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Ttu Fujita 000282.Pdf (6.454Mb) SATELLITE & MESOMETEOROLOGY 1 RESEARCH PROJECT I \\ I \ \ \ Department of the Geophysical Sciences I \ \ The University of Chicago \ \ I \ \ I \ \ I \ \ \ I \ \ I I AIRCRAFT, SPACECRAFT, SATELLITE, AND RADAR I OBSERVATIONS OF HURRICANE GLADYS, 1968 I I by I R. Cecil Gentry I National Hurricane Research Laboratory I Tets uya T. Fujita I University of Chicago I and Robert C. Sheets National Hurricane Research Laboratory __:._L--==-==~ l SMRP Research Paper Nwnber 83 May 1970 MESOMETEOROLOGY PROJECT --- RESEARCH PAPERS 1. • Report on the Chicago Tornado of March 4, 1961 - Rodger A. Brown and Tetsuya Fujita 2. • Index to the NSSP Surface Network - Tetsuya Fujita 3. • Outline of a Technique for Precise Rectification of Satellite Cloud Photographs - Tetsuya Fujita 4. • Horizontal Structure of Mountain Winds - Henry A. Brown 5. • An Investigation of Developmental Processes of the Wake Depression Through Excess Pressure Analysis of Nocturnal Showers - Joseph L. Goldman 6. • Precipitation in the 1960 Flagstaff Mesometeorological Network - Kenneth A. Styber 7. •• On a Method of Single- and Dual-hnage Photogrammetry of Panoramic Aerial Photographs - Tetsuya Fujita 8. A Review of Researches on Analytical Mesometeorology - Tetsuya Fujita 9. • Meteorological Interpretations of Convective Nephsystems Appearing in TIROS Cloud Photographs - Tetsuya Fujita, Tos hlmitsu Ushijima, William A. Hass, and George T. Dellert, Jr. 10. Study of the Development of Prefrontal Squall-Systems Using NSSP Network Data - Joseph L. Goldman 11. Analysis of Selected Aircraft Data from NSSP Operation, 1962 - Tetsuya Fujita 12. Study of a Long Condensation Trail Photographed by TIROS I - Toshimitsu Ushijima 13. A Technique for Precise Analysis of Satellite Data; Volume I - Photogrammetry (Published as MSL Report No. 14) - Tetsuya Fujita 14. Investigation of a Summer Jet Stream Using TIROS and Aerological Data - Kozo Ninomiya 15. Outline of a Theory and Examples for Precise Analysis of Satellite Radiation Data - Tetsuya Fujita 16. Preliminary Result of Analysis of the Cumulonimbus Cloud of April 21, 1961 - Tetsuya Fujita and James Arnold 17. A Technique for Precise Analysis of Satellite Photographs - Tetsuya Fujita 18. • Evaluation of Limb Darkening from TIROS III Radiation Data - S. H.H. Larsen, Tetsuya Fujita, and W.L. Fletcher 19 . Synoptic Interpretation of TIROS III Measurements of Infrared Radiation - Finn Pedersen and Tetsuya Fujita 20. • TIROS III Measurements of Terrestrial Radiation and Reflected and Scattered Solar Radiation - S.H.H. Larsen, Tetsuya Fujita, and W. L. Fletcher 21. On the Low-level Structure of a Squall Line - Henry A. Brown 22. • Thunderstorms and the Low-level Jet - William D. Bonner 23. • The Mesoanalysis of an Organized Convective System - Henry A. Brown 24. Preliminary Radar and Photogrammetrlc Study of the Illinois Tornadoes of April 17 and 22 , 1963 - Joseph L. Goldman and Tetsuya Fujita 25. Use of TIROS Pictures for Studies of the Internal Structure of Tropical Storms - Tetsuya Fujita with Rectified Pictures from TIROS I Orbit 125, R/O 128 - Toshlmitsu Ushijima 26. An Experiment in the Determination of Geostrophic and Isallobaric Winds from NSSP Pressure Data - William Bonner 27. Proposed Mechanism of Hook Echo Formation - Tetsuya Fujita with a Preliminary Mesosynoptic Analysis of Tornado Cyclone Case of May 26, 1963 - Tetsuya Fujita and Robbi Stuhmer 28. The Decaying Stage of Hurricane Anna of July 1961 as Portrayed by TIROS Cloud Photographs and Infrared Radiation from the Top of the Storm - Tetsuya Fujita and James Arnold 29. A Technique for Precise Analysis of Satellite Data, Volume Il - Radiation Analysis, Section 6. Fixed-Position Scanning - Tetsu)Q Fujita 30. Evaluation of Errors in the Graphical Rectification of Satelllte Photographs - Tetsuya Fujita 31. Tables of Scan Nadir and Horizontal Angles - William D. Bonner 32. A Simplified Grid Technique for Determining Scan Lines Generated by the TIROS Scanning Radiometer - James E. Arnold 33. A Study of Cumulus Clouds over the Flagstaff Research Network with the Use of U-2 Photographs - Dorothy L. Bradbury and Tetsuya Fujita 34. The Scanning Printer and Its Application to Detailed Analysis of Satellite Radiation Data - Tetsuya Fujita 35. Synoptic Study of Cold Air Outbreak over the Mediterranean using Satellite Photographs and Radiation Data - Aasmund Rabbe and Tetsuya Fujita 36. Accurate Calibration of Doppler Winds for their use In the Computation of Mesoscale Wind Fields - Tetsuya Fujita 37. Proposed Operation of Intrumented Aircraft for Research on Moisture Fronts and Wake Depressions - Tetsuya Fujita and Dorothy L . Bradbury 38. Statistical and Kinematical Properties of the Low -level Jet Stream - William D. Bonner 39. The Illinois Tornadoes of 17 and 22 April 1963 - Joseph L. Goldman 40. Resolution of the Nimbus High Resolution Infrared Radiometer - Tet suya Fujita and William R. Sandeen 41. On the Determination of the Exchange Coefficients In Convective Clouds - Rodger A. Brown Out of Print • • To be published (Continued on back cover) SATELLITE AND MESOMETEOROLOGY RESEARCH PROJECT Department of the Geophysical Sciences The University of Chicago AIRCRAFT, SPACECRAFT, SATELLITE, AND RADAR OBSERVATIONS OF HURRICANE GLADYS , 1968 by R. Cecil Gentry National Hurricane Research Laboratory Tetsuya T. Fujita The University of Chicago and Robert C. Sheets National Hurricane Research Laboratory SMRP Research Paper No. 83 May 1970 The part of this research performed at the University of Chicago has been sponsored by the U. S. Weather Bureau, ESSA under grant E22-69-70(G). · AIRCRAFT, SPACECRAFT, SATELLITE, AND RAD~R OBSERVATIONS OF HURRICANE GLADYS, 1968 . by R. Cecil Gentry National Hurricane Research Laboratory Tetsuya T. Fujita University of Chicago and Robert C. Sheets National Hurricane Research Laboratory ABSTRACT Hurricane Gladys, 17 October 1968, is studied with data collected by the Apollo 7 manned spacecraft, ESSA's especially instrumented aircraft, weather search radar, the ATS III and ESSA 7 satellites and the conventional weather networks. This is the first time data from all of these observing tools have been used to study the structure and dynamics of a hurricane. Techniques used in computing and integrating the various types of data are described and illustrated. A dominant feature of this immature hurricane was a large cloud which provided a major link between the low and high level circulations of the storm. Evidence is presented to suggest this type of cloud and its attendant circulation are features representa­ tive of tropical cyclones passing from the tropical storm to the hur­ ricane stage. 1. Introduction Hurricane Gladys and Apollo 7, the manned spacecraft, by coincidence, were over the Gulf of Mexico at the same time on 17 October 1968. Research aircraft, land based radar, weather satellites, and the conventional weather data networks, by plan, were collecting data on Hurricane Gladys on this same day. The men in Apollo 7 used Gladys as a target of opportunity and obtained some wonderful pictures of the storm. The 1 Portions of this research performed at the University of Chicago have been sponsored by ESSA under .Grant NSSL- E-22-41-69. 2 combination of these circumstances provided us with a rare opportunity to use data from a number of sources to study the structure and dynamics of a tropical cyclone. The list of observing tools trained on Gladys is indeed impressive. Two aircraft (one DC-6 and one B-57) from ESSA's Research Flight Facility flew in the hurricane. ESSA's WSR-57 radars at Tampa, Key West and Miami observed the storm from the outside; ATS III and ESSA 7 satellites took pictures from above; the conventional surface and upper air weather networks of the United States and neighboring countries collected data on the ambient conditions; and during a 2-minute period about 1530 GMT, the Apollo 7 crew took 5 color pictures of the storm. The research aircraft crews took pictures of the clouds every 2 to 5 seconds, 'photographs of the radar scopes every sweep, and measurements of wind direction, speed, temperature and D-value every second. Hurricanes have been studied in the past with land based radar data (Wexler, 1947; Kessler and Atlas, 1956; and Newman and Boyd, 1962), with aircraft data (LaSeur and Hawkins, 1963; and Gentry, 1964, 1967) arrl a combination of aircraft and satellite data (Hawkins and Rubsam, 1968a, 1968b; and Fett, 1968). It is believed, however, that this is the first time so many observational tools were used in a single storm study. Initially, we proposed to determine how best to integrate output from these various observational tools in a study of a weather phenomena. In the process of the study we learned several interesting things about an immature hurricane and gained further insight of the mechanism by which the convective and synoptic scales interact to change a tropical storm into a hurricane. In this paper, therefore, we present examples of the various types of data collected and analyzed, show how they complement each other, and discuss the structure and dynamics of the developing storm. The Apollo 7 picture of Hurricane Gladys (Fig. 1) is dominated by a large circular shaped cloud which was near but to the north of the hurricane center. Analyses showed this to be one of the most interesting features of the storm and an essential link in the radial-vertical circulation of mass through the hurricane. We called it the circular exhaust cloud (CEC) and will discuss its formation and evolution in some detail. 3 a. History of Hurricane Gladys A disturbed weather area formed on the ITC near San Andres in the western Caribbean on 13 October. After drifting slowly north-northwestward it intensified into tropical storm Gladys on 15 October (Sugg and Herbert, 1969). Gladys reached hurricane intensity before reaching the south coast of Cuba. Although it weakened some while crossing that country, it was near hurricane force when i.t passed_into the Florida Straits area late on 16 October (Fig. 2). Gladys moved in a gi!reraily northerly direction during the night of the 16th and the morning of the 17th.
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