie Plan vom Helena-oder Magdalenaberge 1806 nach Wien kam." The date here mit Andeutung des IJmfanges der assigned to the statue seems doubtful: romischen Rumen. Furtwangler considers it to be the Information as to the best mode work of Polycleitus; but on account of <'f making the excursion to Zollfeld— its slender proportions I should be the site of Virunum, distant a few inclined to propose a later date, and I iniles from Klagenfurt—will be found was glad to find that Dr. Murray of the in the following work, which is a part British Museum agreed with me, and oi Hartleben's Series of Guide-books: thought we had here evidence of Hlustrirter Fiihrer durch Karnten mit modifications introduced by Lysippus. tietonderer Beriicksichtigung der iStadte 58 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES IN CARINTIIIA. Ancient statues, like ancient buildings, have often borne many names ; the one now under consideration has been called Hermes Logios, Antinous, Mercury, Germanicus and an Adorante. We need not stay to examine all these appellations, but we may remark that the first is supported by the authority of the eminent scholar K. 0. Midler in his Archaologie der Kunst.1 He regards the uplifted right arm as an indication that the god of eloquence is here represented. This would be in accordance with expressions in Cicero's rhetorical treatises: De Oratore, III, lix, 220, speaking of gesticulation, he says that the arm extended to a great length is, as it were, a dart of speech3; again, in his Orator, xviii, 59, he develops the same idea more fully by the words bracliii projections in contentionibus, contractione in remissis— the arm outstretched in more vehement passages and contracted in those that are more tranquil. The Hermes of the Villa Ludovisi at Rome illustrates Cicero's words ; there the right arm is a restoration, but the adjoining parts show that in the original it must have been extended as we now see it. Emil Braun has well interpreted the motive of this figure. The god stands absorbed in reflection, but at the same time preparing to give expression to the thoughts that fill and dominate him.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MARKTGEMEINDE MARIA SAAL Am Platzl 7, 9063 Maria Saal Tel.: 04223/2214, FAX DW: 23
    MARKTGEMEINDE MARIA SAAL Am Platzl 7, 9063 Maria Saal Tel.: 04223/2214, FAX DW: 23 www.maria-saal.gv.at Maria Saal, 30. Oktober 2012 Verordnung des Gemeinderates der Marktgemeinde Maria Saal vom 29. Oktober 2012, Zahl: 004-3/2012/GR, mit welcher die Straßen und Wege der Marktgemeinde Maria Saal als Verbindungsstraßen erklärt werden (Einreihungsverordnung) Aufgrund der §§ 3 Abs. 1 Z 5, 3a und 22 des Kärntner Straßengesetzes 1991 – K-StrG, LGBI. Nr. 72/1991, zuletzt in der Fassung des Gesetzes LGBI. Nr. 7/2010, wird unter Berücksichtigung der Verordnung der Landesregierung vom 7. Juli 2009, Zahl: 3-ALLG-2084/2-2009, über die Form der Einreihungsverordnungen der Gemeinden, LGBI. Nr. 39/2009, verordnet: § 1 Verbindungsstraßen Nachfolgende Straßen- und Weganlagen im Gemeindegebiet von Maria Saal werden zu Verbindungsstraßen erklärt: Zahl Name Beginn Ende 0075 Am Kogel L 71a Karnburger Straße vor Parz. Nr. 52/7 KG 72125 0055 Am Platzl L 86 Ottmanacher Straße vor Parz. Nr. 1949, KG 72140 0088 Am Rauterkogel Waldweg Parz. Nr. 1292/8, KG 72140 0053 Am Schirm Böcklstraße vor Parz. Nr. 1422, 1435/1, 1115/2, KG 72140 0085 Am Sonnenhang L 86 Ottmanacher Straße Walter Rogatschnig Straße 0057 Anniweg Zell - Meilsberg Janeschweg bzw. Hoislweg 0159 Arndorf - Zollfeld Nord L 86 Ottmanacher Straße L 71 Zollfeld Straße 0185 Arndorf - Zollfeld Süd L 86 Ottmanacher Straße Möderndorfer Straße 0095 Arnulfstraße L 71a Karnburger Straße Parz. Nr. 141/1 KG 72125 0060 Bachweg Zell - Meilsberg Parz. Nr. 999 KG 72140 0177 Bahnweg L 71 Zollfeld Straße Parz. Nr.: 1931/1 KG 72140 0146 Bauerweg Wutschein Kuchling - Wutschein, im Süd-Osten Kuchling - Wutschein, im Süd- Westen 0086 Benediktweg Rudolf Lenthe Straße im Nord-Osten Rudolf Lenthe Straße im Süd- Osten 0130 Birkenweg Möderndorfer Straße Parz.
    [Show full text]
  • Slovenia: Mature, Self-Confident, Lively, Modern, Brave, Developing and Optimistic
    SPORTS TWENTY-FIVE YEARS Slovenia: mature, self-confident, lively, modern, brave, developing and optimistic If some things seemed beyond our reach 25 years ago, they are now a clear reality. On a global scale, we can pride ourselves on high-quality and accessible public health care, maternity care, early childhood education, the pre-school sys- tem, a healthy environment etc. Of course, there is also a negative side. The economic and financial crisis, poor management of banks and com- panies, and finally also of the state. Nevertheless, we are celebrating the anniversary with pride. 80 Government Communication Office LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS EFFICIENT COHESION POLICY SYSTEM After the declaration of independence, it was necessary to first lay healthy foundations and secure in- An efficient system for implementing cohesion policy enables the drawing of European funds earmarked ternational recognition for the newly established country, which has been a full member of the EU and for development. The progress achieved with these funds can be seen in every Slovenian municipality. NATO since 2004. In the field of economic and educational infrastructure, 71 projects were implemented between 2007 and 2013, which contributed to the creation of jobs in business zones across Slovenia. Slovenia became financially independent in October 1991 through The majority of environmental projects involved the construction and renovation of water supply and one of the fastest and most successful currency conversions, with a municipal networks. Over 400 projects were co-financed, and more than 122,000 citizens obtained con- nections to sewage systems in agglomerations with less than 2,000 p.e., and over 170,000 people were 1:1 exchange rate that took a mere three days to establish, and Slo- provided with access to better quality and safer water supply systems with these funds.
    [Show full text]
  • Das Sozial- Und Kulturprojekt „Virunum/Zollfeld 2011“
    © Landesmuseum für Kärnten; download www.landesmuseum.ktn.gv.at/wulfenia; www.biologiezentrum.at Das Sozial- und Kulturprojekt „Virunum/Zollfeld 2011“ REGINA BARLOVITS. MIT EINEM BEITRAG VON ANITA KOLLMANN SOWIE EINEM BEITRAG VON REGINA BARLOVITS UND HEIMO DOLENZ Das gemeinnützige Jahren und ist somit deutlich niedriger als in den vorher- Beschäftigungsprojekt gehenden Projektjahren. Nach dem Abschluss der baulichen Konservierung des Im Berichtsjahr zeichnete in bewährter Weise Herr Hubert Amphitheaters von Virunum, Parz. 487 und 490/2, KG St. Klimbacher für das Besucherservice im Amphitheater ver- Michael am Zollfeld, MG Maria Saal, VB Klagenfurt Land antwortlich. Als langjährig erfahrenem Mitarbeiter oblag im Jahre 2010 (zuletzt R. Barlovits 2011b) wurden über das ihm 2011 zudem die örtliche Aufsicht über die gemeinnützige Beschäftigungsprojekt „Virunum/Zollfeld Durchführung der handwerklichen Arbeiten. Für Belange 2011“1 im Zeitraum vom 16.5. bis 28.11.2011 erste hinsichtlich Erhalt und Pflege des antiken Mauerwerks Maßnahmen zur Schaffung infrastruktureller Voraus - sowie die Einschulung der Mitarbeiter in Konservierungs- setzungen für eine öffentliche Nutzung der Anlage als arbeiten stand der Steinmaurer des Archäologischen Parks Archäologischer Park gesetzt. Mittels des vom AMS Magdalensberg, Herr Klaus Strickner, zur Verfügung. Die Kärnten – Landesgeschäftsstelle (Mag. J. Sibitz), dem im Vorfeld der Errichtung eines Betriebsgebäudes erfor- Europäischen Sozialfonds, dem Land Kärnten – Abteilung derlichen Grabungsarbeiten erfolgten
    [Show full text]
  • HISTORY of METALLURGY 2Nd Edition
    A HISTORY OF METALLURGY 2nd Edition A HISTORY OF METALLURGY Second Edition R. F. Tylecote MANEY FOR THE INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS Book B0789 First published in paperback in 2002 by Maney Publishing 1 Carlton House Terrace London SW1Y 5DB for the Institute of Materials First published in 1976 Reprinted in 1979 2nd edn published 1992 © The Institute of Materials 1992 All rights reserved ISBN 1-902653-79-3 Printed and bound in the UK by Antony Rowe Ltd v Contents Preface to the Second Edition vii Foreword viii Acknowledgements ix Introduction xi 1 Metals and ores in the Neolithic period 1 2 The technique and development of early copper smelting 7 3 The Early Bronze Age 18 4 The Full Bronze Age 35 5 The Early Iron Age 47 6 The Roman Iron Age 62 7 The Migration and medieval period 75 8 Post-medieval metallurgy 95 9 The Industrial Revolution; AD 1720-1850 122 10 More recent times; AD 1850-1950 164 11 The contributions of the scientists 177 Appendixes: 188 Technical Glossary 188 Note on units of weight, stress, and hardness 190 Table of elements 190 Approximate date of start of metal ages 191 Chinese chronology 191 Journals consulted and abbreviations 191 Principal works consulted 193 Maps 1-6 194-198 Subject and name index 199 vii Preface to the Second Edition The first edition was published in 1976 and an enormous increase in the general interest in the subject of archeometallurgy has taken place since then. Much of this relates to the early phases and has been discussed in Proceedings of International Conferences.
    [Show full text]
  • Ein Spaziergang Durch Maria Saal Und Seine Umgebung
    Ein Spaziergang durch Maria Saal und seine Umgebung Alfred Ogris Ziel: Maria Saal, Marktgemeinde Maria Saal, Pol. Bez. Klagenfurt Land Erreichbarkeit: Von Klagenfurt mit dem PKW z. B. über die Klagenfurter Schnellstraße S 37 bis zur Abfahrt Maria Saal und von dort weiter in den Ort fahren. Im Nahbereich der Kirche gibt es diverse Parkplätze. Es fährt mehrmals ein Postbus von Klagenfurt wie auch von St. Veit von und nach Maria Saal (Haltestelle Maria Saal Ort). Maria Saal ist außerdem auch mit der Bahn S 1 gut erreichbar. Sehenswürdigkeiten: Propsteipfarr- und Wallfahrtskirche Mariae Himmelfahrt, zahlreiche sakrale und profane Baudenkmäler, Freilichtmuseum Die folgenden Ausführungen sollen es dem geneigten Besucher von Maria Saal erleichtern, sich in diesem kulturhistorisch bedeutenden Ort Kärntens einigermaßen strukturiert umsehen zu können. Keineswegs soll dadurch jedoch eine feste Route vorgegeben werden, auf der man sich bewegen muss. Es sollte jede und jeder frei nach Laune und Interesse entlang des dargebotenen Leitfadens versuchen, Maria Saal in seiner Vielfältigkeit zu erfassen. Dabei sollte man nicht davor zurückschrecken, kleine Pausen einzulegen und sich an den verschiedenen Stellen des stimmungsvollen Hauptplatzes oder beim Freilichtmuseum auch die eine oder andere Erfrischung zu gönnen. Ist von Maria Saal die Rede, so denkt jeder unwillkürlich an den über dem Zollfeld thronen- den Dom, der spätestens seit der zweiten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts eine weithin bekannte Wallfahrtskirche war, von der der Kapitel- schaffer Barthlmä Müller in einem Schreiben an den salzburgischen Vizedom in Friesach im Jahr 1644 meinte, Maria Saal sei „die Mutter aller anderen Gotteshäuser im Lande Kärnten“. Dies ist nicht verwunderlich, gilt doch Maria Saal seit den Zeiten des Chor- und Missionsbischofs Modestus als jene Kirche Karantaniens, von der aus um die Mitte des 8.
    [Show full text]
  • The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in Their Social, Economic, and Political Context by Michael C. Gambino August, 2015 Directo
    The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in their Social, Economic, and Political Context By Michael C. Gambino August, 2015 Director of Thesis: Dr. Frank Romer Major Department: History Abstract The goal of this thesis is, as the title affirms, to understand the military reforms of Gaius Marius in their broader societal context. In this thesis, after a brief introduction (Chap. I), Chap. II analyzes the Roman manipular army, its formation, policies, and armament. Chapter III examines Roman society, politics, and economics during the second century B.C.E., with emphasis on the concentration of power and wealth, the legislative programs of Ti. And C. Gracchus, and the Italian allies’ growing demand for citizenship. Chap. IV discusses Roman military expansion from the Second Punic War down to 100 B.C.E., focusing on Roman military and foreign policy blunders, missteps, and mistakes in Celtiberian Spain, along with Rome’s servile wars and the problem of the Cimbri and Teutones. Chap. V then contextualizes the life of Gaius Marius and his sense of military strategy, while Chap VI assesses Marius’s military reforms in his lifetime and their immediate aftermath in the time of Sulla. There are four appendices on the ancient literary sources (App. I), Marian consequences in the Late Republic (App. II), the significance of the legionary eagle standard as shown during the early principate (App. III), and a listing of the consular Caecilii Metelli in the second and early first centuries B.C.E. (App. IV). The Marian military reforms changed the army from a semi-professional citizen militia into a more professionalized army made up of extensively trained recruits who served for longer consecutive terms and were personally bound to their commanders.
    [Show full text]
  • Magdalensberg. Ceramica E Contesti Di Epoca Augustea
    ◄ MAGDALENSBERG. CERAMICA E CONTESTI DI EPOCA AUGUSTEA ELENI SCHINDLER KAUDELKA (Scavi del Magdalensberg/Carinzia) INFORMAZIONI GENERALI Il Magdalensberg costituisce l’elevazione centrale di una serie di montagne al margine est dello Zollfeld, in Carinzia/ Austria, con le coordinate geografiche Lat 46, 72 N; Lon 14, 45 E; Alt 1058 m. Il sito localizzato sul versante sud della montagna, punto di partenza della romanizzazione delle Alpi orientali, copre circa tre chilometri quadrati di terrazze artificiali, coronato da una fortificazione e da un tempio sulla cima della montagna. Otto chilometri ad ovest lavia Norica attraversa la pianura dello Zollfeld sotto la strada attuale Klagenfurt -St. Veit an der Glan. La posizione, difficile da raggiungere, non era stata scelta dai romani, piuttosto era un luogo assegnato dalle autorità locali per la creazione di un impianto di produzione. La base economica dell’emporium si fonda sulla produzione a livello ampio di ferro e di acciaio, il ferrum noricum (Straube 1998). Mentre i fondi provenivano dalle grandi case commerciali aquileiesi (Bandelli 2001), la popolazione locale offriva il know-how. Barre e lingotti di ferro trasportati sul Magdalensberg servivano alla fabbricazione di oggetti finiti. L’artigianato del ferro del primo periodo era localizzato sul lato nord del forum, sotto il tempio di età tiberiana (Dolenz 1998, 28). Parallelamente alla produzione di acciaio si nota una grande attività di produzione di bronzo. Crogioli, pezzi semifiniti, matrici, scorie e scarti di lavorazione ne sono la prova, tuttavia le fornaci identificate all’interno delle officine hanno permesso una classificazione delle botteghe di bronzisti a partire da una ventina di unità riconosciute (Dolenz 2004, 171).
    [Show full text]
  • On Three Spearheads with Decorated Blades from the South-Eastern Periphery of the Alps
    On three spearheads with decorated blades from the south-eastern periphery of the Alps By Andrej Gaspari and Boštjan Laharnar Keywords: Late La Tène period / Late pre-Roman Iron Age / spearheads / Slovenia / Mokronog group / Taurisci / Cimbri / Oksywie culture / Przeworsk culture / Oppida culture Schlagwörter: Spätlatènezeit / späte vorrömische Eisenzeit / Speerspitzen / Slowenien / Mokro- nog Gruppe / Taurisker / Kimbern / Oksywie Kultur / Przeworsk Kultur / Oppida Kultur Mots-clés: La Tène tardif / époque pre-romaine tardive / fers de lance / Slovénie / groupe Mokronog / Taurisci / Cimbri / culture Oksywie / culture Przeworsk / culture d'oppida Introduction The regions inhabited by the south-eastern Alpine cultural groups of the La Tène period revealed relatively rare objects that could be brought into connection with either the influence or presence of the peoples from northern Europe. They include three stray finds of spearheads with decorated blades, one found at Britof near Kranj and two in the Ljubljanica riverbed (fig. 1). These will be discussed in greater detail below by taking a closer look at how their dec- oration was executed and where to find their closest parallels, in an attempt to establish their spatial and historical context. The Britof spearhead has close similarities to finds from Pomer- ania and eastern Scandinavia, which indicates its most probable origin in the area of the Oksy- wie culture of the late part of the pre-Roman Iron Age. The two spearheads from the Ljubljan- ica are of a rare form, but similar to those in use across wide areas between the south-western edges of the Alps and the southern coast of the Baltic Sea. Both objects are most likely the products of the La Tène culture workshops, but draw their geometric and sunken scale deco- ration from the array of designs on the spearheads characteristic of the Przeworsk and Oksy- wie cultures.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cimbri of Denmark, the Norse and Danish Vikings, and Y-DNA Haplogroup R-S28/U152 - (Hypothesis A)
    The Cimbri of Denmark, the Norse and Danish Vikings, and Y-DNA Haplogroup R-S28/U152 - (Hypothesis A) David K. Faux The goal of the present work is to assemble widely scattered facts to accurately record the story of one of Europe’s most enigmatic people of the early historic era – the Cimbri. To meet this goal, the present study will trace the antecedents and descendants of the Cimbri, who reside or resided in the northern part of the Jutland Peninsula, in what is today known as the County of Himmerland, Denmark. It is likely that the name Cimbri came to represent the peoples of the Cimbric Peninsula and nearby islands, now called Jutland, Fyn and so on. Very early (3rd Century BC) Greek sources also make note of the Teutones, a tribe closely associated with the Cimbri, however their specific place of residence is not precisely located. It is not until the 1st Century AD that Roman commentators describe other tribes residing within this geographical area. At some point before 500 AD, there is no further mention of the Cimbri or Teutones in any source, and the Cimbric Cheronese (Peninsula) is then called Jutland. As we shall see, problems in accomplishing this task are somewhat daunting. For example, there are inconsistencies in datasources, and highly conflicting viewpoints expressed by those interpreting the data. These difficulties can be addressed by a careful sifting of diverse material that has come to light largely due to the storehouse of primary source information accessed by the power of the Internet. Historical, archaeological and genetic data will be integrated to lift the veil that has to date obscured the story of the Cimbri, or Cimbrian, peoples.
    [Show full text]
  • Delphic Galatomachy and Roman Traditions of the Gallic Sack
    Narratives of Impiety and Epiphany: Delphic Galatomachy and Roman Traditions of the Gallic Sack Antti Lampinen In discussing the Gallic Sack of Rome, S. P. Oakley notes that ”[o]nly three things are certain about this episode: that it happened, that it left Rome with a long- lasting fear of Celts, and that virtually everything that our sources say about it is unbelievable” (Oakley 2004, 23). While this statement is, in essence, very true indeed, it is the word ‘unbelievable’ that I would like to draw attention to, for it could be argued that the ancient accounts mentioned by Oakley are not so much unbelievable as ill-understood. That they tell us frustratingly little of the actual nature of the historical incident is undeniable; as a source of Roman imagologies and narrative topoi concerning Gauls and their perceived antagonism towards Romans, however, these accounts are extremely useful. The allegedly unbelievable nature of our Roman sources that by its various discrepant narratives and suspicious duplicate scenes forms such a formidable barrier to a historian trying to uncover the hard facts surrounding the incident, can be explained and understood by analysing the literary context of its formation and imagological content. In this paper I study the formation and nature of Roman Republican literary narratives of the Gauls and their actions in Italy, beginning with earlier Greek accounts, which wielded considerable influence on later Roman conceptions of northern barbarians – especially when it comes to imagining the Gauls as impious despoilers and cruel adversaries of both gods and men.1 These images of religious as well as factual animosity are the essence of classical galatomachy, or depictions of Celts (or Gauls) as partially mythologised adversaries either in art or in literature, constructed with the help of the narrative motif of barbarism vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Illyrian Policy of Rome in the Late Republic and Early Principate
    ILLYRIAN POLICY OF ROME IN THE LATE REPUBLIC AND EARLY PRINCIPATE Danijel Dzino Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classics University of Adelaide August 2005 II Table of Contents TITLE PAGE I TABLE OF CONTENTS II ABSTRACT V DECLARATION VI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VII LIST OF FIGURES VIII LIST OF PLATES AND MAPS IX 1. Introduction, approaches, review of sources and secondary literature 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Rome and Illyricum (a short story) 2 1.3 Methodology 6 1.4.1 Illyrian policy of Rome in the context of world-system analysis: Policy as an interaction between systems 9 1.4.2 The Illyrian policy of Rome in the context of world-system analysis: Working hypothesis 11 1.5 The stages in the Roman Illyrian relationship (the development of a political/constitutional framework) 16 1.6 Themes and approaches: Illyricum in Roman historiography 18 1.7.1 Literature review: primary sources 21 1.7.2 Literature review: modern works 26 2. Illyricum in Roman foreign policy: historical outline, theoretical approaches and geography 2.1 Introduction 30 2.2 Roman foreign policy: Who made it, how and why was it made, and where did it stop 30 2.3 The instruments of Roman foreign policy 36 2.4 The place of Illyricum in the Mediterranean political landscape 39 2.5 The geography and ethnography of pre-Roman Illyricum 43 III 2.5.1 The Greeks and Celts in Illyricum 44 2.5.2 The Illyrian peoples 47 3. The Illyrian policy of Rome 167 – 60 BC: Illyricum - the realm of bifocality 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Prelude: the making of bifocality 56 3.3 The South and Central Adriatic 60 3.4 The North Adriatic 65 3.5 Republican policy in Illyricum before Caesar: the assessment 71 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Pie Ausgrabungen Im Tempelbezirk Bei St. Michael Am Zollfeld Im Jahre
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Rudolfinum- Jahrbuch des Landesmuseums für Kärnten Jahr/Year: 2005 Band/Volume: 2004 Autor(en)/Author(s): Dolenz Heimo Artikel/Article: Die Ausgrabungen im Tempelbezirk bei St. Michael am Zollfeld im Jahre 2004. 241-251 pie Ausgrabungen im Tempelbezir© Landesmuseum für Kärnten;k downloadund untereine www.biologiezentrum.atn Großbau wiedergebenden Bewuchsmerk- male auf den von O. Kaiser (Landeslichtbildstelle) bei St. Michael am Zollfeld im Jahre damals angefertigten Luftbildern wurden bereits 1982 2004 erstmals publiziert5. Die Identifikation des auf den tf EIMO DOLENZ umgezeichneten Luftbildern erkennbaren Großbaus als biexedraler Tempelbezirk konnte aber erst anhand der ungleich deutlicher erkennbaren Bewuchsmerkmale Pen Nachweis für die Existenz eines in etwa 2-3 Hektar auf Luftaufnahmen des Österreichischen Bundesheeres6 großen römischen Vicus und eines landes- und archi- im Jahre 1996 veröffentlicht werden7. tekturgeschichtlich bedeutenden Tempelbezirkes un- Die unmittelbar unter dem Ackerhumus gelegenen weit westlich der Ortschaft St. Michael am Zollfeld Reste dieser römischen Siedlung befinden sich 2,7 km (Parz. 1196 und 1208, KG St. Donat, SG St. Veit an nördlich des Forums der norischen Provinzhauptstadt der Glan, Ger.- und pol. Bez. St. Veit an der Glan) zei- Virunum. Es ist dies der Kreuzungsbereich der Nord- tigten die systematischen Ausgrabungen des Landes- Süd-Hauptverkehrsachse mit einer den Siedlungsraum museums Kärnten der Jahre 2002 und 2003, denen die Liebenfels/Hohenstein im Westen8 mit der Stadt auf Auswertung von Luftbildern, antiquarischer Berichte dem Magdalensberg bzw. der Provinzhauptstadt Viru- und geophysikalischer Prospektionen sowie die Anlage num im Osten verbindenden Nebenstraße. Jene in von Suchschnitten vorausgingen1.
    [Show full text]