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Chapter – 5 Hydrology and Water Assessment

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Chapter – 5 Hydrology and Water Assessment Chapter – 5 Hydrology and Water Assessment 5.0 General The proposed Ponnaiyar (Nedungal) - Palar link project envisages diversion of 86 Mm 3 of flood waters of Ponnaiyar river occurring at Krishnagiri dam for recharging ground water in Palar basin for stabilizing the existing ayacut being irrigated under open wells/bore wells in Vaniyambadi taluka of Vellore district as well as feeding system tanks (Eris) in enroute areas of Krishnagiri and Pochampalli talukas of Krishnagiri district and Tirupattur taluka of Vellore district besides providing drinking water supply to about 1.52 lakh people enroute the link canal. The Ponnaiyar (Nedungal)-Palar link project area has four distinct seasons viz., dry period from January to February, hot period from March to May, south-west monsoon from June to September and north-east monsoon from October to December. The climate is cold from December to February followed by hot season from March to May. In general, the project area has a pleasant climate. The hydrology and water availability studies of the project are based on the Rainfall-Runoff relationship developed at Krishnagiri dam site. However, the divertable quantity is based on the average flood spills during monsoon period from the existing Krishnagiri dam. 5.1 General Information about Regions (a) Ponnaiyar Basin The climate of the basin area is pleasant throughout the year, as per the climatological data observed at Dharmapuri IMD station which is nearer to the project area. The average annual rainfall of the basin is 977 mm. The basin receives about 76% of the annual rainfall during monsoon period i.e. from June to December. The normal daily maximum and minimum temperature found to be 37.1 o C and 17.2 o C in the months of April and January respectively. The normal maximum and minimum relative humidity is found to be 78% and 31% in the months of December and March respectively. The normal maximum and minimum wind velocities are 10.30 km/hr in June and 4.60 km/hr in October. The normal maximum cloud cover is 6.6 oktas during the month of July, where as the normal minimum cloud cover is 1.50 oktas is found during the month of March. 65 (b) Palar Basin The climate of the Palar basin area is pleasant throughout the year except during summer. The average annual rainfall of the basin is 891 mm. The basin receives most of the rainfall from the south-west and north-east monsoons as such June to December is considered as monsoon period. As per the climatological data of IMD observatory located at Vellore the basin receives about 80% of the annual rainfall during the monsoon period. The normal daily maximum and minimum temperature is 38.9 o C in May and 18.1 o C in January respectively. The normal relative humidity varies from 37% in the month of March to 86% in the month of December. The normal maximum and minimum wind speed is found 10.4 km/hr during June and 5.5 km/hr during October. The normal maximum cloud cover is 6.9 oktas during July and minimum cloud cover 2.0 oktas in May. 5.1.1 Specific Information 5.1.1.1 Drainage Basin (a) Ponnaiyar Basin The Ponnaiyar is a major river amongst the streams between Palar and Cauvery. The Ponnaiyar basin is part of the basin area covered by the streams between Palar and Cauvery. The basin area covered by the streams between Palar and Cauvery comprises four rivers viz., Ongur, Varahanadi, Ponnaiyar including Gadilam and Vellar with each of the four rivers draining independently in to the Bay of Bengal. The Ponnaiyar river originates near Nandidurg in Kolar district of Karnataka State at an elevation of about 900 m above mean sea level. The total length of the river is about 351 km and its average bed slope is 1 in 390. The river basin lies between latitudes 11 o 45’ N and 13 o 30’ N and longitudes 77 o 33’ E and 79 o 47’ E. The total catchment area of Ponnaiyar including Gadilam rivers is 15679 km 2 of which 3545 km 2 lies in Karnataka, 133 km 2 in Andhra Pradesh, 11961 km 2 in Tamil Nadu and 40 km 2 in Union Territory of Puducherry. The entire basin area covered by the streams between Palar and Cauvery has been divided in to three hydrological zones viz., Zone-I: Varahanadi basin (4513 km 2), Zone-II: Ponnaiyar basin including Gadilum river (15679 km 2) and Zone-III: Vellar basin (8086 km 2). The river network in Ponnaiyar and Palar basins showing the above three Zones is depicted in Fig 5.1 . The Ponnaiyar basin covers Kolar, Chikballapur, Bengaluru urban including Bengaluru city and Bengaluru rural districts of Karnataka; Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh; Dharmapuri, Krishnagiri, Salem, Vellore Thiruvannamalai, Villupuram and Cuddalore districts of Tamil Nadu; and Union Territory of Puducherry. The Ponnaiyar basin is bounded by 66 Arkavathi and Chinnar sub-basins of Cauvery basin on the west, Vellar sub-basin on the south, Palar basin on the north and Bay of Bengal on the East. Markanda nadi, Vanniar, Pambar, Kallar and Gadilam are the tributaries of Ponnaiyar river. (b) Palar Basin The Palar river originates in Kolar district of Karnataka state near Kaivara village at an altitude of 900 m to the west of Ambojidurga and Rahamankhar peaks. The river basin lies between the latitudes 12 o 15’ N to 13 o 37’ N and longitudes 77 o 53’ E to 80 o 10’ E. The total length of the river is 348 km. The total catchment area of the basin is 17871 km 2 of which 2813 km 2 lies in Karnataka, 5018 km 2 in Andhra Pradesh and 10040 km 2 lies in Tamil Nadu. The tributaries of Palar are Poini, Malattar, Kal Ar, Kaundinya Nadi and Cheyyar. Poini joins Palar from the left side of the river near Ranipet and Cheyyar joins from the right side near Gurumancheri. The Palar basin covers Bengaluru Rural, Chikballapur and Kolar districts of Karnataka state; Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh; and Vellore, Thiruvannamalai, Kancheepuram and Thiruvallur districts of Tamil Nadu. The basin is bounded by streams between Palar and Cauvery in the west and south, Pennar basin in the north and streams between Pennar and Palar in the east. 67 68 5.1.1.2 Command Area The Ponnaiyar (Nedungal) - Palar link project envisages diversion of 86 Mm 3 of flood waters of Ponnaiyar river from Nedungal Anicut to the water starved Vaniyambadi Taluka of Palar basin along with enroute areas of Krishnagiri and Vellore districts for recharging the Ground water for stabilizing the existing irrigated area to an extent of about 9850 ha annually which is now being irrigated through open wells and bore wells. Out of 9850 ha an area of 7950 ha will be benefitted in Vaniyambadi Taluka of Vellore district by utilising about 57.926 Mm 3 of water and 1900 ha in enroute areas of Krishnagiri and Vellore districts by utilising about 17.215 Mm 3 besides providing drinking water supply to 1.52 lakh people by utilising 3.882 Mm 3. 5.1.1.3 Floods and Drainage (a) Ponnaiyar Basin The gauge and discharge data is being observed by the Public Works Department, Govt. of Tamil Nadu at Krishnagiri dam on Ponnaiyar river which is about 16 km upstream of the existing Nedungal Anicut. The daily inflow data is available for a period of 52 years i.e., from 1958-59 to 2009-10. The maximum observed flood at Krishnagiri dam was 3007 cumec on 11.11.1903. The design flood of Krishnagiri dam was 4234 cumec. (b) Palar Basin The gauge and discharge data is being recorded by Central Water Commission at Arcot G&D site on Palar river and is available from the year 1972. The maximum observed discharge at this G&D site was 528.2 cumec on 13.09.1981. The Hydrometeorological, Hydrological stations and Isohyetals in Ponnaiyar and Palar river systems are shown in Fig 5.2 and 5.3 respectively. 69 70 71 5.1.1.4 River Geometry The schematic diagram of Ponnaiyar and Palar river systems is as in Fig. 5.4 gives an overview of the river geometry. Fig .- 5.4 Schematic diagram of the Ponnaiyar – Palar river system with Major structures and link canal 72 5.1.1.5 Groundwater Recharge The proposed diversion through link canal recharges the ground water enroute the link canal and in Palar basin, thereby raising ground water table as well as improvement in the quality of water. As per the Central Ground Water Board studies the long term water level fluctuation for the period from 1998 - 2007 indicates rise in water level in Vellore district ranges from 0.0025 to 0.5264 m/year. The fall in water level ranges between 0.568 to 2.3958 m/year. 5.1.1.6 Reservoir Area The Ponnaiyar (Nedungal) - Palar link canal off-takes from the existing Nedungal Anicut across Ponnaiyar river. The Anicut is situated in Krishnagiri Taluka of Krishnagiri District near Nedungal Village at latitude 12 o 22’ N and longitude 78 o 16’ E. The Anicut is located 16 km downstream of the existing Krishnagiri dam. The crest level of the Anicut is 434.71 m. The Anicut is approachable by all weather roads nearby. The flood water spills from existing Krishnagiri dam will be regulated to link canal through existing Nedungal Anicut. The Krishnagiri dam is located in Krishnagiri District of Tamil Nadu near Krishnagiri Town.
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