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Home , Jayapala, Khalji dynasty, Mahmud of Ghazni, Maratha Empire, Muhammad of Ghazni, Raja Dahir

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1. Arab and Invasions of India...... 1 1.1 Muhammad Bin Qasim 1.2 Muhammad of 2. The Sultanate and Regional Kingdom...... 6 2.1 The Slave Dynasty (1206–290 AD) 2.2 The (1290–1320 AD) 2.3 (1320–1413 AD) 2.4 Dynasty (1414–1451 AD) 2.5 (1451–1526 AD) 2.6 Administration of 2.7 Main Features of the Architecture 3. Bahmani Kingdom...... 30 3.1 Alaudin Hasan Bahman Shah (1347–1358 AD) 3.2 Mohammed I (1358–1375 AD) 3.3 Mohammed Gawan 3.4 Five 4. Vijayanagara ...... 39 4.1 Sangama Dynasty (1336–1485 AD) 4.2 Saluva Dynasty (1485−1505 AD) 4.3 Tuluva Dynasty (1505−1556 AD) 4.4 Aravidu Dynasty (1556−1672 AD) 5. Bhakti Movement in India...... 50 5.1 Bhakti Movement in the South 5.2 Conflict with and 5.3 Impact of 5.4 Salient Features of Bhakti Movement 5.5 Major Proponents of Bhakti Movement 5.6 Impact of the Bhakti Movement Contents

6. The ...... 57 6.1 (1526–1530 AD) 6.2 Empire−Sher Shah Sur (1530−1545 AD) 6.3 Humayan (1530−1540, 1555−1556 AD) 6.4 (1556–1605 AD) 6.5 (1605–1627 AD) 6.6 (1627–1658 AD) 6.7 Aurangazeb (1657–1707 AD) 6.8 Mughal Administration 6.9 Art and Architecture of Mughals 7. Marathas...... 91 7.1 Causes for the Rise of the Marathas 7.2 (1627–1680 AD) 7.3 Administration under Marathas 7.4 The A BRIEF CHRONOLOGY OF INDIAN MEDIEVAL HISTORY Arab and Turk Invasions of India

I. The Arab Invasion Mohammad Bin Qasim(1st Arab invader) 712 CE II. The Turkish Invasion (986–1206 CE) a) 997–1030 CE b) Mohammad Ghori 1175–1206 CE

Delhi Sultanate Timeline I. Ilbari Dynasty (CE 1206–1290)

Name of Sultan Years of Ruling Qutub-ud-din Aibak 1206–1210 CE Shams-ud-din 1211–1230 CE Razia Begum 1236–1240 CE Nasiruddin Mahmud 1246–1266 CE Ghias-ud-din Balban 1266–1287 CE Kaiqubad 1287–1290 CE

II. Khalji Dynasty (CE 1290–1320)

Name of Sultan Years of Ruling Jalal-ud-din Khalji 1290–1296 CE 1296–1316 CE Shiba-ud-din Omar 1316 CE Mubarak Khalji 1316–1320 CE

III. Tughlaq Dynasty (CE 1320–1412)

Name of Sultan Years of Ruling Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq 1320–1325 CE Muhammad Bin Tughlaq 1325–1351 CE Firuz Shah Tughlaq 1351–1388 CE Tughlaq Shah 1388–1398 CE

x Abu Bakar 1389–1390 CE Nasirudin III 1390–1393 CE Alauddin Sikander Shah I 1393 CE (March–April) Nasiruddin Mahmud 1393–1394 CE Nusrat Shah 1394–1398 CE

IV. Sayyid Dynasty (CE 1414–1450)

Name of Sultan Years of ruling 1414–1421 CE Mubarak Shah 1421–1434 CE Muhammad Shah 1434–1445 CE Alauddin Alam Shah 1445–1450 CE

V. Lodi Dynasty (CE 1451–1526)

Name of Sultan Years of ruling Buhlul Lodi 1451–1489 CE Sikander Lodi 1489–1517 CE Ibrahim Lodi 1517–1526 CE

Vijayanagar Kingdom Timeline I. Sangama Dynasty (1336–1485 CE)

Ruler Period of Rule Harihara Raya I 1336–1356 CE Bukka Raya I 1356–1377 CE Harihara Raya II 1377–1404 CE Virupaksha Raya 1404–1405 CE Bukka Raya II 1405–1406 CE Deva Raya I 1406–1422 CE Ramachandra Raya 1422 CE Vira Vijaya Bukka Raya 1422–1424 CE Deva Raya II 1424–1446 CE

xi Mallikarjuna Raya 1446–1465 CE Virupaksha Raya II 1465–1485 CE Praputha Raya 1485 CE

II. Saluva Dynasty (1485–1505 CE)

Ruler Period of Rule Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya 1485–1491 CE Thimma Bhupala 1491 CE Narasimha Raya II 1491–1505 CE

III. Tuluva Dynasty (1491–1569 CE)

Ruler Period of Rule Tuluva Nayaka 1491–1503 CE Vira Narasimha Raya 1503–1509 CE Krishna Deva Raya 1509–1529 CE Achyuta Deva Raya 1529–1542 CE Venkata I 1542 CE Sadasiva Raya 1542–1569 CE

IV. Aravidu Dynasty (1542–1646 CE)

Ruler Period of Rule Aliya Rama Raya 1542–1565 CE Tirumala Deva Raya 1565–1572 CE Sriranga I 1572–1586 CE Venkata II 1586–1614 CE Sriranga II 1614 CE Rama Deva Raya 1617–1632 CE Venkata III 1632–1642 CE Sriranga III 1642–1646 CE

xii BAHMANI KINGDOM TIMELINE (1347–1538 CE) The most important rulers of this kingdom are

Ruler Period of Rule Ala-ud-Din Hassan Bahman Shah 1347–1358 CE Muhammad Shah I 1358–1375 CE

Mughal Dynasty Timeline

Mughal Ruler Period of Rule Babur 1526–1530 CE 1530–1540, 1555–1556 CE Akbar 1556–1605 CE Jahangir 1605–1627 CE Shah Jahan 1628–1658 CE Aurangazeb 1658–1707 CE

Maratha Empire Timeline

Ruler Period of Rule Shri Shivaji Maharaj 1627–1680 CE 1681–1689 CE Rajaram and 1689–1707 CE Shahu 1707–1749 CE Peshwas Amatya Ramchandra Pant Bawdekar 1650–1716 CE 1720–1740 CE Peshwa 1740–1761 CE

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Chapter Arab and Turk 1 Invasions of India

▌▌ INTRODUCTION he had to contend with a series of raids from foreign fighters, Tespecially Islamic invaders, from 8th century onwards. New developments like rapid spread of a new faith called as and the unstable political condition in India coupled with the wealth among certain sections of the society invited these invaders for plunder and booty. have had maritime commercial relationships with the western coastal regions of India even before Islam was founded. But there were no attempts at proselytizing by the Arabs, who came as traders, after their own conversion to Islam, since their primary motive was only trade.

1.1 MUHAMMAD BIN QASIM ■■ Therefore, the Arab traders took up the ■■ Islam proper as an invading religion issue with Al Hajjaj, Governor of Iraq entered the only 712 AD who sent his commander Muhammed bin after the conquest of Sind by Muhammad Qasim to Sind in 712 AD. Qasim’s Army bin Qasim. captured , an inland commercial ■■ Sind was ruled by Dahir, whose port in Sind near modern despite father Chach had usurped the throne by stiff resistance. The capital of Sind, overthrowing Buddhist rule in the area. was also captured soon after and The Arab traders who had been active in Muhammed bin Qasim started to rule the coastal area of Sind for commercial the region according to Islamic principles activities had faced the threat of sea and imposed on the Hindu and pirates around the Sind coast. Despite Buddhist subjects of the region. Those repeated requests Raja Dahir failed to citizens were reduced to the status of take any measures against the pirates. zimmis. Thus Qasim was the first Muslim ruler to impose Jizya in India.

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■■ Chach-nama written by Kazi Ismail his eldest son. When Sabuktagin died in mentions the administrative measures 997, Mahmud was in Khurasan. Ismail, newly introduced by Qasim in Sind. the younger son of Sabuktagin had been The fatal withdrawal of Muhammad bin named his successor. Qasim from Sind by the governor of Iraq ■■ But defeating Ismail in a battle, Mahmud, over a minor dispute caused the decline aged twenty-seven, ascended the of power of Arabs in Sind. throne and the Caliph acknowledged ■■ The Arab invasion of Sind established his accession by sending him a robe of permanent cultural relationship between investiture and by conferring on him the the Arabs and Indians. For instance, the title Yamini-ud-Daulah (‘Right-hand of Arabs learnt the decimal system from the Empire’). Indians and introduced it in the west. 1.2.1 Muhammad’s Military Raid Similarly, medieval practices like alchemy and Arab astronomy was borrowed by ■■ Hindu Shahis, the rulers in the North- Indians during the cultural exchange. West with their capital at Waihind became Mahmud’s first major target. In 1.2 1001 Mahmud defeated , ruler of ■■ The Arab empire in Central had this dynasty. After Jayapala’s death his collapsed with several of its provinces son Anandapala succeeded to the throne declaring themselves independent. One of Hindusha his and continued to fight of the major kingdoms that emerged with Mahmud. out of the broken Arab empire was the ■■ In the Battle of Waihind in 1009 Samanid kingdom which also splintered, Anandapala was finally defeated and a leading to several independent states. great amount of booty fell for Mahmud ■■ In 963 Alaptigin, a Turkic slave who had of Ghazni. Muhammad ruled for thirty served Samanids as their governor in two years and during this period, he Khurasan, seized the city of Ghazni in condvered as many as seventeen military eastern and established an campaigns into India. independent kingdom. Alaptigin died ■■ Mahmud’s lightning and repeated soon after. raids into Northern India destroyed the ■■ After the failure of three of his successors, morale of in , the nobles enthroned . and . Mahmud always choose Sabuktigin initiated the process of different regions for his raids year on southward expansion into the Indian year so that he does not attack the same subcontinent. area in successive years, for fear that he ■■ He defeated the Shahi ruler of may face a stiff resistance. Afghanistan, Jayapal and conferred the ■■ At this time, rulers were so governorship of the province on Mahmud, fractured across that despite

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repeated attacks by Mahmud they failed raids. Mahmud of Ghazni patronised two to unite against him. The city of vital scholars-namely Al Beruni, author was plundered in 1018. raid was of Kitab-ul-Hind and Firdausi, the author held in 1022 and Kalinjar in 1023. of Shah Namah. ■■ The notorious Somnath raid of Mahmud 1.2.2 Muhammad Ghori of Ghazni happened in the year 1025– 1026. Mahmud invaded and plundered ■■ Ghor or Ghur is a mountainous territory in , as the local in between and Helmand river Chalukyan ruler of Bhima Dev-I did not valley of modern Afghanistan. It was offer any resistance. As Somnath temple conquered by Mahmud of Ghazni in was one of the richest temples in the 1020 and the region paid tribute to the th country, a great amount of booty to the till the middle 12 century. tune of 2 crore Dinars fell on the hands ■■ In 1149, the Ghaznavid ruler Bahram of Ghazni. Shah poisoned a local Ghorid ruler Qutb- ■■ It was only after the death of Mahmud in ud-din who had take refuge in the city of 1030, India was freed from his devastating Ghazni after a family quarrel. In revenge,

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Alaudin Husayn, chief of Ghori sacked defeated and beheaded. The second the city of Ghazni and burnt it. battle of Tarain was a watershed in Indian ■■ With this attack, once and for all, the history, as it marked the beginning of Ghazni influence had dwindled and Ghori Turkish rule in India. chiefs took over from there. One of the ■■ Mohammed Ghori appointed his general nephews of Alaudin Husayn, Muizuddin Qutbuddin Aibak to take care of his Mohammed (aka Mohammed Ghori) Indian conquests and to further annex the captured Ghazni again and then set his surrounding regions. covetous eyes towards India. 1.2.4 Fight against Jaya Chandra ■■ In 1175, Mohammed Ghori captured and marched to Gujarat. But ■■ In 1194, ruler of Kanauj and Banaras, Jai the Vaghela ruler of Gujarat Mularaja II Chand Gahadavala was defeated in the defeated him near Mount Abu but failed battle of Chandwar. Jai Chand was the to capture Mohammed Ghori. father-in-law of Prithviraj Chahamana. A family feud had kept them apart as 1.2.3 Fight against Prithiviraj enemies. Had they taken a joint stand to Chauhan counter Mohammed Ghori it would have ■■ In 1189, Mohammed Ghori captured been a different story. However, one of Bhatinda (Tabarhinda), upon which the the biggest curses in Rajput history is ruler of Ajmar-Delhi region Prithviraj their lack of cohesion and unity in the Chauhan marched out with a large face of even a common enemy. army and met Mohammed Ghori in the ■■ By 1200, Turks controlled a much larger battlefield of Tarain in 1191 (Battle of territory that included parts of present Tarain 1191). day , Punjab and Gujarat ■■ Mohammed Ghori was humiliatingly up to Anhilwara (Gujarat). Turkish defeated and the fort of Batinda expansion to and took place was recaptured by Prithviraj. But under Baktiyar Khalji, another brilliant Prithviraj made the mistake of allowing general of Mohammed Ghori. During Mohammed Ghori to escape. his raids Baktiyar Khalji destroyed ■■ Rajputs did not believe in pursuing the several Buddhist centers of learning in enemy and putting an end to the threat eastern India and murdered thousands once and for all. Furious at being defeated of Buddhist monks. This was the last by a kafir, Mohammed Ghori returned nail in the coffin for Buddhism and we with a new army and a stronger battle no longer hear about the presence of strategy to meet Prithviraj again in the Buddhism in India. very next year 1192. ■■ Baktiyar captured Bengal from the Sena ■■ In the second battle of Tarain ruler of Bengal Lakshmana Sena in (1192), Prithviraj Chahamana was 1204–1205. In the mean time,

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