New Developments in Advanced Highestrength
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Mechanical Engineering Learning Resource Material (LRM)
Government College of Engineering and Research, Avasari(Khurd) Department : Mechanical Engineering Learning Resource Material (LRM) Name of the course: Engineering Metallurgy Course Code: 202048 Name of the faculty: J. M. Arackal Class: SE(Mech) SYLLABUS(Unit 4) Unit IV: Heat- treatment Of Steels (6 Hrs) Transformation products of Austenite, Time Temperature Transformation diagrams, critical cooling rate, continuous cooling transformation diagrams. Heat treatment of steels: Annealing, Normalising, Hardening & Tempering, quenching media, other treatments such as Martempering, Austempering, Patenting, Ausforming. Retention of austenite, effects of retained austenite. Elimination of retained austenite (Subzero treatment). Secondary hardening, temper embrittlement, quench cracks, Hardenability & hardenability testing, Defects due to heat treatment and remedial measures. Classification of surface hardening treatments, Carburising, heat treatment after Carburizing, Nitriding, Carbo-nitriding, Flame hardening, and Induction hardening. Lecture Plan format: Name of the course : Engineering Metallurgy Course Code 202048 Name of the faculty: J. M. Arackal Class: SE(Mech) Unit No Lecture No. Topics to be covered Text/Reference Book/ Web Reference Unit 4: Heat- treatment Of Steels 4 Transformation products of Austenite, 1,2 1 Time Temperature Transformation diagrams, critical cooling rate 4 Continuous cooling transformation 1,2 2 diagrams. Heat treatment of steels: Annealing, Normalising, 4 Hardening & Tempering, quenching 1,2 media, other treatments -
Laboratory Furnaces and Dryers
CATALOG Laboratory furnaces and dryers Art of heating TABLE OF CONTENTS Our business partners 4 LAC – who we are 5 How to select a furnace 6 Choosing a furnace according to batch processing technology 8 Furnaces for temperatures 120 – 850 °C S – Dryers up to 200 and 300 °C 10 PP – Tempering furnace up to 450, 650 or 850 °C 12 Furnaces for temperatures 650 – 1340 °C PKR - Gas-tight chamber furnace up to 950 and 1100 °C 14 PKRC - Gas-tight chamber furnace with air circulation up to 950 and 1100 °C 16 LZ – Ashing furnace up to 1100 °C 18 LE – Economy laboratory furnace up to 1100 °C 20 L – Universal laboratory furnace up to 1200 °C 22 LMH – Horizontal muffle furnace up to 1200 °C 24 LMV – Vertical muffle furnace up to 1200 °C 26 LG - Gravimetric furnace up to 1200 °C 28 PKE - Hardening furnace up to 1280 °C 30 LT – Tube furnace up to 1300 °C 32 LSP – Five-zone gradient furnace up to 1300 °C 34 LH - Laboratory furnace up to 1340 °C 36 Furnaces for temperatures 1200 – 1800 °C LHS – Laboratory furnace with silit rods for up to 1400 and 1500 °C 38 VP – High-temperature furnace for up to 1600, 1700 and 1800 °C 40 Custom-made furnaces for special applications CHTZ - Small workplace for chemical heat treatment of non-ferrous materials up to 950 °C 42 SKM - Hardening work-station laboratory table up to 1340 °C 43 LH 30 atyp - Hardening furnace up to 1200 °C 44 L 09 atyp - Bottom-loading laboratory chamber furnace up to 1200 °C 45 PKE 25 atyp - Hardening chamber furnace with protective gas supply container up to 1200 °C 46 LT 50 atyp - Tube furnace with programmable servo-drive up to 1300 °C 47 LT 150 and LT 300 atyp - Activating tube furnace with glass retort up to 450 °C 47 LT 90 atyp - Tube furnace for mechanical testing of materials up to 1100 °C 47 Measurement and regulation 48 What (not) to choose – description of accessories 50 OUR PARTNERS 100 NEJLEPŠÍCH ČESKÝCH FIREM ROKU 2015 4 LAC – WHO WE ARE LAC – Who We Are We have over 240 employees and have produced more than 13,000 furnaces and dryers. -
HISTORY of METALLURGY 2Nd Edition
A HISTORY OF METALLURGY 2nd Edition A HISTORY OF METALLURGY Second Edition R. F. Tylecote MANEY FOR THE INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS Book B0789 First published in paperback in 2002 by Maney Publishing 1 Carlton House Terrace London SW1Y 5DB for the Institute of Materials First published in 1976 Reprinted in 1979 2nd edn published 1992 © The Institute of Materials 1992 All rights reserved ISBN 1-902653-79-3 Printed and bound in the UK by Antony Rowe Ltd v Contents Preface to the Second Edition vii Foreword viii Acknowledgements ix Introduction xi 1 Metals and ores in the Neolithic period 1 2 The technique and development of early copper smelting 7 3 The Early Bronze Age 18 4 The Full Bronze Age 35 5 The Early Iron Age 47 6 The Roman Iron Age 62 7 The Migration and medieval period 75 8 Post-medieval metallurgy 95 9 The Industrial Revolution; AD 1720-1850 122 10 More recent times; AD 1850-1950 164 11 The contributions of the scientists 177 Appendixes: 188 Technical Glossary 188 Note on units of weight, stress, and hardness 190 Table of elements 190 Approximate date of start of metal ages 191 Chinese chronology 191 Journals consulted and abbreviations 191 Principal works consulted 193 Maps 1-6 194-198 Subject and name index 199 vii Preface to the Second Edition The first edition was published in 1976 and an enormous increase in the general interest in the subject of archeometallurgy has taken place since then. Much of this relates to the early phases and has been discussed in Proceedings of International Conferences. -
Carbothermic Reduction of Ore-Coal Composite Pellets in a Tall Pellets Bed
minerals Article Carbothermic Reduction of Ore-Coal Composite Pellets in a Tall Pellets Bed Xin Jiang *, Guangen Ding, He Guo, Qiangjian Gao * and Fengman Shen School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; [email protected] (G.D.); [email protected] (H.G.); [email protected] (F.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (X.J.); [email protected] (Q.G.); Tel.: +86-24-83681506 (X.J.); +86-24-83691266 (Q.G.) Received: 19 October 2018; Accepted: 21 November 2018; Published: 27 November 2018 Abstract: Recently, increasing attention has been paid to alternative ironmaking processes due to the desire for sustainable development. Aiming to develop a new direct reduction technology, the paired straight hearth (PSH) furnace process, the carbothermic reduction of ore-coal composite pellets in a tall pellets bed was investigated at the lab-scale in the present work. The experimental results show that, under the present experimental conditions, when the height of the pellets bed is 80 mm (16–18 mm each layer, and 5 layers), the optimal amount of carbon to add is C/O = 0.95. Addition of either more or less carbon does not benefit the production of high quality direct reduced iron (DRI). The longer reduction time (60 min) may result in more molten slag in the top layer of DRI, which does not benefit the actual operation. At 50 min, the metallization degree could be up to 85.24%. When the experiment was performed using 5 layers of pellets (about 80 mm in height) and at 50 min duration, the productivity of metallic iron could reach 55.41 kg-MFe/m2·h (or 75.26 kg-DRI/m2·h). -
Standard Muffle Furnace FO Series
Standard Muffle Furnace FO Series Operating o Temp. control Internal 1.5L 3.75L 7.5L 9L 11.3L 17.5L 23.6L 30L 100~1150 C ±2°C (at 1150°C) temp. range accuracy capacity (FO100CR/110CR) (FO200CR/210CR) (FO300CR/310CR) (FO410CR) (FO510CR) (FO610CR) (FO710CR) (FO810CR) Wide selection of space-saving compact units with maximum inner capacity Easy to use controller Excellent heat tightness with a firmly sealed chamber door High temperature accuracy at ±2.0°C Program operation of maximum of 6 patterns: 30 steps x 1 pattern, 15 steps x 2 patterns or 10 steps x 3 patterns Safety features include self-diagnostic functions, calibration off-set, lock function, auto-recovery after power failure, earth leakage breaker and automatic overheat prevention device Selectable options include exhaust system 1.5L 9L 11.3L 30L unit, N2 gas loading device (with flow meter), FO110CR FO410CR FO510CR FO810CR temperature output terminal, time up / alarm output terminal and sample tray Upgraded with long life R-thermocouple sensors Designed with communication port Specifications Model FO100CR/110CR FO200CR/210CR FO300CR/310CR FO410CR FO510CR FO610CR FO710CR FO810CR Operating temp. range 100~1150oC Temp. control accuracy ±2oC (at 1150oC) Max. temp. reaching time ~60min. ~70min. ~80min. Exterior material Cold rolled steel plate with baked-on melamine resin finish Internal material Ceramic fiber Sensor R-thermocouple Heater Iron-chrome wire 1kW 1.5kW 2kW 2.2kW 2.5kW 3kW 3.5kW 4kW Exhaust port ø20mm (top) Cooling Fan Type Axial fan motor Temp. controller PID controll by microprocessor Temp. setting/display method Digital setting by▲/▼ keys / Digital display Operation function Fixed temperature, quick auto stop, auto stop, auto start, program (maximum 6 patterns: 30 steps x 1 pattern, 15 steps x 2 patterns or 10 steps x 3 patterns) Additional function Calibration offset, power failure compensation, lock, RS485 communication interface Timer 1 min. -
Transactions
52-5 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS. VOL. IV. MAY, 1875, TO FEBRUARY, 1876. EASTON, PA.: PUBLISHED BY THE INSTITUTE, AT THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, LAFAYETTE COLLEGE. PHILADELPHIA: SHERMAN & CO., PRINTERS. CONTENTS. PAGE OFFICERS AND MEMBERS,.......................................................................v-xx RULES, ................................................................................................... xxi DOVER MEETING, May, 1875,........................................................................3 CLEVELAND MEETING, October, 1875,........................................................... 9 WASHINGTON MEETING, February, 1876....................................................... 1 8 DOVER MEETING. Repairing the Upper Part of a Furnace Lining, without Blowing Out. By FRANK FIRMSTONE, ....................................................................29 On the Use of Natural Gas for Puddling and Heating, at Leechburg, Penn- sylvania. By A. L. HOLLEY, C.E.,...................................................... 32 The Swansea Silver Smelting arid Refining Works of Chicago. By .J. L. JERNEGAN, JR., M.E., ...........................................................................35 Fires in Mines. Their Causes and the Means of Extinguishing Them. By RlCHARD P. ROTHWELL, M.E.........................................................................54 CLEVELAND MEETING. Some Pressing Needs of Our Iron and Steel Manufacture. By A. L HOL- LEY,C.E.,........................................................................................................... -
Effect of Heat Treatment Method on the Hardness and Corrosion of Ductile Iron in 3.5% Sodium Chloride Solution
International Journal of Advanced Academic Research (Sciences, Technology and Engineering) | ISSN: 2488-9849 Vol. 6, Issue 9 (September, 2020) | www.ijaar.org Journal DOI: 10.46654/ij.24889849 Article DOI: 10.46654/ij.24889849.e698 EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT METHOD ON THE HARDNESS AND CORROSION OF DUCTILE IRON IN 3.5% SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION Oluyori, R. T1; Alao, A. O2; Barnabas, A. A3; Shittu, S. A3; Omole, S. O3 and Akinwande, A. A3 1 Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Kogi State Polytechnic, Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria. 2Department of Foundry Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Idah, Kogi State, Nigeria . 3Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] Abstract In this research, the corrosion response of heat treated ductile cast iron (DCI) used in the production of engine crank shaft was examined. Five samples were used in this work, one of the samples served as control sample, the remaining four samples were subjected to conventional heat treated operations of annealing, normalizing and hardening. The nodular cast irons were heated to initial austenitic temperature of 900°C, held for one (1hour) in the muffle furnace for homogenization, and samples were now cooled in furnace, air, water and oil respectively. Sodium chloride of 3.5% weight percentage solution was used as environment to study corrosion behaviour of the heat treated ductile cast irons. The microstructural images of the control and heat treated samples were resolved and various developed structures are essentially spheroidal graphite, and pearlitic matrix as in the case of the un-heat treated sample, coarse pearlite matrix for the annealed sample, fine pearlite structure for the normalized sample and partially martensitic and fully martensitic matrix for the oil and water quenched samples. -
Production of Chromium Boride Layers on Carbon Steel with Conversion Treatment: Chromium Deposition + Diffusion Annealing R
Vol. 132 (2017) ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A No. 3 Special issue of the 3rd International Conference on Computational and Experimental Science and Engineering (ICCESEN 2016) Production of Chromium Boride Layers on Carbon Steel with Conversion Treatment: Chromium Deposition + Diffusion Annealing R. Boubaayaa;∗, Y. Benariouab, O. Allaouia and M. Djendela aLaboratoire Génie des Procédés, Université de Laghouat, BP 37G, Laghouat, Algeria bDépartement de Génie Mécanique, Faculté de Technologies, Université de M’Sila, BP 166, M’Sila 28000, Algeria The present study has been conducted in order to obtaining chromium boride layers on carbon steel using a conversion processing comprising the following steps: boriding treatment in order to increase the amount of boron atoms in the steel surface, deposition of a thin layer of pure chromium using electrolytic method, and finally an annealing treatment for boron diffusion and formation of boride layer until complete transformation of chromium layer. Depending on the method used (chromium deposition followed by boriding or boriding followed by chromium deposition) and the holding time, the partial or complete conversion is obtained as a result of the diffusion process. The role of the annealing temperature on transformation rates of chromium into chromium boride films was investigated. It is shown that for 1 h at 900 ◦C, the chromium layer is totally transformed. The scanning electron microscopy analysis and X-ray diffraction showed the presence of CrB and CrB2 chromium borides in addition of FeB and Fe2B iron borides. DOI: 10.12693/APhysPolA.132.541 PACS/topics: carbon steel, boriding, chromium plating, diffusion annealing, chromium boride 1. Introduction of increase of the boron content at the surface of the sub- strate using a standard boriding process. -
Heat Treatment Laboratory Manual
HEAT TREATMENT LABORATORY MANUAL Er. SUBRAT KUMAR BEHERA Lecturer in Metallurgy DIPLOMA (3rd YEAR-5th SEMESTER) Department of Metallurgical Engineering ORISSA SCHOOL OF MINING ENGINEERING, KEONJHAR A Government of Odisha institution with National Repute Established in the Year 1956 (Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to SCTE&VT, Odisha,BBSR) HEAT TREATMENT PROCESSES In general, heat treatment can be defined as an operation, or the combination of operations that involve heating and cooling of a metal in solid phase to obtain certain required properties. The ferrous materials can be heated to above transformation temperature and can be heat – treated to obtain different structure. The different heat treatment processes are based on heating the material to certain temperature and employing different cooling rates. In this process, heating temperature and rate of cooling adopted plays an important role. The different processes are: Annealing • Stress-relief annealing. • Process annealing. • Spheroidsing. • Full annealing. Normalizing Hardening(Quenching) Tempering Austenite, also known as gamma phase iron (γ-Fe), is a metallic, non-magnetic allotrope of iron or a solid solution of carbon in gamma iron (γ-Fe). It forms above 7230C. It has a FCC crystal structure. The maximum solubility of carbon in austenite is 2.13 % at 1147Oc Fig: - Iron- Carbon Diagram EXPERIMENT-1 Aim: - Annealing of plain carbon steel Apparatus Required: - Hacksaw blade Plain Carbon Steel (Mild Steel) Sample Muffle Furnace File Emery Paper Double disc polisher Etchant (Nital) [98% C2H6OH + 2% HNO3] Metallurgical Microscope Theory: - Annealing generally involves heating to a predetermined temperature, holding at this temperature and finally cooling at a very slow rate The temperature and holding time depend on a variety of factors such as composition, size, shape and final properties desired Annealing treatment can be classified into subdivisions based on temperature of treatment, phase transformation occuring during the treatment and the purpose of the treatment. -
Optimizing Microstructure and Property by Ausforming in a Medium-Carbon Bainitic Steel
ISIJ International, Vol. 60 (2020),ISIJ International, No. 9 Vol. 60 (2020), No. 9, pp. 2007–2014 Optimizing Microstructure and Property by Ausforming in a Medium-carbon Bainitic Steel Guanghui CHEN,1) Haijiang HU,1,2)* Guang XU,1) Junyu TIAN,1,2) Xiangliang WAN1) and Xiang WANG2) 1) The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081 China. 2) Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S4L7 Canada. (Received on January 28, 2020; accepted on March 23, 2020) The transformation behavior and microstructure in a medium-carbon bainitic steel were investigated by combination of metallography and dilatometry. The fine micro-structural units of carbide-free bainite in non-ausformed and ausformed materials were measured by a transmission electron microscope. Mechanical stabilization of austenite in deformed material and its effect on property were analyzed by nanoindentation and tensile tests. Ausforming with a strain of 0.2 at 573 K can not only accelerate bainite transformation, but also improve the comprehensive properties. The strength and ductility of nanostruc- tured bainitic steel can be simultaneously enhanced by ausforming, which should be attributed to the refinement of bainite and the enhanced volume fraction of retained austenite. Compared to the non- deformed material, the mechanical stabilization of austenite can be optimized by ausforming, resulting in good transformation-induced plasticity effects. Also a very important advantage was that, the bainite transformation time could be minimized into practical scale by prior ausforming compared to traditional low-temperature austempering. KEY WORDS: ausforming; bainite transformation; retained austenite; property; mechanical stabilization. -
Effect of Ausforming Temperature on the Microstructure of G91 Steel
metals Article Effect of Ausforming Temperature on the Microstructure of G91 Steel Javier Vivas *, Carlos Capdevila, José Antonio Jimenez, Miguel Benito-Alfonso and David San-Martin Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas (CENIM), Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda Gregorio del Amo, 8, E 28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (C.C.); [email protected] (J.A.J.); [email protected] (M.B.-A.); [email protected] (D.S.-M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-91-553-89-00; Fax: +34-91-534-74-25 Received: 18 May 2017; Accepted: 23 June 2017; Published: 27 June 2017 Abstract: The development of thermomechanical treatments (TMT) has a high potential for improving creep-strength in 9Cr-1Mo ferritic/martensitic steel (ASTM T/P91) to operate at temperatures beyond 600 ◦C. To maximize the number of nanoscale MX precipitates, an ausforming procedure has been used to increase the number of nucleation sites for precipitation inside the martensite lath. Relative to standard heat treatments (consisting of austenitization at about 1040 ◦C followed by tempering at about 730 ◦C) this processing concept has enabled achieving a microstructure containing approximately three orders of magnitude higher number density of MX precipitates having a size around four times smaller in ASTM T/P91 steel. On the other hand; this TMT has little effect on the size and number density of M23C6 particles. The optimized microstructure produced by this TMT route proposed is expected to improve the creep strength of this steel. Keywords: creep resistant steels; carbonitrides precipitation; martensite; tempering; thermomechanical treatment; ferritic/martensitic steel; MX nanoprecipitates 1. -
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Ausforming And
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Ausforming and Tempering of a Computationally Designed Ultra-High Strength Steel A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering by Johny Quan September 2018 Thesis Committee: Dr. Suveen N. Mathaudhu, Chairperson Dr. Masaru P. Rao Dr. Peter A. Greaney Copyright by Johny Quan 2018 The Thesis of Johny Quan is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements The research work of this thesis was carried out at the Mathaudhu Research Lab, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and Central Facility for Advanced Microscopy and Microanalysis (CFAMM) at the University of California, Riverside. The research was funded by QuesTek Innovations LLC under the Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) project “Adaptation of Ferrium M54 for Personal Armor.” This research work would not have been possible without the support of many these past two years. I would like to acknowledge and thank: • Dr. Suveen Mathaudhu for not only serving as my advisor, but for guiding my research and fostering my passion for materials science and superheroes. It has been such a huge blessing to learn from you these past four years since ME 114. I also thank you for your patience with me when I would be off skydiving or staying up all night watching Luke Cage when I should have been in the lab or getting rest for a full day of work at PNNL. I look forward to many more years of friendship with you, Alicia, Leia and Maya. • Dr. Thomas Kozmel from QuesTek for providing the opportunity to work on such an exciting project and providing technical expertise these past two years.