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Environmental Assessment i 3
| Report EX 2853 November 1993
I
HR Wallingjford
.egbatcredOtficc: HR Wallitihgrird l,id. IHowbcryI'irk. Wnllingford.Oxfordshire. OXID 8BA. UK Te1qtonic:0491 835381 ItiicromtlionIal+ 44 491 835381 Tclcx: 848552HRSWAL G. 5 Facsiimi: 0491 832233I:ileritialioial + 44 491 83233 Regisicrcdin EnglandNo. 2562099 HR Wallingford Lid is a wholly ownedsulsidiary orIIR WallingfordGroup Ltd.
EX 2853 2v9t t91 * Contract
This reportdescribes work commissioned in May 1993by the World Bankfor completionIn November1993. The HR Job Numberswere TOR 1478and I TVR 1557. This work was carried out by Dr P Bolton and Mr A W Hall, Section Managers,Overseas Development Unit and Dr B B Sunderesen, environmentalconsultant.
Preparedby d...... (narne) (Jo~~~~~~~~~~~blitle)
Approvedby ......
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! HR WallingfordLimited 1993 e p
EX2853 W11/9:3 Summary
TamilnaduWater Resources Consolidation Project - EnvironmentalAssessment
ReportEX 2853 November1993
This environmentalassessment has been preparedby HR Wallingfordand Dr B B Sunderesanin collaborationwith the PublicWorks Department of the Governmentof Tamilnadu.Field studieswere undertakenbetween May and July 1993 and the reportcompleted in November1993. The environmental * assessmentgives an overviewof the water resourcessector of the state o; Tamilnadu. 1t forms an integralpart of the Water ResourcesConsolidation Projectand in somerespects covers issues beyond the scopeof that project. A separateExecutive Summary has beenprepared for the World Bank.
Waterresources are of primeimportance in the stateand theproject integrates I environmental considerations into agricultural and water resources development. During preparation of the environmentalassessment, informationhas been providedto the preparationand pre-appraisalmissions I of the WorldBank so thatspecific components of the projecttake intoaccount environmentalissues at theplanning stage. An environmentalaction plan has been preparedand this formsan integralpart of the project.
The consultantswish to express their appreciationfor the considerable assistanceprovided by the staff of the PWD and all other govemmentand non-governmentorganisations and individualswho have providedvaluable informationand advice.
E I I I I
EX 2853 29t111D3 Glossary and List of Abbreviations
AED AgriculturalEngineering Division anicut Weir |yacut Irrigatedland CAD Commandarea development (programmes) cess Water tax crore 10.000.000 EA Environmentalassessment (general) EAP Environmentalaction plan EIA EnvironmentalImpact Assessment (specific procedure) * FA FarmerAssociation FAO Foodand AgriculturalOffice FC FarmerCounr 'I I ghat Mountainchain GOI Governmentof India GOTN Governmentof Tamilnadu = IIT Indian Instituteof Technology IMTI IrrigationManagement Training Institute IWS Institutefor WaterStuidies I lakh 100.000 MEF Ministryof Environmentand Forests(GOI) Metrowater MadrasMetropolitan Water Supplyand SewerageBoard MMWSSB MadrasMetropolitan Water Supplyand SewerageBoard NEERI NationalEnvironmental Engineering Research Institute NGO Non-governmentalorganisation NWMP NationalWater Management Project OFD On-f3rmdevelopment (works) panchayats Local(village) councils I PWD PublicWorks Department RBM RiverBasin Management unri (proposed) Rp IndianRupee SIDCO SmallIndustries Development Corporation TNEB TamilnaduElectricity Board TNPCB TamilnaduPollution Control Board TNWRCP TamilnaduWater ResourcesConsolidation Project TOR Termsof reference TWADBoard TamrilnaduWater Supply and DrainageBoard UNDTC UnitedNations Dept of TechnicalCooperation for Development WRC WaterResources Control and ReviewCouncil WRCP WaterResources Consolidation Project WRD WaterResources Department (proposed)
Exchangerate: US$1 = Rp 31.00(November 1993)
l i
EX 28S3 29/11W3 l Contents
Pago
Titlepage Contract Summary Contents
PARTA: ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT
I Introduction ...... 1 1.1 The setting ...... 1 I 1.2 The context ...... 3 1.3 The project ...... 5 1.3.1 Institutionalstrengthening component ...... 5 i t.3.2 Irrigationrehabilitation and modernisation component...... 6 1.3.3 On-goingminor schemes component ...... 7
2 Regulatory procedures, legislation and linkages ...... 8 2.1 Environmentalprotection ...... 8 I 2.2 Water qualityregulations ...... 10 2.3 Irrigationand waterresources regulations ...... 11 2.4 Intersectoralcoordination ...... 12
3 Overview of environmentalstatus in Tamllnadu ...... 13 3.1 Surface water . .13 3.1.1 TambaraparaniBasin ...... 14 3.1.2 Vaigai-PeriyarBasin ...... 15 3.1.3 Parambikulam-AliyarBasin ...... 16 3.1.4 BhavaniBasin ...... 16 3.1.5 CauveryBasin ...... 17 3.1.6 PennajyarBasin ...... 18 3.1.7 PalarBasin ...... 18 3.2 Groundwater...... 19 3.3 Water quality ...... 20 3.3.1 Surfacewater ...... 21 3.3.2 G,.oundwater...... 21 3.3.3 Waterquality standards ...... 22 3.4 Soil and land resources...... 23 I 3.4.1 Soil and land use ...... 23 3.4.2 Agriculture ...... 24 3.4.3 Soil conservation...... 25 3.5 Ecologicalresources ...... 27 3.6 Coastalresources ...... 28 3.7 Energy, mineralsand air ...... 29 3.8 Human resources ...... 30 3.8.1 Tribalminorities ...... 31 3.8.2 Culturalaspects ...... 31 3.8.3 Healtlhaspects ...... 32
EX2853 2Vt11t93 Contents continued
4 EnvironmentalIssues arising from WRCP...... 34 4.1 Introduction...... 34 4.2 Catchmentprotection ...... 35 4.3 Surfacewater allocation...... 36 4.4 Irrigationwater management...... 37 4.5 Groundwater...... 39 4.6 Surfacewater quality .40 4.7 Waterqualty for the commandareas .40 4.8 Groundwaterquality . 41 4.9 Rivermorphology and flooding.42 4.10 Energy.43 4.11 Coastaland estuaryregions . 43 4.12 Siltationof tanks,reservoirs and canals ...... 43 4.13 Waterloggingand salinisation.45 4.14 Fisheries...... 45 4.15 Wildlife.46 _ 4.16 Agriculturalweeds and pests ...... 47 4.17 Aquaticweeds ...... 47 4.18 Communityinvolvement ...... 48 4.19 Communityhealth ...... 49 4.20 Landacquisition and economicrehabilitation ...... 49 4.21 Constructionactivities ...... 50
5 The role of non-governmentalorganisations ...... 51 5.1 Farmers'Associations ...... 51 5.2 The role of women ...... 51 5.3 Other NGOs ...... 52 5.4 Participationof NGOsin the WRCP ...... 52
6 Conclusions and Recommendations...... 53 6.1 Generalsectoral conclusions ...... 53 6.2 WRCPconclusion ...... 54
PARTB: ENVIRONMENTALACTION PLAN
I Introduction...... 59
2 Reviewof policy and institutional issues ...... 59
3 Institutional needs ...... 60 | 3.1 IWS EnvironmentDivision ...... 60 3.2 WRD (Plan Formulation)Environment Cell ...... 61 3.3 RBM(Plan Formulatio;7 & Coordination) Environment I Cells.62 3.4 Equipment ...... 62
DX 2853 29111193 Contents continued
4 Role and functions of Uheenvironmental units ...... 63 4.1 Policyand new legislation...... 63 I 4.2 Environmentalassessment procedures/guidelines and codes. 63 4.3 River basinplans .64 I 4.4 Data collectionand monitoring.65 4.5 Eco-gardensand eco-restoration.66
5 Training and awarenessbuilding ...... 66
6 Consultancy inputs .68
7 Applied research and development needs .69
8 Cost estimate for the EAP...... 71
Tables Table 1 Detailsof on-goingminor schemes Table 2 GOI recommended.Tolerance limi.s for inlandsurface water Table 3 Irrigabilityclasses of waterand water quality criteria for classificationof groundwater Table 4 Tolerancelimits for tradeeffluents Table 5 Sedimentationof selectedreservoirs/tanks in Tamilnadu Table 6 Wldlife sanctuariesin Tamiinadu Table 7 Costestimates for the EnvironmentalAction Pian
Figures Figure1 Tarnilnaduriver basins Figure2 Tamilnaduhydrogeology Figure3 Annualrainfall Figure4 Rainfallfrom southwestand northeastmonsoons Figure5 Groundwaterexploitation in 1992 Figure6 Elec'ricalconductivity of groundwater Figure7 Majorand mediumirrigation schemes Figure8 Main soil types Figure9 Wiidlifesanctuaries and forests Figure10 Organigramof the proposedWater Resources Dept. Figure11 Organigramof RiverBasin Management Unit Figure12 EAPimplementation schedule
Appendices Appendix1 Government of Tamilnadu Acts related to water resourcesand the environment Appendix2 Ministryof Environmentand ForestsNotification Appendix3 Proposed programmefor EnvironmentalAwareness BuildingWorkshop for SeniorStaff of the PWDIWRD I Appendix4 Issuesto be coveredin the code of good construction practice Appendix5 References
EX 2BS3 2/1 1/13 I _ I I U
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I IPARTA:
I ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT
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U I I
FX 295 29111/9
U l
1 Introduction
The Governmentof Tamilnadu,with the support of the World Bank, has formulatedthe WaterResources Consolidation Project In orderto improvethe managementof the water resourcesof the state. The project aims to Introduce a more rational and sustainable system of water use and managementthroughout the stateand represents a fundamentalshift from the U previousemphasis on designand construction of newprojects. The rationale for this approachstems from an awarenessthat the ever increasingand conflictingdemands for water will result in a severecrisis unless steps aie taken to improvewater use and allocation. This was clearly stated in the WorldBank Aide Memoire(June 1993):
| "TheWRCP would support Tamilnadu's objectives to make betteruse of its waterresources. The objectivewould be to assistthe proposedWater ResourcesDepartment to adjustits activitiesand expendituresto the new I challengesof efficient water resourcesmanagement. In the light of Tamilnadu'swater scarcity,there is a needto maximisethe productivity and environmentalsustainability of landand water, improve planning, and I theallocation of water betweenagricultural and non-agriculturalsectors, upgradeexisting irrigation,drainage and flood control and bulk water supply infrastructure,and completeviable investments. Water users | needto becomemore involved in water managementand maintenance, and cost recovery improved. Integral to these challenges wil be institutionaladjustments and improvements to enablethese objectivesto be achieved."
This report is divided into two parts,the environmentalassessment and the environmentalaction plan. In part A, followingthe introductionand detailsof the legalaspects in chapters1 and2, the environmentalassessment gives an overviewof the water resourcessector in chapter3 and morespecific issues raisedby the projectin chapter4. Chapter5 reviewsthe role of the NGOsin the projectand chapter6 givesoverall conclusions. Part B of the reportis the environmentalaction plan andthe aim of this is to ensurethat environmental enhancementis an in-builtpart of projectimplementation.
1.1 The setting HistoricallyTamilnadu has been a prosperousregion basing its prosperityon a productiveagricultural base. Beginningabout 1.000years ago a systemof tank irrigationwas introducedto augmentproduction and providesecurity againstthe relativelyshort and erraticmonsoonal rains. These tanks were I largelyindependent of each other and were managedand operatedby the local communityin a way which conservedboth the soil and the water resources. Managementgroups and hierarchiesbecame established, some I of whichremain in someform up to the presenttime. Todaythere are 39,000 tanksin Tamilnadu.the majorityof whichremain 'rain-red': such rain-fedtanks are fed solely by run-off from their own catchments. This representsan - averageof onetank for every1,400 of population.
_ Duringthe Britishcolonial period a majorchange took place : the ownership - of land and water was taken from the communitiesand vested in the govemmentdirectly or throughthe Zamindaisystem. Villagersno longersaw it as theirduty to maintainprotective vegetation and to engagein regulartaink
1 eX 253 29 11u93 and canal desiltingoperations. Althoughownership of land was restoredat Independence,ownership of waterremains with the govemment (as describod in Section 1.2 below). Communities,therefore, have not regained their I traditionalattitude towards the conservationof their watersources. Added to this, increasingrural population pressures both In theirrigated areas and in the tank catchments,increasing demands for waterby urbanareas and industrles I and the releaseof increasingamounts of pollutantsinto surfacewater and groundwater,have broughtabout a criticalsituation in someparts of the state where existingwater resourcesare alreadyheavily committed and unlikelyto i meet projectedfuture demandseven withoutthe effect of siltationwhich is reducingthe availabilityof good qualitywater continuously.
Undoubtedly,management of water resourcesby governmenthas brought substantialbenefits. A massiveincrease in irrigatedarea has been achieved overthe last 100years withoutwhich the populationcould not havebeen fed. (Althoughfamine was commonin the 19thcentury, there has beenonly one notable famine in Tamilnaduthis century, in 1952/53,which was fairly localised. Droughtsremain common but faminehas been controlled). This has beenachieved by buildinglarge storage dams on majorrivers as well as anicuts (weirs),headworks and supply canals whichnot only feed irrigated land directly but also feed water into cascadesof tanks to ensure reliable suppliesare availableto existingirrigated land. This is not withoutits effects: only two of Tamilnadu's32 large,medium and minor,east-flowing rivers (the Tambaraparaniand the Cauvery)can nowbe regardedas perennial. Many of the rest flow only for periodsof a week or two during the height of the 9 monsoons.
Groundwater,again usedtraditionally for centuries,is also heavilyexploited in many parts of the state with very little controlover the numerousirrigation wells whichnow exist. Indeed,over-exploitation is currentlyexacerbated by the State Government'spolicy of providingfree electricityfor agricultural | pumps. In severalregions this, combinedwith urbanuse, is now resultingin intrusionof sea water into over-pumpedaquifers.
GivenTamilnadu's current population growth rate of just under1.5% per year andthe increasingexpectations for watersupplies of a richerurban population, it is clear that the state faces a crisis which will worsen in the next few decadesunless urgent steps are takento improvethe watersituation. Such a crisiswill affect not onlythe healthand wellbeingof the populationbut also the productionof industry,the stabiliy of the regional economyand the ecology of the natural environment. There is no doubt that wise water I managementis the key to the futuresustainability of Tamilnadu'seconomy, societyand environment.
In the light of the situationin Tamilnaduand the abovep-oject objectives, the environmentalassessment (EA) has taken ona newdimension. It is no longer simplya scrutinyof a specificproject to discoverwhether some troublesome I impactshave been overlooked by theproject planners; although this reportwill also attemptto fulfil this traditionalfunction of an EA. Far moreimportant, in this case, is to considerthe projectwilhin the wholewater resourcessector U and ask whetherit is indeedlikely to contributeto a more productiveand sustainablesystem of land and water utilisalionin Tamilnadu,whether the necessaryfundamental changes in approachare likely to result from the | project,whether there are any factorswhich need closer consideration if long- term sustainabilityis to be achievedand what form of proceduraland
2 EX 2853 29111/93 l administrativeset-up will best help towardslong-term sustainabllty. Clearly, one projectcannot resolvo agl the problemsassociated with the wholesector and where it is felt that an issue is beyondthe scopeof the WRCPattentilon will be drawnto this as it couldassist the GOTNin formulatingactions through otherprojects or in its everydayoperations. 1.2 The context State Governmentsin India carry the responsibliftyfor the developmentof water and other natural resourceswithin their state borders. The Central Governmentbecornes involved when the itwestmenton individualprojects exceeds the level which can be supportedsolel't by state funds or when proposedresource use has implicationsfor more than one state (as is the casewith inter-staterivers).
In Tamilnadu,as in most other states, irrigation 13s been treated as a completelyseparate activity from agriculturedespite the fact that a significant proportionof agriculturaloutput relies on irrigation.This separation arises from the fact that, until recently,the maingovernment responsibility with regardto irrigationwas seenas the constructionof new irrigationsystems, Irrigation, therefore,became the responsibilityof the engineersof the Public Works Department(PWD) whose other responsibilities include the constructionand maintenanceof publicbuildings and floodand coastaldefences but not roads and highways.
Havingconstructed irrigation systems and reservoirs,the PWDwas giventhe responsibilityfor managingthe releaseand distributionof water and hence becamethe principalagency responsible for the managementof bothsurface _ andground waters which became formalised in a seriesof GovernmentOrders and state legislationas describedin Cnapter2. Thus, in effect,ownership of water becamevested in the PWD on behalf of the State Government. _ However,a variety of otherdepartments have direct interestin aspectsof water resourcesdevelopment and use,the principalones being:
i * The supplyof waterand collection and disposal of sewagein Madrascity and neighbouringarea is the responsibilityof the MadrasMetropolitan Water Supplyand SewerageBoard (Metrowater);
* * The developmentof water and sanitationfor other urbanareas of the respective municipal authorities and rural communities is the responsibilityof theTamilnadu Water Supply and DrainageBoard (TWAD Board): j * The controland monitoringof pollutionand, in particular,the enforcement * of effluent disposalstandards is the responsibilityof the Tamnilnadu PollutionControl Board (TNPCB);
I * The developmentof water supplies for large industries is the responsibilityof the individualindustries whilst that of smallerindustries is the responsibilityof the Small IndustriesDevelopment Corporation (SIDCO); The developmentand managementof on-farmirrigation works (to areas I of about1 Oha) is theresponsibility of theAgricultural Engineering Division (AED) underthe Departmentof Agriculture:
3 EX 28S3 2Wt1/j3 * Individualsare free to develop wells and boreholes for providing groundwaterfor domesticand agricultural use.
* The Tamilnadu Bectricity Board (TNEB) Is required to supply free electricityfor pumpingwater for agriculturaluse providedthat the wells are not in certainprohibited locations:
* The TNEB is also responsiblefor the operationof all hydroelectricpower stations;and r
* The Agricultural EngineeringDivision (AED) of the Departmentof A1,,iculture is responsiblefor soil conservationin river valley project I areas.
Whenwater was perceivedto be relativelyplentiful, a fairly inforrnalsystem of resourceallocation was foundto be adequate.The PWD,and in particularthe ChiefEngineers for Irrigationand Groundwater,took the lead in ensuringthat competinginterests did not conflict. However,this was always done on an ad hoc, projectby project,basis: therewas no attemnptmade to introducea comprehensiveapproach to the managementof the overall water resource. If conflictsof interestarose, a simplepriority rule was appliedas follows:
(i) drinkingwater (ii) irrigation (iii) hydroelectricpower I (iv) industrialand otherusers.
Navigationis not consideredas therehas neverbeen a major water use for navigationin Tamilnadu.Noticeably the environmentalaspects of waterdo not appearas a consideration.The needfor a morecomprehensive approach to walerallocation and managementis nowacute with the increasingcompetition whichis arisingbetween users.
Lintilrecently, water resourcesinvestments in India as elsewherehave been focusedon large sii.;le projectsoften involvingconstruction of a major dam and storagereservoir. Severalfactors have now combinedto change the emphasisof waterresources investment. First, the issuesof resettlementand environmentalimpacts arising from major dam projects have made it increasinglydifficult to designacceptable projects of this nature. Second,it has been recognisedthat water resourcesmanagement is becominga key issue in many countriesand that a new integratedapproach is needed to replacethe previoussite specificproject investment. Thirdly, in the irrigation sub-sector,it has beenaccepted that largeareas of existingirrigated land are producingat levelsfar belowtheir potentialand the emphasisis now madeon I finding ways of increasingagricultural production from these lands and ensuringsustainability in preferenceto investingin furthernew projects.
The World Bank has a long historyof supportfor specificwater resources projectsin the agriculturalsector in India and also supportsthe emphasison this moreintegrated approach. Although the Govemmentof India is reluctant I to stopbuilding major dams, which it seesas necessaryfor storingthe highly seasonalmonsoon rains which the regionreceives, it does sharethe concern that water resourcesmust be managedin a moreintegrated and sustainable I mannerthan hitherto. In 1992 the Central Water Commissionpublished 'Guidelinesfor SustainableWater Resources Development ar" :Management'
4 EX2BS3 2911tl93 whichset the stage for a new phase of World Banksupport for the water resourcesand agriculturalsectors in India to be called 'Water Resources ConsolidationProjects' (WRCP). In 1992three states began to preparethe necessarypreparation documentation for such projects:Haryana, Tamllnadu and Orissa.
1.3 The project The TamilnaduWater Resources Consoridation Project (WRCP) is a proposed * five year progranmmeinvolving investments and expenditure totalling approximatelyRs 10 000 million(US $ 310 million). The projectcovers the entireState and, amongother things, it aims to:
* introduce a more rational and comprehensiveapproach to water resourcesplanning and managementwhich will prevent conflictsover water resourceallocation and environmentaldegradation;
* improvethe eff iciency of wateruse for irrigationthrough rehabilitation and modemisationand improvedmaintenance so that increasingindustrial and domesticdemands can be met;and
. improve the long-term sustainability of irrigation systems through - enhancedfarmer participation in operationand maintenance. 3 The projectincludes three major components: i) the rehabilitation. modemisation and improved operation and maintenanceof existingirrigation sub-projects including the completion of work already begun under the World Bank's National Water ManagementProject;
ii) the completionof on-goingor plannedirrigation works on a numberof minorirrigation schemes; and 3 iii) institutionalstrengthening, training and specialstudies aimed at bringing about a radicalchange in the proceduresfor planningand managing water resourceuse in Tamilnadu.
It is convenientfirst of all to discussthe changeswhich the projectwill bring in terms of these three componentparts whichare elaboratedbelow. The institutionalstrengthening component, although not financially the biggest,has the potentialfor bringingabout the mostpositive far-reaching changes for the water relatedenvironment and is thereforedescribed first.
1.3.1 Institutional strengthening component These are the changesplanned within the WRCPwhich will, if successful, bringabout the morerational and sustainableuse uf waterresources required to preventconflicts in wateruse in Tamilnaduand environmental degradation. A numberof fundamentalchanges have been discussedbetween the World Bankand the Govemmentof Tamilnadu(GOTN), the main components being:
(a) The creationof a Water ResourcesDepartment (WRD) is proposed comprisingthose parts of the PWDwhich were previously concerned with U water or irrigation.The WRD will have a new structurewhich will make it administrativelymore efficient and will be headedby an Engineerin Chief. A numberof otherchanges are proposedincluding a reviewof the
5 EX28I3 29t11J93 l career structureand redeploymentof engineersto achieve greater efficiency. 3 (b) The creationof four RiverBasin Management Units (RBMs) Is proposed to assumeresponsibility for water resourcesplanning and management in the four hydrologicalregions into which Tamilnaduwill be divided. I Exceptin the caseof the CauveryRiver, each RBMwill be responsible for morethan one rivercatchment. The RBMswill be a part of the WRD.
(c) The creationof a Water ResourcesReview and ControlCouncil (WRC) was proposedas part of the project and was rapidly created by the GOTNand established on 30 September1993. This top levelcommifttee I will provide a forum for inter-departmentaldiscussions over water resourcesmanagement, the formulationof policiesand the regulationof water abstractionsand land usechanges affecting water resources.The WRC will be chairedby the Chief Ministerwho will be assistedby two Vice Chairmen. It will have as a nodal technical supportagency an augmented Institute for Water Studies (IWS) which, among other responsibilities,will providea waterquality data bankavailable for use by all agenciesand departments engaged in water resourcesdevelopment.
(d) A state WaterPolicy and WaterAct are being formulatedto providea frameworkfor the activitiesof the WRCand the WRDwhich aim to give the necessarylegislative powers to achieve rational and integrated managementof waterresources. The Policyand Act are at an advanced I stageof preparation.Similarly a GroundwaterAct is proposedto provide the necessary powers to control over-exploitationof groundwater resources.The policyand Actswould have to be passedby the GOTN..
The WRCP is designedto provide support for these importantchanges particularlythrough training, institutionalsupport and special studies. A | particularfocus of theproject will be the strengtheningof the Institutefor Water Studiesand equippingit to fulfil its new nodal role.
1.3.2 Irrigation rehabilitationand modemisation component Experienceof rehabilitationhas been gained during the GOTNCommand Area DevelopmentProgramme, the World Bank supported National Water ManagementProject (NWMP) and other projects supportedby the central govemmentand externaldonors. The WRCPproposals identify a two-stage approachto irrigationrehabilitation and modernisationwhich will carry through into sustainableoperation and maintenancein the future.
(a) Stage 1 will focuson achievingequitable and reliableoperation of the inigation system so that each sluice off-take will receive supplies proportionalto the areaserved (usually of the order of 1Oha). This will entailsome structuralmodifications to the canal network,the removalof silt, weedsand otherobstructions and the organisationof farmersinto I FarmerAssociations (FAs) below each sluiceto take control of water distributionand system maintenance. The cost of suchworks will be low, of the orderof Rs 4000per ha. The workenvisaged in Stage1 is similar to that undertakenunder the NWMPbut will involvefarmers, through the creationof FAs,to a muchgreater degree.
(b) Stage 2 will be introducedonce Stage 1 is believedto be successfully completed. In most cases,this will not be achievedfor at least three
6 EX285J 2g1ui93 I E years from the start of WROPbut in the case of 7 projectswhich were pan of the NWMP, Stage 1 Is consideredto be virtually completeand * Stage2 witlbe startedalmost immediately. In Stage2 a FarmerCouncil (FC) will be formedat tank or distributarylevel (units of about500ha). These Councilswill graduallytake responsibilityfor the operationand I maintenanceof the entireblock includinga considerabledegree of self financingwith govemmentsupport. The Farmer Councils will be encouragedto identifyfurther improvements which might be madeto the I irrtgationsystem and FarmerAssociations will considerthe needfor on- farm development(OFD) works. For such works,WRCP funds will be made availableup to a level of approximatelyRs 10 000 per ha, but I farmerswill have to contributea part of the moneythemselves before the worksare carriedout. A particularemphasis in Stage2 will be to identify waysin whichwater use efficiencycan be improvedso that water canbe savedfor other uses. This will includethe introductionof fixed control structuresto evenly distributewater along the main and distributary canals and canal upgradingincluding lining where necessary.
The ultimateintention is to reducethe involvement of thenew WRO,compared with the presentPWD, in the managementof irrigationsystems at the tertiary level leavingit free to concentrateon the maintenanceand operationof the main supply facilities. This componentof the WRCP will not include any projectsin the systemssupplied by theCauvery River because there is an on- goingTribunal considering the allocationof CauveryWater between Tamilnadu _ and Kamatakaand any worksintended to modernisethese systemsmight be seen as a mnoveto establishadditional claims which might interferewith the g lTribunal'swork.
A total commandarea of approximately650,000 ha will be coveredby the project. This will compriseseven systems, totalling 153.000ha, which have alreadybenefitted from stage I workthrough the NWMP. A furtherarea of about500,000 ha wi.l be taken up and benefitfrom both stage I and 11work. The environmentalaspects of this component are discussed further in Section4.
1.3.3 On-going minor schemes component The GOTN requestedthat funds be allocatedunder the WRC;Pfor the completionof constructionwork for severalminor schemes. The World Bank appointedthe FAOIC.Pto carryout a detailedstudy of severalminor schemes locatedthroughout the statewhich are eitheron-going or alreadyplanned and sanctionedby the GOTN. At the timeof writingthe FAO/CPstudies of these schemesare nearingcompletion and it is envisagedthat 12 sub-projectswill be technically,economically and environmentallyviable and will thus be includedas part of the WRCP. Data for each minor scheme are given in Table 1.
- The minorschemes are at variousstages of implementation;in some cases, such as RajathopeKanar, the work is morethan half complete,whereas in othersconstruction has notyet begun.Different actions are thereforerequired for completionwhich includes construction of small storagereservoirs in some cases so that the existingirrigated areas can be brought into reliablesupply systemsas well as extendingthe commandareas. New area development tonly totals about 2,070ha overall. The particularenvironmental issues related to these on-goirigminor schemes are discussedin moredetail in Chapters2 and 4.
7 EX2S3 29111193 * N I
2 Regulatory procedures, legislation and linkages
SeveralActs of the Governmentof Indiaand the Govemmentol Tamilnadu U relateto the water sector. Wateris a state responsibilityIncluding storage, exploitationand water use but excludinginter-state rivers. A list of relevant Acts is givenin Appendix1. TheseActs could be groupedinto those relevant to environmentalissues, such as the requirementfor environmentalclearance for developmentalprojects; those relevantto the regulationof domesticand industrialdischarges into waterbodies under the PollutionControl Board: and those relevantto the use and apportionmentof water and its applicationfor irrigation.It is betterto discussseparately the relevantexisting regulations on the basisof environmentalprotection, water quality regulations and irrigation needsas they relateto wateras the centraltheme and to highlightthe ways in whichmulti-sectoral collaboration is currentlyachieved for each.
In addRionto the statutoryregulations of the GOI,the WorldBank Operational Directive4.01 (1991) requires that an environmentalassessment is carriedout for CategoryA projects fundedby the Bank. This includesmost water resourcesprojects. This environmentalassessment is for the waterresources sectorof the state and thuscovers the requirementsof the projectas well as I othersectoral issues beyond the scopeof the project. It is intendedthat this will provide a baseline environmentalassessment for the GOTN when consideringfuture water resourcesprojects as well as satisfyGOI and Bank I regulationsfor the project.
2.1 Environmental protection I All enactmentsrelevant to the environmenthave as a basic theme the protectionof the environmentin its totalitywhich includes forests, flora, fauna, wildlife,human habitat, surface and groundwater bodiesat sourceand usage I levels,land and air. The EnvironmentalProtection Act, 1986is an umbrella act which encompassesall activities which provide for prevention of environmentaldamage, punishment for episodalevents such as the one that took place in Bhopal, regulationof industrial locations, clearance for developmentalprojects and the settingof standardsfor air, water and solid waste releases. On the basis of this Act the Ministryof Environmentand Forests(MEF), Govemment of India,circulated new rules and regulationsin a Notification(Extraordinary) dated January 1993 [see Appendix 2] for clearanceof developmentalprojects of variouscategories but these rulesare still underdiscussion and havenot yet beenadopted. In additionto theseActs and regulationsthe MEFrequires that if any projectleads to the clearingor submergenceof forest of an area exceeding10 ha then those responsible must replantan area of forest of twice the size after due inspectionand approvalby the regionalChief Conservator of Forest(GOI). Accordingto currentprocedures, responsibility for environmentalclearance is I delineatedbetween the Governmentof India,the stategovernments and local agencies.All the developmentalprojects which have large investments (over Rp 1,000million, US$ 31 million)and may havea direct or indirectimpact on I air, water, land and coastalresources need a detailedEIA preparedby the proponentsand subinittedto the Govemmentof India for scrutiny and clearance.This is requiredat theplanning stage. Suchreports are scrutinised I by expertcommittees constituted by the MEF,Govemment of Indiaforvarious sectors or types of projects. The EIA is to be preparedusing baseline
8 EX 2853 29/1tl93 l environmentaldata, identifying issues and quantifyingimpacts for each one of the naturalresources such as water,air, land, flora, fauna, wildlife, endangered * species,archaeological and cultural monuments and human settlements. The procedureis elaboratewherein a rapid EIA encompassingdata for critical seasons,followed by a detailedEIA preparedover a periodof not less than I 12 months,are preparedby the proponentsand posed before the expert commffteeconstituted by the MEF. The expertcommittee on scrutiny may acceptor rejectthem at thefirst instanceitself or visit the sites proposedand suggestmodifications and give conditionalclearance. The proponentswill be required to submit an effective environmentalmanagement plan at the planning stage and follow up action with periodic inspectionsduring the constructionand operationstages of the project. It is alsonecessary to have clearancefrom the State EnvironmentCommittee. It is reportedthat projects generallyget stalledfor want of detailedinformation from the proponentsor due to adverse impactson human habitat,wildlife or archaeologicaland culturalmonuments.
The CentralWater Commissionhas appreciatedthe environmentalissues relatingto irrigationand water resourcesprojects and has providedguidelines for sustainablewater resources and management.It elaborately discusses the environmentalissues, the methodologiesfor EIA, the sensitive areas, I weightagesto be provided for ecology, environmentalpollution, human interest,physiochemical attributes along with socio-economicbenefits accruing to the society.
Underthe newNotification (January 1993), before initiating any investigation preliminarysite clearance wilI be requiredfrom the Ministryof Environmentand I Forestsin thecase of followingprojects if the investigationinvolves the cutting of trees or drilling,digging or constructionof any sort even at the time of investigation.
(a) Mining (b) Pitheadthermal power projects (c) Hydro-electricpower projects (d) Multipurposeriver valley projects.
This Notification,reprinted as Appendix 2 specifies certain projects as belonging to Schedule 1 under which clearance is required from the Govemmentof India. Those identified under Schedule 11will require environmentalclearance from the StateGovernment for whichthe Tamilnadu * State EnvironmentCommittee under the Chairmanshipof the Chief Minister considersthe issues on merit and gives clearances. In this context it is relevantto pointout that the environmentalclearance in the irrigationsector I for projectsof up to 2000hectares of commandarea (wherecosts are less than Rp 1,000 million) is the responsibilityof the State Govemment. All irrigationprojects with commandareas above 2,000ha (or costs exceeding Rp 1,000million) need environmental clearance from the CentralGovemment.
The Notification,paragraph 1, requiresenvironmental clearance for expansion or modemisationof any existingindustry or new projectslisted in ScheduleI or Schedule11. The WRCPwill rehabilitateand madernise,but not expand, several existing command areas throughoutthe state, and this is not specificallyincluded in either Shedule. The consultantstherefore sought clarificationfrom the MEFon howthe Notificationwould apply in this caseand were informedthat this report,which coversthe water resourcessector and
9 EX 2B53 29111193 I were informedthat this report,which covers the water resourcessector and the WRCPwould provide adequate environmental assessment for the project and no further EIA wouldbe needed.
For the completionof the on-goingminor schemesenvironmental clearance is neededfrom the State EnvironmentCommittee as they are all below2,000 ha new development.This clearancehas alreadybeen givenfor all those schemesincluded in the WRCP. For four sub-projectsforest areas of more than 10 ha will be submergedand therefore, under the 1980 Forest ConservationAct, approvalis requiredfrom the ChiefConservator of Forests - (GOI). The identificaiionof the areasto be plantedwith forest is underway and approvalwill be soughtby the PWD. 3 This report, which con.:iidersthe currentenvironmental status of the water resourcessector as a whole, fulfils the World Bank requirementsfor a CategoryA projectand meetsthe statutoryrequirements of the GOI and no further EIA will be neededfor the project.
2.2 Water quality regulations The secondcategory of Acts and Regulationsrelates to maintainingwater qualityin all waterbodies including surface water, groundwater and coastal waters. The Water (Preventionand Controlof Pollution)Act of 1974 along with all its amendmentsprovide for thecreation of PollutionControl Boards at the centraland state levels. The mandategiven to these agenciesis to regulatethe discharge of industrialeffluents into naturalwater bodies, insist on I effluentcontrol systems, monitor the same, set standardsfor effluentdischarge and punishviolators. Accordinglya PollutionControl Board is functioningin Tamilnaduas in otherStates of Indiawhich has specific rules and regulations, I the salientfeatures of whichare indicatedbelow:
Salientfeatures of the Water(Prevention and Controlof Pollution)Act 1974 I and amendmentof 1988are:
- Empowersthe Boardto lay downstandards for sewagettradeeffluent.
- uirects that the consent of the Board has to be obtained for the establishmentof any industryand for the dischargeof sewage/trade effluentinto any streamor well or seweror on land.
- Prohibitsthe pollutionof streamsor wells or sewersor on land by the disposalof pollutingmatter not satisfyingthe standardsfor effluents. _
- Empowersthe Boardto collectsamples of sewage/tradeeffluent from any industry.,
- Empowersthe Boardto issuedirectives for the closureof an offending industryor for stoppageof electricity,water or any otherservice. I
- Stipulatesthat contraventionof the Regulationsshall be punishablewith imprisonmentfor a term of not less than one year and six monthsbut I which may extendto six yearsand with fines.
- Providesforthe levyof a cess(water rate) on specifiedindustries, based on the quantumof waterconsumed.
10 EX2853 28U2t13 l As describedin Section3.3.1, the TNPCBalso monitorsthe surfacewater quality underGEMS (Global Environrmental Monitoring System) on behalf of the CentralPollution Control Board to build up an inventoryon water quality status. This activity has been goingon for more than a decade mainlyto establishthe trends in water quality.
The State Govemmenthas also enactedthe Madras MetropolitanWater Supplyand SewerageBoard Act 1978,and the TamilnaduWater Supply and DrainageAct (1971)which provide for the exploitation,conveyance, treatment and supply of drinkingwater for the MadrasMetropolitan Area as well as all the other urbanand rural habitationsof Tamilnadu. These Acts providefor collection, treatment and disposal of wastewateras well. Rules and regulationsare given for the supplyof water to meet variousneeds such as domestic,commercial and industrialand to establishthe rates of supply for these sectors. At the time of exploitationof the resource,either surfaceor groundwater,approval must be soughtthrough the PWD as describedbelow.
2.3 Irrigation and water resources regulations As irrigationhas beenin existencehistorically and in an organisedmnanner sincethe Briish colonialera some of the Acts are morethan 100 years old. The TamilnaduIrrigation Cess Act, 1865provides for the costingof irrigation water supply and the regulation of the same for irrigation purposes. Subsequently,other Actshave beenpassed relating to the IrrigationDivision of the PWDand the rulesand regulationsprovide for suitableapportionment and costingof water for irrigation.
Operationfor the release of water for irrigation is controlled by specific regulatoryGovernment Orders which have been brought together in the Compendiumof Rulesand Regulations,Part 1: Rulesfor WaterRegulation, PWD, 1984. The rnajor reservoirs such as Mettur, Lower Bhavani, Parambikulam-Aliyarhave been classified under Category 1 for whichspecific Ordersof Governmentare requiredto start and end releases.
Krishnagir and Amaravathiand such other smaller reservoirsfall under Category2 whichare regulatedby the Commissionerfor LandAdministration on the basis of specificrecommendation of the Chief Engineer(Irrigation), PWD. All the otherreservoirs fall underCategory 3 wherethe patternof water releaseis decidedby the ExecutiveEngineer, PWD and the DistrictCollector.
Separateregulations, dated 1985. undertheTamilnadu State ElectricityBoard govemthe operationof reservoirsfor powergeneration. In addition,Part 2 of the PWD Compendiummentioned above setsout rules for flood regulation.
A GovernmentOrder in the early 1980s set out that all new projectsrequiring institutionalfinance must make applicationthrough the PWDfor confirmation thatthe requiredwater resources are available.All industriesrequiring water, includingthose which are privatelyfinanced, must also apply to the TNPCBfor a certificateof approvalfor theireffluent disposal procedures. Water resources decisions are made by the Water UtilisationCommittee chaired by the SecretaryPWD whichhas representativesfrom the Departmentsof Industry and Commerce, Finance, Planning and Development and Municipal Administrationand WaterSupply. However,only projectsdemanding more than 1.0 million gallons per day (4,500m3 td) go before the full committee. Otherrequests are dealtwith by the TechnicalSub-Committee chaired by the Chief Engineer(Irrigation) with representativesfrom the Departmentsof
11 Ex2St3 21193 Industryand Commerceand Agriculture,the TWAD Board and the Chief Engineer(Groundwater). Irrigationprojects are not actually discussed In committeebut detailshave to be circulatedto all the relevantdepartments.
2.4 Intersectoral coordination Althoughthe Acts and regulatory measuresdescribed are available, and providea soundbasis for regulatingpollution, the linkagesbetween the various departmentsinvolved in the water sectorsuch as the PWD, the TWAD Board, Metrowater,the TNPCB and the Departmentsof Agricultureand Industrytends to be weak. At times this leadsto conflictsbetv. tenthe varioussectors not only in the allocationof prioritiesfor water supplybut also in resolvingany disputes. Waterquality deterioration may be monitoredby the TNPCBand U regulatoryActs enforced;but feedbackdata to the AgricultureDepartments and PWDregarding pollution and deteriorationin waterquality which they can use to assess its impacton crop productionis not being carried out on a I continuingbasis. Similarlyin the caseof sitingof industrieswhich involve the TNPCBfor environmentalclearance, the IndustryDepartment for industrial license,the TNEBfor power supply, the PWD and TWAD Board for water supply as well as the Forests Departmentfor environmentalclearance coordinationis not effective and a rationaland organised mechanismis neededso that conflictscan be resolvedat the time of the project proposal ikself.Occasions are manywhen departments like the TNPCBand Forestsare not consultedprior to projectclearance which has led to delayedaction and sometimesdifficulties in gettingclearance from the respectiveMinistries. Part of the difficultylies in the fact that the largenumber of Acts of the Govemment of India and the Governmentof Tamilnaduand the regulatorymeasures at departmentaltevel have become difficult to comprehend. Engineers, in particular,are not conversantwith environmentalissues and the requirements _ for environmentalclearance and many wronglyassume that environmental considerationsand inter-departmentalcollaboration are not important with respectto irrigationand water resourcesprojects.
Inter-departrmentalcollaboration has been attemptedin a number of issues relatedto water resources. One initiativehas been the establishmentof a Review Committeefor ReservoirSedimentation Studies chaired by the AgriculturalProduction Commissioner. This committeemonitors the progress of the reservoirsedimentation studies being undertakenby the Institute of Hydraulicsand Hydrology.Poondi, and makes recommendations to concemed departments;for example,on the needfor catchmenttreatment programmes. To date no comprehensivecatchment treatment programmeshave been undertakenbut funds are availablefor treatingthe Vaigai catchmentas part of an existingWorld Bank project.
A morerecent initiative, about whichthe consultantswere able to obtain few details, is the creationof a State Land Use Board chaired by the Member (Agriculture)of the State PlanningCommission. Its operationalplan is still in preparationbut its originalobjectives include: to protectgood agricultural land I from erosion,waterlogging, salinisation and urbanisation;to prepare soil resourcesurveys; to undertakefeasibility studies for medium and major irrigationprojects; and to prevent siltationin river basins and medium and I majorirrigation projects.
It can be seen from the above descriptionof the existings;tuation that acts, proceduresand committeesare in place to address many of the water resourcesand environmentalconcerns of the state. However,in practice,
12 EX2BS32Wit,93 thereis oftenconfusion and poorcoordination especially with regard to water resourceallocation decisions. In addition,the presentprocedures provide no rmechanismfor undertakinglong-term water resourcesplanning. It is these short-comingswhich have prompted the initiatorsof the WRCPto proposethe formationof a Water ResourcesControl and ReviewCouncil, to restructure relevantparts of the presentPWD into a Water ResourcesDepartment and four River Basin Managementunits and to call for a Water Policy and the introductionof a Water Act and GroundwaterAct. These policy and institutionalchanges are considereda majorpositive step towardsimproved coordinationand this will have a positiveenvironmental impact as long as these new institutions acquaint themselves with existing procedures, institutionsand inter-departmentalcommittees and seekto workas closelyas possiblewith them.
3 Overview of environmental status in Tamilnadu
Tamilnaduhas 7% of India'spopulation and 4% of its land area,but only3% of its water resources.Its physiographicfeatures consist of coastalplains in the east,central plains with outcropsof easternghals and easternslopes of westemghats with pocketsof westemghat hills on the west, runningnorth to south.
The total availablesurface water is about 1261 thousandmillion cubic feet TMC, (3.57 Mha.m or 3.57 x 1010m3) of which about 1050 TMC (2.97x 1010m 3) has been utilisedfor irrigationalone. Other uses such as industry and community water supply account for about 105 TMC (0.3 x 10 10m 3), makinga totalof 115STMC (3.27x 1010m3). Pumpingfrom groundwateris estimatedto be 425 TMC (1.21 x 10 10m 3). Undeveloped sourcesfor surfaceand groundwater are meagre,and competingdemands from industries and community water supplies make water resources managementin Tamilnaducomplex. At present the allocationof water betweenthe differentsectors and users, both in terms of water rights and decisionsgoverning releases from reservoirs,is clearlydemarcated but is not necessarilyin the best interestsof rationalresource management. This was discussedin Chapter2.
Replenishmentof water resourcesis tlhroughsouthwest and northeast monsoons.These benefit different regions of Tamilnaduby differentamounts, see Figures3 and 4. In some areas only one of the two monsoonsis importantwhilst other areas receive appreciablerainfall from both. The monsoonrains in Tamilnadushow considerable inter-annual variation making surfacewater suppliesunreliable even with the large amount of tank and reservoirstorage nuw available. Irrigation from wellshas, therefore, increased in recent years and groundwaterhas becomean important,and in some regionsover-exploited, resource.
I
13 EX2BSi3 29/1113 I 3.1 Surface water Tappingof surfacewater for irrigationdates backmore than a thousandyears in history. Diversionweirs constructedacross rivers,provided a looselyknit canalsystem which filled the tanksconstructed in low lying areaswih bunds. Thereare 39,000such tanks eitherfed from surfaceflows from majorrivers or from small rivulets.
Organisedirrigation systems were developedduring the Britishcolonial era, centred round the major rivers such as Tambaraparani,Vaigai, Cauvery, I Pennaiyar and Palar. The main features of such systemsare: storage reservoirsin the uplandson the easternslopes of the westem ghats with catchmentsin forestand plantation areas; and canalsystems fed directly from I the reservoirsor from rivers throughdiversion weirs (anicuts)located in the centralplains and thesesystems ending in the coastaldelta on the east.
The diversionof large volumes of water for irrigationfrom most rivers in Tamilnadu has affectedthe morphologyof the rivers themselvesalthough floods, whichare the main channelforming flows, still pass for shortperiods I in most years. In many rivers, the morphologyis furtheraffected by large quantitiesof sandwhich are extractedfor buildingpurposes. Although no data are availableto proveit, thereis a beliefamongst some engineersthat this sand abstractionis sufficientlyintense to jeopardisethe stabilityof structures downstreamthrough increased scour and to reducethe abilityof the alluvium to store the water neededby the many infiltrationgalleries which have been constructedalong most rivers. Licencesare issued by the PWD for sand abstraction.These state a minimumdistance from excavationsites to existing structuresand a maximumdepth (1.5m)to which sandcan be dug.
Riskof floodingis an importantfactor for certainareas of Tamilnaduespecially along the coast wherethe flat land gradientsmake it difficultto drain away direct rainfallduring prolonged storms. Areas at particularrisk are along the coastfrom PointCalimere northwards (including Madras). In addition,floods caused by high river flowsare a persistentrisk in the lower reachesof the Vaigaiand Tambaraparaniriver basinsand along muchof the Cauveryriver.
Unlike other Indian statesin the north,most of the irrigationreservoirs are small or mediumsized ones, except Metturdam acrossthe Cauvery. The | waterresources environmental setting and reservoirswill be discussedbasin- wise as each river basin has its own distinctiveenvironmental features and characteristics.A map showingthe locationsof the river basins is given in Figure1.
3.1.1 TambaraparaniBasin The Tambaraparaniand its tributaries,located in the southern parts of Tamilnadu.receive surface flows resultingfrom the southwestmonsoon and in some local areas,from the northeastmonsoon as well. In general,the _ control of surfacewater is by storagereservoirs located near the foot of the hills on the easternslopes of westernghats. Karayarreservoir of Papanasam hydroelectricproject is one of the earliest to be constructedfor power generationduring the years 1938 to 1943.Subsequently Manimuthar reservoir was completedin 1956essentially as an irrigationreservoir. Severalother storage reservoirs have been constructed across tributaries of the Tarmbaraparanisuch as Karuppa Nandhi (1974), and Servalar (1986). Adavinayagaris the latest to be taken up in this basin, which is under construction,and is includedamongst the WRCP on-goingprojects. The
14 EX28S3 2/W1W93 l E essentialfeatures ol the catchmentare reserveforests with steep hill slopes and fairly good tree cover. WildlifeIs prevalentIn most of the catchment I areas, In a few of the catchmentareas wildlife sanctuariesare located interconnectingseveral river valleysat local level. Mundanthurai(tiger) and Katakkadu(lion tailed monkey)are two such wildlifesanctuaries.
In someof the localvalleys, there are smallplantations cultivating cardamom, clovesand coffee. Coconutsare also prevalent. Soil erosionin the various I small rivervalleys is negligibleand surfaceflows are free fromcontamination in the upperreaches of the catchment.
In almost all the reservoirs,fish productionis organised for producing lingerlingsin seed farms (alongthe shores)as well as for large-scalefish productionwhich is foundto be highlyproductive. Leachates from runoff,such as pesticidesand fertilisers,are not beingmonitored but the generallevel of such pollutionwill be minimaldue to limitedactivities in the catchmentarea.
During 1992 there was an intense cyclonic storm during the northeast rmonsoonresulting in heavyland-slides. This uprootedtrees and boulders, silted up some of the reservoirsand damagedhydro-electric power houses. Servalar,Karuppa Nadhi, Rama Nadhi and Gadana reservoirs were amongst those affected due to the flash floods which occurred during this period. Except during the cyclonic storm of 1992 the surface flow is devoid of substantialsediment movement and the water quality is fairly good. Almost all the reservoirsstore surface flows and divertthe waterseither via the river or through canals to irrigationtanks which receivewater as stated. The regulationbelow the tanksfor irrigationis left to farmer groups.
Waterquality monitoringis being carriedout sporadicatlyfor some physico- chemicalparameters such as pH, suspendedsolids, electricalconductivity, chlorides,and sulphates.Sample collection and analysisare carriedout by the laboratorylocated in the Soil MechanicsDivision of PWD in Madras.
A numberof communitywater supply systems and a majorscheme to supply water to the industrial complexes in and around Tuticorin draw their requirementsfrom the Tambaraparanibasin and release industrialand domesticwaste watersback, some of whichhave little or no treatment.
3.1.2 Vaigai-PeriyarBasin The Vaigai river originateson the eastemslopes of the westem ghatsand receivesflow from the southwestas well as the northeastmonsoons. A numberof small reservoirssuch as Manjalarand Vaigaiare locatedin this basinwhich store water essentiallyfor irrigationpurposes. The Periyar,which * is a west flowing river locatedin the adjoiningstate of Kerala, has been divertedthrough a tunnel into the Vaigaibasin to provideadditional flow for cultivation in the commandarea of the Vaigai basin. This project was * completedas early as 1895. The catchmentarea is partly locatedon the westernslopes of the westemghats (Kerala) and partlyon the easternslopes of the westernghats (Tamilnadu).Two newreservoirs are being builtacross I smallertributaries of the Vaigai,viz, ShanmugaNadhi and Sothuparai,which are proposedas part of the WRCPon-going minor schemes. The catchment areas of the reservoirsare essentiallyreserve forests with very little private I land ownershipand fairly dense tree cover. Wildlife is prevalentin all the catchmentareas. The water spreadareas do not receivemuch siltationdue to the good vegetativecover in the catchmentsand are conduciveto fish
15 EX 2853 2W1193 production.In each of the reservoirs,fish productionas well as seed farms (fingerlings)are common.Vaigai reservoir, by contrast,Is locatedin the plains wherepart of the catchmentis erodedwhilst the landsunder cultivation are mostlyfor dry-footcrops which resultin addedsiltation.
The iirigatedarea is in the plains leadingto the east coast of Tamilnadu. Waterfrom the reservoirsflows throughrivers or canals filling up tanks to stabilisethe irrigatedland (ayacut). Farmrunoff from the commandarea may containpesticides and fertiliserresidues as intensefarming operationsare beingcarried out in the entireVaigal basin. Waterquality monitoring is being donesporadically as part of the WorldBank aided projecton modemisationof the Periyar-Vaigaiirrigation system.
A numberof water supply schemes,including a major schemeto supply Maduraicity corporation,draw from the Vaigai basin in different locations Industrialdemand for water is also met from differentlocations in the Vaigai basin.
3.1.3 Parambikulam-AliyarBasin The catchmentareas of small rivers locatedin the Anamalaihills receivethe bulk of their supplyduring the southwestmonsoon and meagreflows during the northeastmonsoon. Mostof the reservoirsare locatedin the hilly region of the westernghats. The catchmentarea has a mixedland use pattem. In some,the catchmentarea is essentiallyreserve forest with goodtree cover. But in the restthere are tea and otherplantations. The LowerNirar reservoir hada catchmentarea with cincoan plantations which have been converted into tea plantationswith extensiveremoval of tree cover. Correspondingly,the exposedsoil is likelyto silt up the lowerNirar dam considerably.This in tum will lead to siltation in the Sholaiyarand Parambikulamreservoirs as well. Nirardam is locatedin the upperreaches of the hill areaand the stored water flows through tunnels to reservoirs located below. Paramnbikulanand Sholaiyarreservoirs have catchmentareas with good tree cover producing surfaceflows which are free from silt. Aliyar dam, locatedat the foot hills on the easternslopes of the westernghats, also hasa goodcatchment area with effectivetree cover and siltationis not high. However,Thirumoorthy dam, which receives water from all the other reservoirsin addition to its own catchment,has a greateramount of siltationdue to poor vegetativecover in is catchmenttogether with some barrenpockets.
The commandareas of the Parambikulam-Aliyarprojects are essentiallyon black cotton soils where the croppingpattem is on an altemateyear basis which provides for recharging groundwaterand filling up wells in the neighbourhood.The commandarea is, thus, distinctlydifferen. from those of the Tambaraparaniand Vaigai basins. Cases of fluoride build up in groundwaterwidely reported in the past have not provedto be significant.
3.1.4 Bhavani Basin The Bhavaniriver, whichis a tributaryof the Cauvery,has a dam at Bhavani Sagarwhichis essentiallyfor irrigationpurposes. It receivessurface flowfrom two valleys in the upper reachesof Nilgirisviz, Moyar valley and Kundah valley.
Glenmorgan(1938), Sandy Nullah (1966), Pykara (1966), and Mukkurthy (1956)are someof the reservoirslocated in the hills of the Moyarvalley. The catchmentareas of mostof these reservoirshave goodforest and tree cover
16 EX28s3 29d11193 but In recentyears Increasedhuman actilvity has resultedIn exposureof the top soil. Sandy Mullah reservoirhas two large Industrleslocated in the catchmentnamely Hindustan Photo Filmsand Protein ProductsIndia which dischargepartly treated Industrial effluents into the river. The catchmentarea alsohas Intense farming activities where potato, cabbage and othervegetables are grown. All these reservoirsare essentiallyfor storage for power generationIn Singarapower house located about 400 m belowthe lamns.The tailrace water of Singermpower house is drawn through a flume to * Mayavakkandireservoir which acts as a forebayreservoir for Moyar power houselocated another 300 m below. Moyarruns into BhavaniSagar reservoir where water is fairly Iree from silt except that originating In the lower catchmentareas. Mudumalaiwildlife sanctuaryis located In this catchment where reserveforest and good tree cover are prevalent.
The Kundahvalley, on the otherhand, has a seriesof dams: UpperBhavani (1969),Emerald (1961), Avalanchi (1961), Porthimund (1966), Parsals Valley (1966),Pegrinahalla (1966), Kundah Palam (1 966) and Pillurreservoir (1966). All these reservoirsare interconnectedone below the other throughtunnels and penstockpipes for the generationof power. The catchmentsin some of the areasare reserveforests but mostof the otherareas have tea plantations andvegetable cultivation such as potato,cabbage and carrot, on a largescale. * Suchagricultural operations expose the topsoil and resultin soil erosionwhich gets reflectedin heavysiltation in Pillurdam locatedat tho lowerelevations nearthe foot of the hills. About30% reductionin the capacityof the Pillur reservoirduring the past 25 years has been reported,though the catchment area of Pillur reservoirby itself has reserveforest and goodtree cover. The flow from Pillurreservoir reaches Bhavani Sagar through the riverand siltation in BhavaniSagar has also beenattributed to the causes enumeratedabove. Onthe otherhand, the UpperBhavani and Makurthireservoirs and catchments have fully recoveredand could be taken as model ecosystemswith pristine - conditions. Wateris abstractedfor industrialuse from the Bhavaniand heavy pollution due to the ViscoseRayon and other industrieshas been repottedin this reach. However,systematic water quality monitoring has not beencarried out except for sporadicmonitoring by the TNPCB. The catchmentarea has diversion dams acrossthe river whichhave been in existenceeven during the British periodand the lower BhavaniMain canal is used to irrigate dry-footcrops. Ultimatelythe drainagefrom the Bhavaniflows into the riverCauvery.
An EnvironmentalAssessment of the Bhavaniriver basin has beencarried out whereinthe catchment,reservoir and commandarea have been assessed criically for environrnentalquality. This will serve as an examplefor future replicationby WRDand for trainingpurposes.
3.1.5 CauveryBasin J The Cauvery is an inter-stateriver having catchmentareas in Kamataka, Keralaand Tamilnadu. Bhavaniis one of the tributariesof the Cauvery,the basincharacteristics of which havebeen discussed in 3.1.4. The Cauveryis the mainsource of irrigationfor about9.34 lakhs acres (370,000ha) in Tanjore delta close to the sea coast. The potentialflow in a catchmentof about 2,000km 2 is around250 TMC; (0.71x 1010m 3) but due to disputesbetween Kamatakaand Tamilnadu,the allocationfor Tamilnaduwill dependupon the decisionof the CauveryTribunal. The bulk of Tamilnadu'sirrigation and food productiondepends upon the flow in the Cauveryand also the tributariesof
17 EX2S 250t193 EiR the Cauverywithin Tamllnadu. In addition 'o direct irrigationfrom canals takingoff from the riverthere are also tanks In the basinwhich get stabilised fromthe storageprovided in Stanleyreservoir above the Metturdam, located just downstreamof the borderwith Karnataka.
The Southwestmonsoon in the hilly regions of Kerela, Kamataka and Tamilnaduprovides the bulkof theflow intothe Cauverybasin through several tributades.There are a numberof storagereservoirs on the tributariesto the Cauveryas well as two majorreservoirs on the main riverat Krishnarajasagar I (Karnataka)and Mettur. The storagereservoirs located at the foot of the hills on the easternslopes of the westernghats includingNilgiris, have esserlially reserveforests and goodtree cover. A few locations,as in the Kundahvalley I and some reservoirsof Karnataka,have plantations and otheractivities in the catchment. Correspondingly,soil erosion leading to siltation in Krishna- rajasagarand Mettur is comparativelylow. In other localised reservoirs siltationmay be heavybut details regarding the situationin Karnatakawere not availableto the writers.
The Cauverydelta receivesa fractionof its supplyfrom the northeastmonsoon duringthe October-Decemberirrigation season but the area, being coastal plainswith no storagereservoirs, drains into the sea after only partialuse of the rainwaterin the canals.
Wildlifeis prevalentin the catchmentareas of the Cauveryas well as its tributaries,the details of whichhave been discussedin 3.1.4. However,for a completepicture of the Cauverybasin further knowlege would be neededof the catchmentarea in Kerelaand Karnataka which is beyondthe scopeof this study.
3.1.6 PennajyarBasin Pennaiyarbasin lies essentiallywithin outcrops of the easternghats and within I the easternslopes of the westernghats. which do not have densevegetation andforest coveras in the case of Vaigaiand Tambaraparanibasins. Mostof the areas have dry-foot crop cultivation,which leads to soil erosionduring rains. The highrate of siltationin the Krishnagirireservoir (see Table5) is an indicationto show the fragile catchmentcharacteristics.
Further,the bulk of the flow is during the northeast monsoon(October- December)with only part duringthe southwestmonsoon. Most of the time duringthe year,the river and its tributariesare dry, exceptduring monsoons. The forest ecosystemis fragile and there are very few wildlife except in Shevrayand Kolli hills.
3.1.7 Palar Basin The Palaroriginates from the easternpart of Karnataka,from the outcropsof the westernghats. The bulk of the flow in the river takes place during the northeastmonsoon with very littlecontribution during the southwestmonsoon. X Most of the time duringthe year.the river is dry.
The catsnmentarea in this basinhas a fragileforest ecosystemwith very few wildlife,except in the Shevrayhills and Kolli hills, whichare outcropsof the easternghats. Rainfedcrop cultivationis prevalentin the catchment,which leadsto soil erosionduring rains. Due to extensivesand cover in the river I bed, subsurfacerecharge takes placeduring floods and little waterflows into l 18 EX Z8S3 Z9t11U93 l the sea. The Palaris markedby severalanicuts across the river and has no majorreservoirs.
The prevalenceof a large number of small and mediumsized tanneries adjoiningthe rivercourse, has resultedin tanneryeffluents which are causing impairmentto groundwaterquality. According to the Soil Chemist in the Departmentof Agriculture,the effluent has alreadyhad a severeeffect on 3.911ha of agriculturaltand in NorthArcot Districtand a further11.851 ha are moderatelyaffected.
3.2 Groundwater ThereIs estimatedto be approximately1.4 million opemting wells in Tamilnadu includingseveral major integrated water supply, municipal supply and industrial supply systemsdepending on groundwater. lhe GroundwaterDivision of PWD calculatesthe groundwaterpotential for each of the 384 development blocksinto whichthe stateis divided. On the basis of this calculationblocks are designatedas "dark",in which morethan 85% of the annualrecharge is alreadyexploited, 'grey", in which the proportionis 65%to 85%,and "white", for blockswhere less than 65% is utilised. In Januany1992 there were 89 dark blocks,85 greyblocks and 210 white blocks. Figure2 givesa general overviewof the hydrogeologyof Tamilnaduand the distributionof dark blocks is shown in Figure5.
This providesa snap-shotof the situationrather than anindication of long-term trendssince the calculationof groundwaterexploitation is undertakenannually and reflectsrainfall and rechargeduring the year. Between1980 and 1992 the numberof dark blocksvaried between39 (in 1985)and 133 (in 1981). Overall,approximately 60% of Tamilnadu'sestimated groundwater potential is now exploited;up from 46% in 1985. Whilst the WRCPwill not have any adverseimpact on the groundwaterit is necessaryto discussthe issue in some depth as this report attempts to cover the water resourcessector throughoutthe state.
Groundwaterproblems vary over the stateand someparticular problem areas are outlinedbelow.
The Madras region, which depends on groundwater,for domestic and industrialneeds, to a considerableextent, has been observinga fall of over a metre in the watertable during the last five years and to some extent saline water intrusionhas alsotaken place in the Minjurwell field north of the city. Althoughbeyond the scope of the WRCPthis problemneeds to be addressed by the MadrasWater Supply project.
In ChingleputDistrict a fail in groundwater level was observedin Tiruttani, Thiruporur,Kundrathur and Minjur blockswhereas in otherareas, there has notbeen an appreciablefall in groundwaterlevels. InAlangayam, Tirupathur, Anicut,and Pernambetblocks of NorthArcot AmbedkarDistrict groundwater levelshave fallenin the range of 1 to 2 metresduring the five year period 1986-1992.
The Chinnaselam,Kallakurichi, Virudhachalam and Kannapuramblocks of SouthArcot Districthave observed up to 7 metresfall in groundwaterlevels over five years,which is alarming. l 19 EX2ssa 29(11193 EN ~~~I-
Coimbatore,Periyar, Madurai and RamnadDistricts have some pockets where groundwaterdepletion appears to be significant. Groundwaterdepletion has been only marginalin Dindigul,Dharmpur, Tanjavur Districts during the past I five years.
Over-exploitationof groundwatercarries two dangers:first, the fallingwater | table demandsincreasing amounts of energyto extractwater for irrigationand otheruses; and secondly, depletion of groundwateroften leads to deterioration of the water qualityespecially in coastalareas wheresaline intrusionoccurs. i Groundwaterquality is discussedbelow.
Whilst the utilisationrate for groundwateris lower than that of the surface waterthe problemsof regulatinggroundwater abstractions are morecomplex. At presentthere is no legislationto controlgroundwater abstractions except in the MadrasMetropolitan area and even here the authoritiesfeel obligedto U compensatefarmers if they wish to removetheir right to pumpfrom aquifers requiredfor supplyingthe city'swater needs. Elsewhere,no attemptis made to control abstractionsby farmersoperating existing wells and boreholes. However,electricity connections for newpumps are deniedto farmersdigging wells withinspecified distances of irrigationcanals (distance depending on the size of canal) and river banks. For largerconsumers (municipal and rural _ water supply schemesand industries)some control is exercisedover new ' schemesif the groundwaterresources are not consideredsufficient to meet demand. This applies chiefly to governmentschemes which are denied fundingif the water sourceis inadequate.
The biggestobstacle to rationalmanagement of groundwaterresources is the presentpolicy in the stateof providingfree electricityto agriculturalconsumers. I This meansthat groundwaterabstractions cannot even be controlledby pricing mechanismsfor energy. It also means that scarce water and energy resourcesare being used uneconomicallyand unsustainably:it cannotbe in I the best overall long-terminterests of the region for water to be pumped. sometimesfrom a significantdepth, to irrigate low value crops, particularly paddy. Some restrainthas been placedon new connectionsfor agriculture and in 1992only 40,000 approvals were made from the 6 to 7 yearwaiting list. In addition,those wishing to havepriority are nowrequired to paya connection chargeof Rp 25,000plus an annualcharge per hp per year and about4.000 of the newapprovals accepted this. '
This is a complexp'oblem and whilstthe GOTN have acceptedthe need to revise the policy of free electricity,for both economicand environmental reasonsthe issue is politicallysensitive. Extensivediscussions have been held on this subjectand a phasedapproach is recommended.It may not be opportuneto introducepricing for existingusers at the sametime as creating the new Water ResourcesDepartment as this could lead to acrimonyand mitigateagainst the work of the WRD. An initial step would be to withhold approvalfor any new connectionsin 'dark or even 'grey' areas.any areas I within 10 km of the coast or where low value crops or deep pumpingis requiredand to introducecharges for all approvednew connections. This policy also has an implicationfor energy consumptionas discussed in X Section3.7.
20 EX 2853 2911 ra93 i l N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3.3 Water quality 3.3.1 Surfacewater The TNPCBhas an extensivewater qualitymoniloring programme which is centredaround 3 advancedenvironmental laboratories, 3 DistrictLaboratories and 6 mobileones. Muchof the samplingis directedtowards municipal end Industrialeffluent disposal points to enableTNPCB to meet its statutory requirementto enforceeffluent disposal standards (see Section 3.3.3). There are alsopermanent monitoring stations for coastaland riverwater quality.
Thereare approximately30 coastalwater quality monitoring stations currently maintained by the TNPCS where a range of chemical and biological parametersare measuredincluding pesticides and plankton. In addition, sedimentsamples are also collectedat somelocations and testedfor heavy metaland faecalpo'utants. The stationscover the entireTamilnadu coast. Someare locatedi.i river mouths,others at municipaland industrialoutfalls and others in coastaland offshorewaters.
Samplinginland water qualityin riversis moredifficult because the majorityof riversare highlyseasonal in their flow and remaindry for much of the year. Pollutantsreleased into the riverchannel at timeswhen there is littleor noflow mainlypercolate into the groundwater.
The exceptions are the Tambaraparaniand Cauvery rivers which are perennial. Herethe TNPCBoperates a networkof monitoringstations, 7 on the Tambaraparaniand 18 on the Cauvery. Parametersmonitored include standardphysio-chemical and biological indicators and the dataeollected are submittedto the Indianwater qualitymonitoring network, MINAS, and to the Global EnvironmentalMonitoring network, GEMS. Sporadicwater quality monitoringalso takes placein the Vaigaibasin.
Samplesare collectedat six monthlyor yearlyintervals from somereservoirs and sent to Madraswhere they are analysedafter a lapse of severaldays withinthe laboratoryof the Soil MechanicsDivision of PWD. Chemicalquality maynot be affecteddue to the lapseof time but bacteriologicaland biological qualitywould be affected. Howeverthe main objectiveof this programmeis to monitorthe water'ssuitability for irrigation.
In some of the reservoirsodour problemsdue to hydrogensulphide and ammoniagases as well as fish kills have been reported. This could be attributedto disintegrationof organicmatter from naturalvegetation or due to entryof pollutionfrom industrialand domesticsources. Suchproblems have beenreported from hydro-electricpower houses as well as irTigationreservoirs. However,organised attempts to collectsamples for identificationof pollution levelsas well as the sourcesof pollutionhave yet to be undertaken.
It is likelythat someof the reservoirsrisk eutrophication due to the releaseof nutrientsfrom plantationand otheractivities. Nutrients,intense sunlight and favourableagro-climatic conditions are conducive to the eutrophicationof many reservoirs,which may be oneof the reasonsfor the smell and otherproblems mentionedabove. The environmentalquality of manyreservoirs is not being monitored,either for waterquality or eutrophication.A few researchstudies, sponsoredby the Ministryof Environmentand Forests,have been undertaken by Universities,such as the one on Ooly lakein Nilgirisby MadrasUniversity and on KodaiLake in Kodaikanal.
21 EX2BS3 29' lIm l U
3.3.2 Groundwater Monitoringgroundwater quality is the responsibilityof the Groundwaterwing of PWDusing approxirnately 2,100 observation wells locatedin differentparts of the state. Chemicalparameters are monitoredto assesssuitability for irrigationor industrialneeds. Bacteriologicalquality is not monitoredunder this programmebut the Departmentof Public Health has a drinking water I monitoringprogramme under which drinking water sourcesare periodically examined. |
Pollutionof groundwaterdue to the dischargeof industrialeffluents has been studiedin selectedareas, in the Palar,Vaigai, Cauvery and Tambaraparani river basins. In some locations,as in North Arcot District (Ambur,Ranipet, I Vaniyambadi,etc) tanneryeffluents discharged over a long period of time, have resultedin deteriorationin groundwaterquality to such an extentthat it has becomeunfit for drinkingand irrigation. Large tracks of well irrigatedland I have becomeunfit for cultivation(see Section3.1.7).
In someother areas salinity has increaseddue to salinewaler intrusionas in Minjur, north of Madras, Radhapuramand Sattankulamtaluks of Nellai KattabommanDistrict and coastal parts of Nagapattinan,Ramnad and ChidambaranarDistricts. Away from the coast,a numberof recionsalso show high salinity levels which are deterioratingparticularly in Coimbatoreand MaduraiDistricts. A mapshowing measured electrical conductivity values in groundwateris shownin Figure6. Deterioratinggroundwater quality is likely - to becomeone of the most importantwater resourcesand environmental a issuesin the fulure.
In 23 locations,particularly in Ramanathapuramand South Arcot Districts, smallpackage water desalination plants have been provided for drinkingwater underthe WaterTechnology Mission promoted by the Governmentof India. Technologyis availablefor brackishwater desalination by reverseosmosis but the operationand maintenancecosts are extremelXhigh; in the rangeRs 40 to 100 per 1000 litresfor outputsfrom 50 to 1Om/day. This is beyondthe reachof ruralcommunities.
Littleis knownabout the possiblepollution of groundwaterwith agrochemicals althougha study in 1989 (UNTCD,1989) found nitratelevels in parts of the Tambaraparaniand Pennaiyarbasins above WHO recommendedlimits for drinkingwater,
In the westernpart of the state groundwaterdisplays very high levels of fluorides.
3.3.3 Water quality standards Waterquality standards have been recommended by the Governmentof India (CBPCWP,1986) for differentclasses of wateruse [seeTables 2 and 3]. The TNPCBhas also set standardsfor tradeeffluents being releasedinto inland surfacewaters, into sewers, into coastalwaters and on land [see Table 4]. Theseeffluent release standards are enforcibleby lawand theTNPCB has the powerto enforcethem, if necessary,by orderingthe closureof a factoryor otherenterprise.
In practice,the TNPCB is reluctantto harm economicactivity and tries hard to help industriesattain the necessarydischarge standards. In the case of small enterprises,such as the tanneriesin the Palar basin, the TNPCB
22 EX2SS3 2DttUD3 attemptsto promotecombined treatment plants serving several unis. There is, however,a backlogof existingindustries still failingto meetthe required effluentstandards although the TNPCB ensures that all newindustries comply. A moredifficult problem is the dischargeof sewagefrom urbanareas since many small municipalitiesdo not have the resourcesto provideadequate * wastewatertreatment.
3.4 Soil and land resources * Tamilnaducovers an area of 130 000 km2 on the southeasttip of India. Its eastemand southernedges are formedby sea coastwhilst its northernand westem boarders lie in high land which separatesTamilnadu from its 9 neighbouringstates of Kerala,Karnataka and AndhraPradesh, see Figure1. Althoughin the south the boundary lies along the continentalwatershed dividingthe east-flowingfrom the west-flowingrivers there are a numberof rivers risingmainly in the districtsof Coimbatoreand Nilgiris whichflow west into Keralaand severalrivers, the most importantof which is the Cauvery, whichrise in Karanatakaand Andhra Pradeshand flow into Tamilnadu. The generalpicture, however, is of a regionbordered by high land in the west and northfrom whichrivers flow in an easterlydirection across a broadplain to the sea. The majorrivers are lappedextensively for irrigation,see Figure7. 1 3.4.1 Soil and land use The main soil types are black soils and red loams which are distributed - throughoutmuch of the statewith sandycoastal alluvium being found in some coastal regions,see Figure 8. The soils are generallyfertile and lack of suitablesoils is not considereda constraintto agriculture.
The soil resourcesof Tamilnadudo notshow any widespread deterioration due to the processesof soil salinisationor water logging. The Departmentof Agriculturemonitors soil salinisationthrough its regularsoil surveyswhich test X 980,000samples annually in 29 soil testinglaboratories. Although pockets of salinisationoccur in most districts,the largestareas affectedare in coastal regionswith brackishgroundwater and poordrainage. Three of these account I for 57% of the total area affected: Chengalpallu(85,000ha), South Arcot (74,000ha)and Nagapattinam (77,000ha). Inland poor water managementis a causeof waterloggingand salinisation and the districtswinh the largestareas 3 affectedare Coimbatore(28,000ha) in the ParambikulamAliyar Projectand Madurai(23,000ha) in the Vaigaibasin. In total some412,000 ha have been identifiedas sufferingfrom some degreeof salinisation.Once identified,the farmers are advised what remedialmeasures should be taken (such as applicationof gypsum)and, if funds are available,they may receivesubsidies towardsthe cost. Under the WRCP parts of those inland areas which fall withinthe command areas covered by the projectwill benefitfrom rehabilitation and improvedmanagement which will reducewaterlogging and salinisation.
Current land use is largely determinedby elevation, rainfall and water availability.In 1990-1991the land was usedin the followingways (Directorof Statistics. 1992):
| Forest 16.5% Barrenand uncultivable 3.9% Nonagricultural uses 14.1% CultivableWaste 2.2% Pasturesand grazing 1.0% Tree crops 1.8%
23 EX 2553 23tI1t93 Currentfallow 9.6% Otherfallow 8.0% Net areasown 42.9% (of which18.9 % sown rnorethan U once in the year.)
3.4.2 Agriculture | Irrigationis importantfor agriculturein much of the state althoughof the net areasown in 1990-91,only 42.5% was under irrigation. The followingsources of supplywere used(as % of total area irrigated).
Governmentcanals XI.4% Tanks 22.4% U Tube wells 7.2% Shallowwells 37.5% Other 0.5% 1 Rice is the dominantagricultural crop although it nowaccounts for only about 30% of the croppedarea. The followingtable showshow the croppedarea, productionand yield of major crops have varied over the 20 years up to 1990-91(Department of Agriculturefigures):
Crop Croppedarea Production (Mt) Yield (tlha) l ~~~~~(hax 10Ob l_ _ 1970711 1990 91t970-71f 1990-91 1970-710 j 1990.91 Rice 2.64 1.86 5.01 5.78 1.9 3.1 Milletand 1.96 1.18 1.50 135 0.8 1.1 cereal
Pulses 0.49 0.85 0.13 0.36 0.3 0.4
Sugar Cane 0.11 0.23 1.07 2.42 9.4 10.4
Grund Nut 0.99 0.96 0.99 1.18 1.0 12
Cotton 0.30 0.24 0.59 0.74 2.0 3.1
In all cases, exceptpulses and sugar cane, there has been a reductionin croppedarea over the 20 years but correspondingincreases in yields have meantthat the total productionfigures for all crops exceptmillet have risen duringthe period. In the case of rice, the increasein yield from 1.9 tVhato U 3.1 t/ha is substantial. This has partly been achievedby increaseduse of fertilisers.In 1990-91the averageapplication of fertiliserswas 130 kg/haand that of pesticideswas 0.5 kg/ha. Although the chemicalsare rnakinga significantcontribution to yield, the levels are not sufficientlyhigh to raise concernsof pollutionof soil or wateras a resultof their use exceptin places wherelocal rates of applicationare considerablyhigher. Nevertheless,this will needto be monitoredas use of chemicalsis likely to increase. U
Livestockownership is important.Tamilnadu has over9 millioncattle, over3 millionwater buffalo,over 11 million sheep and goats and over 21 million I poultry.
As the following tables shows, almost threequarters of land holdings in Tamilnaduare of less than 1ha; a size which the governmentclasses as .marginal'.
24 EX 2553 2W11193 I Class Size (ha) Numberof % of Total area % of holdings holdings (ha x 106) area ______~(xi06M_ _ _ _ * Marginal c 1.0 5.85 73 2.12 28 Small 1.0-2.0 1.27 16 1.79 24 Semi- 2.0-4.0 0.62 8 1.69 23 medium Medium 4.0-10.0 0.23 3 1.30 17 Large > 10.0 0.03 0.4 0.57 8 Total 8.00 7.47
Forestof varioustypes is foundlargely in the hills in the westernside of the state althoughpatches of forestare also foundin the plains and coconutsare commonin the Cauverydelta, see Figure9. The distributionand types of forest will be discussedin moredetail in Section3.5 below.
Socialforestry can have a positiveimpact on erosionand therehas been an activesocial forestry programme in Tamilnadufor severalyears, one element of whichis the plantingof acaciatrees wkhin the water-spreadarea of tanks to providefuelwood for villagers. This is generallyintended to occur only on the marginsof the pool but observationsby the consultantsand the reportsof others suggest that the plantingof trees in a substantialproportion of the U water-spreadarea is common.Crhicism has been madethat this imposesan additionalwater demandon the tank, althoughdata to quantifythis are not availableand researchis needed.The trees have also been criticisedwith regard to sedimentationbecause they increase the rates of sediment derosition and hinder desilting. Ecologicallythe trees are welcomedas nesting sites for birds (SectionA.15) but are said to hamper fishing (Section4.14). It is, thereforewelcome that an intor-departmentalresearch committeehas been establishedto look at the overall implicationsof tree plantingwithin tanks.
3.4.3 Soil conservation One of the main threats to the productivityof the land, and also the managementof water, is erosionof soil leadingto siltationof tanks and storagereservoirs. These will be consideredseparately.
As statedin the Introduction(Section 1.1), the earliest tanks in Tamilnaduwere protectedfrom the effects of sedimentationboth by conservationof the catchmentsand regulardesilting. Most of the tanksare in lowlandareas and X there is a constantpressure by farmersto occupy and clear the catchment X areasfor cultivationleading to increasedrates of erosion.This, combinedwith relativelylittle desiltingwork in the lastfew decadeshas createda situationof serioussiltation in manyof the tanks. Dataare rathersparse since fewtanks havebeen accuratelysurveyed for siltationbut PWD(1993) estimateson the basis of a cursorystudy that between20% and 40% of the originalcapacity of Tamilnadutanks is now filled with sediment. Surveysof tanks are the U responsibilityof the GaugingsDivision but only the largertanks are surveyed regularly. Unfortunatelythe data for thesetanks containsa largenumber of inconsistenciesanc are not worth reproducinghere.
25 EX 285S 29111193 Thereare far fewer reservoirsthan tanks; 65 are Istedby Directorof Statistics (1992). Of these, 23, whichare presumablythe ones whichwere thoughtto be at greatestrisk from siltation,were surveyedby the Instituteof Hydraulics and Hydrology,Poondi in the period 1975to 1993,see Table5. At the time they weresurveyed the age of the reservoirsranged from 16to 87 years and their loss of capacity ranged from 1.1% to 58t%of the original capacity. Ovemll,17% of the total capacityof thesereservoirs had been lost at the time they were surveyed. This figure is rather meaningless,however, since 64%/ of the originalcapacity was providedby a singlereservoir; the Mettur Stanley I Reservoir. More revealingis the annual rate of storage loss of individual reservoirsas a percent of their originalcapacity as shown in Table 5 and summarisedbelow:
Rateof storageloss (0/6/yr) Numberof reservoirs 3 <0.1% 2 0.1 - 0.5% 10 0.5- 1.0% 4 1.0 - 2.0% 4 > 2.0% 2
The rate of siltationthus varies considerably.In some cases the situationis seriouswith a substantialloss of ber.efit from the reservoirsdue to the storage capacityalready lost. Six reservoirsare fillingat morethan twice the median rate. In the case of the reservoirfilling at the fastest rate (Kundah-Pallam Reservoir),58% of its storage had been lost in the 22 years up to its first sedimentationsurvey; a rate of 2.6%per year. Manyof the oldestreservoirs were built in hilly areaswith catchmentswhich remain well covered in forest to this day. Theseforests protect the soil and preventhigh rates of erosion. The biggestsiltation problems are occurringin reservoirsbuilt in the foothills, on the edgeof the coastalplain, where considerableclearance of vegetation from catchmentshas occurred. Parts of the Bhavaniriver basin exhibits particularlyhigh ratesof reservoirsedimentation and should be given a high priorityfor remedialsoil conservationmeasures.
To counterthis, and restorethe inherentproductivity of areas in which loss of soil has madeland infertile,the governmenthas a programmeof conservation undervarious micro-watershed management projects but there are no mnajor catchmentmanagement projects as yet. It is estimatedthat of the 13 x 1O 6ha land area in Tamilnadu,3.65 x I 6ha (28%)is subjectto soil erosion. This does not include areas within the forest reserve lands which are the U responsibilityof the ForestryDepartment. Since 1961, an areaof 1.69 x 10 6 ha has beentreated with bunds,check dams, stream training and otherprotective U measures. This work is largely undertakenunder the direction of the U AgriculturalEngineering Division (AED). Farmersare expectedto contribute to the costs of this work, Rs 600-1,000/hain the plains and Rs 6,500- 10,000/hain the hills, but may receivesubsidies to cover 25% or 40% of the I cost respectively.Funds are availablefor 1993/94to treat 75,000ha most of which will be in the plains. Accordingto the BhavaniBasin Environmental Assessmentreport (1993)there are 13 agenciesinvolved in some aspect of U soil conservationin the state and thus actionis fragmented.
26 EX B53 2911 93 An earlyIssue to be consideredby theWRO should be reservoirsedimentation and the RBMsresponsible for thosebasins with soil erosionproblems should givepriority to findingsolutions, However, there Is a dangerthat the RBMswill just add to the fragmentedinstitutional responsibilities and this must be avoided. Underthe environmentalaction plan (seePart B) fundsare included for a specialplanning study of soil conservationwhich shouldmake clear practical proposalsfor appropriateaction as well as review the present institutionalresponsibilities and make recommendationsfor considerationby the WRC.
Siltationis not only a problemaffecting tanks and reservoirsbut Is also importantwith respectto irrigationcanals particularlythose which take their water direct from riverswithout passing through a storagereservoir or tank. Areaswhich are knownto be particLularlyprone to canalsiltation are parts of the Cauverydelta (Metro and Boniarchannels), the Periyarmain canal and the Palaranicut, although quantitative measures of the severityof theproblem are difficultto obtain. The designand constructionof sedimentcontrol structures for thesecanals should form partof the rehabilitationcomponent of theWROP.
3.5 Ecological resources ThoughTamilnadu is smallerin size than manyother States of India,it has a wide varietyof flora and faunain a wide rangeof habitats. Dry deciduous forest,thorn forest, scrub, mangroves and wetlandsoccur in the dry tracksin the plainsand lower hills. Moist deciduousand wet evergreenforests with sholas and grass land occupythe hilly regionsmostly in the westernghats, see Figure10. The forestsare rich in plant and animallife. Out of 35,000 speciesof greenplants found in India. about 30,000 speciesare found in Tamilnadu. Most of the importantspecies of mammalsare alsofound here.
Tamilnaduhas 14 wildlifesanctuaries and 5 nationalparks coveringabout 12.5% of the forestarea (seeFigure 9). Two biospherereserves, one in the Nilgiris and anotherin the Gulf of Mannar constitutedby the Ministry of Environmentand Forests,are also locatedhere. A tiger reservecombining Mundanthuraiand Kalakkaduwildlife sanctuariesunder 'Project Tiger" has alsobeen established. About 308km 2 (1.4%of thetotal forestarea) has been broughtunder national parks. In addition252,600ha (2,526km 2) have been declaredas wildlifesanctuaries.
The WildPfe(Protection) Act 1972 and the Wildlife(Protection) Tamilnadu Rules1975 provide an effectivemanagement and conservation strategy for the rich heritageof wildlife. Detailsof the wildlife sanctuariesin Tamilnaduare givenin Table6. Mostof the wildlifesanctuaries are locatedin the catchment areasof reservoirsin thefoot hills of the easternslopes of the westemghats. Well organisedcatchment protection, soil conservationmeasures as well as forest preservationand protectionare necessarynot onlyfor the preservation of wildlifebut also to protectthe storageof waterand preservethe ecologyof the region. The Wildlife(Protection) Act 1972provides legal and regulatory safeguardsto supportsuch conservation.
Naturalinland fisheries are not significantin muchof thestate although special cold water fisheriesare found in the Nilgiris and major reservoirsand large tanksare madeproductive through annual restocking. The total annualinland fish productionis 84,000t including estuary and brackish water areas. Migratoryfish such as eels and hilsa are no longer found in Tamilnadu
27 EX 2853 2911113 althoughgiant freshwaterorawns occur in the Cauvery.Carp populationsIn the Cauveryhave, howeva3r, declined in recentyears,
On the negativeside, interactionbetween the biosphereand agricultural production,in the formof weedsand pests,limits crop yields. For example, rice paddy has 10 pests commonlyfound in Tamilnadu. The Departmentof L Agriculturethrough its 160 Plant ProtectionOfficers closely monitors the prevalenceof peststhroughout the state and preparesweekly bullelins, in discussion with scientists from the Tamilnadu Agricultural University, I Coimbatore.These identify the high riskpests in each District. The bulletins are broadcastand are usedby the farmersand VillageExtension Workers to guidecontrol measures. In the pastthese have largely been through chemical 9 controlbut recentlythere has been a move towards integratedmeasures includingchemical, biological (competitor species) and physical methods (such as light traps). PlantProtection Officers are also responsiblefor advisingon the controlof rodentswlhich cause damage particularly to harvestedcrops in storage.
3.6 Coastal resources Approximatelyhall of Tamilnaduis borderedby coastline.The 1,000km coast representsone sixthof the total coastlineof India. The coastalplain is flat and exposedto the attackof the sea especiallyduring cyclones which occur on average two or three times a year causing localised and sometimes widespread,flooding. At presentthe coastalprotection works in Tamilnaduare = constructedand maintainedby the PWD.
Marinefisheries are a significantsource of income. In 1991-92,300,000t of marinefish were landedby an estimated100,000 active fishermenworking from 440 marinefishing villages. 40% was caught from non-mechanisedboats andthe remainderfrom mechanisedand motorisedboats (only13% from the larr,ermotorised boats).
There is increasingconcern in manycountries about the possibleeffect of marine pollution on fisheries and marine life. A number of industries, particularlyaround Madras,are locatedon the coast and discharge their effluent,both treated and untreated,into the sea. Likewise,Madras and other coastaltowns discharge untreated municipal sewage into the sea. The quality of coastal waters in Tamilnaduis monitoredregularly by the TNPCB as describedin Section3.3.1. A newarea of concernat presentis the industry aroundthe southerntip.
Apartfrom fisheries,the Tamilnadu coast supports other important marine life. In the Gulfof Mannara marineNational Park has beenestablished, including 21 small offshoreislands, to protectthe rare dugongpopulation as well as turtles,dolphins and othermarine life. At the point of Calimerethere is a wildlifesanctuary wh:- h covers 1,700ha of tidal swampswhere water birds, variousmammals, turtles and dolphinare found. At other placesalong the coast,particularly around the Cauverydelta large populations of birds nestand roostaround tanks and water bodies,both fresh and brackish.
The aboveexamples, although important, are howeversomewhat isolated and are not typicalof the rnajorityof this coastlinewhich along muchof its length carries a significanthuman population and which has only small areas of I undisturbedmangrove and coastal swamps. In thenorih, the coastalwetlands are badly degraded. Untilrecently the coral aroundthe Gulf of Mannarwas
28 EX 2653 2W911D3 mi, edfor cementproduction but thishas nowbeen stopped. Pearlcultivation is coimmonin this area.
Madrasis the largestand most importan!sea port in Tamilnaducarrying about 70% of the statek fore;gntrade. Of the otherfouir ports the most significant is Tuticorinwhich carries 12%. Together these ports account for the importand exporto foreigngoods annually to thetotal valueof Rs. 80 x 109 (800crores) equivalentto US$ 2,580 million.
There is a net northeriylittoral drift of sedimentalong much of the coast. AroundMadras, the constructionof breakwatershas caused siltationof the mouths of the channelscarrying floodwaters through the city. Dredging operationsare, therefore,required to keepthese channels and the port clear.
It is not anticipatedthat activitiesunder the WRCP will effect the coastal resourcessince the small marinedischarges from most river basins do not allowmajor transport of pollutantsfrom inland and the onlysignificant irrigation in a sensitivecoastal zone is in the CauveryDelta which is excludedfrom the project.
3.7 Energy, minerals and air Tamilnadu'srural populationdepends heavily on fuelwoodas a sourceof domesticenergy although, by the end of 1991, electricityhad been provided to 440 towns, 16,000 villages and 48,000 hamlets throuC!4outthe state. Hydropowerstations are an importantsource of electricity to meet this demand. In 1991-92there were24 hydro-electricstations with a combined capacity of 1,945 MW producing4.4 TWh of energy (20% of the total production).Three thermal power stations with a combinedcapacity of 2,340 MW generated8.5 TWh (40 % of total production). The other 40% of the electricitywas purchasedfrom centrallyoperated and atomicpower stations. Energyconsumption by the agriculturalsector represents27% of the total. The remainingelectricity is consumedby the industrial(42%), commercial (6%),domestic (16%) and other sectors(9%).
It is not possibleto discusswater resourcesin isolationfrom energyresources particularlyin Tamilnaduwhere 20%of electricityis suppliedby hydropower, 27%.of electricityconsumption is usedto pump groundwaterfor irrigationand much of the domestic energy used by rural householdsis supplied by fuelwood. Eachof these facts raisessome potentiallydifficult issues:
* can a balance be found between reservoiroperating policies which optimise the production of energy and those which optimise the productionof irrigatedcrops?
* can groundwaterabstractions be regulatedto allowwater tablesto rise and thereby reduce the amount of energy needed for pumping groundwater?
* can provisionoi renewablefuelwood plantations be integratedinto overall plansfor the managementof catchmentsand protectionof wildlife?
Otherpotential issues include the provisionof coolingwater for thermalpower stations,the effect of lignie mining on groundwater,the energy needs for supplyingclean water through piped systems and the energyrequirements for desalinationplants.
29 Ex28e3 2g,1U93 ; Discussionsare in progress to addresstie ,olitically sensitive issue of introducingpayment for electricity for pumpingof water for agricultural purposes. The needfor appropriatemeasures has been recognisedby the GOTNbut will take some time to resolve. In debatingthis issueIt shouldbe realisedthat excessiveenergy consumption resuls in unnecessarypollution from powerstations. Inthe meantimesome steps have been made to qontrol newconnections. This issueis also discussedin Section3.2.
Tamilnaduis not rich in minerals. By far the mostvaluable mineral output is the 11.8Mt/yr of lignitefrom two minesin southArcot district. This operation alsohas waterresources implications because large quantities of groundwater have to be pumped to keep the open-castmines dry. Tami;nadualso produces300,000 t/yr of crude oil, 400,000 tVyrof magnesiteand small quantitiesof bauxiteand gypsum. Limestoneis quarriedin 8 districtsthe total outputbeing 4.8 Mt/yr. Mostof this is usedfor the4.5 Mt/yrof cementwhic'l the state produces.
Industriesare located mostly in and around Madras,Coimbatore, Salem, Neyveli,Trichy, Madura! and Tuticorin with cement factories located in different areas. Accordingly,air pollutionis limitedto the industrialareas and also urbancentres with heavy automobile traffic. Air qualitymeasurement has not beenundertaken as an organisedprogramme in Tamilnaduexcept for the city of Madras. Underthe NationalAir QualityMonitori!g Network, three sampling stations (residential,commercial and industrial)are locatedin Madras city whereinair quality is being assessedfor conventionalparameters such as suspendedparticulate matter (SPM),S0 2 and NO,. This programmehas been going on since 1978and increasingtrends in SO2and NOxare being observedin city locations.However, the concentration of SPM,S02 and NOX are below the prescribedstandards viz, 250, 150 and 150mg/lrespectively.
In addition,TNPCB undertakes air qualitymonitoring in someof the industrial locationswhere cement plants, thermal power stations and fertiliserplants are located.
3.8 Human resources The 1991census showed Tamilnadu to have a populationof 55.6 millionof which70%o live in the StateCapital, Madras, and the remainderare spreadfairly evenlythrough the other20 administrativedistricts, at an averagedensity of 428 per km2. The Nilgris is the most sparselypopulated district with a populationdensity of 277 per krrm.In all, 66% of Tamilnadu'spopulation is rural. Statewise.the ratioof femalesto malesis 0.972although in Coimbatore it is as low as 0.91. There is concernthat female infanticide occurs in some places.
The Workingpopulation is consideredto be 24.6 millionof which23% are cultivators,32% agricultural labourers, and only 5% engagedin manufacturing, repair and other industries. In otherwords. agriculture directly accounts for 55% of all workers excludingthe jobs it supportsin manufacturing,retail, transportand the serviceindustries.
The economyof the Stateonly partlyreflects this agricultural bias. Of the net State domesticproduct of Rs. 250 x 109 (25.000crores) less tnan 20% is providedby agriculturewhile 25% is providedby manufacturing.In 1991-92 the overallbudget for the State Governmentwas approximatelyRs.60 x 109 (60,000Crores) of which70% was allocatedto developmentexpenditure. The
30 EX2893 29I 1/93 followingbreakdown of the developmentexpenditure budget shows only those headingsrelevant to this report.
Heading Expenditure1991-92 % of total development expenditure Rsx IOP Rscroiea
Medicaland Public 3.4 340 7,7 Health Watersupply and 1.7 170 Y.8 m sanitation 3 Nutrition 2.7 270 6.2 Relieffollowing 0.3 30 0.7 naturalcalamities Agriculture 7.0 700 15.9 RuralDevelopment 3.2 320 7.2 Irrigationand flood 1.4 140 3.2 control Energy 0.03 3 0.06 Industryand 1.1 110 2.5 I Minerals l cience, 0.02 2 0.05 Tec!.nologyand Environment
Over the periodof the 8th 5-yearplan 1he proposeddevelopment expenditure showsincreased expenditure on agricultural,irriqation and, particularly, power. The proportionsare: agriculture(10.4%), rural development(4.7%), irrigation and floodcontrol (5.6%), power (27%) and industryand minerals(5.8%).
Engineersare responsiblefor muchof the waterrelated planning, development and managementin Tamilnadu.The PWD employedabout 3,900 engineers in 1992-93. Moreover,statistics indicate that 39,000students were enrolled in collegesof engineeringand technologyin 1990-91,over ten times more than the nuinbersin agriculturalcolleges.
3.8.1 Tribal minorities Only 1%(aoproximalely) of Tamnilnadu's population is recognisedas belonging to scheduledtribes. The main concentrationsof tribal groupsare in the hill country,particularly in the Nilgris,Analnis, the upperTambaraparani basin and tile Jawadhuhills of the eastern its.i Tribal mincriies will not be affected by the proposedWRCP.
3.8.2 Cultural aspects Tarni!naduhas a richheritage of sitesof historical,cultural and religiousvalue. and contains many ancient temples,shrines, forts and other cultural and historicalbuildings and sites of greatvalue. These are protectedby the
31 FX 2853 29/11/93 'NEN
ArchaeologicalSurvey of India and the GOTN ReligionsEndowment Board and thereare few knowninstances when such sites have beendostroyed or submergedas a result reservoirand irrigationprojects. However,temples were affectedby the Methur,Poondi and Bawanisarprojects. Tamilnadu promotesits cultural heritageto visitors throughan active Departmentof 1Tourismand privatetourist industry.The local populationis also encouraged lo visit damsites by creatingparks and gardensaround thom. The WRCPwill not hlaveany adverseimpact on cultural,historical or religioussites. 3 3.8.3 Healthaspects There is a well establishedsystem of hospitals,dispensaries and primary healthcentres in the state,one centre to every30,000 of the rural pcpulation, as well as approximately6 timesas many (9,000)health subicentres. Of the 190 000 deathsby specifieddiseases amongst the 350 000 deathsin 1990, 'he followingshows those diseases which are generallyassociated with water.
Disease f Numberot As % of deathsby l ______deaths in 1990 specified diseases
Dysenteryand Diarrhoea 9145 4.88 Typhoid 578 0.31 Japaneseencephalitis 170 0.09 3 Cholera 19 0.01 Malaria 0 0
It is clear that the water-bomediseases, dysentery. diarrhoea, typhoid and choleraare the main causesof concernwith regardto fatalitiesarising from U water-relateddiseases. Officialsof the Public HealthServices believe that much of the transmissionof these diseasesoccurs in rural areas along the banks of riversand canals wherepeople wash and drink pollutedwater. In manycases an alternatesource of safe water exists,but peopleuse polluted U water while workingin iheir fields sinceotherwise they wouldhave to return to theirvillages.
Not all of the improvedwater suppliesavailable are free of bacteriological contamination.UNTCD (1989) notes that many water suppliesas well as some piped rural suppliesconsvructed by the TWADBoard, use infiltration galleriesand wells.typica:ly 5-6 m deep, in the sandybeds of rivers. Many such wells were found to be infected and although most systems had treatmentworks, the reportconcluded that due to ineffectivechlorination they 3 poseda healthrisk. Therehave beenfew studiesof the bacterologicalquality of shallowvillage well3 but a studywas conductedseveral years ago of 100 deep b3reholeswith handpumpsin rural areas aroundMadras by the Centre for .wvironmentalStudies, Anna Universityfor UNICEF. The studyshowed that faecal contaminationcould occur even in such wells, particularlywhen sited in areas of fissuredgranite. The King Institute in Madras monitors drinkingwater qualityboth before and attortreatment.
Two water-relateddiseases whicth are majorconcerns in otherplaces do not occur in Tamitnadu:Guinea worm was eradicated in 1982 although a surveillanceprogramme is nmaintainedto prevent its reintroductionfrom
32 EX2853 2WI I= neighbouringAndhara Pradesh; and schistosomiasisoccurs in only one small pocketIn the wholeof India,In Maharashtra.
Three mosquito-bornediseases require special mention. Malaria Is the most widely recognisedof the threeand producedabout 150,000recorded cases in 1991and 1992. The malariamortality rate is verylow in Tamilnadudue to the very low percentageof the parasitePlasmodium faiciparum compared to the more commonP. vivax and also to the effectivetreatment programme which exists. In Tamilnaduonly 8% of all cases in recentyears have been ascribedto P. falciparumcompared to 60-70% in some of India's northern states. As a result,for overthree decadesthere were no mcordedfatalities due to malariain Tamilnadualthough in 1991,four deathsoccurred in Madras and the followingyear a furtherdeath occurred in a coastalvillage.
Historically,Tamilnadu has sufferedserious malaria epidemics. One occurred in the period1936 to 1942when a largenew area of irrigationwas opened up in theCauvery Delta. The causewas ascribed to 'untidyirrigation' (Rao, 1984) whichwas corrected by fillingup borrowpits, realigning field canals, improving bunds,rotational supply, chemical larviciding and introductionof larviverous fish. Similarlyin the period1952 to 1960an epidemicoccurred along the river reach downstreamof the newlyconstructed Sathanur Dam due to the large numberof poolswhich formed in the riverbed whenno releaseswere being inade from the dam. In someyears the numberof recordedcases exceeded the total population!
There are two vectorsof malariaactive in Tamilnadu:Anopheles stephensii breeds mainlyin watersto,3ge tanks and is responsiblefor urbanand per- urban malaria:and A. culicifacesbreeds mainlyin clear sunlit pools and is responsiblefor riverineand coastalmalaria. The relativedistribution of cases betweenthese three types is * urban,60% (of whichalmost three-quarters of the cases occur in Madras);peri-urban malaria, 10% ; riverinemalaria 5%: and coastal25%. There was a ten-foldincrease in the numberof cases of riverine malaria between 1989 and 1992 mainly in the districts of Tiruvannamalai,Villupuram, Dharmapuri, Krishnagiri and Periyar(at Erode). The main causeof coastalmalaria appears to be the plantingof coconuts, cashewand othertrees with a pool aroundthem to trap water.
There is bothactive and passivemonitoring of malariaby the Public Health Service. Under the active programmeat least 66% of the populationis screenedeach year. Controlprogramnmes in the urbanareas are underthe municipalauthorities and focus on larvae controlwhereas the Public Health Service is responsiblefor control in rural areas and uses the chemical malathionas a house spray to kill adult mosquitoes. Such control is in additionto the controlprovided by the thoroughprogramme of treatmentthat exists.
The second mosquito-bornedisease of concemis Japaneseencephalitis which is transmittedby the Culex vishui group of r,mosquitoes.Unlike A. culicifaceswhich tends to breedin rice fields only beforethe rice plants appear,these Culexmosquitoes breed amongst the paddycrop at all stages. Japaneseencephalitis is a viral disease. The virus is commonin pigs, and even in humansonly a small number of those infectedactually develop symptoms.However, once the diseasebecomes established, mortality rates are very high;of the orderof 60% of all cases.
33 EX 253 2S9 1113 Thereis a fluctuatingnumber of caseseach year but, on averageover the last 16 years, there have beenabout 150 deathsa year; the highestrate being _ 432 deathsin 1986. The main districtswhere Japaneseencephalitis occurs are SouthArcot, Thanjavur, Tiruchchiapalli, Madurai and Tirunelveli.So far, no overallcontrol strategy has beenestablished. f
The thirdmosquito-bome disease of concernis filariasis.Although rarely fatal, f ilariasiscan be severelydebilitating and is difficultto treat. The vectorsin this case are Culex mosquitoeswhich favour stagnantand pollutedwater for breeding. Hence,in the past, filariasishas tendedto be moreprevalent in urban than in rural situations. Howeverrural cases are increasingdue to _ water supply schemeswithout adequate drainage. There is an active diagnosisand control programme which began in 1957and nowcomprises 21 controlunits operating 42 nightclinics in 43 urbancentres. These units survey about 1.1 millionpeople per year of whomabout 1% are foundto be infected with the parasiteand 20%of theseshow signs of disease. The programme of casedetection and treatmentis the maincontrol method used but chemical controlof mosquitolarvae is alsoused. Centresof transmissionoccur in most parts of Tamilnadu. Thereare a numberof laboratoriesand researchinstitutes in Tamilnaduwith 3 expertisein vector-bornediseases: the CentralMalaria Laboratory in Madras, the MalariaResearch Centre (ICMR) in Madras,the Centrefor Researchin MedicalEntomology (ICMS) in Madurai,various University departments and 3 the Instituteof VectorControl and Zoognosisin Hosur. The lastof thesehas beenrecognised by WHOas a NationalCentre for trainingin vectorcontrol. In addition,in Pondicherrythere is a WHO assistedVector Control Research Centre.
4 Environmental issues arising from WRCP 3 4.1 Introduction The proposedscope of theTamilnadu Water Resources Consolidation Project I was describedin Section1.3. Fromthat descriptionit can be seen that one objectiveof the WRCPis to addressthe issuesarising from water resource utilisationand to bringabout environmental improvements. The project's three I main componentsare to rehabilitateand modernisea large areaof existing surfacewaler irrigation;to completeseveral minorschemes already started andto provideadvice, training and institutional strengthening in ordertoenable policyand organisationalchanges to be introduced. This chapterconsiders the environmentalissues in the waterresources sector j with respectto the differentproject components. Overall the projectwill have a beneficialimpact but the achievementof thosebenefits requires active rather than passive intervention. The chapter considerswhether there are any - additionaladverse effects which may arise or any additionalenvironmental enhancementswhich may be achievable.
The largest project componientis the rehabititationand modernisationof U existingirrigation schemes in Tamilnadu,including further work on schemes previouslyunder the NationalWater ManagementProject. As describedin Section1.3 the rehabilitationand modernisationwork will be undertakenin two _ stages. Stage 1 will focuson restoringand upgradingthe maindistribution systemto the extent necessaryto ensurereliable and equitablesupplies at
34 EX 2853 28111193 sluice off-takes and the hand-over of operation and rnaintenance responsibilKttosto Famners Associations (FAs) below the sluice, Stage2 will involvethe creationof FarmerCouncils (FCs) at distributarylevel and the transferof rosponsibilitiesfor operationand maintenanceto these FCs includingsuc.h upgrading of the distributionsystem as may be agreed. Togetherthese stages will laythe foundation for long-termsustainability of the i(rrgationsystems.
Takingthe commandareas individually, a comparisonof impactsand benefits indicatesthat the effect of the WRCPwill be environmentallypositive since improvedwater management and maintenance of theprojects will be beneficiat and little now land will be developed.
For the twelve on-goingminor schemeswhich have been put forward for inclusionin the WRCPsome new constructionis involved. For nine sub- projects,additional reservoir or tank storageis beingcreated and areasof new irrigatedcommandarebeingdeveloped.Theterm on-going isnot, therefore, meant to imply that these schemes,like the rehabilitation/modernisation category,are alreadywholly in existence.The term is usedto indicatethat the planningand design, and in sorne casestheir implementation,had begun beforethe WRCPwas proposedand that they will now be taken underthe umbrellaof theWRCP at the stagetliey havenow reached. To the extentthat these schemesinvolve the constructionof new dams, weirs, canals and irrigationworks it is likely that their environmentaleffects will be more extensivethan thoseof the rehabilitationcomponent. However, this is a small part of the overallpoject.
4.2 Catchment protection A majordisadvantage of waterresources planning on a piece-mealproject by projectbasis is that the upstreamor downstreameffects on water resources of land-usechanges and humanactivities within the catchmentmay be overlooked. There are complex inter-relationships,some not sufficiently understoodfor accuratepredictions to be made at present,between land cover,soil erosion,evaporation, runoff. infiltration and the leachingof nutrients and agro-chemicals. Unlessthe whole catchmentarea of a river can be managedin a comprehensivemanner it will not be possibleto protectthe qualityand quantityof groundwaterand surface water sources and to prevent excessivesedimentation of reservoirsand irrigationchannels.
Tamilnaducurrently has an inter-departmentalcommittee to coordinate catchmenttreatment work for the protection of major reservoirs (see Section2.3) but no suchcoordination exists for protectingthe large numberof tanks that exist. Under the WRCP i is proposed that River Basin Managementunits be created within the Water Resources Department, overseenby the WRC. The proposedstructure of the RBMs given in the reportof the InstitutionalStudy clearly demarcates the Chief Engineer(Plan Formulation)as havingresponsibility for coordinationwith otheragencies at the basin level. With this arrangementcatchment managementand conservationshould be properlyaddressed in the futureprovided that thereis adequatemontoring and datacollection to providea sound basisfor decision making. However, as mentionedin section 3.4 there are numerous Govemmentagencies involved in catchmentactivities and consultationand coordinationmust be effectiveif inter-agencyconflict is to be avoided. The issuesare not straightforwardsince conservation activities designed to reduce soilerosion are likelyto increaserates of infiltration(and possibly evaporation)
35 eX 2BS: 21 193 and,thus, decreaseoverall rates of surfacewater runoff. At the same time, theremay be a changein the seasonaldistribution of flowso that flows during the monsoonperiod are reducedbut base-flowduring non-rainfall periods are Increased.
Providedthat degradedcatchments can be identifiedby the RBMsand that agreementcan be reachedon suitableconservation measures to introduce, thereremains the questionas to whetherinter-departmental and inter-agency cooperationis adequate,and fundingavailable, to ensure that the chosen measuresare implemented.As mentionedabove this already occurs to some extentthrough the inter-departmentalcommittee on reservoirsedimentation. Under the projectsuch links would,hopefully, be strengthenedthrough the RBMsand WRC, An importantissue to be addressedearly by the WRC is constructivecoordination with the AED,who have prirmary responsibility for soil conservation,and otheragencies involved in catchmentprotection otherwise inter-agencyrivalry could be detrimentalto soil conservationmeasures.
Comprehensivemanagement of tlhecatchmenl will also providea basisfor addressingproblems of eutrophicationdue to the leachingof nutrientsand to other water qualityproblems related to leachatesfrom agro-chemicalsand other non-pointsources of pollution. Downstreamin the commandarea a catchment-wideview of waterlogging,salinisation and flood inundationswill also be beneficial.For all of thesea valuabletool to aid interpretationwill be the use of remotelysensed images. Enhancementof capabilitiesto interpret and use remotelysensed imagesis one of the institutionalstrengthening measuresproposed under the WRCP.
Finally the protectionand enhancementof flora and fauna will be more effective if it can be seen as an integral part of the other catchment managementactivities described above.
As demonstratedabove, the WRCP has great potentialfor environmental benefitsin relationto catchmentmanagement. This has receivedattention in f the project preparationand emphasisshould be given during project supervisionto ensurethat these benefitsmaterialise otherwise an important opportunitymay be lost or only partiallyexploited. In addition,following the completionof the proposedsoil conservationplanning study (see Part B), _ considerationshould be givenby the GOTNto fund soil conservationworks in selectedbasins.
4.3 Surface water allocation Up to the presenttime, irrigationdirect from canals or tanks has taken priority over other surfacewater demandssimply becauseindustrial and domestic U demandswere not developed. With larger reservoirsthe situation is more complexand ruleshave been establishedfor day-to-dayoperation to satisfy the variousdemands for whichthe reservoirwas buikt:hydropower, irrigation, | domesticand industrial. Nevertheless,basin-wide long-term planning is lacking;new projects are consideredindividually in the light of availableflows and existingdemands. New industriesare not even consideredif adequate water resourcesare not availablebut there is no informationon the extentto whichthis has constrainedindustrial developnent.
Underthe WRCPthe proposedpolicy and organisationalchanges are aimed at creatinga -systemwhereby surface water can be allocatedaccording to an agreedset of prioritiesand procedures,river basin by river basinand for the 3 36 EX 28S3 29n 1193 l ]IEN1
stateas a whole. A basicrequirement for suchallocation is improveddata on J the availableflows and on the availablestorage taking account of currentand future sedimentationlosses as well as an ability to model complex multi- storage supply and demand networks. These have been identified as componentswhich will be strengthenedalthough the needto accuratelypredict the future impacton reservoiroperation ot sedimentationis not specifically highlightedand would require modellingthe sedimentationbehaviour of ] reservoirs.
The biggestchallenge facing the WRCPis that, with an estimated95% of all surface water resourcesalready committed,any increase in domestic, i municipalor industrialdemand will haveto be mu' from savingsor cut-backs in irrigationuse. This issuemust be addressedinitially at a basinor statelevel but must also be translatedinto appropriateaction on individualirrigation I schemes.The IWSis responsiblefor preparingriver basin plans and will face the challengeof introducinga more effectiveway of managingthe finite surfacewater resources in Tamilnadu.This maylead to considerationof some ] fundamentalquestions such as the wastewaterreuse, necessity of imposing restrictionson highly water consumptiveindustries, changes in cropping pattemsand possibilityof alternativewater sources. These questionsare discussedfurther in the environmentalaction plan.
The preparationof river basin plans looking ahead 20 and 40 years, as proposedunder the WRCP.will facilitatea moreholistic approach to planning and assist in highlightingthe potentialconflicts and problemssufficiently in advance to allow these complex issues to be studied and attemative responsesdeveloped and tested. The WRCalso providesa forum in which I difficultpolicy decisionscan be made. The changesproposed under the WFRCPprovide a muchfirmer basis for futurewater resources management than the currentsituation altlhough the complexityof the problemsshould not be underestimatedand shouldbe constantlyreviwed by those responsiblein the new WRDand by the World Banksupervision missions. 1 4.4 Irrigation water management It is anticipatedthat throughthe WRCPmore reliable and equitablesupplies will be availablefor irrigationand, at the same time, water will be savedfor otheruses. This is perhapsone of the most positiveenvironmental aspects of the WRCP.
| Water conservation/savingis a priority for the GOTN in line with their objectivesof improvedwater resourcesmanagement. PWD data for the Tambaraparanibasin shows that significantvolumes of water previouslyused d for irrigation The Monitoringcanand be saved Evaluation' with the task methodswithin the being projectimplemented will include inperformance the WRCP. measurementsto show the crop productionper unit of water delivered: this and other performanceindicators are essentialif water conservationis to be givena high priority. In addition,the farmersmust be made aware of this priority. Field reportson three schemeswhich have been rehabilitatedto stage1 levelunder the NWMP are beingmonitored and initialevidence shows a significantreduction in water use(up to 34%on one schemewith cropyields increasedby amountsvarying from 21 to 57%). Moreequitable distribution has alsobeen notedwith tail-endfarmers now getting more reliable supplies. Farmerresponse to takingover maintenanceof the systembelow 500 ha has also beenfavourable.
37 X28S53 2WU1V93 The quickestand most effectiveway to save water would be to changethe crop mix, however,this is outsideof the direct controlof the authorities. I Nevertheless,farmers are alreadyaware of the conflictfor water in some areasand shouldbe madeto realisethat unlesswater Is usedmore sparingly reductionsin Iheir consumptionmay be necessary. With incentivesand adequate supportthrough effective agricultural extension they may adopt alternativecropping pattems. It is importantto considerwhat use wil1be madeof the water saved. For the I Tambaraparanibasin example cited above, it Is statedthat watersaved will be usedto meeturban water demands, in thiscase sufficientup to theyear 2011. In otherbasins, the savings appear to be earmarkedto expandthe area to be irrigated. Thosefarmers operating from rainfed tanks,suffer from unreliable single-seasonsupply and wherever possible savings from improvements within the commandareas should benefit such farmers rather than allow for I expansionof thecommand area. At a state or riverbasin level the WRCand RiverBasin Management units are being establishedto resolvethis question but at a sub-projectlevel it is notclear what policy will be appliedin the interim I period beforethe river basinplans have been formulated. By the time the plansbecome available many of thesub-project allocation decisions may have already been made and the Basin Manager'sscope for flexibility much I reduced.To forestallthis situation, provisional guidelines should be prepared for immediateapplication,
As mentionedabove, farmers often have wells withincommand areas which they use to supplementcanal supplies and to irrigatedry-foot crops in the dry season. This is particularlyuseful in areas whichhave erraticrains from one or other of the monsoons.At presentthere do not appearto be good data showingthe possibleeffect which canal lining and improvedoperation would have on groundwaterlevels since reduced seepage and wastageis likelyto reduce recharge. This in tum could lead to further depletion of the groundwateras thefarmers pump from a diminishingresource. On the other hand rrora equitabledistribution of surface water may reducethe need to pumpgroundwater. Conjunctive use of water is discussedfurther in section 4.5 below. Measuresto savewater could have other impactsboth positive and negativeon wildtifeand communityhealth and these are discussedin Sections4.15 and 4.19respectively.
With respectto the completionof the on-goingminor shemes it is necessary = to considerwhat implications each will havefor the overallutilisation of water resourcesof the river basin. In particular,any effectson the existingwater use downstreamof any proposeddams or off-takesshoulc be made to ensure that they do not adverselyaffect downstreamusers, sun.has those drawing I waterfrom infiltrationgalleries in the riverbed for ruralwater supply schemes. In the Sothuparaischeme, a largearea (4,000ha) of inangocultivation was I observedjust downstreamof the proposeddam site. This raisesthe concem that impoundmentof watermay causegroundwater levels to riseand, since mango trees are very sensitiveto waterlogging,might disrupt this very productiveexisting local enterprise. A PWDhydrogeotogist should study this particularscheme before any work commences. In othercases, a rise in water table aroundthe damor commandarea may be beneficialto wellowners who are currentlysuffering from steadily falling groundwNaterlevels.
38 EX2S53 29t11193 4.5 Groundwater The WRCPwill not have any direct impacton groundwateras the project concentrateson surfacewater utilisation.Groundwater is thereforediscussed in more detail in chapter 3 in relation to water resources in general. Nevertheless,the projectdoes includethe proposalfor a GroundwnterAct which shouldbe beneficialto the long term sustainabilityof the resource. Groundwateruse shouldalso be includedin the proposedriver basinplans.
Someof the 1.4 millionwells and pumpsdiscussed in chapter3, about20% of the total, are locatedwithin the commandareas and in these areas there couldbe an impacton projectactivities. In such locationsthe rehabilitation worksshould lead to moreefficient water use,however, the incentiveto safe waler may be negatedby the farmers'access to free water by pumping. Moreover,energy consumption may increaseas the groundwaterlevel falls becauseof the reducedrecharge owing for exampleto canallining and less seepage.
Usedsensibly groundwater pumping in conjunctionwith surfacewater can be of immensebenefit to irrigatedcrop productionby selectingthe appropriate sourceaccording to availability. For example,groundwater pumping could allow early land preparationand seed germinationprior to surfacewater releases;protect against crop failure if rains are poor and the surface distributionsystem unreliable in mid-season;and allowthe cultivationof a dry- foot crop in periodswhen no surfacewater is being released.
An obstacleto optimisingthe potentialbenefits of conjunctiveuse is that the wells and pumps used to abstractgroundwater are owned by individual farmerswho are unlikelyto surrendertheir individualfreedom of actioneither to instructionsfrom governmentstaff or to the collectivedecisions of the proposedFarmer Councils. This issue mustbe adressedby the newWRD whendrafting the proposedgroundwater act as it seemsreasonably certain that FarmerAssociations will not be able to controlgroundwater use amongst farmnergroups below each sluiceoutlet. Duringthe planningof sub-projects, the current level of dependencyof farmers on groundwatermust be establishedso that the conjunctivenature of the irrigationsupply is properly recognised.
Theseare complexinter-related issues and better understanding is neededof the waysin whichcatchment land use andirrigation practices affect the rates of rechargeso that the availablegroundwater resource is better used. It is worth notingthat the currentpractice of the PWD in assessinggroundwater potentialannually by designating'dark', 'grey' and 'white' blocksshould be replacedby a morerobust set of parameterswhich indicate more reliably the long-termstate of exploitationof groundwaterin particularblocks and the deviationsfrom long-termtrends produced by annualvariations in rainfalland abstractions.Within the WRCP groundwater levels will be includedas part of the Monitoringand Evaluationtask which will facilitateimproved planning. In addition,given that groundwateruse is an importantwater resourcesconcem in the state,a study of groundwaterpotential and conjunctiveuse has been includedin the environmentalaction plan.
It is essentialwhen consideringgroundwater utilisation to set waterquality alongsideresource availability. For the purposes of this report,however, water qualityissues are consideredseparately in the followingsections.
39 EX2853 29/11/93 4.6 Surfacewater quality The monitoringand control of surface water quality are primarly the responsibilityto TNPCBand, therefore,sepamted from the functionsof water allocationand use which are under other agencies. However,the PWD, throughthe ExecutiveEngineer Soil Mechanics,maintains its own periodic monitoringof waterquality in reservoirsto assesssuitability for irrigationand the Departmentof PublicHealth Services (through the King Institute) monitors drinkingwater quality on behalfof the TWADBoard and other water supply agencies.Other agencies,such as the NationalEnvironmental Engineering ResearchInstitute (NEERI) also collectwater quality data. What is currently lackingfor mostrivers is a basin-wideoverview of pollutionsources and supply pointsfor variouscategories of wateruser so thatareas where there is a high risk of chemicalor biologicalcontamination can be identifiedand measures taken to minimisethe risk In the Cauverybasin, however,a basin-wide overviewis in progressunder the CauveryAction Plan funded by the Ganga ActionPban Board.
The main problemwith the effluentcontrol procedures currently used by the TNPCBis that there is a singlestandard for elfluentquality for a narticular methodof disposal(see Table4). In the caseof riverdisposal, these do not vary accordingto the flow in the river so that problemsof downstreamor groundwaterpollution may occur in periodsof low or zero flow. Similarly, biologicalactivity in reservoirsmay stimulate eutrophic or anaerobicprocesses exacerbatingthe effecisof low qualitydischarges.
It is anticipatedthat the WRCPwill improvethe authorities'ability to manage surfacewater quality in two ways. First, a centraliseddata archivewill be createdwithin the IWS in whichdata from the variousagencies undertaking water qualitymeasurements will be broughttogether, processed in a common formatand madeaccessible to intendingusers. Wherenecessary existing data gatheringwill be strengthenedto providean adequatewater quality monitoringnetwork. Secondly, the RBMswill studythe overall water resources of individualriver basins and will be in a positionto makeassessments of the interactionsbetween effluent discharge points and water abstraction points and between river flows and water quality. The WRCP does not seek to strengthenthe legislationfor waterquality regulation but thecurrent legislation and the abilhy to enforce it through the TNPCBappear to be adequate providedthat the resourcesand politicalwill are thereto tacklesuco Droblems as municipalwastewater. It is hopedthat the resourcesand politiv-alwill may be forthcomingthrough the proposedWRC but this remainsto be seen. Certainlyif it strengthensthe linkagesbetween TNPCB and the proposed WRD this in itself will improve the prospectsfor better water quality managementin future.
4.7 Water quality for the commandareas The principaleffect of the WRCPon waterquality at the levelof individualsub- projects is expectedto be a greater degreeof monitoringand controlof harmful chemical and biological pollutants resulting in sustained crop productioninto the future and reducedpollution downstream. As with water availabilitymany of the issuescan onlybe tackledat the state and riverbasin levels. Nevertheless,in preparing plans for individual sub-projects, assessmentof currentwater quality and prediction of any futurechanges that may effect its suitabilityfor irrigationare necessary. Bearing in mind the observationin the earliersection that conjunctiveuse shouldbe recognised,
40 EX2853 29/111I3 thiswater quality assessment must also include an assessmont of groundwater qualityin the co.nmandarea.
Pollutionand increasedsalinity of water are likelyto becomemore significant threatsto the futuresustainability of irrigationIn Tamilnadu. Types of local situationswhich may threatenIhe sustainabilityof irrigationthrough water qualitychanges are:
* Whereindustrial or municipalexpansion is plannedwhich might lead to point sourcepollution:
* Where the surfacewater supply contains a significantproportion of drainagewater from olher irrigatedland;
* Wherethe salinity of groundwaterIs high either naturallyor through processesof salinisationor salineintrusion; and
* Whereconditions in storagereservoirs are suchthat eutrophicationand H2S productioncan occur.
Reconnaissancestuidies in preparationfor eachsub-project must include water quality testing of appropriatesamples (a mninimumsampling strategy is necessary)as well as identifyingpotentially hazardous situations, as listed above,and recommendinga suitable ongoing monitoring programme for each situation. An assessmentmust also be madeof the likelihoodthat irrigation practicesand non-pointsource pollution from the irrigatedland or from the humansettlements around will resultin adversewater quality downstream or in the groundwater.
4.6 Groundwater quality I As with surfacewater, monitoringof groundwaterquality is undertakenby various agenciesutilising groundwater for different ourposesand by the TNPCBwhich is concernedabout the pollutionof groundwaterby effluents. * The mostcomprehensive monitoring is that undertakenat 2,100 observation wells by the GroundwaterDivision of PWD whose main concern is the suitabilityof groundwaterfor irrigation. The problemswhich affect suitability for irrigationare high concentrationsof mineralsalts (as indicatedby high values of electricalconductivity, see Figure 6) and pollution by industrial effluents(as has occurredin the Palar Basin,see Section3.1.7). Both of I thesecan leadto poisoningof soils and hencethe lossof agriculturalland and production.Water quality problems also affect domesticand industrialusers of groundwaterwhich are generally more sensitive to a wider range of I parametersthan irrigation. A particulardifficulty is to monitorthe largenumber of villagewater supplywells to detectany pollutionby diseasepathogens.
* At presentthe mostserious aspect of groundwaterquality is the deterioration dueto increasinglevels of salinity.This occursin inlandareas due to irrigation with poor quality groundwaterand inadequatedrainage provision; and in coastalareas due to over-pumpingof aquifersallowing gradual intrusion by sea water. A number of studies of saline water intrusion have been undertakenby the PWDand artificialrecharge has been studiedas a means of arrestingthe problembut its viabilityhas not beenadequately demonstrated I to date. The mosi effectivemeans of controlremains that of regulatingthe ratesof abstractionto sustainablelevels (seeSections 3.2 and 4.5) butthis is not yet achievable.
41 Ex2853 29,11/93 The WRCPwill assistin the managementof water qualityin severalways:
* assist In tho draftingof a GroundwaterAct;
* establisha central data archiveand expand the current monitoring networkto ensurethat adequatedata are available;
* createRBMs with a mandateto lookcomprehensively at thequality and quantity of surfacewater and groundwaterabstractions and develop plans for their sustainablemanagement: and
* provide a mechanismat state level (through the WRC and IWS) to identify particularproblems such as saline water intrusionwhich may require specific study and the developmentof appropriatecontrol strategiesand policies.
As notedearlier, in the shortterrn, the prospectsfor ;egulatinggroundwater abstractionsfor agricultureare slim. Nevertheless,water quality may be one I way in which some degreeof controlcan be exercised. Farmersmay be preparedto accept regulationsprohibiting the use of groundwaterin areas wherethe qualityhas fallenbelow particular thresholds or whichare in danger I from salineintrusion since they will recognisethe needto protectthe soilfrom degradation.
4.9 River morphology and flooding The regimesof all the riversin lTamilnaduhave been substantially altered by humanactivity: the regulationof flowsin reservoirs;the abstractionof flowsfor irrigationand other uses and, in some cases, the diversionto other river basins; the constructionof aniculs,offtakes, well-points, bridges, dikes and otherstructures; and the extractionof sand for building.
Althoughflood warningsystems have been developed and regulationsgovern the abstractionof water and the extractionof sand, there have been no comprehensivestudies of the interactionof thesevarious human interventions with such effects as: channel morphologyand the stability of hydraulic structures:recharge rates and storage capacitiesof aquifersin the river alluviumand surroundingareas; flood frequencies,propagation rates and areasof inundation;and the potentialfor pool formationwhich would favour mosquitobreeding.
The WRCPdoes notspecifically address the typesof problemoutlined above but by establishingthe RBMs it createsorganisations under which data collectionand comprehensivestudies could be undertaken.The proposed NationalHydrology Project will addresssuch issuesmore directly. In most casesfurther information is neededon the natureand extent of such problems beforespecified actions can be recommended.However, the predictionand I controlof flooding,the maintenanceof a reliableflood waming system and the enforcementof appropriateflood zoning regulationsshould be part of the RBMs mandatefrom their inception.
The particular issue of dam safety with its implicationsfor flood risk downstreamis being addressedunder a separateWorld Bank projectand underthe WRCPall damdesign will bereviewed by the damsafety panel. The risk of damageto structuresdue to seismicactivity is consideredlow in all partsof Tamilnadu,
42 EXZ15W 9t1Y93 4.10 Energy Energyis discussedfully in chapter3 as the linkagesbetween energyand water resourcesconstitute an importantsectoral issue in Tamilnadubut is not coveredspecifically by the project. Althoughthe WROP will not have any direct impacton energyuse, as pumpingdoes not form part of the project,it will have an indirectbeneficial environmental impact. Energyconsumption shouldbe reducedthrough pressures to revisethe policyof free electricityfor farmersand improvedmanagement of irrigationwater within the command areamay reducethe needfor tailendfarmers to installwells. The Tamilnadu ElectricityBoard will be representedon the WRC and therefore better coordinationshould be possiblebetween those charged with formulating j Tamilnadu'swater resourcespolicies and those formulatingenergy policies. It is thus hopedthat the projectwill be a catalystfor solvingthe interconnected issueof groundwaterexploitation and energysupply.
4.11 Coastal and estuary regions As discussed in Section 3.5 there are important coastal resourcesin I Tamilnaduwhich must be protected,although much of the coastlineis now substantiallychanged by human activity,and coastaldefenses are needed againstregular attack by tropicalcyclones. In additionthere are two active I estuaries remaining,the Cauvery and the Tambaraparaniwith important mangroveecosystems. Although coastal protection work is one ofthe current functionsof the PWD,it does not featurein the WRCP.
No decisionhas as yet beenmade on the responsibilityfor coastalprotection and coastalzone management fcllowing the formationof the WRD. Apartfrom the twoestuaries named above, the managementof Tamilnadu'ssurface and groundwaterresources can have very little influenceon what happensin the coastal zone. Nevertheless,the types of data and activitiesrequired for coastalzone managementare similar to some of those requiredfor water resourcesmanagement: collection of water quality and sedimenttransport data; monitoringand protectionof particularecosystems; and calculationof, and protectionagainst flood risk. In this respectit may be preferableto I includecoastal protection work underthe RBMs. Similarlythe WRDshould be maderesponsible for coastalzone management, however, close liaison will be requiredwith the Ministryof Environmentand Forestsand otherinterested authorities.This mustbe consideredcarefully by the GOTNwhen organising the WRD. 4.12 Siltation of tanks, reservoirs and canals The project attemptsto reduce the impact of siltation both by promoting enhancedcatchment conservation work and by introducinga system of I maintenancewhich will ensurethat tanks and canalssuffering heavy siltation are regularlydesilted. In sub-projectsreliant upon large storage reservoirs the issueof storageloss throughsedimentation is one whichwill best be tackled 1 at the riverbasin level. However, for manysub-projects the rate at whichtanks and canalsfill with sedimentis onewhich is vially importantin relationto the on-goingcost of maintenanceand, in extremecases, the sustainabilityand viabilityof the system.
It has alreadybeen notedin Section3.4.3 that little data exists on general rates of storageloss fromtanks due to siltation. This, togetherwith the local variabilityof erosionrates, makes individual assessment of the severityof tank siltationfor eachsub-project a necessity.This need not be throughcapacity surveys:other indirectmethods of assessingthe extent of siltationmay be
43 EX 2SS 29, V93 moreappropriate and shouldbe set-outIn guidelinesfor sub-projectplanners. From such observations,and in discussionwith the local community,an assessmenthas to be madeas to whetherthe siltationrates are unacceptably high giventhe resourcesavailable for desilting. Ideallya scaleshowing the severityof thesiltation problem should be developedso that sub-projectswith particularlyhigh rates of siltationcan be identified.A similarapproach is also neededin respectof canal siltation,although here, since desiltingmay have takenplace regularly in thepast, understandingthe balancebetween sediment depositionrates and the effort spent in sediment removal is particularly important.This understanding cannot be achievedwithout close dialogue with the community.Community involvement in diagnosingenvironmental problems is discussedfurther in Section4.18.
Assumingthat sub-projectswith high ratesof siltationcan be identified,Ihere is still a needto considerwhat, if anything,can be doneabout it. The AED is activelyinvolved in micro-watershedtreatment projects. At presentthe link with PWD in collaboratingto select areas for treatmenton the basis of the severityof tank siltationrates is weak. The situationis betterwith respectto reservoirs since an inter-deparimentalReview Commitlee for Reservoir SedimentationStudies makes recommendations as to whichcatchments are in needof prioritytreatment. This kindof collaborationenabling fhture micro- watershedmanagement activities to be targetedin the catchmentsof tanksor anicutswhere serious siltation has beenidentified would be beneficialand the creationof the RBMsunder the WRCPwould facilitate this. The questionis, however,wider than that of collaborationto reduce sedimentyield. More researchand discussionis neededas to the most appropriateforms of land useand landtreatment since measures which produce the maximumreduction in sedimentyield are also the ones most likelyto reducerates of runoff. In otherwords, siltation may be reducedat the cost of a reductionin available surfacewater resources.IWS is currentlydoing researchin runofffrom tank catchmentsand further researchof this natureis needed.
In planningsub-projects other optionsto controlcanal siltationcould also be consideredsuch as the provision of structuresfor sediment exclusionor sedimnentremoval. Sediment control must be rigorouslysustained after rehabilitationsince uncontrolledorifices are being introducedto replacegated sluicesand, with these structures,siltation will severelyaffect the equityof distribution.
With maintenanceactivities to clear silt it is necessaryto determinewhere the silt will be disposed.Large amounts of sand are extractedfrom riverbeds for buildingand it is likelythat someof the sedimenttaken fromtanks and canals will find a commercialmarket even though it will containa wider rangeof sedimentsizes than river sediment. The commercialopportunities should, therefore,be examinedbefore disposalon land or into river channels. In severalschemes farmers have expressedtheir willingnessto desilt tanksat their own expensein order to have accessto the silt which,they believe, enhancesthe soil quality. Unfortunately,such initiativeshave, in tt.e past, been preventedby PWD officialswho have been unnecessarilylegalistic in applyinga GovernmentOrder statingthat only the PWD shoulddesilt tanks. Certainly, this confusion should be removed before the WRCP begins. However,a policyfor land disposalof sedimentis requiredwhich should take accountboth of the dangers(destroying habitats for wildlife,raising the levels of fields takingthem out of command,creating mounds which could become unstablein subsequentrain) as wellas the opportunities(to enrichthe soilwith
44 EX 2653 29/tV3 lLIN
nutrientsand to fill In druinagohollows and pits loft by earlier construction activities). The fillingof hollowsond pits may bo particularl benolicialin the controlof water-relateddiseosos (Soction 4,19). 4.13 Waterlogging and salinisatlon Waterloggingand salinityAre relatodand often result from poor draliage, whether natural or man-made. Excossiveapplication of i,rigation vwater, inequitabledistribution and poor maintenancewill causo such problems. Presentevidence indicates that wolerloggingand salinisationie,o no'$major problemsin Tamilnadu,other thani that in coastalregions caused by irrigating with groundwatercontarninated by salineintrusion.
There are pockets of watellogginginland in the Tambaraparanicommand areas and areas of solinised soils In botlh the Voigai basin and the * ParambikkulamAliyar Project. The possibilitythat land has been affoctedby these processes or that it is io danger from them must, therefore,be consideredduring the designof eachIsub-project. A relativelysmall number || of soil samplestaken at localionsindicated by farmers as sufferinglow yields, may be adequateto providean initialscope of ilte probleinof salinisalionand, * in addition, couIldrevoal if other forms of toxicity are affecting the soil. * Likewise,discussion wilti farmersto identifyareas of poordrainage and study of water levelsin wells, again in discussionwith farmers,may indicatcthe probabilitythat there is a risk of waterloggingor that groundwaterlevels are becomingunacceptably high. In both cases recommendationsarising from each situationshould be madeby sub-projectplanners as to the needfor additionaldrainage works andan appropriatelovel of long-termmonitoring.
* The WRCPwill improvewater managemrent, rehabilitate canals and drains and lead to improvedmaintenance of the commandareas. Experiencefrom the NWMPand from projectsin other countries demonstrates that improvedwater managementresults in a moreequitable distribution of water betweenthe tail and headof the systemand less wastage of water. Inaddition, improvements to the drains should reduce waterloggingat the tailend. These project activitieswill thus directlyreduce waterlogping ano salinisationand will thus have a strongpositive impact on the environment.
| 4.14 Fisheries The fisheriespotential of tanks is constrainedby the fact that mostof them drain dry each year. Breedingcommunities of fish can, therefore,rarely be I establishedand any fish productionmust depend on annualrestocking. Even in reservoirs,annual restockingis normal since many only retain a small amountof waterin deadstorage by the end of eachyear and, in suchdistricts I as South Arcot, even the largestreservoirs are dry for upto four monthsa year. 3 A numberof other factorsinfluence the likely productivityof tank fisheries. Firstly,the rightto grantfishing licences is vestedin the FisheriesDepartment for all 'Provincialtanks (designated'A) and comesunder the authorityof the | panchayatfor most othertanks (classedas 'B'). The FisheriesDepartment recognisesthe needfor long-terminvestment and grants3-5 year licencesto fishingcooperatives but panchayatsissue licences, if at all, onlyon a vear by | year basis.
l
45 rx zas3 W119Z1s l ReliabilItyof storedwrIter is also necessary.Tc achievereasonable returns thotank should nol be omptiedbelow an agrencimninimum lovol for at loast3.4 mortlis. Whilst this need is rocognisedby the PWD,irrigation requirements are paramountand prematureeinptying my occur. Even3-4 monthsis really tooshort to providea sensibleyield and thie Fisheries Department would prefer longorbut in manytonks the short rnonsoortand tho Irrigationneeds of the cropsdo not allowlonqer.
The timing of the tank filling may also causedifficulties for fish production U since fingerlings are generallyraised by the FisheriesDepartment In May, dictatedby the naturalsporning behaviour of the fish, but some tanksdo not fill untilSeptember or October.
Finally,to ensurethat lish do not escape,inlet and outlet protectivedevices are fitted to the tanks. These,howover, are oftenresisted by villagers.
Due to the above constraintsthere are a limited number of successful fisheries projects in irrigation tanks. However.discussion with the Fisheries Ciepartment,the panciayat and the villagers to assess the potential in individualsub-projects as part ol the stub-projectplanning process will be wornhwhile.
In the 'FarmerOrganisation' report for the WRCPit was recommendedthat fishingrights be veslerlin FarmerCouncils. In view of the experienceof the FisheriesDepartrrent with Ihq poor relLurnsnormally achieved from tanks currentlyunder the control of panchayalsthis recommendationshould be discussedmoro fully wi'h all parliesbefore being implemer.ted.
4.15 Wildlife In the establishedirrigation schemnes covered by lhe project,the opportunities for enhancingwildlife or the possibilityof harmingit are ratherlimited but not negligible.In India it is forbiddento establisha new projectwithin 5 km of a rese.trveforest or within25 kmof a wildlifesanctuary. These rules do notapply to existingprojects but providea usefulguide as to potentialwildlife sensitivity. If a sub-projectis foundto infringeeither rule the Departmentof Wildlifeshould beconsulted as to aiiy measuresthey mightrecommend to minimizethe effect on the reserve or sanctuaryof the rehabilitationwork and the on-going operationof the scheme.
Withinthe projectarea itself,the areasmost beneficialto wildlifeare likely to be the tanks,the river and canal banksand the paddy fields and. whilst the projectwill not have any direct impact,the PWDstaff shouldbe sensitiveto wildlife needs. In severalschemes in b,uthern Tamilnadu,irrigation tanks havebecome major roosting and nestingsites for migratorybirds. Thereare severalspecies for which Tamilnaduis the only place in India where their breedingseason coincides with the periodwhen there is plentifulwater in the tanks. The main requirementis for treesaround the tanks in whichto nest. The birds feed on fish in the tank and on small creaturesin the surrounding paddyfields. When the WildlifeDepartment recognise a tank as havinga significantbird populationit is designateda sanctuaryand the PWD passes the tank into the controlof the ForestryDepartment. This does not affect PWD'sexclusive right to controlreleases of waterbut enablesthe treesto be protectedand also preventsany fishing from taking place. PWD rernains responsiblefor tank bundand sluicemaintenance but the ForestDepartment regulates(but does not prevent)silt removalmainly to protectthe treesfrom 46 EX2M 291 1/3 l damage. Tho numborof tanksprotocted in this way has been increasingin I recent years and sub-projectplanners should discuss with the Wildlife Departmentand farmersIhe potentialfor tanks understudy to be developed as bird sanctuariesin this way. In particular,certain lanks whichno longer serve a usefulIrrigation purpose could readilybe utilisedand the proposed environmentcells withinthe RBMsshould monitor this.
The othertype of wildlifewhich the WildlifeDepartment has sought to protect aroundcertain rivers and irrigationsystems is crocodiles. In this they have been less successfulthan with birds;a projeclin the CauveryDelta suffered badly during floods and has been abandoned. There are also obvious dangersin developingcrocodile colonies too closeto humanhabitation.
4.16 Agricultural weeds and pests * The controlof agriculturalweeds and pestsis an ongoingnecessity to ensure sustainedcrop production from all agriculturalland, both irrigated and rain-fed. It requires active developmentand testing of new control rneasuresand * strategiesto respondto new threats and requirements. Integrated pest managementis becomingincreasingly important in the drive to reduce the costs of agrochemicalinputs to agricultureand reducethe potentialeffect of I agriculturalrunoff. Dayto day adviceon weedand pest controlis providedto farmersby VillageExtension Workers and activeprogrammes of researchinto new methods of control are being undertakenby the Department of I Agriculture'sPlant ProtectionOfficers in collaborationwith the Tamilnadu AgriculturalUniversity at Coimbatore,see Section3.4.
Althoughit may not be relevantto go into great detailabout weed and pest problemsin planning WROPsub-projects, it is recommendedthat local communitiesare askedabout the mostserious threats to theircrops, the cost of controlmeasures used and their effectiveness.In this way, if a particular problemexists it can be discussedwith the Departmentof Agriculture.
4.17 Aquatic weeds Aquaticweeds are one of the causesof deterioratingperformance in irrigation and drainage systemsand therefore one of the reasonswhy on-going maintenanceis required. In generalweeds are less of a problem in many * Tamilnadusystems than mightbe expectedbecause the flowsare seasonal resultingin partialor completedestruction of weed coloniesin periodswhen tanks,canals and drainsare dry. However,the floatingweed water hyacinth * (Eichhorniacrassipes) has establisheditself in systemsof different types throughout Tamilnaduand is able to survive desiccationor to rapidly recolonisefrom upstreamwhen flows return. The one areawhere aquatic I weeds are knownto be presentin significantamounts in Tamilnaduis in the ThanjavurDelta where a plant of lpomoeaspecies (locally known as Seemai Kattamani)is very commonboth in irrigationand drainagechannels. Since I non of the WRCP sub-projectslies in the Cauverybasin, this particular problemis outsidethe scopeof this part of the report. A moregeneral threat is the invasionby terrestrialweeds, shrubs and even trees into manyirrigation 3 canals. The WRCP will improvemaintenance of the commandareas which will ameliorate the problem of aquatic weeds and thus improve irrigation performanceand the environment.However, to ensurethat the benefitsare long-lasting,information must be collectedat an early date on existing or potentialaquatic and terrestrial weed problems affecting channels, the current
47 EX 28S3 2WlI 93 methodof their control(if any), Its cost andits effectiveness,so thatoptions for sustainableaquatic weeod mainagement can be consideredas part of the maintenanceplanning. Woed scientists can assistin providingguidance on the mostcost-effective maintennnce strategy for differenttypes of woed:the method,frequency and timingof cuttingto optimisecontrol.
4.18 Community Involvement Communityinvolvement is an importantaspect o. the rehabilitationand modemisatlonwork to be undertakenunder WRCP and Is oneof the keyways of ensuring sustainability. Studios have been undertakenon Farmer Organisationand Operationand Maintenancewlhich form the basis for this aspectof the project. Furtherwork was done by PWD,and the WoridBank pre-appraisalmission. The proposalfor former organisationIs based on previousexperience, both in the state and elsewhere. The objectivewill be to form FarmerCouncils who will have responsibilityfor the 0 & M at the distributorylevel covering areas of approximately 500 ha. The executiveboard of the FarmerCouncil will comprisethree membersof the sluicecommittee, one of whom will be a womanfarmer, Thiesluice committee(or Farmer e Association)covers an area of about 40 ha. Thieproject concentrates on formingan organisationalstructure at the distributarylevel rather than the tertiary,or sluicecommand level. This is an ambitiousprogramme and farmer consultationand involvementwill be a pre-requisitefor success. Farmer managementis not newand thereis a long historyof farmerassociations in the tank areas. Duringimplementation it will be importantto capitaliseon this I past experience.
A phasedintroduction is proposedwith reconnaissancecarried out by IMTI (IrrigationManagement Training Institute) aher whicha detailedassessment will be madeby the PWDstaff. Farmerswill be consultedlat this stageand any existing organisationalarrangements will be studied and taken into account. The PWDwill beassisted by a socialworker for eachscheme. The PWDwill thenorganise a longseries of meetingswith farmersto explainthe new o & M responsibilitiesof the FC. A joint managementstage will follow beforeturnover is completed.During implementation flexibility will be needed and the PWDshould avoid imposing a fixed theoreticalmodel for the Farmer Councilsas existingarrangements and attitudes vill varythroughout the state. It shouldalso be recognisedthat the timeframe for completingthe turnover will = vary betweenschemes.
The projecthas madeprovision for farmer consultationand this shouldbe adheredto duringimplementation. Given the historyof farmermanagement in Tamilnaduand with experiencegained from previousprojects since 1974, thisaspect of theproject can be successful.However. community involvement i is essentialand a rigidlyimposed programmeand time-frameshould be avoided.
Frominformation available to the consultantstribal peoplewill notbe affected in any way by the projectactivities as none of the sub-projectslies withinor closeto areasinhabited by tribal people. 3 4 l 48 EX2s8329/t W3~ l 4.19 Community health The WRCP Is expectedto have a beneficialeffect on human health by providinggreater security of Incomeand food suppliesto the rural population living in the areas of Ihe sub-projectsand hence improve their nutrition. Nevertheless,there are a numberof water-relateddiseases which are of concarnIn Tamilnaduand the issue of whetherincidence of these wili be increasedor reducedby theWRCP must also be addressed,The mainwater- relateddiseases are discussedfully in Section3.8.3.
Thereare two groupsof diseaseswhich must be considered:those related to domesticwater supply and sanitationand those which are transmittedby mosquitoes.Diseases in thefirst group are the moresignificant in termsof the numberof casesand the numberof fatalities. The inhabitantsof irrigation schemesare one of the groupsat highestrisk since, alil,oughthey mayhave safe water suppliesin their villages,they often use the plentifulwater from nearbycanals, tanks and rivers if it is closerand more convenient. It is, therefore, recommendedthat during the planning of sub-projectsthe Departmentof Healthis contactedto determinewhether there is an unusually highincidence of waterborne diseases such as dysentery,diarrhoea, typhoid andcholera in the regionand also that details be obtainedas to the adequacy of the domesticwater suppliesfor the schemeinhabitants. If a problemis foundto existit may not be possibleto use the WRCPfunds to rectifyit but at leastthe PWDcan workwith theagencies responsible, the Departmentof Healthand the TWADBoard, to see if a solutioncan be found.
In thecase of the mosquito-bornediseases, lle evidenceavailable at present ME suggeststhat the improvedwater management practices which will result from the WRCPshould lead to a reductionin the incidenceof these diseases. Nevertheless,as in the caseof water-bornediseases, it is recommendedthat - in each sub-projectthe Departmentof Health is invited to evaluatethe risk from malaria,filariasis and Japanese encephalitis in the regionand to discuss with the proposedWRD any conitrolmeasures which mightbe appliedwihin the irrigationsystem. The filling of pits and drainage hollowsand the introductionof larviverousfish are examplesof measureswhich could be taken up withinthe WRCP. Additionalresearch and pilot studieswill be requiredto verify the effectivenessof any measureswhich may require substantial changesto be madein the irrigationor drainagesystems or in the scheduling and managementof water,since engineers will find it difficultto justifysuch changesunless the benefitshave been clearly demonstrated.
4.20 Land acquisition and economic rehabilitation Thisis not an issuefor the rehabilitationand modernisationcomponent of the WRCPsince the area of land to be irrigatedand the land neededfor the irrigationworks and inifrtistructure witl notchange appreciably during the work. Wherecanals are realignedthe experiencefrom the NWMPproject has shown thatthe local communityreadily appreciates and accepts this as a necessary improvementto theirbenefit. If watersaved by moreefficient irrigation is used to expandthe irrigatedarea new land may be broughtinto commandbut in mostcases it will be land whichis alreadyfarmed less intensivelyeither for rain-fedor groundwaterirrigated crops.
Forcompletion of the on-goingminor schemes studies have been undertaken by a specialistconsultant and by the FAOICP.with the assistanceof the PWO, andvisits have been made by WorldBank staff and the consultants.This has confirmedthat the WRCPwill not involvesignificant disturbance of settled
49 EX 28S3 2W11193 areasand resottlementissues will not arise. Some localisedland acquisition and associatedeconomic rehabilitation measures will be requiredwhere new infrastructureworks pass through existing farms. However,this willbe modest and overthe wholeslate it is estimatedthat only about 700 ha of farm landwill be affected.As workhas startedon somaof the schemesthe processof land acquisitionhas alreadycommenced.
Under the WRCP institutionalarrangements for land acquisition will be improved.Coordinating commitlees end specialunits will be establishedwithin the PWDto ensurethat a full and fair evaluationis madeof land value and compensationdue. It is noteworthythat a recent initiative by the Land AcquisitionCommissioner will perrnitgreater flexibility in valuationwhich will i include not only market value but land productivityand accessibilityto transportand other amenities. There will also be an accelerationin the processfor payment,which is oftenthe mnostfrequent cause of dissatisfaction. - The institutionalarrangements are described in the report on the Land Acquisitionand EconomicRehabilitation Program (LAERP) which has been preparedin associationwith the GOTN.
An EconomicRehabilitation Action Programme is underpreparation and this will focuson programmesfor economicadvancement and povertyalleviation with priority given to those familliesaffected by infrastructureworks. This shouldinclude those who are not landownersbut who havebeen earning theit livingfrom the affectedareas. This providestIhe opportunity for environmental enhancementwith respectto land use. Wasteland which is out of command would be improvedby plantingfuelwood trees, shade trees, fruit trees or horticulturealthough care will be needednot to planttoo closeto canalbanks or irrigationstructures. Also, for this small-scaleincome generation activity effectiveinvolvement of the community,rather than governmentofficials, is necessaryand it is suggestedthat assistanceis providedby local NGOsso that grasssrootsparticipation is achieved. This is a good initiativewhich is U sociallyand environmentallybeneficial.
As mentionedin chapter2 thereare a numberof statutoryrequirements which must be observedwith regard to land acquisition. For example, any submergenceof forest of morethan 10 ha must be compensatedby planting twicethe areaof new forestin a locationagreed with the ForestDepartment. I This has been examinedby the consultantsand four minor schemeswill requireapproval from the Chief Conservatorof Forests(GOI) and this is discussedin chapter2. I 4.21 Construction activities Many environmentalimpacts result directlyfrom the methodsand practices adoptedby the constructioncontractors. Some are short-termin their effect but others can be more long-lasting. For the WRCP the works wilt be generallysmall. however, construction of damsfor examplecould be disruptive d to the local communityand environment.It is thereforerecommended that underthe WRCPa Code of Good Practicefor Constructionis preparedand that, if possible,this is agreedwith the contractorand includedas part of the contractto undertakethe work. The mainissues that shouldbe addressedby the code are site safety,the health of the workforce,sources and disposal sites for constructionmaterials, control of pollution and environmental conservation.This is discussedfurther in the environmentalaction plan.
50 EX28D3 29WI1/93 l I~~~~~~~~~~I
5 The role of non-governmental organisations 5.1 Farmers'Associations Tamilnaduhas a long historyof activitiesof Farmers'Associations in different riverbasin irrigation systems some of whichare morethan 100years old (for example, the Kadambar Tank Farmers' Association, Tambaraparani). Farmers'Associations have beenin existencemainly to protecttheir interests when drawingwater from tanks with commandareas rangingfrom 100 to 2,000ha.The PWDsupplies water through-canals up to the endof distributary canals being 10 to 50ha of command. In areas where ayacut has been stabilisedby supplyingwater to tankswhich were in existenceeven prior to the commencementof organisedirrigation systems, the farmershave organised themselvesto take careof their interestson a cooperativebasis.
In the commandareas of tanks where Farmeis'Associations are prevalent theyvoluntarily subscribe to the associationand during liarvesting a partof the produceis givento the associationas their contribution. The associations, whichhave beenin existenceand workingfairly satisfactorily in severalof the commandareas in the Cauvery,Vaigai-Periyar and Tambaraparaniirrigation systems,have established the followingrules:
(a) Equitabledistribution of water amongfarmers in the commandarea.
(b) Protectingthe crops and fields from minorthefts, grazing by cattle,etc.
(c) Impoundingcattle in their own locked sheds and charginga fine for violationof grazinginto privatelands.
(d) Representing,to the irrigationofficials, problems associated wilh tank maintenanceand canaland sluicedischarges.
Under the WRCPthe creationof farmer organisationsand turnover of a greatershare of 0 & M to farmersis a majorobjective. In carryingout this taskthe relevantWRD staff and consultantsshould involve existing Farmer Associationsand benefitfrom their experience. In forming farmer groups attentionmust be given to a system for resolvingpossible conflicts, for examplebetween the WRD and the farmers or betweendifferent farmer groupsconcerning water availability. 5.2 The role of women In recentyears the TamilnaduWomen's Welfare Department, through their extensionworkers, have beenmotivating the women in ruralareas, particularly those who come from farmers' families,to form an associationamong themselves.The BlockDevelopment Agricultural Extension Officers, Women's WelfareAssociations and the Block DevelopmentOfficials have been able to mobilise women in some of the areas to constitute Farm Women's Associations.Extension workers and specialistsin agriculture,nutrition and publichealth provide lecture demonstrations to the womenregarding use of fertilisersand pesticides, other allied activities such as poultry,sheep breeding, silviculture,etc.
AvinasilingamHome Science Institute tor Women (deemeduniversity) has been undertakingcourses for several extensionworkers focusing on rural women and encouragingthem to form women's welfare associations.
51 EX2853 2Dl11193 Activitiespromoted by theuniversity extension servico include nutrition, public health,family planningand small activitieslike tailoring,Improved farming methodsand betterstorage of agriculturalproducts. This work is being carried - out in severalvillages in CoimbatoreDistrict. Gandhigram Rural University has also been involvedin encouragingwomen to form women'sassociations with I activitiessimilar to thoseindicated above.
The projectproposes to involvewomen on the FarmerCouncils and the WRD engineersresponsible for farmerturnover should seek guidancefrom the U aboveorganisations.
5.3 Other NGOs Thereare manyNGOs which have an educationalor campaigningrole related to the environmentsuch as the CP RamaswamiEnvironmental Education, Centre,the MadrasNaturalist Society, INTACH and the WorldwideFund for I Nature. However,the levelof activityin such NGOsoften varies drarnatically dependingon the peoplewho are in themat any giventime. The most active NGOsare communitybased organisations olten foundin city areasaddressing - quite specific, local environmentalconcerns. There are also various developmentaland missionaryNGOs which are active in Tamilnadu, particularlyin the area of communityhealth. u
In additionto public or communitybased NGOs,there are some important academicand researchorganisations which have a wide knowledgeof water I resourcesand environmentalissues and manyof these,being separate from state governmentdepartments, are free to providean objectiveassessment of the implicationsof water resourcesdecisions and the need for new initiativesand policies. Such groups include: the NationalEnvironmental EngineeringResearch Institute (NEERI) which has a zonal laboratory in Madras;the Centre for EnvironmentalStudies, Anna University; the Centrefor Water Resources,Anna University, the CentralSoil and WaterConservation Researchand Training Institute,Nilgiris; and various departmentsof the TamilnaduAgricultural University, Coimbatore. These lists are onlyindicative and are not intendedto be exhaustive.
5.4 Participation of NGOs in the WRCP Althoughmuch has beenwritten about the creationof new FarmerCouncils I in the commandareas, the WRCPwould be incompletewithout providing an institutionalmechanism for active participationand involvementof existing farmer NGOs in the planning,execution, operation and maintenanceof I irrigationsystems. In this efforta detailedstudy regarding the functioningof the variousFarmeis' Associations is being undertakensimultaneously with the environmentalassessment. It will not be prudentto haveone uniformpattern of farmers'organisation for the stateas a whole as therewill be about 2,000 formedand the problemsat fieldlevel are quitedifferent and the socio-cultural attitudesof the farmers,community norms, religion, and exposureto modem I conceptsvary dependingupon the group. It wouldbe necessaryto studytbe existingpatterns in otherparts of the riverbasin of the proposedprojects anod encourageother areas to form farmers!associations similar to the ones which I are activewithin the riverbasin area. It may notbe conducive,nor would it be effective,if the perceptionsand methodof functioningof a FarmerCouncil associationin the Cauverysystem were introduced to the ParambikulamAliyar Projectsystem as the characteristicsand problemsare distin-tlydifferent.
52 EX 28W32gJ 1j3 On thisbasis NGOs,commencing from villagesor groupsol villages building up to block levelsand district levels.should be representedIn the planning, and Implementationof the projectand the River Basin Managementunits shouldcoordinate closely with them. Input of ide.Asfrom active farmers' associationswill be effectivein Impleinentingdecisions particularly on cropping patternsand allocationof waterduring scarciy periods and also in maintaining a continuingdialogue with irrigationofficials at all levels,
It will also be prudentto encouragethe participationof existingwomen's farmers!associations in as manylocations as possiblefor whichgreater efforts and encouragementwilt be required.In recentyears quite a largenumber of i rural womenhave been exposedto educationup to schoollevels. In addition, the nationalliteracy mission has alsobeen encouragingrural womento take to literacyclasses. In the next5 to 10 yearsquite a largenumber of women I in rural areas,parlicularly farm workers,will becomeeducated at least up to school level: able to readand write and also understandnewspapers and pamphlets. Increasingly,the massmedia will be used to conveymessages i about methodsof irrigation,allocation of prioritiesfor crop productionand alternateemployment opportunities during non irrigationperiods such as poultry,fish farming,etc.
It shouldbe emphasisedthat mostof theseactivities should not be entrusted solelyto governmentalagencies or governmentdepartments. Irrigation and Governmentofficials shouldplay a catalytic role and leave the initiatives, actionand promotionof variousactivities to the peoplethemselves through farmers associationsand other NGOs. In recentyears NGOsalso have a goodback up with a numberof specialistssuch as sociologists,economists, teachersand engineers. A large numberof governmentofficials, from the senior level to the clericallevel in variousoffices. have been retiringfrom serviceand have settledin rural areas. Almostevery village will have retired * officialsfrom Government,army or other organisationsand their knowledge and expertiseis beingincreasingly recognised and therole of NGOsis starting to be recognisedand promotedthrough various water-related activities.
Anotheraspect of NGO involvementin the WRCPis that of publicwatchdog providingscientific and public scrutiny of thedecisions of the WaterResources I Department.To avoidconflict over environmentalissues the IWSand RBMs shouldliaise with NGOs,including those fromresearch organisations, in order to correctlyguide the WRCin technicaldecisions (see PartB).
6 Conclusions and Recommendations. 6.1 Generalsectoral conclusions In addition to the project specific conclusionswhich are discussed in 3 Section6.2 below there are general conclusionsrelevant to the water resourcesof the state. The GOTN,and in particularthe new WRD,should takethese into accountin futureplanning and preparation of riverbasin plans. Wateris a heavilyused resourceand littlepotential exists for the development I of newsources of supplyother than interstate water transfer and desalination. It will haveto be well managedand conserved if futuredemands are to be met and conflictsbetween agriculture, industry and domesticuse avoided. The I WRCPpromotes a moreholistic approach to water resourcesmanagement and is a start to improvedwater use but it cannotresolve all the sectora environmentalissues.
53 EX2853 29111/3 Althoughgroundwater throughout the state is not fully exploitedthere are areasof over-exploitationwhich are increasing.Groundwater utilisation is thus F potentiallythe most criticalwater resourcesissue for the state. New policy initiativesare requiredin order to regulategroundwaler exploitation and this has been addressedin the shornterm by the proposalin the WRCP for a GroundwaterAct and for restrictionson new electricity connections to agriculturalusers. The presentpolicy of free electricityto agriculturalusers will have to be changedand this is recognisedby the State Govemment. However,it is a sensitivepolitical issue and therefore a phasedintroduction of pricingwill be necessary.The situationshould not be over-statedand the consultantssupport a gradualphased resolution of the problemwhich will be greatlyfacilitated by the creationof the WaterResources Control and Review I Councilunder the WRCP. A low tariff shouldbe introducedinitially followed by progressiveincreases until the full electricitycosts are recovered. In addition,it couldbe counterproductiveto introduce such an unpopularmeasure I at the same time as creatingthe WRD. It could mitigate against the introductionof new ideasby the WRDand farmer conlidence and cooperation may be compromised. I The mainenvironmental issues of concernfor the sectorare deteriorationin water qualityand soil erosionin some basins. Noneof these problemsare I severethrouglhout the statebut thereare locationswhere some problems are becomingacute. For example,in the Palarbasin industrial pollution of ground and surfacewater by the tanneriesneeds to be regulated.Soil conservation measuresare neededin parts of the Bhavaniand other basins to prevent siltationand thus prolongthe life of some reservoirsand reduce irrigation maintenancecosts. In additionto preventivemeasures such as statutory regulation,innovative research is neededto exploremore efficientwater use and the possibilityof wastewaterreuse.
In the WRCPa researchand developmentprogramme is includedas part of the environmentalaction plan. The purposeof this is to studythese sectoral issuesmore thoroughly and to devisesolutions before they becomeserious problems. In this way the WRCPwill makea majorcontribution to resolving I longerterm sectoralenvironmental problems.
6.2 WRCP conclusion | The WRCP is an environmentallybeneficial project which provides for significantchanges to the institutionalarrangements in the water resources sectorand the rehabilitation.modernisation and improvedmaintenance of the I irrigationsystem comprising several sub-projects which have been in existence for almost100 years. The projectwill addressa numberof water related environmentalissues and thereby achieve overall environmental enhancement. I In particularit will strengthenthe environmentalmanagement capability within the statewater resourcessector. It will lead to a moresustainable system of irrigatedagriculture and improvedwater resourcesutilisation. The projectis I thus in line with the principlesoutlined in the DublinStatement on Waterand SustainableDevelopment issued after the InternationalConference on Water and Environmentin Januaty 1992. 3 To achieveenvironmental improvements the proposedWRD, which will be responsiblefor projectimplementation, must embrace the in-builtinstitutional frameworkprovided so that the staff fully appreciatethe needfor protecting and preservingenvironmental quaiity. A riskwith the WRCPis that the WRD will be staffedby engineerswith Ittle knowledgeof the environmentalor social 3 54 EX2Ms3 11 1193 l - issues related to water resources monagemont. It Is important that considerationof environmentalissues is notconstrued as a necessaryiivil to clear the projectbut as a basic requirementto promotethe well-bolni and enhancementof societyas a whole. It is often feltby irrigationenginears that environmentassessment is unnecessarysince Irrigation per sc is beneficialto society. It is seldomunderstood that there can beother environmental impacts which may or maynot be positiveand in theirtotality may evenbe negative. Attitudesare changingslowly and stalf are beginningto understandthat by tacklingenvironmental issues at theplanning stage and providing for mitigating or remedialmeasures at the constructionphase the processwill be cost effective and promote environmentalquality without causing delays to * implementation.It is alsoimportant that staff appreciatethat EA is a statutory requirementmeant to safeguardsocielal welfare rather than to promotethe interestof any one sectionof society. Often farmersare also unawarethat I their actionsmay be environmentallyunsound. To minimisethis risk a training programmeis recommendedso that engineersand farmersare madeaware of environmentalissues. A trainiingand awarenessbuilding programme is * thereforeincluded in the environmentalaction plan togetherwith funds for inputsfrom specialistconsultants.
The consultantshave examined the three main components of the projectand concludethat they will have a positiveenvironmental impact. However,to ensurethat implementationleads to enhancemenl,rather than being simply benign,a proactiveapproach is needed. This will ensurethat the intended benefitsof the projectare realisedand the opportunityis taken to exploitthe potentialfor furtherenvironmental enhancement. Each project component will bringsome benefits and theseare discussedseparately below. In relationto _theolicy and institutionalchancies proposed under the WRCP,the project offersthe followingpotential benefits:
U * Improvedcoordination of departmentalactivities and the creation of River Basin Managementunits which will allowcatchment management to be undertakencomprehensively. This couldbe stressedmore strongly as one of the project'sobjectives.
* Throughthe RBMsand the creationof a WaterResources Control and I ReviewCouncil procedures concerning the allocationand management of surfacewater will be improvedand water conservationmeasures introduced.Section 4.3 highlights, however, a numberofquestions which -willhave to be resolvedin the courseof time.
_ * Improvementin the regulationof groundwaterabstractions is anticipated by the projectbut this may be constrained,particularly in the shortterm, by political difficultieswhich such regulationwould create. This also appliesto someextent to the controlof groundwaterquality.
I * Bettercoordination between departments and improvedmonitoring will benefitsurface water quality although the particular problem of controlling urban wastewaterwill require political will and resourcesbeyond the scopeof this project.
* Individualissues linking energy production and consumptionand water I resourceutilisation will be addressedthrough the project and in the long- term closer liaison between energy plannersand water resources plannerswill be beneficial.
55 EX2O53 28w111v3 Whenreorganising the PWD, the GOTNshould designate a singlebody as responsibleto overseecoastal zone managament,
In relationto the componentfor rehabilitationand modemisationof existin- irrigationschemes and their future operationand maintenance,the following environmentalbenefits and opportunitieshave been identified:
* Watersupplies to farmerswill be mademore reliable and equitableand water is expectedto be saved for other uses. This will have a strong positiveenvironmental benefit. A numberof complexquestions have been identifiedsuch as the conjunctiveuse of surfaceand groundwater and the environmentalaction plan (EAP) includes a researchprogramme to addresssome of these questions.
* The qualityof irrigationwater supplieswill be morecarefully monitored and controlledif suitable proceduresare followedduring sub-project planning.
* The impact of sedimenitationton tanks and canalswill be reducedby improved maintenance but more work should be done on soil conscrvation, here too, several important questionswill need to be 3 addressed(see Section 4.12) andthe EAPincludes a specialstudy and researchprogramme. • Waterloggingand salinisationand the controlof aquatic weeds within the i commandareas will be improvedthrough rehabilitationand improved maintenance.
* The project is expectedto bring about a high degreeof community involvementin the management,operation and maintenance of irrigation schemeswhich will ensurelong-terrn sustainability. However, the project I proposalsare ambitiousand flexibilityand sensitivityto farmersviews will be necessaryduring implementation if this benefitis to be fully realised. The involvementof NGOs will be beneficial and this should be I encouragedby the WRD.
* Communityhealth is likelyto improvethrough improved nutrition and food securityas a result of rehabilitationof the irrigationschemes but close liaison with the Departmentof Health is recommendedto identify opportunitiesto controlwater-borne and mosquito-bornediseases. A I representativeof the Health Departmentshould thus be includedin the WRC.
In relationto the completionof on-qoingminor schemesmany of Ihe issues are similar to those discussed above for the rehabilitationcomponent. However,as new works are involvedthere are specific requirementsfor environmentalclearance.
* GOTN environmentalclearance has been givenfor the minorschemes and Central Governmentapproval is not requiredas the new area I developedis less than 2,000 ha in each case, these sub-projectsare thereforecleared as environmentallyacceptable. However,for four of theseschemes small areas of forestwill be submerged(see Table 1) and I clearanceis thereforerequired from the Chief Conservatorof Forests. ! 56 EK 285~3 211,93 This requiresIhat an areadouble the sizeof that submergedis Identified I for plantingof treesand the costsincluded as part of the scheme. It is recommendedthat a Codeof Practicefor Constructionbe developed 9 and introducedinto constructioncontracts to addressthe issuesof site rn safety, the health of the workforce,the sourcesand disposalsites for constructionmaterials and the controlof pollution.
* As discussedin Section2.1 the consultantsunderstand that, giventhe scope of the project, this report will fulful the requirementsfor environmental clearance and no further specific environmentalassessment is neeJed. * However,the WRD and the Bank,w^hen reviewing sub-project and minor schemedesigns should check environmental aspects as well as technical.
J Based on the above conclusionsan EnvironmentalAction Plan has been preparedand is outlinedin Part B of this report. The EAP aims to assistthe govemment in achieving the project's potential for environmental I enhancement.Moreover, although environmental conisiderations have been fully taken into accountat the planningstage, commitmentis olten lacking * during implementation.The EAPshould help to maintainthe momentum.
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I Introduction
As discussedearlior the WRCPhas an overallpositive environmental impact andwith propermanagement will result in an improvementin the qualityof the environment. To capitalise on this opportunity for enhancementthe environmentalaction plain (EAP) outlines the issuesto be managedin order to ensure that they are coveredduring implementationand not just at the planningstage. The environmentalaction plan Is alsodesigned to assistthe newWRD in buildingin environmentalawareness and skillsat its creationthus ensuringsustainability beyond the completionof the project.
The conclusionsgiven in the environmentalassessment are usedas a basis for the EAP whichhas two mainelements:
the institutionalchanges necessary for carryingout the required actions,and
the activitiesto be performedand the cost of these actions.
The EAPprovides a frameworkby whichthe concerned Tamilnadu authorities can ensure that enhancingthe environmentis a ed and throughwhich engineersand other expertslearn to appreciatethe positiveaspects of environmentalissues and come to realisethat this is a naturalpart of their duties. It formsan integralparl of the WRCP.
2 Review of policy and institutional issues
The WRCP will introducesubstantial policy and institutionalchanges in a numberof areaswhich are significantto environmentalsustainability and puts forward other policy needswhich the effectiveimplementation of the EAP requires.
The establishmentof a Water ResourcesDepartment and creationof four RiverBasin ManagementUnits will greatlyfacilitate the achievementof more effectivewater resources management in Tamilnadu.This marksa clearshift away from the conceptof construction,inherent in the old Public Works Department,towards management. This philosophical shift will perhaps be the most significantfactor in achievingenvironmental sustainability in the water resourcessector. The GOTNintends to createthe WRDby April 1994,that is beforethe projectstarts.
In additionto the WaterResources Department, a WaterResources Control and ReviewCouncil (WRC) was establishedon 30 September1993 as a top policy makingcommittee. It comprisessenior staff from variousgovemment organisationsand will set policy guidelinesfor the WRD. The importance accordedthis Councilby theTamilnadu government is reflectedin the decision to have the ChiefMinister as the chairman.The existingInstitute for Water Studieswill actas the secretariatfor the WRCand will thus havean important advisory role. For this, and for technicalreasons, the Consultantshave proposedthat an EnvironmentalDivision be establishedin the IWS. Any environmentalissues at policylevel could thus be addresseddirectly by the WRC. Similarly,for the WRD and the four River BasinManagement units
59 EX28352211193 environmentalcells will bo establistiodto roinforce the Imporlanceot Environmentalissues nl tho0local lovel. I Under the WROPa Water Policyand Watorand GroundwaterActs will be dralledwhich will leud to environimentalbenefits In the longerterm. This Is 3 progressiveand Tamilnoduwill perhiapsbe the first state in India to take this step. In thIe slhortterm, strict adherence to the Axisting Acts and Government Orders(as describedin Chapter2 of PantA) will help to ensurethat the rationalapportionment and protectionof surfacewaters and the protectiolnof rivercatchments is achievedand tlhenewly created environmenmt inits will be responsiblefor ensuringthe these statltlory requirrmentsare fully met. Preparatorywork has alreadystarted on these doct.rTonts.
3 Institutional needs __
In orderto carryoul responsibililiesregarding the environmentan Environment Divisionwill be createdin the IWSand EnvironmentCells in the hoadquarters of the WRD (Plan FormulationDivision) and In each of the four River Basin Managementutnits. Organigrarmr are shownin Figures10 and 11which show the positionof the environmentunits withintile proposedWRD and RBMs. The proposedinstitutional nc3ds have been di cussedand agreedwith the consultantspreparing the InstiltulionalReport for the World Bank and with the PWD.
Staff for the EnvironmentalDivision and the Cells will be drawn mostlyfrom within the ranks of existing PWD staff, few of whom have environmental engineeringor similar qualifications.Appointments should be made on the basis of whetherapplicanis have an active interestin environmentalissues and are preparedto put in theconsiderable efforl neededto makethemselves better acquaintedwith the breadthand complexityof the subjectarea. A I trainingprogramme is proposedin section5 belowso that the PWDengineers can become knowledgeablein water related environment issues. Exceptionally,it is recommendedthat 5 chemistsand biologists/bacteriologists I at AE level are redeplo:ed from anotherGovernment Department such as agricuhure,or recruited as no suitable staff exists within the PWD and retrainingis not feasible.
3.1 IWS Environment Division This will be headedby the AssistantDirector (Environment) with the rank of ExeculiveEngineer. He will be assistedby four AssistantExecutive Engineers and twoAssistant Engineers one of whornwill be a data analyst. The Division will be the top policyand advisoryunit withinthe WRDfor mattersrelating to the environment.The Division,through the Directorof IWS. will advise the WRCon all environmentalmatters. This is the apexorganisation and expert advicewill be necessaryas wellas an in-depthunderstanding of the rulesand regulations.of the GOTNand the CentralGovernment as well as international organisations.The environmentcovers a wide rangeof diversetopics and the IWS staffwill not be expertsin manyof these, consequentlyWRC will appoint an ExternalAdvisor to giveadvice on environmentmatters to the WRCin the I shortterm untilthe IWS can fulfil this role. The Advisorwill work closelywith the Ast. Director. Specialistconsultancy services may alsobe requiredfrom time to time and the Ast. Director should maintaina databaseof expert I consultantsin differentfields who he can consulton variousissues.
60 EXa283attiis3 The IWS EnvironmentDivision will liaise and consultwith other state and centralgoVornment organisctions in thC sompfield, as well as with NGOsand concernedIndividuals. This is vital to the satisfactoryperformance of the IWS particularlyas it willbe advisingtop policymakers who must be kept Informed of potentiallysensitive environmental problems or areasof conflictwith other agencies.
The preparationof guidelines,procedures and codoswill be the responsibility * of the IWS EnvironmentDivision as well contributingto newpolicy documents or legislation. It will also liaise with other units of the WRDto see that the recommendedprocedures are followed. ElAswill be reveiwedbefore they are * presentedto the WRCfor approval. Duringimplementation of the WROPthe environmentalimpact of the projectwill be monitoredby this Divisionwhich will alsoassist the WorldBank supervision missions as required.
A databank of surfaceand ground water qualityinformation will be maintained by the EnvironmentDivision and a data analystwill be responsiblefor this.
Finallythe EnvironmentDivision will managethe researchprogramme and specialstudies and liaisewillh IHH and universitiesas necessary.They will alsoliaise with IMTIconcerning all trainingrelated to environment. 3.2 WRD (Plan Formulation) Environment Cell An EnvironmentCelt will be establishedas part c he office of the Chief Engineer(Plan Formulation). It will be heededby an xecutiveEngineer who will be assistedby two Assistant ExecutiveEngineers and two Assistant Engineers. This will be the main functionalwing of the environmentalunits withinWRID. It will be responsiblefor ensuringthat all projectsor activities carriedout by the WRDare in accordancewith statutoryrequirements. If an EIA is requiredthe Cell will prepare TOR for the workto be carriedout by I consultantsand will supeviseand review their work. If centralgovemment clearanceis requiredcompleted ElAs will be presentedto the IWS for review and submissionto the WRC prior to submissionto the MEF. However,if environmentalclearance is requiredonly from the Stateauthorities this could be obtaineddirectly by the CE (Plan Formulation).
| The Cell will providefeedback to the IWS on proceduresand guidelinesso thatthey can be updatedbased on experience.The headof the Cell will work closelywith the IWSto ensurethat no environmentallysensitive work is carried out by WRD withoutprior clearancefrom WRCand the statutoryauthorities. The Cell willalso be responsiblefor preparingmitigating measures or propose alternativesolutions to the designersshould this be necessary.The Cell will I coordinatewith the RiverBasin Managersto get feedbackon activitiesat the field level and to ensurethat field staff carry out appropriatemeasures to achieve environmentalenhancement under the WRCP, The Cell will contributeto draftingthe proposed water policy document and newlegislation suchas the water and groundwateracts. This cell will playan active role in the awarenessbuilding programme at the field level.
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61 EX255329/1U9 3.3 RBM (Plan Formulation & Coordination) Environment Cells At the fieldlevel recoonsihililyfor monitoringonvironmental quality will be withinthe RBMs, Foulriver basin managernent units will be formedand each will have an EnvironmentCoIl ulinder the Chief Engineer(Plan Formulation & Coordination).The staffingfor Ihesecells will be the sameas for the WRD (Plan Formulation)given above witi the additionof one chemistand one bacteriologist/biologistfor each RBM. If tie servicesof an ecologistare required,consultants or universitystaff will be appointedfor a fixedshort term input. This unit will systematicallymonitor waler quality, both surfaceand goroundwater,and report any episodalpollution events which affect water resources.The Cellswill interactwith Farmers Councils' and local NGOsand other sectoralagencies such as TNPCBand AED with respectto relevant environmentalissues within their basin, The RBMCells will be supportedby field and mobile laboratoriesfor systematicmonitoring of water quality of reservoirs,rivers, drains and canals.The laboratorywill also collect data from other agenciessuch as TNPCBand the Directoraleof Health. To avoid duplicationof data collectionand laboratoryanalysis this will be done in coordinationwith other responsible units witliin the RBMs.
The laboratoryfacilities should be adequateto allowsoil and watersampling for conventionalphysico-chemical and biologicalparameters stipulated under water quality standards.In additionperiodic monitoring will be rerquired,for examplewhen fishkills or pollutionincidents are reported. The staff of the Cellswill be requiredto participateand assiLtexternal experts or consultants in any specialstudies. ElAs, or researchwork relevantto the environment.
The RBMCells would also be responsiblefor creatingand managingthe eco- gardensand ecologicallyrestored areas described in Section4 below.
An AdvisoryGroup of differentlocal experts will be formedto advisethe four River Basin Managers and the Environment Cells concerning local environmentalissues. The experls will be fromother government departments such as Health,Wildlife, Forests and AED and also from Universitiesand NGOs.
3.4 Equipment In additionto provisionof adequatelaboratory facilities, a limitedamount of equipmentwill need to be purchasedto facilitatethe work of the various environmentunits. A powerfuldesktop PC and peripheralswill be requiredby the IWS for the waterquality data bankand otherdata storagerequirements. A computerfor eachof the environmentcells wouldalso be requiredalthough the capacitycould be less. One jeeptype vehicleis neededfor eachunit for field measurement.As environmentalwork will be newlo manyof the staff it is recommendedthat a library of appropriate books and journals is eastablishedat the IWS.
l I 62 EXZ115329111193 l I 4 Role and functions of the environmentalunits
The variousduties of the diflerontenvironment units within tlho proposed WRD havabeeen outlined above. In order to effectivelyporform these duries the roleand functionsof theseunits mustbe clear. This sectiongives an outline of the differentactivities that will be performedunder the EAP. It shouldnot be consideredexhaustive but the maintasks to be undertakenare highlighted Includingdevelopment of proceduresetc, use of consultancyservices, monitoringand data co'lectionand coordination.
4.1 Policy and new legisation The variousenvironment units will activelyparticipate in preparingthe Water Policyand Water and GroundwaterActs which are proposed. As action Is likelyto be taken at an earlystage, and in somecases before the WRDis fully corstituted, the existing IWS should engage environmentalspecialists to preparecomments on any draftbefore it is submittedto the WAC. An early draftof the WaterPolicy has been prepared and includessome environmental considerationsbut shouldbe sirengthened.Also, priorities for wateruse need to be clearly stated with domnesticwater given prominencofollowed by agricultureand industry.
4.2 Environmental assessment procedures/guidelines and codes A great variety of appruachesto environmentalassessment have been devebped and tested some of which have been adopted as statutory proceduresby various governments.It is thereforenecessary to establish whatforms of assessmentare requiredand/or appropriate for use withinthe WRD. It will be one of the first tasks of the IWS EnvironmentDivision and expert assistance should be sought to ensure that the procedurts and -guidelines meet Governmentof India andTamilnadu state regulations. The CentralWater Commission has publishedguidelines and these shouldserve as a model.The proceduresshould clearly outline responsibilities and indicate the conditionsunder which different actions are needed,such as for Central Governmentapprovals for newworks. Responsibilitiesfor liaisonwith outside organisationsshould also be stipulated. For the sub-projectsand minor schemesincluded in theWRCP statutory clearance has already been obtained and no further EA is required. Howeve.. a set of proceduresshould be establishedfor futureprojects of this type. Wherea full SIAis not requiredan internalWRD environmentprocedure should be establishedto ensurethat environmentalissues are fully addressedat the designstage.
Guidelines should be prepared for the full ElAs and Environmental ManagementPlans which may be requiredby the CentralGovernment under the 1993Notification (see chapter 2 PartA) and to meet any otherstatutory requirement. A different set of Guidelines may be needed for the environmentalassessment required as part of the basin planscompared with thosefor specificprojects.
Althoughnot strictlyan assessmentprocedure, it has been recommendedin Section 4 that a Code of Good ConstructionPractice be developedand incorporatedinto future constructioncontracts particularlyany still to be awardedfor on-going minor schemes. As part of the Action Plan, it is recommendedthat IWS seekexpert assistance to developsuch a Code. The
63 EX 28S3 2gi tug main issues which the code of practico should addross are outlined in _ Annox4.
Theseprocedures and guidelineswill not becomefixed for all time and oneof the responsibilitiesof the EnvironmentalDivision of IWS will be to monitorthe applicationof theseprocedures and, where necessary, propose amendments. All intemalWRD procedures and guidelinesneed to be approvedby the WRC. This is a key element of the EnvironmentalAction Plan as until such proceduresare adopted other sectionsof the WRD are unlikely to give adequateattention to EA. 4.3 River basin plans When preparingRiver Basin plans environment issues should be addressed. The recentlycompleted Bhavani Basinenvironmental assessment and the soonto be completedassessment of theVaippar basin will providemodels for I thosecarrying out the studies. Basinplans should address non water related environmentissues such as impactson wildlife,healti, tribal minorititesetc and take full accountof water qualityproblems as well as water use. Some I issueswhich should be addressedwhen preparingsuch plans are given below:
(a) Is wastewaterreuse feasible? Appropriatetechnological innovations shouldbe investigatedto determineif wastewatercan be treatedfor industrialuse and industrialwastewater treated for iirrigaton use. 9 (Severalexamples of irrigationusing wastewater from particular industries alreadyexist in Tamilnadubut the total aiea is small). Introductionof a reuse system on an extensivescale may require major changes to existingwater distributionsystems (canals, tanks etc) and wastewater collectionsystems.
(b) Is it appropriateto developa policy of zoning for industrialand urban - developmentsvis-a-vis irrigation and whatimprovements in water quality monitoringwould such a systemrequire?
(c) Shouldrestrictions be imposed on certain highly water consumptive industries?(A tableshowing examples of wateruse in selectedexisting industriesin Tamilnaduis givenbelow).
Industry 1991-92 Unit water Total water Production demand demand(106m 3) Sugar 1.66x 106t 30Ukg 35 Textile 78.8 x 106m 401m 3.2 Paper 0.199 x 106t 300Ukg 60 Fertilizer 1.338x 106t 81/kg 11
(d) Will the need to save irrigationwater lead eventuallyto the needto U restrict the irrigationof certain crops or change croppingpatterns in particularseasons and howcould such restrictions be introducedwith the cooperationof farmers? I
64 EX2153 2D/W1t93 (e) Given thial surface water supply varies stochasticallyand domesticl I industrialdemands arc relativelyconstant, how can Irrigationdemand be controlledseason by seasonto makebest use of the varyingamounts of * water available?
(f) What measuresare availableto controlthe rapid growthof domestic/ urban demandparticularly in relationto personalwashing and water- 3 bornesewage? (g) What potential is there for developing alternative water sources, particularlythe desalinationof brackishgroundwater? (see Section 3.3).
(h) Are inter-basintransfers wilhin the stateor inter-statefeasible and what are their environmentalimplications?
(i) How can publicand politicalparticipation in theabove complexdecision makingbe provided in such a way that the interestsof all groupsare consideredand potentialconflicts minimised?
(t) How can the conjunctiveuse of surfaceand groundwaterbe developed I to conserve surface water and avoid excessive exploitation of groundwatet?
| 4.4 Data collection and monitoring Data collectionand monitoringare essentialto ensure sustainabilityand to preventenvironmental degradation both at the riverbasin and state leveland at the individualsub-project level. On theother hand, monitoring is costlyand the effort may be useless or even harmful unless the quality of the data collectedis reliable. It is. therefore,necessary to establishwhat will be an adequate,cost-effective and reliablemonitoring programme for studyingthe environmentalaspects of waterresources development in Tamilnadu.Another meansis to makemaximum use of remotesensing technology and to present data in an accessibleform usinga geographicalinformation system, GIS.
It is importantthat duplicationof data collectionis avoidedand that different disciplineswhich may requiredifferent data or differentdensities of recording * agreeon a comprehensiveprogramme. For the newWRD it is proposedthat responsibilityfor general data collectionwill be underthe officeof the Chief Engineer(Design and Construction)which will be linked to the IHH. A NationalHydrology Project is nowin preparationby the World Bankand data collectionwill also be consideredunder that project. 3 It is possiblethat conflictand duplicationor ommissionwill resultif this is not carefullyplanned. Therefore,it may be wise for the new WRDto seekexpert assistanceto reviewdata collectionand monitoringearly in the project. This I reviewwould examine the sourcesand types of datacurrently being collected andthose required (including environmental data). Itwould assess the present methods of data collection and analysis, recommend institutional | responsibilities,and where necessaryrecommend changes and additional data needs.Recommendations should also be made on the possibleapplications of remotelysensed data and to proposeappropriate ways of storing and presentingall the collecteddata, includingpossible GIS applications. The organisationundertaking this reviewshould work closely with those preparing the environmentalassessment procedure for riverbasins since the dataneeds for undertakingsuch assessmentsare likelyto coverall the issuesfor which
65 EX 2853 2911U93 l monitorlngat a basinor statelevol will be noeded. Also the data specialist can advisethose drafting tho assessmentprocedure on those sectionsof the | procedurewhich refer to the settingup of programmesto monitorIssues which are thoughtto be potentiallyserious. Such data can then be fed into the centraldata base. It is proposedthat tho IWS (EnvironmentDivision) maintain a data bank for groundand surfacewater quality data and thereforethey shouldbe consultedon this issue. The laboratoryfacilities withiln the PWDand throughoutthe state shouldalso U be reviewedand consolidatedif possible.Mobile laboratories should be made availablefor the RBM EnvironmentalCells to enablethe rapid collectionof water qualitydata for Identifyingand monitoring potential pollution sources. It I is also recommendedthat each RBMCell is equippedwith a field level water quality monitoringkit.
4.5 Eco-gardensand eco-restoration The major expenditurewilhiin the WRCP will be for the rehabilitationand modernisationof Ihe existingcommand areas. Whilst this is environmentally beneticialthere are other aspectsol the ecolorical system outsideof the commandareas which requires rehabilitation. As part of the EAP it is proposedtherefore thiat in each areacovered by a River BasinManagement I unit a samplearea will be selectedfor developmentas an ecologicalsystem gardenfor trainingand demonsiration to non-environmentspecialists, farmers and schoolsfrom the commandarea. An eco-gardenwill have a 5 to 10 ha 9 plot comprisinglocal tree and plant species and varieties of wildlife. In essenceit will be a miniaturepark as real life parks are few. As for the eco-gardens,in each RBM area an area which is ecologically U degradedwould be selectedfor restorationas part of the EAP underthe project, This wouldinvolve the selectionof a suitablearea and suitablelocal communityand restoringthe area to its natural state by, for example, qualitativesoil improvementwork. promotion of vegetativegrowth, prevention of waterloggingand improvingland and water quality. Followinginitial implementationthe restoredarea could be administeredby a FarmerCouncil U which would benefit from the fuelwood and other outputs. However, assistancewould be providedto help the FC to maintainthe area on a 5 sustainablebasis for demonstrationto other communities.
5 Training and awareness building
It is assumedthat no newstaff will be recruited. However,as moststaff to be redeployedwill havehad little experience of environmentalissues considerable trainingwill be required.The proposedtraining would include short andlong courses in India, short courses overseas, attendance at seminars and conferencesand an awarenessbuilding programme. It is also proposedthat courses on the environmentare given at IMTI with visiting lecturersfrom various specialistorganisations including visiting lecturersfrom overseas. A provisionalprogramme is shownin Figure12. All trainingwill be coordinated by IMTI who will have overall responsibilityfor training under the project althoughIWS will be closelyinvolved in planningthe programme.
F
66 EX2853 ZV119s3 _ Tlhereare two aspectsto the environmentaltraining required under the WRCP: trainingto establisihand maintairitho capabilitiesof the EnvironmentalCells and the EnvironmentalUnit and the widertraining and awarenessbuilding requiredfor other membersof the WRDand FarmerCouncils.
The initial staff requirements and responsibilitiesof the proposed EnvironmentalCell and EnvironmentalDivision are givenin Section2.2 above. Onceappointed, the staff will requiretraining and, sincetheir responsibilities beginimmediately, it will not be possibleinitially to take themaway for training coursesof morethan one or two weeks. It is, therefore,recommended that, for the first year, on the job training be providedto those of Assistant ExecutiveEngineer grade and above in two ways:first, by working with the consultantspreparing the variousprocedures and reportsdescribed in this lchapter;and, secondly,by undertakinga programmeof short visits to appropriateagencies and institutionsin India. Mixedgroups of threeor four staff could visit thieMinistry of Environmentand Forests, New Delhi, the Central PollutionControl Board, NEERt,The NationalForest Management InstilLite.Buphal, The ForestResearch Institute, Dohradun, the CentralSoil and WaterConservalion Research and Training Institule, Ooty and othersto be determinedlater.
The proposedinstitutional link for technicalassistance discussed below will provideexpatriate experts. This will allowreview missions to be undertaken at regularintetvals providing continuity for the supportand on-goingtraining of the WRD staff. The organisationproviding the link will also offer practical trainingoverseas through short visits.
An urgentneed was identifiedfor a shortawareness building course to be run for all senior WRDstaff in relationto the WRCP. A proposedprogramme for sucha workshopis givenin Appendix3. It is recommendedthat it takesplace in the first year of the project. The awarenessbuilding workshop should also be run for morejunior staff and FarmerCouncils during the five year project implementationperiod.
Once the WRCP starts, a rolling programmeof training and awareness buildingis neededfor all WROengineering staff, Longerprogrammes of a week or morewill be neededfor thoseplanning and implementingindividual sub-projects,preparing basin plansor responsiblefor supervisingoperation and maintenanceactivities, whilst shorter awareness building courses will be neededfor other staff. It is inconceivablethat the WRCPcan achievethe sustainableand environmentallyenhancing management of water resources whichit seeksto achieveunless each memberof staff is awareof the issues and of how histheractivities and decisionsrelate to those issues.
It is recommendedthat expert assistancebe providedto developtraining coursesand materials appropriate to the needsof the WRD. Intime thesewill be developedand modifiedby IMTI. A target shouldbe set that all those directly involvedin sub-projectsand basin planningshould receive initial training before the end of the first year of the project. More specialised courseson suchsubjects as pollutionmonitoring and controlmay be provided, in this case eitherdirectly or throughthe TNPCB,to staff directlyinvolved in schemesor riverbasins where water quality problems are particularlysevere. l | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~67EX2as3 29/11 Technologytransfer and collaborative implementation should be a normalpart of consultancyservices and researchand devolopmentactivities, Therefore, trainingshould not be taken in isolationas h will be closelylinked with these activities.
Some overseastechnical assistance has been recommendedfor tmBining, consultancyand researchand it is proposedthal an institutionaltwinning arrangetnentbe establishedwith an overseasorganisation. The terms of referencefor suchtwinning would requirethe provisionof training,(including providingshort courses in India and providingtraining overseas), technology transfer,consultancy services and contrbutingto the researchprogramme. However,care is neededin selectingthe appropriateoverseas institution in order to avoid the appointmentof a few generalistsinstead of numerous experts.No single organisation can provide all the requiredexpertise therefore the TORshould stipulate thal partnershipsshould be formedin order to cover the breadthof expertiseneeded. Also,association with an appropriatelocal organisationshould be compulsory.Such a twinningarrangement could cover other aspects of the project as well as environmentbut it is strongly recommendedthat any design and constructionconsultancy work is let separatelyas the natureof the workis very different.
6 Consultancy inputs
Consultancyservices will be required to assist the staff of the IWS EnvironmentalDivision and the other EnvironmentalCells. Most of the consultanyservices will be short term and providedby local specialists, however,funds have been included for up to 15months of overseasexpertise to assistthe WRDand local consultantson specialistmatters. As suggested in section 5 above this could form part of the duties under a twinning arrangement.A particularneed for the first two to threeyears of the project will be the appointmentof an ExpertAdvisor (or Advisors)to the WRC. The Advisor would be retainedby the WRC on a part-timebasis to cover all environmentalmatters. The Advisorwould work closely with the Ast. Director (Environment)of the IWSwho whouldeventually perform this function.
Someof the tasksto be coveredby the consultancyservices would be:
* to assistIWS in the developmentof procedures,guidelines and codesfor use by the WRO;
* to assist WRD in the preparationof TOR for environmentalimpact assessmentsfor newprojects; |
* to carryout environmentalimpact assessmer,ts and managementplans as may be requiredto meetthe statutoryrequirements of the centralor state government;
* to assist in the developmentof training and awareness building programmesand to offertraining as part of theirconsultancy work;
* to provideadvice on the researchprogramme and technicalsupport to 'he researchactivities mentioned in section7 bc!ow;and
68 EX 2853 29/1ttl3 l N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~q
to participatein formalcourses or at seminarsfor WRDand other staff on water resources development during the project to ensure disseminationof informationand to involveand inform field staff from outsideMadras,
In additionto the aboveconsultancy inputs, which will be mostly short term, two specialstudies are recommendedfor inclusionin the WRCP. Thesewill be carriedout by local consultantswith short advisoryinputs from overseas * consultants,if required:
* A soil conservationplanning study which will determinethe locations withinthe stale wherepriority should be given for soil conservationand makerecommendations for institutionalrisponsibilities of the numerous agenciesinvolved in this work suchas the RBM units of the WRD,the U AED, ForestDept and others. The planningstudy should give clear guidelinesfor the considerationof the WRCand a plan of actionfor the implementationfor soil conservationmeasures in the state.
* A study ol groundwaterpollulion in the Palar basin: This study would investigatethe effect of industrialeffluents on crop productionand I proposemethods of improvements,including policy as well as technical solutions. The studyshould make clear proposalsfor actionwhich may be includedas pail of the WRCP.
7 Applied research and development needs
Anactive applied research effort, interacting effectively with the Environmental Divisionof IWS and withthe other EnvironmentCells and other units of the proposedWRD, such as IHH. is essentialto resolvethe long term sector environmentalissues. An importantconsideration at this stage is not onlythe subjectsto be studiedbut also the mannerin whichresearch studies are to be selected,commissioned and managed.
Financialand other resourcescan easily be wasted on research if those commissioningit are not properlyaware of what has been studiedalready, both locallyand further afield, and are not consciousof the needto investto bridgethe gapbetween labo,-tory studies and prototypesystems. Thus,both in selectingpriority areas for researchand identifyingthe precisefocus for the research,it is necessaryto involvea well-informedgroup including both those of anacademic background and those of a practicalbackground. A Research AdvisoryCommittee comprising representatives from Anna University, IWS and IIT already exists and has responsibilityfor coordinationand advice on researchmatters and couldfulfil this role. However,it would be advisableto expandthe committeemembers to includea morespecialised environmental groupsuch as NEERIto adviseon environmentalresearch priorities.
In the past, with internationallyfunded projects where researchhas not been given high priority,ceitain associatedresearch activities have been funded from other budgetswhich are unconnectedwith the project. Whilst this can benefitthe sector,there are occasionswhen the projectofficials have no say in the formulationof theresearch which prevents researchers from responding to the principalissues of concernto the project. Evenwhere the interested party also controlsthe financeit is still difficultto managediverse research projectsin sucha waythat timely and relevantresults are obtained. Underthe
69 EX 2853 2W111193 WRCP. a proportionof project funds will be allocated for a research programme which will include environmentalaspects. The Advisory i Committeeshould review the detailedresearch proposals which should be preparedand presentedby the IWS, who will be responsiblefor overall coordinationof thisprogramme altliough other agencies may alsobe involved in carryingout the research. -
Severalsubject areas have been idenlified,during the preparationof this report,and they are listedbelow. The subjectsare describedbroadly and - morefocussed objectives will needto be specifiedbefore work commences. Care must be taken to avoidduplication as some of these topics may have already been studied. Also, the research should be directed towards _ identifyingpractical solutions and act as catalystsfor future projects. The researchshould be collaborativebetween the IWSor IHH and Universitiesor otherspecialist institutes. The researchwill be mostlylocally based but funds have been included for some external support, through the twinning arrangements,both for techinicalassistance and for specialistequipment.
* CatchmentProcesses and Interlinkages: The on-goingODA funded research with IWS would be extended to include the impact of interlinkagesbetween different calchment processes and in particularthe socio-economicaspects of catchmentmanagement and the benefitsof catchmentmanagement on uplanddwellers. This will be based on the Vellarbasin as a pilotcatchment;
* RemoteSensing and the use of GIS for EnvironmentalAssessment and Management:The Bhavanibasin would be studiedto determinethe usesof RS/GISfor improvedcatchment management including reservoir sedimnentationmonitoring. catchment soil erosion, mapping and monitoringsalt affectedareas and modellinglake ecosystems;
* GroundwaterUtilisation: determination of a parameterset for monitoring groundwatertrends in order to improveupon the present"dark' area delineation.In additionexisting data wouldbe usedto studyconjunctive I use of surface and groundwaterand the relationship between groundwater recharge and irrigation modernisationincluding an assessmentof benefitsand costs of groundwateruse for agriculture U comparedwilh industry/domesticuse,
* WastewaterReuse: development and pilot testingin the Vaigaibasin of plants for reusingwastewater for industry, agriculture and artificial rechargeof groundwater,including assessment of publichealth dangers relatedto low qualitywater, particularly with respectto pesticides. It is understoodthat Metrowaterhave done some work on this and shouldbe involvedin the study;and
* ReservoirEnvironmental Quality: Analysis of eutrophicationof upland reservoirsand the impacton irrigationschemes using three diffrent types of reservoir:uncontaminated, polluted and silted. This wouldinclude an assessmentof prophylacticmeasures for qualitativeimprovement.
.
70 EX2s53 zWI1na 8 Cost estimate for the EAP
A detailedcost estimate for thie EAP is given In Tablo 7 and summarised below. The total cost will be Rp 105.7million (USS3.41 million) of which Rp 36 million(US$ 1.15 million), that is 34%,will be foreignexchange costs. Table 7 also gives a breakdownof the cost ovor the projectimplementation period. A summaryof Ihe costs by categoryof expenditureis givenbelow:
TotalCost llotem Rp(laokh) USS'OOO
Equipmont 261 842 Works 440 1,419 Localconsultancy 435 435 OvermoasTA (twinning) 111 379 Localtrcnlming 62 200 OvorsecaTraining 42 134
1,057 3,410 An implementationschedule is shownin Figure12 together with the estimated I expendituretar each projectyear.
m
!
71 EX2853 21Vttht93 V
U) a)
I i I * in _ _ _ _ an _ Iii el I I I1 I I I N III I Table 1 Details of on-going minor schemes proposed for inclusion in the WRCP
------! ~ ~~~------Nameof minorscherno Basin CommandArca (hi) Ara affected(ha) Peoplealfected (No) - NowiExistirg | Totni Forest] Form Other < 50% betwoon60
_____- 1 anda1 100% RajathopsKanor Palar 0 219 219 7 19 4 0 1 Morthana Palar 0 2870 2870 37 46 49 0 70 Polgalyar Kodayar 202 286 488 0 1II 7 116 318 Nambiyar Namblyar 152 1129 1281 0 130 133 563 204 0 _ ~~~~KodumnudlyarNambiyar 193 1924 2 1 17 '13 105 so I15 VndakuPachlyckr Tombrmpctrani jG6I 1039 1800 . . . . Adavinayonor Tomboarpamrnt 9S 2178 2276 14 72 6 33 _ 9 Sothupari Vnignl 15 25 4 28G SchanrnugaNndhl Vaigal 66 0 664 2 106 16 438 134 Athikulum Valgal(7) 0 13 0 G0 0 Moravamongalam Vaigai 0 2100 2100 0 25 5 TirupathurBig Tank Valgal 0 19 0 285 0 TOTALS 2070 11745 13815 SS 671 273 1795 736
. Informationnot availableat timeof study.
- Sources:PWD, FAOICP and Consultantsstudying lnd acquisition.
.
U
EX 2ass 29/a11'53 Table2 GO!recommended tolerance limits for different wateruses - .. _ _ . __ . U......
A ~ A [~~~~~~~~~~~sWn> ChclAuscn tle | Unwh D""'w | 3| 1
p1H 0 bt 05i 0,.8.0 6 0dt.6 1.04.b
ODO(MIN) MOAt t 6 4 4
BOD t5 DAYE, 2OC) ngA 2 t _
TOTAL COLIFORMS (MAX) MPNltoo 60 S000500 _
COLOUR HAZEN UNIT tW t00 .0
ODOUR ODOURLESS YES
AtASTE TASTELEIW YES
TDS mm 600 I SWoX 21W0
TOTAL HARDNESS mnlnjcaCo,_ 20_ _I
LEAD nl _
MAQNESIUM mgIl 100
COPPER l.S 156
IRON O'Slo 5
MANGANESE mgI 0.6
CHLORIDE9 mgI 250 00D G00
FLUORIDES "VI I'S s i'S
CYANIDES V"S 0°06 005 0o0S
SELENIUM Moll . , .
CADMIUM mgiI 0.01
BORON _ f_ 2
ARSENIC rgl' 0,2 0.2
PHENOLS mgIl 0.005 0.W5 _
CHROMIUM mgiI 0s 0.05
SULPHATES -0. 400 100
ANIONIC DETERGENTS n1n -
ALPHA EMITTERS lI 10_
BETA FMITTERS 0drr_
FREE AMMONIA _ tt.12
ELECTRtoAL CONDUCTIVITY lin*o 1000 2250 CAT2SCI
FREE 00, mn. 6
OILS AND GREASE MO 0.1
SAR X l_X2G
Water us elauses
A. Drinkingwater vource without convemlonatlIrealrnent but oiler dmir,ec.on. B. Outdoor bnihkqg(opgannied). 0. DCinhki %.Ier cource wvih oorwenlionnl ltohlIenI foCowed by disirdecton. D. Propgat^ion el vAld hboand tIkerles. E. IrIgilli. idurial coling and conrioled wasitedlsaoal.
EX 2i53 2W1V13 NC
Table 3 (a) Irrigability classes of water
Electricconductance of water micro mhos/cm,2500 CLASS
100to 250 Ci 250 to 750 C2 750 to 2,250 C3 _ 2,250 to 5,000 C4 5,000 to 20.000 Cs I Sodiumabsorption ratio (SAR)of water Lessthan 10 Si 10 to 18 S2
Table 3 (b) Water quality criteria for classification of groundwater
* Water Class [ ECiw(ds/m) | SAR (m moles/l)y J RSC (meq/l)-
- Good < 2 s 10 < 2.5 Marginallysaline 2-4 s 10 < 2.5 Saline > 4__ s10 < 2.5
HighSAR saline > 4 > 10 <2.5 Marginallyalkali I < 4 > 10 2.5-4.0 Marginallyalkali 11 <4 < 10 > 4.0 Alkali = - > 10 > 4.0
_ * ElectricalConductivity, EC = 1.538TDS
Total DissolvedSolids, TDS, in ppm I *- SodiumAbsorption Ratio, SAR = Na/ ( Ca + Mc) (m moles/l)*' 2 2 ResidualSodium Carbonate,RSC = (HCO3 + C03) - (Ca + Mg ,) (meq/l)
I
EX2853 2g,1/g3t9 I Table 4 TNPCBtolerance limits for trade effluents__
Dischargeinto 3 Characteristics Inland surface PublicSewers Marinecoastal area On landfor water l l j irrigation 3 Colourand odour Suspendedsolids 100 600 a) for process 200 3 (mgA) waste waters 100 I
b) for cooling water effluents 10 percent abovetotal l suspended matterof influentcooling water Particlesize of shall pass 850 a) Floatablesolids . | suspendedsolids micronis sieve max. 3mm
b) Settleablesolids j max. 850 micron Dissolvedsolids- 2100 2100 2100 inorganic mg/I 2100 2100 pH 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 TemperatureIC 40 at the point 45 at the point 45 at the point of discharge of discharge Oil and grease mg/l 10 20 20 10 Total residual 1 1 chlorine mg/l _ Ammoniacal 50 50 50 Nitrogen(as N) mg/I 3 Total Kjeldahl 100 - 100 Nitrogen(as N) mg/l _
Free Ammonia 5 - 5 (as NH3) mg/l Biochemical 30 350 100 100 I OxygenDemand (5 days at 20°C) mg/l _ _
EX 2863 2Wt1193 TablQ4 Continued
Dischargeinto Characteristics Inland PublicSewers Marinecoastal On land for surfacewater area irrigation
ChemicalOxygen 250 250 Demand mg/l Arsenic (as As) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 mg/* I Mercury(as Hg) 0,01 0.01 0.01 0.01 mg/l _ Lead (as Pb) mg/I 0.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 Hexavalent 0.10 2.0 1.0 1.0 chromium (as Cr6+F) mg/I Total Chromium 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 (as Cr) mg/I Cadmium(as Cd) 2.0 1.0 2.0 1,0 * mg/I .______m_ Copper(as Cu) 3 3 3 3 mg/l _ Zinc (asZn) mg/l 1 15 15 15 Selenuim(as Se) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 mg/l Nickel (asNi) 3 3 3 3 _ mgtl . _ Boron(as Ni) 2 2 2 2 mgA I rPercent Sodium - 60 60 _ mg/I ______
ResidualSotium - . 5 Carbonate mgA ._____ Cyanide(as CN) 0.2 2.0 0.2 0.2 mgA . . - Chloride(as Cl) 1000 1000 600 mgA Fluoride(as F) 2.0 15 15 2.0 3rre/E ______
EX 28S3 29/11/93 Table 4 Continued [
______Dischargeinto F Characteristics Inland | PublicSewers I Marinecoastal I On land for surfacewater area irrigation
Sulphates(SO 4) 1000 1000 1000 1000
Sulphide(as S) 2 5 2
Pesticides Absent Absent Absent Absent Phenolic 1 5 5 5 compounds (as CH 5OH) mg/I l Radioactivemateris_ _ l
a. Alphaemitters l0o- 1017 I 0oo.8 (pcmim) I b. Betaemitters 1o-6 1006' 1 o6-, (,4clml)
EX 2853 2911113 | Table 5 Sedimentation of selectedreservoirs/tanks in Tamilnadu
Namoeof Reservoir/ Originalcapacity Presentcapacity Loss (m3xl 0) Sedimentation Annual = Tank (m3xl 06) (M3 xl 06) and age (years) (%) storage
______j______lossin %
1st Phasesurveys (1975.193S5) KrishnagiriReservoir 68.200(1957) 47.183(1983) 21.017 (26 yrs) 30.8 1.19
- SathanurReservoir 234.828(1957) = _ Vaigal Reservoir 194.785(1958) 172.380(1983) 22.405(25 yrs) 11.5 0.46 AliyairReservoir 108.260(1962) 107.110(1981) 1.150 (19 yrs) 1.1 0.06 UpperBhavani 101.148(1965) 97,480(1985) 3.668 (20 yrs) 3.6 0.18 _ I Reservoir Emerald-Avalanchi 156.750(1960) 145.700(1981) 11.050(21 yrs) 7.1 0.34 Reservoir Kundah-Pallam 1.534(1960) 0.646(1982) 0.838(22 yrs) 57.9 2.63 Reservoir Pegumbanullah 0,919 (1966) 0.629(1962) 0.290 (16 yrs) 31.6 1.97 Reservoir
- sPalarReservoir 44.400(1966) 27.129(1982) 17.271(16 yrs) 38.9 2.43 MetturStanely 2708.760(1934) 2175.432(1983) 533.328(49 yrs) 19.7 0.40 Reservoir 2nd PhaseSurveys (1985.1995)
Amaravathi 117.163(1958) 100.321(1986) 16.842(28 yrs) 14.4 0.51 Reservoir Thirumoorthy 54.800 (1966) 51.210(1987) 3.590(21 yrs) 6.6 0.31 Reservoir WillingtonReservoir 71.460 (1924) 54.342(1991) 17.118(67 yrs) 24.0 0.36 (2ndcapacity survey) BerijamReservoir 2.195 (1911) 1.804(1987) 0.391 (76 yrs) 17.B 0.23 0ai ur Tank 7.040 (1919) 6.860(1986) 0.180 (67 yrs) 2.6 0.04 ParsonsValley 16.422 (1966) 12,700(1988) 3.722 (23 yrs) 22.7 0.99 Reservoir
EX 2B53 29tt 1/93 Table 5 Continued _
Nameof Reservoir/ Originalcapacity Presentcapacity Loss(m 3x106) Sedimeniation Annual I Tank (m3x1 0) (m3xl 0) and age (years) (%) storage loss in %
Kaveripakkam 41.730(1902) 35.749(1989) 5.981(87 yrs) 14,3 0.16 Reservoir Porthimund 60.109(1966) 57,456(1990) 2.653 (24 yrs) 4.4 0.18 Reservoir PonnanairReservoir 3.388(1974) 2.540 (1990) 0.848 (16 yrs) 25.0 1.56 Ooly Lake 0.989 (1992) - VeeranamTank 40.805 (1923) 26.464 (1991) 14.341 (68 yrs) 35.1 0.52 (Anicut) Upper Reservoir 16.197 (1968) 10.033 (1991) 6.164 (23 yrs) 38.1 1.65 (Periyar) _ PechiparaiReservoir 150.270 (1971) 144.772 (1992) 5.498(21 yrs) 3.7 0.17 MukurthyReservoir '
ManialarReservoir 13.759 (1967) 10.688 (1992) 3 371 (25 yrs) 22.3 0.89 _
Surveysundertaken by Instituteot Hydraulicsand Hydrology,Poondi
Surveywork in progress
IIE
EX2883 211M9 I Table 6 Wildlife sanctuaries in Tamilnadu
Location AreaIn hectares Typeof forest Wildlife
Mudumalal 32100 Moistdeciduous Elephant,Gour, Sarnbar, Panther.Tiger, etc Mukkoorthy 7846 Primarily grass land Nilgris Thar, Sambar, interspersedwith sholas JungleCat, etc eandbrooks Anamnlal 95860 Variesfrom dry deciduous Elephant,Gour, Tiger, to semi-evergreen, Panther,etc evergreenand montane wet temperate * Srivilliputhur 48520 Dry dociduuuswith patches Grizzledginnt squirrel. * GrizzledSquirrel of tropicalevergreen Elephant,Lion-tailed Sanctuary macaque,etc Calakad 22350 Wet evergreenlo trcpical Lion-tailedmacaque, etc *______dry deciduous Mundanthurai 56738 Dry deciduousto tropical Tiger, Sloth bear, etc evergreen (Part of ProjectTiger) GuindyNational 282 Dry evergreenscrub and Blackbuck, Chital,etc I Park thorn forest Vedanthangal 91 Tankwith dry Birds includingHerons, and Karikili evergreenscrub and thorn Pelican,etc forest Udayamarthanda- 45 Tankwith scrub Birds puramBird E | Sanctuary Kangirankulam 190 Lake wilh grovesof trees Birds Chithangudiand fl Vetlangudipatti * | (Ramnad Dt) IVallanadu (Chi- 1641 Scrubforest Blackbuck.etc dambaranarDt) PulicatLake 15367 Estuarywith trees Birds I [ (ChingleputOt) __ PointCalimere 1726 Mangrovesand tidal Flamingoes,Black bucks, etc (TanjoreDt) swamps IGulf of Mannar 623 Marine Dolphinsand MarineLife MarineNational (21 Islands) Park(Chi- dambaranarDt) ArignarAnna 510 Dry deciduous Mammals.Birds and Reptiles ZoologicalPark (nearMadras) I EX z3s3 2SU1U93 I Table 7 Cost e-stimates for the Environmental Action_Plan -
{Item Oty Rote Total Cost FE (% (Rplakhs) (Rplakhs) (US$'000) '. Equlpmaht 1.1 vehicles No 5 3 15 48 0 1.2 computers No 6 2 12 39 100 1.3 field& laboratoryequip. No 4 24 9G 310 100 1.4 mobilelaboralory No 4 20 80 258 100 I 1.5 bulldngworks for labs. No 4 12 48 155 0 1.6 IWSlibrary No 1 10 10 32 100 2. Demonstrationprolecis I 2.1 eco-systemgardens No 4 20 80 258 0 2.2 eco-resoration No 4 90 360 1161 0 3. Consultingservices 3.1 localconsultancy & NGO support mths 60 0.5 30 97 0 3.2 consultantsfor specialstudies mths 80 0.5 40 129 0 3.3 overseasconsultants (twinning) mths 15 4.5 68 218 100 4. Research& Development 4.1 coltaborativestudies with univ.etc. No 5 13 65 210 0 4.2 overseassupport (twinning) Lumpsum 50 161 100 I (il. equipmentif required) 5. Traininq_ 5.1 overseasshort courses No 7 4.5 32 102 100 5.2 overseasseminars/conferences No 10 1.0 10 32 100 5.3 Post-graduatecourses in India No 10 4.0 40 129 0 5.4 shortcourses in India No 20 0.6 12 39 0 I 5.5 awarenessbuilding/networking Lumpsum 10 32
TOTAL COST . 1057 3410
F.E.Cost 357 1150 34%
Notes: 1. Staffcosts are excludedas staff will be redeployedand no additionalrecrukment is expected. 2. Thetwinning arrangement would cover items 3.3. 4.2 and partof 5.1. 3. A review of laboratoryfacilities and equipmentwill be needed before new F purchasesare madein orderto rationalisethe presentsystem. Items1.3 to 1.5 are thereforeindicative only.
EX 28S 29/1 1193 n
a}~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
a) .- 0)
ImI I IIIII I 1 I I I III I I IIII I I I I I I I RIVERBASINS OF TAMILNADU
B. No. 1 i alm Ein Madras
paw - Agnar
Vulwar
Apiar rin Nh
Flun KAR &A $ 6NA
* 1. Uadras 7at2 Ss42 1130 tN2S 10. Valpl 774t 77 t 900 6.97
2 Palbr 17S7 10B74 .940 10l03 11. G43 0
Vos2 3 -
5 Vliar854 4 t3855 1214t85 92090s1441T~Wl 11.1~ t4. Trnl tS8t42 15511 99010 601.48 6n~ gY890 470 90 ~ 1.Nmlr16 51 90 16 KUtALA~ ~ ~ ~ 6.KndVaIa 53 53 170 26
R BAINtS
1. Tondiar9. ICoitakarlar 1813D1813837 :i637 a 125080 1.84l5 12. Vaa6 TootalN- 130389g2 Noma0 N22m7 Figure4.P1naya 385 211 2 1.1 .. 139 139 60 10 I SOURCE:PWD akdAODvADAAe HG WIND Figu2. t813 Nrne1 lBet ae1781S167 nanI 8.90nw 1J00g .1. _ ae fBWsSO483 naaI480389 rm77 -ri3.Z73,
_M_ Tam______o__ No HYDROGEOLOGYOFTAMILNADU ANONMA -. S HYDMROCHIMICALCOIDITIONS Ebelriol conductivityIn - Mar omho iet 250C Freshground waler overlainby **. Surtasalinewatkr Groundwaterf Is sal614inet all letis J Yqlsexcept loal patches
KARNATAKA I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
KERALA
HYDROGRAPHY
.~'River I StreamvAth direction Of(low
. .Surface water dIvid .0-isohySt in cm mlpm
GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY -ourdaryB of ares at Ar'-slan flow Watertable contour In matbe iwt-S'
N~ ~ ~ ~ e Manner' Scale.I±o.0o
INDIA I CEAN . AGEGROUP LITHOLOGY HYDROGEOLOGICALCONOITIONS GROUNDWATERPOTEtMAL 1. POROUSFORMATION (uncontoildated& eml consolidated) A. Unconsolidatled Ouaternary Recent& OklerAlluvium Clay. Fairlythick butdiscontinuous confined Umitedjo moderateyield pro$- Formation silt, sand,gravel. peleW. c I J to semlontinedaqulfers down to pects 5 to 150m'touf rmgrcorti beachsao4 ed 150m.bg.l.
Laterite Moderatelythick but dUcontinuous Umitedyield prospects confinedto semiconfinedaquiter. < 50n,lhour downto 30 rn.b.g.I. lB.SemI.consolIdated Tertiary Ten4rles-Marinecrelaceous F,irly thickbut discontinuousaquifers Moderateto large Ieldprospects Formation Mesozic sandslone, shale etc. downto S0Cm.b.g.i. 50 to 200mrIhour
Gondwanas.eendstone. ale. FairlythIk butl scontinuotissnultut LImitedvtnld prolets uo to Ilmdstone etc. own to 20' .n big.! o mlhnour
C. Consolidated 11.FISSURED (ConsolIdated) Formation 1)Mets sedi. Pre-carnbrlanGnelssatcon,plex&associated = Groundwater restricted tO 60 rn,depth Umitedto moCderateyield pros. *mentorles basic & ultrabasicIntrusives; weatheredresidium, fractutes, zones pects uplfto0 m or (Post-Archaean.) havng secondaryporosity _ Basalrystalilneei) Archuean SOtRCE:CGWB HGWING ITWAD fMADRAS
Figure 2 I Andhra Pradesh
° 100k0 t1 -1- _ ,.t- ~~~~~~~~~~Madras
;~~*,r*b_,3 ~Voll'ore>
l- { ~ 1 Cuddalore 1500 1000 i 2500 ------~~~~~750
5 9 < // / ~~~~ ~~Erode|\
:Z eCoimbatore Bay of Bengal OTrichy
I o&\15~~~01 00 c,,/ ~~Madura!
l i $ ~Kerala 2
I82 X0\e00
lji:.r1 \ )G ulf of Mannar oil /Isohyets in millimetres
AWY11*YPA I Figure 3 Annual rainfall l l AndhraPradesh crr, alOOkmis0 rrSAndhra Pradesh / 0Cm '
U)
|_| | KarnatakaKanrkKarnataka ., z _
(0
350~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Kerala /Kerala 60
45
South- WestMonsoon North- EastMonsoon (June to September) (OctoberI i December)
1W Mr vMWM - we------I- m -- Andhra Pradesh 0 50km.
/' aS'2 Madra
Karnchipuram
Karnatak /harmapurl
C"ed aIore Bayor Bonngal _ ( Ooty | 4i~~~~~Erode r
l Tr~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ichy
l i Jezr) t t ~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~PudukottI
| ji , @ n i *~~~~~~Madurai Kerala ! !._, / ~~~~~~~~~~~~PalkBay
_ I ., sil f ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Gulfof Mabnar | \ / lirunelveli
l <.f 1 < Z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~darkareaswhere Ngercoil > 85%of groundwaterexploited
A|5dI¶piPA I Figure5 GroundwaterExploitation in 1992 j\..[ AndhraPradesh 0 lOOkms ' V.\ ,r adr
2D000 2000 :| 3000 a N Arcot g4 < Dharmapurl U
Karnataka s~~~~~~
*)CoimT6Wore*
(, a Dy~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"oalI
59 | J , Pa~~~~~~~~~~lk Svtri Kerala,
0 rs~~~~~~amanatha Z
f\4' ~GuffofWnnar ff>4000 Bad Wate X / w W li ~~~~~~~~~~~~>3000Poor iatoar
9xanyakumari_/ m ~~~~~~~~>2000Marginal Irgto
/ ~~~~~~~MeasuredinlOOO0Microrhos /cm Note:for potableUSe water shouldbe less than 1500 microhosI cm
Figlre 6 G;roundwaterquality in Tamilnadu(1992) AKV-W I
| ...... ~~~~Andhra Pradesh_JA l O ...... lOOkms,
Karnataka , g
Bayof Bengal
.i~~~~A 7| PalStra,ita]a
< f ~ ~~~~Madura / akSri
Kerala, \
i~~~~ zlz" Karnatakca It Bayof Bengal Redsteisi %'1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Lateridcsoil - ~~~~~~~~~~Blacksoil Deepred loam FigureSoil 8Types Main tpe |~~~~~~~Sol Redsandy soil 3 Redloam ?..River alluvium 3 Figure8 MainSoil TypesI Lk 3 AndhraPradesh o 1OOkms Karnataka U Mudumalai . _ ._.-am ;. ; | ;^P- Sale -- (0 + ¢;> Bjay of Bengal Coimbatore ~xAaimalal Keraia \( Gulfof Mannar M WildlifeSanctuaries \ ForestAreas * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AH,I1.g9VPA ! Figure9 Wildlife Sanctuariesand ForestAreas 21 CaI 0 Enginer in Chief -I CD 3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Monitor& O § iWS <- | Evaluation (0 X | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ProjectOtlicr . 0 0 OD gln ||1IRgltion Deig | Krisha | 0. Formulation | | O&M Suppy D1 CD 0 I- . - '------I | Basin Region -. Co-ordination Basin Region Co-ordination Basin Region Co-ordination Basin Region Co-ordinationi zD 1 | CommitteeC I 2 Committee 3 Committee 4 Commiftee (A l lMadras I Trichy | Pollachi …… Madural ZD~~~~~~~~~~~~ -- -I- ID.__ ______l_I11 11 I I :n lm uI -_ - - - - m - InTl 0c River Basin2 Manager m Trichy RiterBasin …I ---- Co-ordination -o I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Committee O Plan,Formulat(on Designand Operationand Administration (a |and Co-ordination Construction Maintenance ii iI PPCell PPCell P&DDiv P&DDiv P&DDIV C I.11 Thanjavr Tiruttiurai Trkhy Salem Erod oD Middle Cauvery LowerCauvery UpperCauvery Bhavani -' CircleOffice CircleOffice CircleOffice CircleOffice w ~~~~~~dh TafvrSalemErd Ca X ~~~~~~~~ ~~~Cauvery Tarnk 3 ~~~~~~~~~DevehptmentCircle ModemisationCirl 3 ~~~~~~~~~~~Thanlavur Trchy (D 2. _ Project years Item 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 Institutional changes _ (creation of Env. units) 2 Procure equipment _ 3 Consultancy Local - - - Overseas (twinning)_ , mm m 4 Training Overseasshort courses - Overseasseminars etc Postgraduatein India - 4 '' Visits & short courses . in India Awareness building - - 5 Special studies 6 Research programme _ _ 7 Eco-gardens and m - eco-restoration work 8 Preparation of procedures etc 9 Reviewof water policy I *,, 10 Preparation of Water, & Groundwater Acts WRCPExpenditureon EAP . 613 1,162 724 505 406 Us $ '000 Figure 12 EAP ImplementationSchedule U I LS l I i - Appendices I I I I i U I I I I I EX 2853 2g111193 I .~~~~~ I I I I Appendix1 I n ~~~~~~~~~~Governmnentof TamilnaduArts related I to waterresources arnd the environment I I I I I I EX2B53 3111193 I U~~~~~ Appendix 1 Government of Tamilr*du Acts related to water resources and the environment 1. MadrasCity Land RevenueAct, 1851 2. The MadrasCompulsory Labour Act, 1858 i 3, TamllnaduRevenue Recover Act, 1864 4. TamlinaduIrrigatlon Cess Act, 1865 5. TamilnaduLand RevenueAssessment Act, 1875 6. TamilnaduMunicipal Police Act, 1878 7. NilgirisGame and Fish PreservationAct, 1879 8. TamilnaduRiver Conservancy Act, 1884 9. TamilnaduCanals and PublicFerries Acl, 1890 10. The LandAcquisition Act, 1894 11. TamilnaduIrrigation Cess (Amendment)Act, 1900 12. TamilnaduLand EncroachmentAct. 1905 13. MadrasEstate Land Act, 1908 14. The IndianElectricity Act, 1910 1S. TamilnaduLand Revenue Assessment (Amnendment) Act, 1914 16. The MadrasTown PlanningAct, 1920 17. MadrasSurvey and BoundariesAct, 1923 18. LandAcquisition Amendment Act, 1923 19. BhavaniReservoir Irrigation Cess Act. 1933 20. The PeriarIrrigation Tanks (Preservation) Act. 1934 ._j 21. MadrasIrrigation Cess (Amendment),1940 22. TamilnaduIrrigation (VoluntAry Cess) Act, 1942 23. TamilnaduIrrigation Works (Repairs Improvement and Construction)Act. 1943 24. The (Tarnilnadu)Irrigation Cess (Amendment)Act. 1945 25. The LandAcquisition (Tamilnadu) Amrendment Act. 1948 26. The TamilnaduIrrigation Tanks Improvements Act, 1949 27. The LandAcquisition (Tamilnadu) (Amendment) Act, 1953 I 28. MatturCanals Irrigation Cess Act, 1953 29. TamilnaduIrrigation (Levy of BettermentContribution) Act, 1955 30. InterstateWater DisputesAct, 1956 31. TamilnaduRequisitioning and Acquisitionof ImmovableProperty Act, 1956as modifiedto 01/12/1973 32. TamilnaduPanchayats Act, 1958 33. MadrasIrrigation Works (Ccrnstruction of field bothies)Act, 1959 * 34. TamilnaduLand ImprovementsSchemes Act, 1959as amended 35. LandAct4uisition (Tamilnadu) (Amendment) Act, 1961 36. MadrasAdditional Assessment and AdditionalWater Cess Act, 1963 I 37. TamilnaduWater Supply and DrainageBoard Act, 1971as amended 38. Water(Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act of 1974(Central Act) as amended 39. Water (Preventionand Controlof Pollution)Act, 1977 40. MadrasMetropolitan Waler Supply and SewerageAct, 1978 as modified * 41. TamilnaduRevision of Tariff Rateson Supplyof ElectricalEnergy Act, 1979 42. The Environment(Protection) Act, 1986 43. MadrasMetropolitan Area Ground Water (Regulation)Act. 1987. Er Xo2U1U93 I N I I I I Appendix 2 Ministry of Environment and Forests Notification (1993) K I I I I I I I I I EX 2853 29/11/9 I 5 Appendix 2 Ministry of Environment and Forests - Notification 5 New Delhi 29thJanuary 1993 (UnderSection 3(1) and Section 3(2)(v) of Environment(Protection) Act 1986and Rule 5(3)(a)Environment (Protection) Rules 1986 on EnvironmentClearance). I. Whereasconsiderable adverse environment impact has been causeddue to degradationof the environmentwith excessivesoil erosionand water and air pollutionon accountof certaindevelopment activities, thereby engendering not onlythe destructionof naturalresources like orests,mangroves, wetlands, rivers, lakes. genepoolreserves and vegetationcover whichis last dwindlingIn large fl parts of the countrybul alsoaffecting the healthand very survivalof livingbeings * both animaland human. And whereasit is neccssaryto protectand improvethe qualityof environmentby controllirgpollution ol air, water and soil along with biotic pressureon natural resources,which is so intensethat our naturalbiological and geneticwea'th Is threatenedwith severedamage. AN.dwhereas certain development projects should be carried on within the tarrying capacityof the eco-systemthroughi judicious location beyond defined clrtances from eco-systemswhich will otherwisecome under stress,so as to -, ensuiethat dsvelopmentalactivity takes place in harmonywith the environment and improvementthereof; | And whereasthe aforaisedgoals can be achievedonly by carefulassessment of a projectproposed to be locatedin any area, on the basisof an Environmental ImpactAssessment of each project and the necessaryEnvironment Management I Planfor the preventionelimination of mitigationof the adverseimpacts right from * the inceptionstage of the project. Now.therefore, in exerciseof the powersconferred by sub-section(1) and clause (v) of subsection (2) ol section3 of the Environment(Protection Act 1986(29 of J 1986)the CentralGovernment hereby directs that on and from the data of the final publicationof thisnolification under clause (d) of subrule (3) of rule (5)of the Environment(Protection) Rules 1986 the expansionor modernisationof any I existingindustry or newprojects listed in ScheduleI or Schedule11 shal not be undertakenin any part of India. unless it has been accordedenvironmental _ clearanceby the Central Governmentor as the case may be, the State * Governmentconcerned in accordancewith the procedurehereafter specified in the notification. * 2. Not withstandinganything contained in Schedule11 any projectproposed to be - locatedwithin 1o kilometresof the boundaryof reservedforests or a designated ecologicallysensitive area. or within25 kilometresof the boundaryof national park of sanctuarywill require environmentalclearance from the C 3ntral * Govemment. 3. Notwihstanding anything contained in ScheduleI and 11the CentralGovernment in-the Ministryof Environmentand Forests may review the environmental I clearancegiven to any projectby anyState Governmentif: (a) Writtenrepresentation is receivedby that Ministryagainst such clearance | from the affectedparties or l EX2ess 29/t1¶m3 l (b) It is primafacie evidentthat environmental imperative and normsspecifled by that Ministryhave been ignoredby the State Governmentconcerned U while givingsuch clearance. 4. Procedurefor seekingenvironment clearance of project. (1) Anypersun who desires to undertakeany project in anyIndustry or projectlisted in SchedulesI and 11shall submitan applicationto the Secretary,Ministry of Environmentand Forests,New Delhi,where environmental clearance is required I from the Central Government,or to EnvironmentalSecretary of the State Governmentconcerned, where the environmentalclearance is requiredfrom the StateGovernment. The application shall be madein the proformaappended to this notificationand shatl be accompaniedby a detailedproject report which shall, Inter alia, include an EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Report and an EnvironmentManagement Plan prepared In accordancewilth the guidellnes issued by the CentralGovernment in the Ministryof Environmentand Forests. (11) In case of the followingsite-specified projects: (a) Mining: (b) Pit-headthermal power stations; (c) Hydro-electricpower projects: and (d) Multi-purposeriver valley projects. A preliminarysite clearancewill be requiredfrom the CentralGovernment in the Ministryof Environmentand Forestsbefore Initiating any investigationinvolving cutting of trees, drilling, digging or constructionof any sort temporaryor permanent.The said site clearancewill be grantedfor the sanctionedcapacity and will be valid for a periodof 5 yearsfrom commencing the construction. (Ill) (a) Thedetailed project report submitted with the applicationshall be evaluated and assessed by the Impact AssessmentAgency of the Central Governmentor, as the case may be of the State Governmentin consultationwith a committeeof Experts.having a compositionas specified in ScheduleIll to this notification, (b) The saidCommittee of Expertswill havefull rightof entryand inspectionof the site or as the casemay be, factorypremises at anytime prior to, during or afterthe commencementof the operationsrelating to the project. (c) The ImpactAssessment Agency will preparea set of recommendations basedon technicalassessment of documentsand data fumishedby the projectauthorities supplemented by data collectedduring visits to the site or factory,interaction with affectedpopulation and environmentalgroups. I The recommendationsand the conditionssubject to whichenvironmental clearanceis given may be made availableto concernedparties. The assessmentshalt be completad within a periodof 3 monthson receiptof the U requisitedocuments and datafrom the projectauthorities. (IV) In orderto enablethe ImpactAssessment Agency concerned to monitorthe effectiveimplementation of the recommendationsand conditionssubject to which the environmentalclearance has beengiven, tihe project authorities concerned shall submita half yearlyreport to the concernedagency. EX2853 29l 1193 5. Any personinterosted to filing any objectionagainst the proposeddirections containedIn this no1il1cation,maiy do so In writingto the Secretary,Mlnistry of Environmentand Forests,Paryaveran Bhovan, CGO Complex,Lodi Road,New Delhiwithin 60 days from the dateof publicationof this modificationIn the Official Gazetto. R RalamaniSecy, (E & F) 3 l U I X214 ScheduleI List of ProjectsRequiring Environmental Clearance from the CentralGovernment. I 1. AtomicPower 2. ThermalPower 3. Multi-purposeRiver Valley Project 4. Ports,Harbours and Airports S. Railwayline; (involvingacquisition of non-railwayland) 6. Refineries 7. Fertilizers B. Pesticidesand Insecticides 9. Petrochemicals I 10. Explosivesand Accessories 11. Drugsand Pharmaceuticals(excep' formulations) 12. Productionof plastics 13. RubberSynthetic 14. Asbestosand asbestosproduce 15. Sodiumor PotassiumCyanide 16. Primarymettalurgicat industries (Zinc, Lead, Copper, Aluminium and Steel) 17. IntegratedSteel Plants 18. Tyres/tubesof trucks,jeeps, cars and other heavyvehicles 19. Alkalis(Na OH) 20. IntegratedPaint Complex 21. Man-madefibres (Synthetics and SemiSynthetics, Rayon, Nylon and Polyester) 22. Storagebatteries with leadprocessing 23. Incinerationplants for hazardouswaste and chlorinatedhydrocabons) 24. All projectswith threshold criteria above those specifiedin Schedule11. X rcx283lnU9 l * E~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ScheduleII * List of ProjectsRequiring Environmental Clearance from the StateGovernmnent (Subject to the provisionsof para2 of the modifications). 3 Natureof Projects 1. Ceramics 2. CoalWashery 3. Briquetting 4. Carbonisingplant 5. Engineerlng(Tubings. Castings, Rolling Mills) 6. Refractories 7, Pipelines(RCC, steel, seamless) S. CalciumCarbide 9. Carbonblack 10. Reprocessinglubricating oil 11. Glass 12. Drugsand pharmaceuticals(Formulations) U 13. Electroplating 14. StorageBatteries (Non-lead processing) 15. Alkalis(Na 2 Co3 and CaCo3) 16. PlasticsProcessing (HDPE, LDPE, LDPE PVC, PP?. etc) 17. Tyres/tubesof two-wheelersand cycle -ickshaws 18. Retreadingof all types of tyres 19. Paints(Varnish. Coal Tar Chemicals,Pigments) * 20. DyeSingle Industry 21. Soapsand detergents 22. Food Processing(Meal, Fish,Animal Products) I 23. Milk Processing 24. PaperProducts 25. IncinerationPlans for non-hazardouswasle 26. Hydro-electricpower * (a) Newprojects Up to 10MW (b) All powerhouses to be locatedon existing damswitlh already embedded penstocks Up to 10MW I 27. Cement Up to 200 TPD 28. SteelPlants Up to 50,OOOTPA 29. LeatherTannery Up to 5.000Skins PD 30. Distilleries Up to 150 KLD * 31. Sugar Up to 4.000TPD Cane 32. Texture Up to 500Mts/d 33. Pulp,Paper and Newsprint Up to 33,000TPA I 34. Dye Intermediates Up to 5 TPD 35. ThermosetsPhenol and Ureaformalde hyde Up to 5.000TPD 36. Acids Up to 500 TPD 37. VegetableOil Processing Up to 500 TPD I 38. Foundries Up to Rs 20 Crores 39. Communications Up to rls 20 Crores 40. Tourismand other projectswithin 1 km of HTL of sea coast locationsor with I an elevationof morethan 1000m Up to Rs 5 Crores 41. Irrigation Up to 2000 hectare 5 42. Mining Up to 5ha lease 43. Roads(in Himalayasor involving ForestLand) Up to 5 kms length I 44. IndustrialEstates Up to 100 Units 45. IndustrialTownship (new and expansion) Up to 5000 dwellingunits E r x 295329n tl93 Schedule IlIl Compositionor the ExpertCommittees for EnvironmentalImpact Assessment The evaluationand assessmentof developmentprojects at the Centralor State lovel - will be undertakenby Expert Committeesconsisting of technicalexperts In each developmentsection constituted as under: 1. An outstandingand experiencedecologist or environmentalistor technical professionalIn the relevantdevelopment sector having demonstrated interest in EnvironmentConservation and SustainableDevelopment. ExpertMembers: Memberswith M Tech/PhDin the relevantfield and longexperience including at least 8 yearsexperience in environmentalmanagement in relevantsectors: 2. Eco-syslemManager with Systems Management and ModellingExperience 3. Air PollutionControl 4. WaterPollution Control S. Flora/FaunaSurvey and Management 6. WaterResources Management 7. LandUse Planning/BiologicalReclamation of DegradedLands 8. Conservationand Protectionof AquaticLife 9-10. Ecologists(2) 11. SocialScienlist with experienceof rehabilitationof projectoustees 12. Specialistwitlh background of economicsand projectappraisal 13-14. SubjectArea specialists in relevantdevelopment sector 15. Representativeot NGO/EnvironrnentalAction Groups 16. Representativeof ImpactAssessment Agency at Centre/State Note: Expertsinducted will serve in their individualcapacities except those specificallynominated as representatives. EX280 2W1V93 ANN2XURE APPLICATIONFORM * 1. (a) Nameand addressof the projectproposed: * (b) Locationof the projects Nameof the place: District,Tehsil: ! Latitude/Longitude: - NearestAirport/Railway Stn: (c) Alternatesites examinedand the reasonsfor the site proposed: 2. Objectivesof the project: 3. (a) Land requirement: Agriculturalland: Forestland anddensity of vegetation: Other (specify): (b) (i) Landuse in the catchment/withinI Okms radius of the proposedsite: (ii) Topographyol the areaindicating gradient, aspects and altitude: (iii)Vulnerabilityto erosion: (c) Pollutionsources existing in the 1Okm radius and their impacton qualityof _ air, waterand land: (d) Distance of the nearest National Park/Sanctuary/BiosphereReserve/ Monuments/Heritagesite/Reserve Forest: (e) Rehabilitationplan for quarries/borrowareas: (f) Greenbelt plan: (g) Compensatoryatforestation plan: ! 4. Climateand AirQuality: (a) WindroseAt site: (b) Max/Min/Meanannual temperature: * (c) Incidenceof inversion: (d) Frequencyof cyclones/tornadoes/cloudbursts: (e) Ambientair qualitydata: (f) Natureand concentration of emissionof S3M Gas(CO, CO 2 so2 N2) from the project: 5. Watersource and wastedisposal (a) Waterbalance site: (b) Leanseason water availability. water requirement: I (c) Sourceto be tappedwith competingusers (River. Lake. Ground.Public Supply): (d) Waterquality: (e) Changesobserved in groundwater in the last 15 years and present changingand extractiondetails: (f) (i) Ouantumof wastewater to be releasedwith treatment details: (ii) Quantumand qualityof waterin the receivingbody before and after disposalof SolidWastes: (g) (i) Detailsof reservoir water quality with necessary Catchment Treatment Plan: (ii) CommandArea Development Plan: * 6. SolidWastes (a) Natureand quantityof solid wastesgenerated to be disposed: I 5X2S5 2S11119 (b) Solidwaste disposal method to preventfurther pollution of air, waterand land: 7. Noiseand Vibrations (a) Sourcesof noiseand vibrations: (b) Ambientnoise level: (c) Noiseand vibrationcontrol measures proposed: (d) Subsidenceproblem if anywith controlmeasures: 8. Powerrequirement indicating source of supply:complete environmental details to be furnishedseparately, it captivepower unit proposed: 9. Peak labourforce to be deployedgiving details of: - Healthsta:us through preliminary screening of workforce- labourand staff both: - Endemichealth problems in the area due to waste/soilbome diseases; - Healthcare systemproposed: 10. (a) Numberol villagesand populationto be displaced: 3 (b) RehabilitationMaster Plan: 11. Risk assessmentreport along with DisasterManagement Plan: 12. (a) DetailedProject Report: (b) EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Report: (c) EnvironmentalManagement Plan: I 13. Detailsof EnvironmentalManagement Cell: 14. Detailsof air and waterquality monitoring stations to be set-up: I I I U Ox 2863 2911tt93 I U~~~~~ I I I I I I Appendix 3 ProposedProgramme for EnvironmentalAwareness I BuildingWorkshop I I I U I I U U -X 2BS32W¶I IW Appendix 3 Proposed Programmefor Environmental Awareness Building Workshop Title: EnvironmentalIssues - Appreciation * Participants: A. Chief Engineors/SuperintendingEnginoers/Senior Executive _ Engineers B. WROExeculive Engineers/Asi, E.E.Ast. Engineers C. FarmerCouncil leadors Format Eachsession will be led by at leastone resource person knowledgeable In the particularsubject area but therewill be a strongemphasis on dialogue * anddiscussion with parlicipants encouraged to relateeach topic to theirown experience. Duration One or two days Course 1. Introductionto ideas of environmentalenhancement, impacts and sustainability. - 2. The holisticnature of environmentalissues and key issuesrelevantto the WRCP. 3. Environmentalacts, rules and regulations,the environmental proceduresadapted for the WRCPand the institutionalframework establishedfor the WRCP. - 4. Socialand health-relatedissues and the role of publicparticipation. 5. Ecologicalissues (forests, fisheries, wildlife, flora and fauna) and their * relevanceto societalwelfare. 6. Specificissues relevant to the particulargroup. 3 Resourcepeople and contributors * * Membersof the EnvironmentalCell and EnvironmentalDivision . * One or moreconsultants * Expertsdrawn from governmentdepartments, universities andlor NGOs. EX 28S3 29t1U93 : EN i I I Appendix 4 Issues to be covered in the Code ol I Good Construction Practice i U I I EX 2853 29/11,g3 I Appendix 4 Issues to be covered in the Code of Good Construction Practice Sitesafety: The IWS shouldbe awareof what regulations,if any, governthe safetyof workerson constructionsites in Indiaand to includethese withinthe code. The healthand well-being of the work-force:It is well knownthat temporary populations of labourersare particularlysusceptible to diseasefor variousreasons: their water supplyand sanitationfacilities may not be adequate-their housesmay be of temporary materialswhich encourage rodents and otherpests: the densityof the housingwill be highfacilitating disease transmission; and their resistance to locallyprevalent diseases may be low. It is, therefore,essential that the contractorundertakes to provide adequatewater and sanitationfacilities for the entire worldoreefrom the start, that financialassistance is given to the Departmentof Healthto enableit to screenthe healthof the workerson their arrivaland at regularintervals and that a temporaryor mobileclinic be providedwhich is accessibleto them. Costsfor anyadditional health provisionsshould be includedin the constructionbudget. Sources and disposalsi:es for constructionmaterials: It is not uncommonin the constructionof smalldams and irrigationsystems to leave behinda largenumber of open pits from which constructionmaterials were taken and also dumpswhere solid waste such as oil drums and rejectedconstruction materials are left. These sites disfigurethe landscape,are a dangerto people, particularlychildren, are potential breedingsites for diseasevectors and pestsand mayprovide a sourceoa pollution. In manycases, careful planning can helpminimise their worstfeatures and a mechanism for obtainingprior approval for themfrom the WRDshould be speciiiedin the contract. It is recommendedthat the WRD consuhboth the Departmentof Health and the Departmentsof Forsstryand Wildlifeprior to givingapproval, the latterto explorethe potentialfor creatinga suitablehabitat for wildlifeonce the constructionis complete. Thecontrol of pollution:The dumpingof solid wasteis a possiblesource of pollution. Constructionsites are sourcesof a varietyof differentforms of pollution:the pollution of surface and groundwatersby chemicalsor by untreatedsewage effluent;the generationof heavysediment concentrations in rivers;the creationof unacceptable levelsof dust andnoise. particularly around batching plants. The mostappropriate way to curtailthese sources of pollutionthrough contract restrictions and regularmonitoring by the proposedEnvironment Cell within the RBMand TNPCBshould be investigated in preparingthe proposedcode of practice.Total controlof suchpollution may not be feasiblebut meansto reduceit by as muchas is practicallypossible in the contextof theseconstruction contracts, should be sought. Conservation:Contractors should be requiredto conservethe surrounding environment, commensuratewith the workto be done,and precisesite boundariesshould be fixed to preventunnecessary violation of surroundingland. EX 2853 2Drt VD3 l 5 I Appendix 5 I References I I I I I I I I I EX 2B63 20Y11i I Appendix5 References Generalreferences on the environmentalissues related to waterresources development hin Tamilnaduare ratherlimited. The followingare citedin this report. CentralBoard for the Preventionand Controlof WaterPollution (1986) Proceedingsof WHO sponsoredmeeting on, StrengtheningNational WNaterQuality Monitoring Programmesand the Roleof UNEP/WHO/GEMSWater Project in their Development. New Delhi. | CentralWater Commission(1992) Guidelinesfor SustainableWater Resources Developmentand Management.New Delhi. Directorof Statistics(1992) Statistical Hand Book of TamilNadu 1992. Departmentof Statistics.Madras. Institutetor WaterStudies. Findings.Recommendations and Achievementsof IWS, Madras.Misc. Report 7/93. Int. Conferenceon Waterand Environment.The DublinStatement, Dublin, January U 1992. MoorhouseI. MaintenanceStudy for the TamilnaduWRCP. August 1993. Ukundan,T M (1988)The eri system in Tamilnadu.In, Proceedingsof Seminaron er ResourcesManagement, CPR EnvironmentalEducation Centre. Madras. P ounr,N W and Rao.P S. InstitutionalStudy for the TamilnaduWRCP. July 1993. Publij WorksDepartment (1993) Proposed Tamilnadu Water ResourcesConsolidation Proje- StatusReport and ApproachPaper. PWD,Madras (January). lao,T R (1984)Anopheles of India. MalariaResearch Centre. New Delhi. Sunderesan,B B. EnvironmentalAssessment of BhavaniRiver Basin, September 1993. UNTCD(1989) Water Resources Management Studies in Tamil Nadu.UNTCD. New I York. World Bank (1993) Tamil NaduWater ResourcesConsolidation Project Preparation Mission:Back-to-Office Report. July. Confidential. I I SX2893 29t1t/93 l