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Paper 13 Political and Administrative History of Medieval India (1526-1707)

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Paper 13 Political and Administrative History of Medieval India (1526-1707) M.A HISTORY PAPER-13 Political and Administrative History of Medieval India (1526-1707) AUTHOR NAME-Dr.Ganeswar Nayak Lecturer in History SKCG College Paralakhemundi 1 PAPER -13 POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL HISTORY(1206-1526) BLOCK INTRODUCTION The Delhi Sultanate is a term used to cover five short lived dynasty .Delhi based kingdoms or Sultans mostly of Turkic or Pastun ( Afgan ) origin in medieval India. The Sultan ruled from Delhi between 1206-1526, when the last was replaced by Mughal dynasty. The five dynasty were the Mamuluk dynasty(1206-1290), the Khilji dynasty(1290-1320) the Tughlaq dynasty(1320-1414) the Sayyid dynasty(1414-51) and the Afghan Lodi dynasty(1450-1526) The sultanate ushered in a period of Indian cultural renaissance. The resulting Indo-Muslim fusion of culture left lasting syncretism monuments in architecture, music, literature, religion and clothing. It is surmised that the Urdu language was born during this period as result of intermingling of local speakers of Sanskrit Prairies with immigrants speaking Persian, Turkish and Arabic under the Muslim rulers. The Delhi Sultanate is only Indo- Muslim empire to have enthroned one of the few female rulers in India, Rajia Sultana(1236-1240)In 1256, the Delhi Sultanate was absorbed by emerging Moghul Empire. This paper is divided into four units. Again each unit is divided in to sections and subsections. 2 Unit-1, deals with primary sources of Medival Indian History. It also delineates the ghorian invasion and foundation and foundation of Delhi Sultanate.it further delineates administration and theory of kingship of Balban and Iltutmish. Unit 11 covers from Alla-ud-din Khilji to Firuz Tughlaq.Within its scope,it discusses the conquest and administration of the Alla-ud –din khilji.It analyses the features of different project of Muhammed –bin-Tughlaq.Administratiom and public works of Firuz tughlaq were also discussed tin this section. Unit-111, discusses theory of kingship of Lodi Dynesty.it also analyses the period of Vijaynagar empire.It further elaborates the emergency of regional states and decline of Delhi Sultanate. Unit IV, elaborates the various administrative aspect of Delhu Sultanate.It also focuses the relation of states with rural society. It further , highlights the composition of nobility and role of Ulema and Mulla of Delhi Sultanate.The last section further elaborates the foreign contacts of Ibn Batuta. UNIT-1 PRIMARY SOURCES AND EARLY POLITY Structure 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Primary Sources of History 1.2.1 Begining of New Historical writing 1.2.2Tarikh-I- Hind 3 1.2.3 Tarikh-I-Firozshahi 1.2.4 Fatwa-I-Jahandari 1.2.5 Evaluation 1.3Archeological Sources 1.3.1 Coins 1.4 Ghorian invasion 1.4.1Condition of India 1.4.2Causes of Invasion 1.4.3 First battle of Terrain 1.4.4 Second Battle of Terrain 1.4.5Assement 1.5 Iltutmish 1.5.1 Occupation of Throne 1.5.2 Early Achivement 1.5.3 Mongol invasion 1.5.4 Internal Development 1.5.5Conclusion 1.6 Balban and theory of Kingship 1.6.1 Theory of Kingship 1.6.2 The Destruction of Forty 4 1.6.2 Reorganisation of Forty 1.6.3Supression of Rebellion 164Mongol invasion OBJECTIVES After going through this unit you will be able to- Acquaint with various sources which help us to know the Sultanate period. Recognize archeological sources for the study of Delhi Sultanate. Comprehend the foundation of Delhi Sultanate be familiar with the administration and theory of kingship of Iltutmish and Balban. With the advent of Muslims, to India a new tradition of historical writing came in to existence. The Muslims like Christians, had a keener sense of history, and a more precise sense of chronology that the ancient Hindus, and it was in the wake of Muslim invasion of Hindustan that historiography as premeditated form of cultural expression was introduced in India. The Muslim love of History was continually reinforced from Arab, Turkish and Persian Sources. Medieval Muslim historical literature in India was in form, subject and spirit, little different from historical writing elsewhere in Muslim World. The beginning of Islam started a great series of Indian chronicles written by courtiers or officials on the orders of their rulers or in prospect of gaining their patronage. Some of them wrote general or universal history of the world until gradually a regional and domestic sense emerged, which was reinforced by the deliberate policy of the rulers in servicing relations with the outer Muslim world. 1.2.2 Tarikh-i-Hind. 5 Alberuni(973-1043 AD) was a eminent scholar at the court of Mahmud of Gazni .His passion for astronomy and mathematics and he knew the advances made in those fields through Arab translation. He accompanied his patron on his Indian invasion with a view to undertake there in depth study .he soon realized that Sanskrit was indispensable for studying Indian science and culture .Historically he is the first Islamic scholar to study Sanskrit .He translated astronomical work of Brahmagupts and Varahamihira. But magnum-opus was History of India, which throws light on custom, manners, religious beliefs and holy text of the period. Romila Thapper calls him finest intellect of Central Asia . Muhammad lbn Ahmad Alberuni, also known as Abu Raihan was born in the territory of Khiva in Central Asia in 973 A.D. After distinguishing himself in science and literature he entered the politics of his country and became a councilor of the ruling princes of Khawarizm. when Muhmud Gazni of invaded Khawarizm, he was taken prisoner of war along with other prominent men of Khawarizm in 1017 A.D. Later when Mahmud of Ghazni raided India, Alberuni accompanied him to India. He was with him during all his invasions of Somanth, Alberuni utilized his stay in India to learn about the country. He carried on conversation with the pundits to learn about their religion, science and culture. He had to face lot of difficulty in picking up Sanskrit, without which he could not know much about the past of the country. After Mahmud of Ghazni’s death, Alberuni was able to impress his son Masud and soon became court astrologer of the new king. He got every possible patronage to purse his studies and produced the greatest work of his life canon Masudis, in which he lavishly praised his benefactor. Alberuni narrated and composed about twenty books on India. Assisted by the Pandits he also translated some of the Indian work on astronomy, mathematics etc, in to Arabic. He also took keen interest in Indian philosophy and theology, and studied, 6 Indian works like Samkhya of Kapil, book of Patanjali, Vishnu Dharma, Vishnu Purana, Matsya Purana, Vayu Purana etc. Perhaps Aleruni was the first Muslim to undertake the study of the Hindu Puranas. As the chief centers of Indian learning like Banaras and Kashmir, were not accessible to the barbarians like Alberuni, the latter studied the Indian works with the help of Pundits available in those parts of India. which were under Muslim administration or those pundits who were taken as prisoners of war to Ghazni by Sultan Mahmud. As a results of these studies he produced books which introduced his countrymen with the Indian astronomy, religion and philosophy. But the most important work of Alberuni from the point of view of Indian historiography was his book entitled Tahkik-i-Hind (Reality of Hindustan). In this book Alberuni gives an account of the religious, literary and scientific traditions of India. Occasionally he also gives a description of the roads, gives, rivers, weights and measure, Currency, etc. His book consists of eighty chapters and investigates the truth about the contemporary India life. Their religious and philosophical doctrines were discussed in an impartial manner. Alberuni tells us that the Hindus were excellent philosophers good mathematicians and astronomers. He informs us that us that the Hindus had strong prejudices towards the foreigners and would not have any connection with them due to the fear of being polluted. Their social system was based on four traditional castes and their intermixing was forbidden. The old generosity and magnanimity of the caste system had disappeared. The marriages were customarily prearranged and took place at an early age. Marriages among blood-relations were forbidden. Dowry and divorce system were unknown. Widow Remarriage was not allowed. A widow had either to remain widow for her life or burn herself on the funeral pyre of her Husband, and usually they preferred the latter the latter course due to the ill-treatment meted to the widows. For the purpose of justice, regular courts existed. Usually the applications were submitted to the judges in written form along with the necessary documents or 7 evidence. Witness could also be produced. Usually the judges decided the cases on the deposition of the witness. To compel a person to speak out the truth various types of tortures were resorted to. These included a dip in the rapidly flowing water, placing of red-hot iron bars on the hands of the convict etc. capital punishment was rare but otherwise the punishment was awarded in accordance with the severity and nature of the crime. Furthermore, the punishments were also different with regard to the caste of the criminal. He was greatly overwhelmed by the literature and science of the Hindus. Among their literary works he refers to the four Vedas. (Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samveda and Atharvveda), eighteen Puranas, twenty Smriti books as well as Mahabharata and its 18 parvas. Alberuni says “The Hindus have numerous books about all the branches of science. How could anybody know the titles of all them, more especially if he is not a Hindus, but a foreigners” ? It may be noted that Alberuni not merely refers to the various standard works of the Hindus but extensively quotes from them.
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