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HISTORY of METALLURGY 2Nd Edition A HISTORY OF METALLURGY 2nd Edition A HISTORY OF METALLURGY Second Edition R. F. Tylecote MANEY FOR THE INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS Book B0789 First published in paperback in 2002 by Maney Publishing 1 Carlton House Terrace London SW1Y 5DB for the Institute of Materials First published in 1976 Reprinted in 1979 2nd edn published 1992 © The Institute of Materials 1992 All rights reserved ISBN 1-902653-79-3 Printed and bound in the UK by Antony Rowe Ltd v Contents Preface to the Second Edition vii Foreword viii Acknowledgements ix Introduction xi 1 Metals and ores in the Neolithic period 1 2 The technique and development of early copper smelting 7 3 The Early Bronze Age 18 4 The Full Bronze Age 35 5 The Early Iron Age 47 6 The Roman Iron Age 62 7 The Migration and medieval period 75 8 Post-medieval metallurgy 95 9 The Industrial Revolution; AD 1720-1850 122 10 More recent times; AD 1850-1950 164 11 The contributions of the scientists 177 Appendixes: 188 Technical Glossary 188 Note on units of weight, stress, and hardness 190 Table of elements 190 Approximate date of start of metal ages 191 Chinese chronology 191 Journals consulted and abbreviations 191 Principal works consulted 193 Maps 1-6 194-198 Subject and name index 199 vii Preface to the Second Edition The first edition was published in 1976 and an enormous increase in the general interest in the subject of archeometallurgy has taken place since then. Much of this relates to the early phases and has been discussed in Proceedings of International Conferences. For this reason therefore the main changes between the two editions can be seen in such proceedings which have been intensively quoted in the following prehistoric sections. The post Roman chapters needed some revision to reflect excavational work in Europe and additions have been made to the chapter on the Industrial Revolution. The last three chapters however, have been left much as they were in the original edition. The completion of K.C.Barrac1ough's new work entitled 'Steelmaking 1850-1900' has covered an important revision that might have gone into chapter 10. To those who want to know more about the new methods of steel making this must be highly recommended. The remaining chapters of the role of the metallurgists and their problems stand unchanged. This also will be a subject inviting consideration by others from time to time. Finally, what I said in 1976 about the transition to non-metallic materials is even more true than I thought. This Institute will soon be one of materials. R. F. Tylecote viii Foreword As Professor Tylecote has pointed out in his Preface to this edition, general interest in archeometallurgy has grown enormously since the first edition of 'A History of Metallurgy' was published by The Metals Society in 1976. This has also been reflected in the success of The Institute of Metals' Historical Metallurgy Series of which Professor Tylecote was General Editor. It is with great satisfaction, therefore, as well as regret at the loss of a valued friend and accomplished scholar, that The Institute of Materials publishes this second edition. It is hoped that this will serve in recognition of an unrivalled personal contribution to the development of the subject, based on wide-ranging knowledge and extensive practical experience. Ronnie Tylecote is greatly missed by his many colleagues and friends in the Institute and beyond. On a practical note, readers of this Volume may be interested to know that in addition to 'Steelmaking: 1850- 1900', to which Professor Tylecote refers in his Preface, a further related source of information on the general topic is provided by 'The Industrial Revolution in Metals' recently published by the Institute, which Professor Tylecote contributed to and edited with Mrs Joan Day. Keith Wakelam The Institute of Materials London ix Acknowledgements A book of this kind is never entirely the product of its and South Shields Corporation, for Fig. 46; George Boon author, but is dependent on the work of many scholars for Fig. 48, which first appeared in his paper in Apulum, all over the world who have contributed directly or 1971,9,475; Professor H. O'Neill and Edward Arnold indirectly. I wish to thank all those who have helped in Ltd for Fig. 51; Martin Biddle, Director of the Winchester one way or another, in particular: Research Unit, for Figs. 53 and 54; Professor C. S. Smith and the Chicago University Press for Fig. 55, from Smith Dr Beno Rothenberg, Professor Alexandru Lupu, Dr and Hawthorne's version of 'On Divers Arts' by V.Karageorghis, J.R.Marechal, Ing. R.Thomsen, Bernard Theophilus; The Ulster Journal of Archaeology for Figs. 61 Fagg, H. H. Coghlan, Professor Peter Shinnie, T. A. and 62 which are taken from K. Marshall's paper in UJA, Wertime, Dr R.Moorey, Dr Hugh McKerrell, Dr Radomir 1950,13, 66, Figs. 1-5 and 11; Dr A. Raistrick and The Pleiner, Professor W. U. Guyan, Dr Inga Serning, and Newcomen Society for Fig. 64;D. W. Crossley for Fig. 71; Professor N. Barnard. The later chapters owe much to The Science Museum, London, for Fig. 72 (Crown the work of the late G. R. Morton. copyright); M. Davies-Shiel and the Historical Metal- I would especially like to thank my wife, Elizabeth lurgy Group for Fig. 74; The Institution of Metallurgists Tylecote, for her linguistic assistance and for assembling for Fig. 75; Professor C. S. Smith for Fig. 77; The Public much of the material. Most of the book has been typed by Record Office for Figs. 81 and 82 (Ref. SP12/122/63, Mrs Edna Oxley, to whom I am exceedingly grateful. Crown copyright); The Newcomen Society for Fig. 84; The reproduction of many of the illustrations would The Iron and Steel Institute for Fig. 85, which appeared not have been possible without the permission of the in G. R. Morton and W. A. Smith's paper in]. Iron Steel owners of the copyright. My thanks are due to all those Inst., 1966,204,666, Fig. 7;The Iron and Steel Institute for who have helped in this way, and I am glad to make the Fig. 90,which appeared in the paper by G. R. Morton and following acknowledgments; Metals and Materials for Fig. N. Mutton in]. Iron Steel Inst., 1967,205,724, Fig. 1; The 2, which is from my paper 'Early Metallurgy in the Near Newcomen Society for Fig. 93; Dr J. D. Gilchrist for his East', p.291, Fig. 4, July 1970; Dr Beno Rothenberg for drawing of the Cowper stove in Fig. 99;J. R.M. Lyneand Figs. 3 and 7; Michael Thompson for Fig. 8, which The Historical Metallurgy Group for Fig. 104; The Iron appeared in his translation of A. L. Mongait' s I Archae- and Steel Institute for providing the copy of Fig. 106 ology in the USSR', published by Penguin Books Ltd, from Reaumur: The Cumberland County Record Office Harmondsworth, in 1961. Or V. Karageorghis for Figs. 9 for Figs. 108, 110, and 112 which have been taken from and 18, which are from my paper on Cypriot copper the Curwen collection, Reference D/Cu. 5/96; The smelting in the Report of the Department of Antiquities, Boulton and Watt Collection, Birmingham Reference Cyprus, 1971; The American School of Classical Studies Library, for Fig. 109, which came from Portfolio 239; at Athens for Fig. 10, which appeared in J. L. Caskey'S Professor Aubrey Burstall and P. Elliott for Fig. 113, paper on Lema in Hesperia, vol. XXIV, 1955, plate 14; Dr reprinted by permission of Faber and Faber Ltd, from J A Beno Rothenberg and Professor A. Lupu for Fig. 16;The History of Mechanical Engineering'; J. K. Harrison and Trustees of the British Museum for Figs. 19 and 27; Dr C. the North East Industrial Archaeology Society for Fig. Storti for part of Fig. 24 which appeared in a paper by H. 114;ProfessorSten Lindroth for Fig. 117; D. W. Hopkins H. Coghlan and J. Raftery in Sibrium, vol. VI, 1961; The for Fig. 121; E. J. Cocks for Fig. 125; Edward Arnold American Journal of Archaeology for Fig. 25, which ap- (Publishers) Ltd, for Fig. 134;The Iron and Steel Institute peared in Herbert Maryon's paper in AJA, 1961,65, 173, for Fig. 138; Firth Brown Ltd, Sheffield, for Fig. 139; Dr Fig. 17;InventariaArchaeologica for Fig. 26; Professor M. J. E. G. West for Fig. 140; Ronald Benson and Edward O'Kelly for Fig. 31;George Jobey and ArchaeologiaAeliana Arnold (Publishers) Ltd, for Fig. 143;Dr R. N. Parkins for for Fig. 32; The Iron and Steel Institute for Fig. 33; The Fig. 145;Professor J.F. Nye and the Royal Society for Fig. Science Museum, London, for Fig. 35 (Crown copy- 146;The Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. Inc. and L. H. right); The Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford, for Figs. 36 and Van Vlack for Fig. 148. 37 which appeared in their Occasional Paper No.8 on The sources of the other illustrations are as follows: 'Early iron in the Old World', by H. H. Coghlan; Bernard Fig. 12 is plate XVIII from the 'Life of Rekhmara', 1900, Fagg for permission to use Fig. 38, which first appeared London, by P. E. Newberry; Fig. 34 is from 'Technolgie' in theBull.HMG, 1968,2, (2),81,Fig. I;The Iron and Steel by H. Blumner, 152, vol. 4, Fig. 8; Fig. 49 is from plate Institute for Fig. 40; Robert Thomsen, Varde, for Fig. 42; LVIII in W.
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