International Journal of Contemporary Architecture The New ARCH Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688
Sustainable Architecture OVERVIEW AND HIGHLIGHTS The 1st International Conference with Exhibition S.ARCH DJURIC TARDIO ARCHITECTES enforma GRAFT has cook zemmrich STUDIO2050 Philippe Rahm architects STUDIO NICOLETTI ASSOCIATI SADAR+VUGA Ziegert I Roswag I Seiler Architekten Ingenieure
… www.The-New-ARCH.net International Journal of Contemporary Architecture The New ARCH Peer-reviewed open-access E-journal ISSN 2198-7688 Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) www.The-New-ARCH.net
Editor-in-Chief Arch. Marina Stosic, GERMANY E: [email protected]
Editorial Board Arch. Prof. Dietmar Eberle – Baumschlager Eberle, AUSTRIA; ETH Zurich, SWITZERLAND Arch. Prof. Kengo Kuma – University of Tokyo, JAPAN; Kengo Kuma &Associates JAPAN, FRANCE Arch. Rafael de La-Hoz – Rafael de La-Hoz Arquitectos, SPAIN Arch. Prof. Branislav Mitrovic – University of Belgrade, SERBIA Arch. Luca Francesco Nicoletti – Studio Nicoletti Associati, ITALY Arch. Prof. Milica Jovanovic Popovic – University of Belgrade, SERBIA Arch. Jose Luis Vallejo – Ecosistema urbano, SPAIN Arch. Bostjan Vuga – Sadar+Vuga, SLOVENIA Arch. Philippe Rahm – Philippe Rahm architects, FRANCE Arch. Dr. Manfredo Manfredini – University of Auckland, NEW ZEALAND Arch. Dr. Paola Leardini – University of Auckland, NEW ZEALAND Arch. Ass.Prof. Wah Sang WONG – University of Hong Kong, CHINA Arch. Nikola Novakovic – Enforma, MONTENEGRO Arch. Dr. Milos Dimcic – Programming Architecture, GERMANY Arch. Ass.Prof. Laila Amer Al Kahtani – Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University, SAUDI ARABIA Arch. Dr. Dina Ahmed Ahmed Elmiligy – Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University, SAUDI ARABIA Arch. Hassan Estaji – Hakim Sabzevari University, IRAN, University of Applied Arts Vienna, AUSTRIA Arch. Mirjana Uzelac Filipendin – Atelje Krstonosic, Architect & Journalist ArchIntention, Ambijenti, SERBIA Eng. Ass. Prof. Vincenzo CORRADO – Politecnico di Torino, ITALY Arch. Prof. Despina KYPRIANOU SERGHIDES – Cyprus University of Technology, CYPRUS Arch. Prof. Dusan VUKSANOVIC – University of Montenegro, MONTENEGRO
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Cover Illustration Studio SADAR+VUGA, Slovenia: “Butcher’s Bridge” International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______
A WORD FROM THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
I am very pleased to announce the release of the very first issue of the International Journal “The New ARCH”, a platform where architects from all corners will discuss current architectural themes and researches will have an opportunity to publish their articles. The idea of founding this Journal was born in parallel to the preparation of the first International Conference with Exhibition S.ARCH–2014, which had the aim to bring together architects and researchers in a discussion about sustainability in architecture. Apparent lacking in journals devoted to both academic communication and the sensibility of international design practice was a motivating force to initiate “The New ARCH”. Therefore, the Journal reflects the wide variety of approaches to contemporary architectural themes to a wider public than a conference can do. Because of the way the idea was born, the next logical step was to devote the first issue of the Journal to the S.ARCH–2014 conference with themed “Sustainable Architecture”. Founding Editor & Editor–In–Chief Sustainability – perhaps a word you are tired of hearing. Architect Marina Stosic Everyone talks about it, everybody believes to know what it is about, everyone wants to be green… We are confronted with this topic daily from all sides and in the meantime it became a must for lot of people adorning themselves with the wording sustainability. But, do we really know what sustainability means? Do we know what Sustainable Architecture is? Certainly, there is no simple recipe for sustainability — at least none that should exist — because sustainability is much more than saving energy and resources. In the world of quick changes, sustainability should not restrict our creativity, but rather should be an exertion for it. It is not an eschewal, but rather enriching. It is a broad line-up of opportunities. Some say adapting to change has always been important to success. But then how much does architecture have to change? We discussed this international architects, and all of them offer a unique perspective on sustainability, state of affairs of architecture, and its outlook for tomorrow. Let us talk about it once more …
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A Word from the Editor–in–Chief International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______
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A Word from the Editor–in–Chief International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______
CONTENT
e2 S.ARCH–2014 Welcome Address of German Ambassador to Serbia
e3 International Conference S.ARCH–2014: Highlights and Overview
e17 A Question to GRAFT
e19 Production of Publicness – Interview with Boštjan Vuga Exhibition Architecture” e22 Some Thoughts about Architecture Interview with Philippe Rahm, Eike Roswag, Boštjan Vuga, Luca Francesco Nicoletti S.ARCH–2014 “Sustainable
with Conference International and Nikola Novaković
1 Karin Standler Open Spaces for Young People – Teens_Open_Space
7 Tarek Abdelsalam A Vision for Future: Analysis of the Prominent Synthesis of Culture and Sustainability in Hassan Fathy Architecture
17 Pavle Stamenović, Dušan Stojanović, Dunja Predić Extended Process of Architectural Design: Sustainable Development without a Master Plan. The Case of Kagran Area, Vienna
26 Hassan Estaji Flexible Spatial Configuration in Traditional Houses, The Case of Sabzevar
36 Manfredo Manfredini, Paola Leardini Existing Stock for the Future: Problems, Opportunities and Strategies for Energy Authors‘ Papers Upgrade of 1940–1960 State Housing in New Zealand
43 Ljiljana Djukanović, Milica Jovanović Popović, Ana Radivojević of Residential Buildings Potential Energy Savings in the Process of Rehabilitation built before the Second World War
Saja Kosanović, Milica Jovanović Popović 51 Ecological Assessment of Building Materials in Serbia: Constrains and Possibilities
Haris Bradić 58 Kromolj House in Sarajevo
About the Journal e28
Instructions for Authors e29
The Journal Advertisements e31
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Content c1 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______
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Content c2 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______
International Conference with Exhibition S.ARCH–2014 “Sustainable Architecture”
e2 S.ARCH–2014 Welcome Address of German Ambassador to Serbia
e3 International Conference S.ARCH–2014: Highlights and Overview
e3 Sustainable ARCHITECTURE — The Inevitable FUTURE
e4 True Changes Comes Through Innovation
e10 More People Hear Our Call Each Year, but More Are Still Needed
e17 A Question to GRAFT
e19 Production of Publicness – Interview with Boštjan Vuga
e22 Some Thoughts about Architecture Interview with Philippe Rahm, Eike Roswag, Boštjan Vuga, Luca Nicoletti and Nikola Novaković
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S.ARCH–2014 WELCOME ADDRESS OF GERMAN AMBASSADOR TO SERBIA
housing area in Berlin. The “energy house plus” offers 130 m2 space for living, it was built exclusively from material which can be recycled, and its solar panels and warm water pump produce more energy than the family living in the house can use. The additional electricity is being stored in batteries and is used to power the family´s electric car! The house features the best isolation currently available on the market and proves, that with the right isolation any house can be warmed up with a lot less energy costs than currently needed in other houses of the same size. Due to the reduced consummation of energy and the use of renewable construction materials the house is affordable. And the family living there has declared it one of the most comfortable houses they have ever lived in. The German government has set the objective that from 2019 onwards newly built houses will no longer cause air H.E. Heinz Wilhelm, German Ambassador to Serbia pollution. They will not create green house gas emissions and they will be run on low amounts of energy. This is only possible if we increase the energy Minister Ilic, Ladies and Gentlemen, efficiency in architecture and construction. of all the art forms architecture is the most integrated New houses will be built as energy efficient as possible. into our daily lives. We live our lives surrounded by Old houses will not be torn down but rather equipped architecture, we are constantly influenced by it. with better isolation and more energy efficient heating Therefore, we often take architecture for granted, for systems. something which is easy to achieve. How can this new development be supported by the The famous architect Mies van der Rohe said: Government? In Germany we have introduced an “Architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks energy passport for buildings. Every apartment, every together”. building will now have to be checked for energy use, for It is as simple as that. Or is it?.... isolation weaknesses and for the efficiency of the heating system. Thus potential buyers can find out Of all the art forms, architecture is the most durable and about the future costs of heating and hot water. And long-living. The German poet Goethe said: “Buildings non-efficient houses will not find buyers any more. must be built right, because they are made to stay for a Believe me, house owners will learn very quickly that long time. We humans may make mistakes, but we they have to look after their property and increase the certainly must not build mistakes!” energy efficiency as much as possible. This is the very core of the architects´ responsibility. Here in Serbia the German government has created a We have come together for this conference in order to project in order to promote and establish energy talk about this responsibility. How can we construct efficiency in Serbian buildings. Together with the buildings which will be durable, comfortable, affordable German companies Henkel, Knauf and Viessmann young and most of all: sustainable. Serbian engineers are being trained in recognizing weaknesses in isolation and heating systems and they The German government has taken this question very will be able to suggest renovation measures in order to seriously. 40% of the annual use of energy in Germany is make properties energy efficient and sustainable. used to heat buildings, a number which can and must be reduced. The Federal Ministry for Transport and digital In 2013 the building complex “4 July” in Belgrade, which Infrastructure has published guidelines for sustainable was constructed using the latest energy efficient architecture and sustainable housing. technology, was opened to the public. After one year the results have been published: the heating costs could be And the Ministry put their own guidelines to use and reduced to only 1/3 of the average costs for a similar built Germany´s most sustainable house: on 7 building! December 2011 after only one year of planning and construction Federal chancellor Merkel opened the Energy efficiency, sustainable architecture and the use “Energy house plus”, a slightly futuristic looking, highly of renewables in construction – these are the pillars for sustainable family home, located in a middle class our future buildings! ______
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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE S.ARCH–2014 HIGHLIGHTS AND OVERVIEW
SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE — THE INEVITABLE FUTURE
It is almost twenty-five years since the Rio UNCED (UN Conference on Environment and Development) and Kyoto protocol and the results are less than satisfactory. The new generations still have less green areas than there were in the past and the lungs of the planet are getting smaller and smaller as each day passes. The critics will comment that we did not accomplish anything in the last quarter of the century. Haven’t we learnt anything from our ancestors yet? Now, let us discuss this subject from an architectural point of view and find answers as the professionals we are: Do the architects, as dream creators and builders, only have to change their tools in order to create sustainable buildings? Or do we need to fundamentally change our profession?! Is it enough to transfer from the humble sketching table to the advanced computer simulations that will provide us with the best solution, or do we have to change how we think and respond to the environment where we are building?! Are we ready for the future, or are we the proverbial dinosaurs waiting for the inevitable helplessness in choosing between the tradition and trend?! None of them alone will do the trick for numerous reasons. The countries are making the laws, agreements, and challenging limits in order to become a more environmentally friendly society in the future. We set our mind to one direction but we are moving very slowly and more problems surface all the time. If we wish accomplish our goals for the sustainable future we need to be louder, smarter and fearless. The architects are not the only ones who have to challenge the burden of change in the building industry. Yet they are on the front line and they do possess the tools to make the transition more effective.
This sentence best describes the message that speakers “I C@N'T CH@NGE THE DIRECTION OF THE WIND, sent to the audience during the international conference BUT I C@N @DJUST MY S@ILS TO @LW@YS RE@CH on "Sustainable Architecture". In the course of 14th–15th MY DESTIN@TION.” – Jimmy Dean May in Belgrade, the experts gathered at the first international conference known as S.ARCH to discuss and display their projects, experiments, methods or recent findings in the sustainable architectural practice. This two-day event took place at the Hyatt Regency Belgrade hotel and it was divided into two segments: the lectures and the exhibition of works from the creative people who are practicing and exploring sustainability in architecture. A few years back, Belgrade and Serbia did not even register on the professional green map as a place where experts from the field of sustainable development, green building, design, innovative architecture, and others meet and exchange their knowledge. You will be surprised by the series of events that redirected the course of conferences right into the heart of the Balkans, to Serbia, where the S.ARCH conference was also held. Thanks to the organizers - the company RENECON and its German partner Get It Published, as well as the initiator and founder of the International Conference S.ARCH, Marina Stosic, an architect from Germany, the audience had the privilege of hearing the greats of sustainable architecture in the Serbian capital this spring. Upon the selection and invitation of the chairperson of the conference, the visitors were introduced to the world- famous minds, authors from various countries who, through their work and progress, move the standards of architectural practice. We are talking about creative people such as the Studio GRAFT (Germany, USA, China), haascookzemmrich STUDIO2050 (Germany), Philippe Rahm architects (France), DTA / DJURIC TARDIO ARCHITECTES (France), STUDIO NICOLETTI ASSOCIATI (Italy), enforma (Montenegro), SADAR + VUGA (Slovenia), and many more. Each author uses their legitimate creations and unique attitude to weave their name into the world of renowned designers of today. The variety of topics and lectures that were presented demonstrate maturity and courage that is rare and unconventional. The projects showcased are among the most radical, the ones that advanced the course of development of cities, urban areas, buildings, and interiors. These projects opened the door to new dimensions of
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practice and confronted the modern world with the principles of sustainable development in architecture as the inevitable future development.
During the conference, a series of constructive discussions were conducted which raised some “YOU MUST BE THE CHANGE YOU WISH TO SEE IN THE important issues regarding sustainable building WORLD.” – Mahatma Gandhi practices. It can be rightly said that the S.ARCH conference was a festival of unique views and creations that celebrates but also questions architectural practice and its methods. Each delegate was thoroughly introduced to the problems of implementation of sustainable principles and the narrowness of contemporary architectural profession in every corner of the Earth. Other major topics were the challenges ahead of the new generation of architects who have to lead modern society and architectural practice towards a sustainable future. The two main questions remain: What is the future of architecture? What is the architecture of the future? In support of this statement, an international exhibition of works followed the conference that introduced everyone to the variety of works from the domestic and foreign architectural practice. The works of professionals, students, and young designers all stood one next to each other with the integrity and determination in the common goal of promoting the sustainable architecture. Research, projects, studies, and the results of experiments all showed the diversity of the spirit in search of new, more advanced and more environmentally responsible buildings, urban spaces or theories.
Looking at all of the lectures, projects, and ideas we “WE CANNOT SOLVE OUR PROBLEMS WITH THE heard during the S.ARCH conference, one can draw one SAME THINKING WE USED WHEN WE CREATED single conclusion: The main problem in practicing THEM.” – Albert Einstein sustainable architecture is the lack of quality communication and flexibility in the profession. The communication between clients – designers – builders – officials can be recognized as one of the basic problems and it needs to be improved. However, we (the architects) must tackle the greater task that our profession prepared for us! Step out of our shoes, become the managers and messengers of a sustainable future. It is a question of responsibility – the “imminent ethic” that is determined by the ecological consciousness based on sensitivity of the individual as an inhabitant of the environment, and not just the member of the Chamber of Architects. It was clear that each individual sitting in the great hall was already on their way to make this transition. But the problem was behind the door of that room – how to transmit this idea to the rest of the professional practice.
sustainable architecture of today and guided them with TRUE CHANGES COMES THROUGH excellent synergy. INNOVATION DESIGN PROCESS AND CASE STUDIES On its first day the professional and creative S.ARCH conference welcomed various lectures that practice the “CHANGE IS INEVITABLE. CHANGE FOR THE BETTER architectural design process and its relation to the IS A FULL-TIME JOB.” – Adlai E. Stevenson environment. The initiator, founder, and chairperson of the international conference and also one of the moderators of the tandem ensemble program was The last two centuries brought some astonishing architect Marina Stosic. The professor from Belgrade’s discoveries that changed the world forever. Faculty of Architecture, Milica Jovanovic-Popovic, was Improvements in the quality and diversity of materials the second half of the moderator duo and one of the and structure formed the foundation for today’s speakers. These two ladies skilfully conducted the contemporary architecture, especially the high-rise lecturers and the audience through the maze of buildings and cities. It is our duty, as the future creative
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of life, embedding the latest of innovations, and intelligent use of the space beyond cultural fulfilment. One of the recent projects is the German pavilion for the World Expo 2015 named “Feeding the planet – energy for life” is the idea, and the result is a structure that is at the same time confident, humorous, entertaining, and attractive. “The German pavilion is a clear and legible composition, immediately recognizable as a poetic landscape sheltered by a dynamic canopy”. It shows that reconfiguring the future structures and cities must be in line with the reinforcement of the place along with the increase of the individual identity. Our out-dated cities are having a hard time to cope with modern society and the prognoses of their growth are disturbing, since nearly 70% of the future world population will live in cities by 2050. Therefore, an ‘individual redevelopment plan’ must be established and not necessarily an architectural one. Cities of the future will be developed as a coexisting component of individual identity. The potential of context and sustainable development and the organism "city" are inextricably linked. We do not have the luxury to start fresh. We need to transform what already exists and not repeat the David Cook mistakes from the past in order to welcome the sustainable future. It will not happen overnight since minds, to follow these steps and introduce our building and natural environment can’t be treated profession and modern community to the new isolated. Synergy of everything, sharing, and co-working architecture, the one that will fulfil the needs of its is needed. These words best describe the projects that inhabitants and the one that respects and preserves the Cook presented – focusing on the value of our existing natural environment. One of the studios that follows this urban ambience in search for a solution for the path is haascookzemmrich STUDIO2050 from Germany. uncertain sustainable future. Architect David Cook, one of the partners, held a lecture with the title “The City as Resource” and showed the synergy between the modern cities and sustainable development.
David Cook: “FOR A TRULY SUSTAINABLE DESIGN TO TAKE ON A MUCH GREATER RELEVANCE, FOR IT TO BECOME THE RULE RATHER THAN THE EXCEPTION, THEN IT IS INEVITABLE THAT WE MUST LOOK BEYOND THE BUILDING AS AN OBJECT AND REASSESS THE CONTEXT OF OUR ARCHITECTURAL ENDEAVOURS.”
Haas, Cook and Zemmrich are well known for their numerous projects that have been built worldwide and The German Pavilion, EXPO 2015 always have a special focus on the environment, quality Source: haascookzemmrich STUDIO2050
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Followed by that were the works of the French architect Philippe Rahm: “ARCHITECTURE MUST BUILD SENSUAL Philippe Rahm who considers the climate itself as a new EXCHANGE BETWEEN BODY AND SPACE AND INVENT NEW language and teaching method for architecture. In his AESTHETICAL APPROACHES CAPABLE OF MAKING LONG-TERM lecture “Towards a Meteorological Architecture”, Rahm CHANGES TO THE FORM AND THE WAY WE WILL INHABIT disposed new proverbial bricks through his work – tools BUILDINGS TOMORROW.” for building and creating the future structure. ______
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was the best practice in terms of energy, space and size of the community inspired by external influences. Transforming these principles into the 21st century architecture shows that current practice still has the ability to incorporate the climate factor in a more adequate way. Creating public ambient that is dictated by pressure – air organizes the form, shape and materials of public space. Imagine the apartment designed using the thermal scheme of suggested temperatures of facilities based on clothing and activity. This is the ambient where you no longer occupy the space but the atmosphere, and you live life not horizontally but spatially. Think of an urban park as balanced ambient in terms of its climate by mapping the bad sectors with more heat, humidity and pollution and improving it by designing adequate natural and artificial elements alongside the existing climate conditions. Maybe future museums can be the result of the thermodynamic tension where the microclimate is based on two polar temperatures – the higher 22°C and lower 16°C creating an internal air Gulf Stream. The users are moving freely through the space in search for the right climate and temperature or particular activities that condition the disposition of the buildings’ program. Philippe Rahm These suggestions represent the method that indicates defection from the current architecture as an inventive With the climate change in mind, a meteorological solution to coexist with climate rather than wrestle with architecture analyses convection, evaporation, and it. conduction and introduces them as new principles of modern constructions. The building in which the right climatic factors of interior space guide the disposition, and link between the functions and ambient, shifts the creative process towards a more natural, sensual approach. The focus of creating is transposed from strictly visual to more sensitive and almost invisible giving the profession a totally different perspective. This unconventional approach finds its origins in the basic principles of building and architecture from the times when laws of nature and the environment influence more on the human inhabitant. The climate was the primary condition for the shape, structure and material Hammam Lyon used for every building just like the interior organization Source: Philippe Rahm architects
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and experiment marks the debut authors as the leaders. “INNOVATION DISTINGUISHES BETWEEN A LEADER Next was the lecture given by the GRAFT studio AND A FOLLOWER.” – Steve Jobs (Germany, USA, and China) that was presented by its three founders: Wolfram Putz, Thomas Willemeit, and
Lars Krueckeberg. They told the story of radical but Analysing modern society we can discover that because of the power of innovation and the strength of the simple ideas. Their lecture “GRAFT – Distinct Ambiguity” pioneers the contemporary world is living in a different spoke about the projects, different in scale, but with place now than it did decades ago. Even further in the huge positive impact on the environment, society, and architectural world, where creations directly influence economy. The GRAFT is known as the studio that uses its users physically and socially, the willingness to detach unique philosophy based on ambiguities, the kind of ______
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Wolfram Putz Lars Krueckeberg Thomas Willemeit
“robust hybrid, a marriage of different sources”. installed in several African countries as an innovative Believing in the inventive course of the future, they process of connecting and opening up new practice architecture that can be explained by the opportunities in undeveloped countries. This is a authors as “a change of seeing what everybody has business idea rather than an architectural project, and seen, but thinking what nobody has thought”. its small proportion wasn’t crucial when it comes to the One of the projects that the audience had the positive result of its implementation. Solar kiosk is like opportunity of seeing was the process of revitalization planting an innovative grain into the community that of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. This particular over time develops into a strong incubator of ideas and project is important because it describes how they, opportunities for the sustainable future for everyone. designers by professional calling, stepped out of their This idea aims to educate and unite rather than to just native profession and took the directions of another house its users and functions. profession in order to restore and build a different, more sustainable city. During several phases and years they managed to raise the finances, gather the experts, educate the community, make the plans and drawings together with other studios involved, and finally to start rebuilding the ruined New Orleans. Entirety of the process was under the mission of the charity Make It Right (MIR) – run by actor Brad Pitt – that was very clear: “To build safe, Cradle to Cradle inspired homes, buildings and communities for people in need” (MIR). The famous photo of the art installation “Pink Houses” in New Orleans, became the statement of inventive architectural re-thinking, which determines in its roots spreading need for co-work between the context and humans.
Another project that GRAFT studio showed was a Autopavillon in Wolfsburg business research project – The Solar kiosk currently Source: GRAFT
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DESIGN IN LINE WITH ENVIRONMENT One of the current Ziegert | Roswag | Seiler studio projects is the H-House – An international research project on healthier indoor environment of dwellings “Education is the most powerful weapon that aims to develop elements – i.e. eco-inventive which you can use to change the world.” – building components for retrofitting or building Nelson Mandela structures. Scientific teams from twelve different research centres from four EU countries along with Roswag’s office work together on finding suitable wall The S.ARCH conference was a place to hear about some structures that will be prefabricated from natural marvellous works from authors who chose the nature as materials. It is a collaborative research effort, focusing their ultimate teacher, and this segment was marked by on improving the housing sector to become more the innovative use of natural materials and construction energy efficient and healthier for its inhabitants. The systems. The first was the lecture „Natural and studio builds numerous projects connecting natural Traditional – Architecture in Dialogue“ presented by materials, inherited techniques and today’s practice. architect Eike Roswag, a frontman of the office Ziegert | They are recognized as the office who works with the Roswag | Seiler Architekten Ingenieure (Germany). In his people globally creating architecture, structural presentation, the sustainability of future facilities and engineering projects, earth building consultancy, and practices is reflected in the implementation of assessment and take active participation in research and intelligent approaches and the need to design and work laboratory works and teaching. One of their famous in harmony with the natural cycles. projects, the built-by-hand school in Bangladesh, represents a public structure built from natural The current contrast of building regulations and nature materials and using technologies fit for community and can be avoided by fusing them together and developing nature. It is a cob and bamboo building resting on the buildings that are made from the environment and that brick-mud foundations created for the METI (Modern are capable of breathing and living with the Education and Training Institute). Another project with environment. Usage of materials that are more natural the same naturalistic approach is the “haus ihlow“, the and hygroscopic like soil, wood, and natural fibre load-bearing rammed earth house built in Germany. This contributes to the vision of a more sustainable future. is a great example of how traditional earth architecture can become excellent contemporary ambient exposing all of its robust characteristics. All of these projects celebrate the exploration and investigation of performances of the materials as the motional principles for the sustainable practice, education, and knowledge.
School Hand-Made in Bangladesh Eike Roswag Source: Ziegert | Roswag | Seiler Architekten Ingenieure
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Sometimes the colour of the façade distinguishes the artificial structure from the natural environment. Other times, he uses the surrounding and traditional materials, which communicate with the surroundings, expressing the cultural inheritance of the new structure. Also, architectural elements on the external envelope often are inspired by the existing urban heritage, establishing the link and imbedding the structure within the ambient. Some of the recent projects from Mitrovic’s studio (office building in Andricgrad, two residence in Belgrade) all represent the design that emphasizes the aspect of the environmental proposition in architecture resting upon the acts of imagination. Branislav Mitrovic
The idea of coexistence with nature and usage of natural materials was followed by the lecture given by Professor Branislav Mitrovic, professor at the Architectural faculty of the university in Belgrade and founder of the MITarch studio. His presentation focused on his idea of a sensible treatment of the façade which he elaborated in his lecture: “The Material, Materialization and Texture”. The constant dialogue between the nature and the building is based on the possibility of putting the building envelope as a director of the situation.
Branislav Mitrovic: “THE PREVALENCE OF THE OBJECT BECOMES THE DESIGN FOCUSED METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURE, THE RELATION OF FORM, FUNCTION, AND STRUCTURE AS THE MATERIAL BECOMES EVIDENT IN THE ‘ACTIVE PERCEPTION.”
He practices architecture with the respect for the quality of natural aesthetic aspects of the materials he uses. The Andricgrad sustainability is interpreted in a unique way in his works. Source: MITarch studio
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Nikola Novakovic: “RESPONSIVE ARCHITECTURE IS NOTHING “Most of us have far more courage than BUT AN ETHICAL RELATION BETWEEN BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND we ever dreamed we possessed.” IMPACTS. SOMETHING UNETHICAL CANNOT BE AESTHETICAL!.” – Dale Carnegie
This method is based on the relation of ethic–aesthetic Creative professionals that are inspired by new, vis-à-vis the relations dialogue – responsibility. It is the unconventional methods are often not recognized by architecture whose creator is an awakened professional the contemporary society. This historical fact proved and his works are simply an ethical and aesthetic that strength and belief in one’s own work and ideas is response to the impacts of the natural environment. the most important characteristic for any mission. The Novakovic questions the individual responsibility over lecture "Responsive Architecture" is an interesting the social spiritual poverty as the key for achieving individual interpretation of applying contextual inputs sustainable objects. If the creation is aggressive and with respect for the environment. This lecture was unresponsive by nature, then the architecture can’t be presented by the architect Nikola Novakovic, a head of aesthetical, beautiful, and in harmony with its the studio enforma (Montenegro), who found his own surroundings. way for practicing the sustainable architecture by the Novakovic’s work shows the courage in embracing the application of responsible architecture. tradition, adapting it to the modern lifestyle, and ______
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restrictions of the natural environment. Various projects that were presented on the conference (Vila Stoliv, Lustice complex, Salt tower, etc.) all possess respect for the environment, treating it as an integral part of the building, incorporating it rather than isolating it. Another aspect of his work can be found in his determination to follow his responsive architecture rather than the local aggressive and profit oriented architecture. This is a rare example of stepping outside of architectural trends and understanding the quality of context, profession and sense for aesthetics.
Nikola Novakovic interpreting it with the contemporary architectural language in mind. His inspiration for the sustainable buildings comes from the quality of current built and the natural environment. To achieve this he uses the successful traditional building techniques, available Lustica Village surrounding materials and follows the morphological Source: enforma
Individual presentations of knowledge and attributes MORE PEOPLE HEAR OUR CALL comprise the beauty of art and architecture. Learning and understanding the environment we work in, holds EACH YEAR, BUT MORE ARE STILL the answer to performing adequately and responsibly. EEDED With this thought in mind, and his own architectural N interpretation of gained knowledge, the architect Luca Francesco Nicoletti held the lecture as the co-founder On the second day of the conference, the continued and director of the STUDIO NICOLETTI ASSOCIATI from stream of brave designers contributed to the whole Rome, Italy. The lecture: “Urban Ecology through Total vision of a brighter path for the sustainable future. The Architecture” gathered some current and some early hosts’ duo of female architects and experts, Stosic and works of Nicoletti’s that apply green principles in Jovanovic-Popovic, connected designers and their architecture long before the movement was even creations from all over the world, which are on a quest established. As the heir of the sustainable architecture of searching for the right answer to the question: How is pioneer that is his father, Nicoletti believes that tomorrow’s sustainability related to architecture?! eloquence and power of creative architectural language must be in harmony with the natural environment.
COURSE OF ADAPTING ARCHITECTURE Luca Francesco Nicoletti: “ONLY THROUGH A TOTAL ALL- ENCOMPASSING ARCHITECTURE, CAN WE CREATE WITH AND NOT “Understanding is a two-way street.” AGAINST. THE VERY NATURE OF AN ARCHITECT SHOULD BE TO – Eleanor Roosevelt STAND UP AGAINST CONVENTIONS, TO TRANSFORM THEM, TO LOOK AT THE FUTURE, TO CREATE ARCHITECTURE IN DIALOGUE WITH THE NUMEROUS COMPLEXITIES THAT OPERATE ON IT.”
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architecture and takes it to the next level of creating modern spaces that accommodate contemporary lifestyle. The quality of the projects lays in resembling artificial roots in the context that are interpreted with contemporary architectural language, where conversation with the ecosystem is the main reference.
Bio Istanbul Research and Commercial Center Source: STUDIO NICOLETTI ASSOCIATI
The misuse of the language often results in the meaninglessly transplanted structure and the incorrect processing of information, so the creation becomes lost in translation. The key problem of monotonous architecture is "blindfolded" following of, and building by standards, using certain profiles, which stagnate and cause problems in ecosystems, turn a blind eye to the future and are simply harmful to the environment. Breaking out of this cliché provides a spectrum of undiscovered territory and non-linear thinking. It is not enough to simply mimic the surroundings, it is necessary to acknowledge total inclusion and integration of all disciplines during the creation of a building or a city. Through displayed works (Moncada housing, a residential waterfront development in Kuala Lumpur or the Bio Istanbul Research and Commercial Center, etc.) Nicoletti pledges the principles of bioclimatic Luca Francesco Nicoletti
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One of the southern countries of perpetual spring, New Zealand, was represented through the analytic eyes of the University of Auckland. The joint lecture prepared by Dr. Paola Leardini and Dr. Manfredo Manfredini: ”Existing Stock for the Future – Problems, Opportunities and Strategies for Energy Upgrade to Passive House Standard in New Zealand” was presented by the female team member. The focus was on the development study of renovation and reconstruction of the built environment, which aims to increase the energy efficiency of settlements and urban areas in the segments of its capital.
Paola Leardini: “BECAUSE EXISTING BUILDINGS COMPRISE THE LARGEST SEGMENT OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY CONSERVATION RETROFITS BECOMES THE REAL TARGET TO
ACHIEVE TANGIBLE EFFECTS IN TERMS OF RESOURCES AND CO2 EMISSIONS.” Paola Leardini
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Carefully choosing the right segment of the city, the the main resource of the future retrofitting packages. team managed to deliver the energy analysis that The option was to apply the EnerPHit Standard which proved the low level of energy performance from includes certain level of thermal comfort, no historical and new buildings. Beside this, it had shown moisture/mould problems, reduction of CO2 emissions the structure of built stock, the value of existing and minimal life cycle costs. The study is meant to buildings and social/health statistics that all become the ground strategy to collect data and provide demonstrate a need for reconstruction and refurbishment. Retrofitting the example that included the possible scenarios for upgrading by applying the the buildings from the mid-20th century, the team Passive House standard and prepares the ground for the created a case studies house type that will be used as pilot project in Auckland.
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Golubovic, LEED professional and president of the company ENERGO Group (Serbia / Italy). In her lecture ”Transparent, Effective, Performance” she spoke about the role of all stakeholders during the design/construction process and during the period of building, the transparency and the willingness to review these actors to act responsibly at all phases of the building process.
Marija Golubovici: “WE MUST BE TRANSPARENT ABOUT HOW BUILDINGS ARE ACTUALLY PERFORMING TO SILENCE THE CRITICS AND ENSURE THAT OUR EFFORTS ARE REALLY ACHIEVING THE GOALS WE SEEK.”
The presentation has shown how much modern technology and experts can simulate and predict the behaviour of the objects, but also how much the practice of living in these facilities is far from theoretical predictions. For numerous reasons the correct answer to this situation is not easy but the key to create a clear picture of how our buildings are performing is to set the transparency as the inventible approach. One of the projects that ENERGO studio worked on was
Marija Golubovic the LEED Platinum awarded Vodafone village. The project included the sophisticated energy models that In the sustainable building industry architects are not proved how very important it is to incorporate the sole and even main members of the decision making sustainability in the early designing phases if we wish to team. Structural, mechanical, electrical, civil, and other engineers are all playing equally significant roles in the integrated design process, and this is becoming the most effective way of creating and building contemporary structures. Experts do the work together and share their knowledge in every phase of the building’s life, so that the construction can perform in the best possible way. It is important to understand their presence and how solving of ones’ problems can affect the whole building positively or negatively at the end, and how through integration of all the professions time, energy, resources and environment can be saved. Therefore, it was refreshing to welcome the presentation of the solo mechanical engineer by profession, but great expert and Italian Pavilion, EXPO 2015 leader in the green building industry, Madam Marija Source: ENERGO ______
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save energy. Designers, contractors, and commissioners post occupancy evaluation of the green buildings as the all play equally significant roles in achieving the measure that will provide us with the honest and sustainability goal of every building. However, the valuable data, which can be used to switch from the results of different studies carried out by various never ending prediction of potential problems to the institutions point out that the occupants and their clear path of solving them. Likewise, it will avoid shifting behaviour are also an important aspect of the building the process of green certification of the buildings from life, because these effects compose between 25-75% in simple additional paperwork to the valuable process of proposed and measured savings for the structure. getting to the sustainable future. Golubovic questioned the reality of incorporating the
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BUILDINGS FOR TOMORROW
“The future belongs to those who prepare for it today.” – Malcolm X
Architectural professionals can find it tricky to meet the artistic goals with the demanding social, economic, and industrial context. However, in order to create better visual identity for the future, the search for answers enriches our profession every day, and the exchange of this knowledge gets us closer to the sustainable future. One very interesting opinion of how modern society can reach this goal was presented by the architect Bostjan Vuga, from the studio SADAR + VUGA from Slovenia, with his fresh approach of how the use of space is very important in the matter of its sustainability. His lecture “Production of Publicness” rises this new term above the concept of importance, setting it as a golden rule of sustainability, where the final users and public nature of buildings hide interesting theory of sustainable development in architecture.
Bostjan Vuga: “PUBLICNESS IS THE RESULT OF AN ARCHITECT’S
ABILITY TO ENVISION THE WIDER EFFECTS OF THE ARCHITECTURAL Bostjan Vuga OBJECT ON THE INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY.”
The quality of “publicness” of each building claims the proverbial race for the population of the ambient, which helps the built environment become a viable structure imbued with "living" areas. Useless, elegant space with strictly visual identity and no public value or active users becomes wasted and unsustainable ambient. If the design doesn’t communicate with the public you have no dialogue and correlation with the environment, built or natural. Few presented projects affirm this principle of publicness. The studio SADAR+VUGA is famous for its special approach that they call ‘formulas’. These formulas are not mathematical and are not restricted to a single University College Ghent Campus project. They are a group of synonyms, expected Source: SADAR + VUGA ______
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reactions, or special functions that become the centre place for consultation, information, training piece and the identity of the building. This method is departments, and services. It acts as a local lead-in to based on imaging the experience that users will have economic globalization. The front plaza, new office with the space they are creating. The way we use, space, and the added garden all attract people and perceive, and walk through the space is in direct increase the number of visitors and help the exchange dialogue with the architectural phenomenology – the of business ideas. Another project – the Cultural Center way how the building influences the users or perceivers. of EU Space Technologies (KSEVT) takes this quality to the next level, and was done in collaboration with three Adding the public quality in constructing the bridge, for more Slovenian architectural offices (SADAR+VUGA, example, means transforming it to a new, vibrant Bevk Perovic arhitekti, Dekleva Gregoric arhitekti, OFIS). meeting place - as the studio did with the project of This building serves as science and research centre, Butcher’s Bridge. They envision the ‘house bridge’ with exhibition gallery and cultural centre for the local three platforms creating a new plug-in mezzanine that community. It is a focal point of a small village, and it becomes new public space. There is no exception in was inspired by the geostationary space station incorporating the same principle to the public buildings described in Noordung’s book. Every segment of the as well. The studio was awarded for the project of building – the ground floor, the roof terrace, the spiral rehabilitating the existing 'Chamber of Commerce and ramp, and the interior space has the ability to welcome Industry of Slovenia', by proposing the retrofit of the various functions and users, increasing the quality of life, building conceiving it as a “megastore”. It became the and use of the space in the present and in the future.
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Architect Mirco Tardio from France and studio DTA | and selection of the materials together create a new DJURIC TARDIO ARCHITECTES talked about different energetic urban model that allows savings on every level aspects of urban planning and how the correct density providing a high level of comfort to its inhabitants, while and innovative eco oriented principles can contribute to achieving sustainable goals. more sustainable urban structures in the future. His lecture ”Eco–Controlled Urban Density” spoke about environmentally controlled density of the urban creation – the suburb that in each segment politely respects energy, nature and its users.
Mirco Tardioa: “GOING AGAINST THE CURRENT MAINSTREAM THINKING IN TERMS OF DENSIFICATION, IT IS POSSIBLE TO FIND DURABLE SOLUTIONS FROM THE ARCHITECTURE ON A SMALL SCALE, WITHOUT DRAINING THE REFLECTION ON THE INDIVIDUAL HABITAT. … DENSITY ECO-CONTROL IS AN INVESTMENT CONCEPT FOR SUBURBAN AREAS THAT FOCUSES ON RESPECT FOR THE URBAN AND ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE WHILE DENSIFYING AND OPTIMIZING ENERGY.”
The suburbs are designed according to the principle of environmental density opposed to the disproportionate parasitic cities. The aim is to create a strong identity of the suburb using architectural, urban, and social wealth so that the area becomes more sustainable in every aspect of its existence as the “sustainable suburban epicenter”. This awarded project included designing 14 houses in Gennevilliers – all with the low-carbon principle, expanding the existing spaces, providing better usage of the available land, and adding value to the ambient and the life of its users with the intelligent architectural and natural components. Bioclimatic concept, special constructions, renewable resources, Mirco Tardio
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The presentation of this approach was illustrated by numerous projects that the studio recently delivered. The “Laboratory” is a series of Individual Eco-Sustainable houses in peri-urban areas of France that are designed projects and are carefully created to emphasize the natural advantages of the location and to give users the green and healthy home that perfectly suits its surroundings. Providing better synergy between the according to the principles of sustainable development. New buildings, extensions, and retrofits are all designed to meet the delicate, inviting, and warm facades of these habitats, city and sustainable energy allows the existing
Vue saint Marie architectural heritage to preserve its identity against Source: DTA | DJURIC TARDIO ARCHITECTES oversized grey cities.
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Professor Milica Jovanovic-Popovic held her the society and experts, and with quality regulations. presentation ”Energy Efficiency and Renewal of With better thermal envelope, an upgrade of the Residential Buildings Stock” and spoke about the heating systems, and a distribution network for findings from the conducted energy efficiency study of domestic and heating water, it is possible to reach more the existing residential fund in Serbia and what the than 72% savings of energy needed for heating, and a possibilities for future development are. further 57% by renewal of single family house stocks. The study concluded that the upgrade to nearly zero As professor at the Faculty of Architecture in Belgrade, energy buildings should start with single family houses she presented the current results of the study that showed a strikingly negative energy performance result that should incorporate the strategy, methodology, and state of the existing housing stock. Based on the financial support and optional user friendly software Tabula methodology, the project scope simulates the that will be publicly available, and which will provide the impact of increasing energy efficiency in buildings in owners with the best feasible solution for their house. relation to the energy sector of the country. By applying various measures, the study showed options for creating a national strategy to reduce energy consumption and implement a more rational approach to the management of all natural resources. Starting from the existing building regulations, over the international treaties to the process of harmonization with EU regulations, Serbia is encountering high demands that are difficult to achieve with the current massive unsustainable urban environment. Joining the TABULA – Intelligent energy Europe project in 2011, Serbia as an associated partner managed to collect statistical data gathered through statistical investigation, performed by IPSOS along with twelve other EU countries. The study was organized in two segments, and the results surprised everyone. For example, the majority of the residences are single family houses that have no external wall insulation and windows that are 20 to 40 years old. Nearly every family in Serbia still uses the unsustainable heating resources (coal, wood, and gas) for their single residence. However, the study also provided several constructive solutions for these alarming figures to be improved by collective work of Milica Jovanovic Popovic
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At the end of this powerful journey with the S.ARCH “Enthusi[sm mov_s th_ worl^.” conference it was wonderful to see how professionals, – Arthur Balfour young graduates, and students raised their hands to support the sustainable architecture in a country that has one of the lowest annual gross national incomes in Europe. Determined in their goal of raising the awareness of sustainable architecture the organizers have already announced a new event same time next year, with the new theme – "Architecture and Environment". The second international conference S.ARCH will be held in the city Budva, Montenegro, during the period of 19th–20th May 2015 and we are thrilled to invite you to participate in this event.
Text: Mirjana Uzelac Filipendin
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A QUESTION TO GRAFT
After the presentation of the studio GRAFT we asked all of the three partners the same single question. The result is astonishing because their individual answers actually emphases the richness of the studios’ creative charge and some interesting new perspectives.
In your work we can find numerous examples of the outstanding communication between the community and you as the authors. Could you please explain to us the following: Is the city of tomorrow actually a city that is built either based on the communication and the choice of its inhabitants or is it based on ideas and the work of architects, urban planners and other professionals that are usually involved in the planning process? What percentage of the decision making can be given to the future inhabitants?
Wolfram Putz: In my opinion it is hard to predict or accepted. So, today there is a mixture of different guess a percentage, however, we also can see of course instruments that top-down officials try to use to either how it is done within the cities that we are working in. appease citizens – meaning that it is a fake participant For example in Berlin we can definitely see that people process, or there is now this growing attempt to create like to engage more into the process of urban planning. real citizen participant processes, so people become a Berlin has the extreme luck, that since the unification real democratic decision making body within many redevelopment opportunities came up, such as government and its institutions. We think as architects the closure of an airport in the middle of the city. And that psychology and democratic value of people having during the 1st year, we used the typical 19–20th century a say in decision making process is great. The problem is top-down approach and it failed. It was basically not not everyone that participates has the same knowledge,
GRAFT: Wolfram Putz, Gregor Hoheisel, Thomas Willemeit, Lars Krueckeberg Source: Studio GRAFT
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as let’s say, an architect receives in school. So it is a America like Rio or Mexico City, that are growing balancing act between a pure democratic decision incredibly fast and you could say it is a bottom-up making process and the proverbial oligarchy-like powers approach since nobody is planning these developments that architects used to have in these processes. We can — people do it by their own, with all the problems that see that the public opinion of new technologies moves result from it. So, in my opinion, from an Euro-centric in cycles, from the state of public euphoria to the state perspective there is hope of achieving full of universal distrust of government officials since the communication during projects in the future; the rest of NSA incident, so we are in a kind of a flux moment right the world — not so much. now considering this situation, and it is impossible to predict how it will settle in the end. But we like this Thomas Willemeit: Well, if you ask about percentages, approach much more than the monotony of the former maybe it is ok to say that it will be a 50/50 mixture in the top-down decision making process. end. If we look at cities not only as planned environments or built solely with the freedom of Lars Krueckeberg: The question is difficult because, in expression, but as a mixture of both, we might come Berlin for example, we see this kind of thing a lot. People very close to what would be a good basis for building are taking projects into their own hands and are taking cities. If we do not understand cities simply as planned the role of the planers for granted, practically deciding environments that everyone needs to ‘fit’ into, but see to plan and build for themselves. Several families are them more as a kind of user interface that you as a unit getting together, pool their resources, purchase a site, can use and explore how your personal interest can be hire an architect and build the house of their dreams. realized through it – we may become a part of it. This They basically cut off the real-estate agents and the will enable you to explore your own dreams and allow developer of course, saving a lot of money. Therefore, you to gain what you personally want to gain from a city the overall costs are cheaper and projects are made in you live in. To use a very drastic example: What is the the way that future tenants intended it to be. We see difference between the idea of communism and the idea this happening more and more. However, this is of of an iPhone? The idea of communism was to create a course a very small percentage of what is happening in better world, and they did it in a way that some people the world, being only Western Europe and Berlin. China got together and discussed how that better world will be officials, in an attempt to boost their economy, want defined, and then everyone will just need to ‘fit’ into this more of their people to live in the cities, so they now new better world they made. The idea of an I-phone was have a problem of, in a next decade or so, moving more to make a tool and pack it with as many applications and than 250 million people from rural areas into cities. helpful tools as possible, creating a perfect omni-tool These cities have to be built. Think about it, this is an that has infinite ways of helping you, enabling you to do entire population of USA being relocated within China all the things you long for. It is a completely different into new cities. Is this viable? No. Is it natural? No. But, approach, not using age-old methods of fear and control they will still do it, meaning it will be a completely top- but enabling people to find just how much control they down project that will probably create horrible, horrible actually need to do these kinds of projects with burden scenarios. There are for instance cities in South maximum efficiency.
Interview: Mirjana Uzelac Filipendin
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PRODUCTION OF PUBLICNESS INTERVIEW WITH BOŠTJAN VUGA
Sustainability as a term can be recognized as the answer to the current ecological crises. In the beginning, the term described sustainable economic development that continues to sustain on natural resources. However, with the turn of the century the term sustainability begin to experience a much wider usage as a description that often can be confusing and vague. With all of the complex issues connected with sustainable development there are numerous discussions about replacing the term ‘sustainability’ with something more appropriate. Focusing now on the term 'sustainable architecture' it can also be said that this term suffers from the same weakness of diluting its meaning, because of all possibilities that creative profession such as architecture can offer to the world. One may be surprised how even a slightest change of perspective in philosophy or design process can strongly influence architectural identity to embed a different story of its sustainability. This is exactly why we chose to ask Boštjan Vuga from studio SADAR+VUGA, Slovenia, for his own vision of sustainable architecture. This studio is practicing unique and interesting architecture that treats sustainability through new prism and continues to discover the true meaning of it.
In your works we can recognize many important aspects Boštjan Vuga: I would describe our work with a word of sustainable architecture, but one is the most ‘publicness’. What are we interested in is to graft a important: the society – the users – the quality of correct public character in each architectural project we are population of buildings and cities. Would you tell us dealing with. This means that buildings which are not more about this approach? meant to be really public also gain a public character by the way how they are architecturally consisted, conceptualized and designed. Why is inclusion of public into the spatial domain of the architectural building important for publicness? We think the cities are influenced and changed by people with different social behaviour in different buildings. Therefore, we are proposing spaces where social behaviour can be challenged. Basically, buildings and people are not two different entities, but they are actually in a constant interactions and they simply influence each other. This means that the social behaviour is influenced by the way how buildings are conceived, and on the other hand, peoples’ use of the buildings alters them too. How is “publicness” sustainable? Boštjan Vuga: Here is a simple example: If you take a building that was built for one purpose only and for one type of performance – let’s say an office building – this building will be empty 50–60% of time available. If you build a stadium, which serves just as stadium or sports hall, it will be empty and unused much more, maybe 80– 90% of time accessible. This is an indicator for spending lot of energy, finances and resources for the construction of something that is not really being used. I’m referring not only to stadiums and sports parks, which are in fact clear examples, but also to schools, galleries, museums etc., all the buildings and premises that have a very straightforward and defined program. Boštjan Vuga Therefore, by including and developing the public Source: SADAR + VUGA character for all these buildings, and including users into ______
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the domain of public use will create that buildings are aging. If buildings are not used they are not aging become a sort of a hybrid. The space will be used not well, just like human beings. only for the specific or primary function, but it will be used also for very non-programmed, undefined and unthinkable activities. This process increases the public The space for the city and the citizens is a sort of synergy performance in the building and, in my opinion, this of people and space. How do you accomplish it? Where increases sustainability of the project. The buildings that do you find the connections and how do you enable are not used are not sustainable and this is the main goal links? of publicness and its connection to sustainability. Boštjan Vuga: It refers to what I have been mentioning before. If you do not conceptualize and design with How do you perceive the users/inhabitants of your people in mind, then a building becomes just an empty creations? Are they inspiration or resource or something object that could be very difficult to bring to life. To else? explain a little bit further: I am very attracted to the modernist architecture of Ex-Yugoslavia and since many Boštjan Vuga: When we start designing, we always ask of that is unused and abandoned the question is how ourselves how this particular building will be used and they can be reanimated? What I am trying to find out what spatial and architectural effect will have to its user. with the group of students and through the workshop I On the other hand, we also investigate what kind of have conducted in Montenegro, is how these buildings, influence the users will have on the public space. People which were planned, designed and built in a different are not just a statistical facts and data, they are specific country, condition and with a different program – how individuals or social groups with their own needs, they could be brought back to life? This means that desires, emotions, ideas and as such a defined target instead of demolishing massive concrete constructions group – the target group of our work and creations. If and replacing them with the new structures, I think that we talk about the New Entrance Hall for the National one can imbue them with more social/sustainable Gallery of Slovenia project, the idea was to bring those peoples’ use. Therefore, for all the existing memorial people into the area of the institution who had no houses, abounded hotels along the Adriatic coast or intention to visit the show. Imagine, for example, what museums etc., you may find new, more suitable users. a mother with a kid will do within the domain of the building. Let's say it's a winter day, thus you need to Of course you can‘t chose the hotel from the 70s which consider what kind of space will be appropriate for is built for different purpose and by different standards them? Another example may be a reception for... let's and construction techniques and turn it into a new hotel say, the German ambassador or me, a common citizen, which will respond to all current high standards of going there to read a book while having a nice view to tourism. However, you can actually find a different type the park. You have to create public spaces that are more of users, different target groups, maybe younger like an open stage, which can be changed, altered and generations, who will come and not require such adapted to different usages. It is very important and I am comfort that the standards are setting. This creates links really happy to see how some buildings from our to different target groups and users within the existing creation are living and how they are used and how they mass that reanimate the particular architectural space.
Air Traffic Control Center – ATCC, Brnik, airport 2013 Source: SADAR + VUGA (Photograph Miran Kambič)
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Cultural Center of EU Space Technologies – KSEVT Vitanje 2012 Source: SADAR + VUGA (Photograph Tomaž Gregorič)
How do you conquer the challenge of creating in a strong Boštjan Vuga: I think these two entities can’t be context of identity that does not have the emblematic separated from each other. I still believe that appearance? architecture should be innovative. This means that innovation in every discipline is a strong fact to get or to Boštjan Vuga: If you had asked me this question 5–6 push the profession forward. So, what is an innovation years ago, you would have got a very different answer. in architecture and how do you actually innovate? By Then I would say that it would be by studying the micro this, I do not refer to technical innovation, but rather to context and creating something that will not be in the the connection to the users. To be innovative in contradiction to the context, but to contribute and architecture, in my opinion, is to create a spatial enrich the context itself by its architecture and visual presence. Therefore, this means that provided formula situation that will actually have a different impact on makes it so that you will never repeat yourself, because users. For example: The ramp in the Guggenheim the context will always be different having strong museum is a very innovative spatial element because it influence to the concept to the design of the building. changes the way how people observe art and at the Now, I am less interested in this kind of iconic or same time they move vertically through the space. It emblematic appearance than I used to be. always has to do with the impact or effect on users. How is this possible? It is possible if you are really open to Before it was OK to say: If you wish to influence social different resources, rather flexible than open to behaviour within a society with an architecture, you will resources which are not only in architecture. Today it is need to create a strong iconic identity. Through the impossible to work on your own. You need to work in a ‘publicness’ I think that this is not necessary. We don’t very integral connection with all other professions. So, it need iconic buildings per se but we need more is open on one hand and integral on the other and this recognizable and identifiable spaces. This is what I am could bring innovative result. interested in – how to create an environment on one hand spatially and architecturally strong and on the other hand to leave enough gaps for you as a user and Looking beyond the buildings as objects, how do you use perceiver, visitor or inhabitant to have adequate space architecture as an innovative tool to make a change in for changing and adapting it to your own vision – i.e. the environment in a physical and psychological way? creating your own micro environment in the building. It my be said that what we are doing is more like a Boštjan Vuga: We need to create environments that hardware for software which will come with users. have a certain impact on the way how people will perceive, move or use them. This is our role, and I am not talking in a political way but more from the social What is more important for the future of a building: A perspective and psychological way, the buildings always method of its creative process or the communication have influence on the society and the way how people with its users? use, perceive them etc.
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SOME THOUGHTS ABOUT ARCHITECTURE Interview with Philippe Rahm, Eike Roswag, Boštjan Vuga, Luca Francesco Nicoletti and Nikola Novaković
At the very beginning of our professional education we will find the school, the university or personal mentor that guides us and introduces us to the very foundations of our profession. At some point students choose their own path and become researchers – curious people searching for their own way to express creativity. For some of them the search continues long after the books and exams are done and the innovation becomes their unique ‘creative language’. Others found their language before they even start any training and use schools as fine tool for defining their style or attitude. Either way, it is always an honour to work and/or talk with creative minds that actively bring changes into the world, particularly into the architectural one. Therefore, a dialogue is the opportunity to examine personal response to some of the basic questions and to provide readers with spectra of various answers and opinions. We asked few questions some of the lecturers from the S.ARCH– 2014 conference and this is the collage of their interesting answers. If we wish to move the standards of our profession it is crucial to stay open minded and join discussions. We may find them interesting or annoying but they may inspire some of us to rethink or even question our own projects, theories or opinions.
Philippe Rahm Eike Roswag Boštjan Vuga Luca Francesco Nicoletti Nikola Novaković France Germany Slovenia Italy Montenegro
Do you find architecture to be an open or a closed book (in a matter of flexibility for the improvement of the profession and the correspondence with other professions)?
Philippe Rahm We thought we were the grandchildren of Marcel Duchamp and we discovered that in reality we are the descendants of Claude Monet. We were taught to distrust science and here we are rediscovering an artist engaged with the scientific avant-garde of his time, working on the principle of a colours optical mix of Charles Blanc or the law of simultaneous contrast theorized by Michel-Eugène Chevreul. In a current analysis of the vaporized and meteorological work of Claude Monet, a possibility exists to draw another genealogy of French contemporary architecture, which would go back up, through spectral music and Nouveau Roman, in a straight line to the Impressionists. What matters most is not the subject but the shapes that may arise from analytical dissociation of the methods we work with. We explore the infinitely small, we analyse the optical or sound spectra, we decompose reality into visual, electromagnetic or thermal particles, then we recompose it but only with a number of its elements, not all of them. In all these works, there is a sort of French light, this rational brightness of the enlightenment, the whiteness of writing, this almost chemical objectivity, a lack of narrative, but from which emerges something magical, a "disturbing unreality", related to "a further realism more than a deliberate fiction" as Gerard Genette said about Robbe- Grillet. My work is coming within the scope of this descent: I am an impressionist too. ______
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Eike Roswag Architecture is a structural part of our society, lasting very long and having a major effect on everybody’s life. Architecture has a huge responsibility for the built environment and the global environment. After the carbon period, a new "environmental" period is rising with fundamental changes. The major changes can only be tackled with an integrated design in communication within our and with other professions and in dialogue with the society.
Boštjan Vuga It is a very open book with many pages still to be written. Maybe the role of an architect has changed. I would say that architects need to have a manifold role and be up to date with everything in the contemporary society. Architect is like a conductor in integral design process. He has to be a great communicator, to still inject new inputs into the society and to contribute to the future development in both physical and digital environment. What I mean is that this architect of today – I do not perceive him as a kind of a master in his own studio always sketching his ideas and then someone else would draw it, but is more like a person who has visions or scenarios, while at the same time very much aware that all these things are not possible without strong collaboration with other people.
Luca Francesco Being an architect is about knowing about all the professions. One does not have to be an Nicoletti expert, but one has to know about sound, pedagogy, psychology, mathematics, about every field of interest that acts upon the life of a man. Architecture is an open book.
Nikola Novaković In my nature, I am very energetic and curious person, so I felt in love with our profession because it never ends and never repeat. Always new tasks, locations, new clients and new wishes and what is the most important, new ideas. Architecture is an open field. We are facing constantly with new materials, new construction solutions, and new technologies in architecture. The beauty and difference from other professions are the issues that architecture keeps you in shape to constantly learn and explore, to follow and to train your spirit and imagination.
Is there a space and time to rewrite our profession?
Philippe Rahm Museum, magazines and lectures are the place for a critical approach of our profession. But critical is only the first step. It leads to a new language that will be used in forthcoming projects. Many architects of my generation show projects in museums or galleries and the difference compared to previous generations is that we do not present drawings or models, but real experimental spaces that you can enter. It is exactly what Aaron Betsky, and he was right, wanted to do with the Venice Biennale in 2008 and it is the notion that Kazuyo Sejima also adopted for the Biennale in 2010. It is strange that when architects want to create real spaces for exhibitions, that one could actually enter, some people think that they are trying to make art or design objects. It is absurd. The truth is exactly the opposite. When an exhibiting architect presents plans and models, which we cannot enter, it is like he/she is imitating literally the modes of representation of painting and sculpture. But besides this polemic, I think what interests us about working in a museum, is the rethinking of the language with which we work – in this way we share a common concern with artists. It is redefining our tools and objectives, revolutionizing our practices and order of hierarchies, renewing our view and modes of action on the real. When an architect renews the language of architecture, it is then that he/she becomes an artist. Bernard Tschumi, Le Corbusier, Aldo Rossi or Peter Eisenman to cite a few, they are artists, because they are not content with applying a predefined language to different contexts and programs and because they redefined the architectural language itself. They took on new ways of thinking, seeing and acting on the real related to their moment in history. Working on the shift of architectural language towards the physiological and meteorological, I am trying to redefine the language by changing its priorities, confronting the contemporary challenges of climate and ecology. And it is the way my architecture practice could be defined as artistic, because it touches on the very essence
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of architectural language. However, in fact this has nothing to do with the medium. The work I do in a museum is still architecture.
Eike Roswag The major steps we have to take in the nearby future will bring along changes to our profession. Design will focus less on an artificial design and more on an environmental design. We need to relearn to design in relation with climate and develop an environmentally driven design that suits our future society. We are already in the period of change. For the environmental situation we created, change is the only way to succeed as a profession and as a society. If we as architects offer responsible, society adapted solutions for the built environment, society will respect our profession more than in the past. That means, we need to change the focus but not to rewrite our profession. We hold the necessary skills and experiences for future steps; however, we need to set our focus on the environment.
Boštjan Vuga I hope that what I do in our office and with my students and through all other activities is writing a piece in it, like a short chapter. Also, if we talk about a matter of the word 'sustainability' itself – it has become so proliferate that we simply need a new word. We need to find a new term that will really express the future development. Sustainable should be almost substantial and integral as functional. It is not an issue anymore and the sustainable design is part of the architectural design same as the function, same as the context. It is something that enriches, which is important to an architectural design. This is the reason why I can connect ‘publicness’ to social sustainability. That connection to the public is something that I really think should be more developed in the future.
Luca Francesco Every project I develop, every client I work with is approached with a different professional Nicoletti attitude. Fundamentally, though architecture will always remain an expression of an unsatisfied man wanting a better world.
Nikola Novaković It is difficult to rewrite our profession. It exists as long as a mankind and follows the progress of the society and needs. I can talk only about architecture and rewriting profession in my country, because as far as I know there is no plan or strategy for its improvement and everything is on us, the individuals. I think that education, codes, laws and standards should be changed and improved. Sustainability is not a trend, it is a matter of awareness and it should be a part of everybody's life. It is not normal to import a stone from India, Asia for paving and constructions, till everybody knows that Montenegro is a country with lot of types of stone around.
What is by your opinion the architecture of the future and what is the future of the architecture?
Philippe Rahm The true subject of architecture is space: space as a research subject, a project subject but also a subject in itself that, as such, has all the hallmarks of the neutral “it” – which is to say, of the thing located outside human subjectivity, without narrative and without emotion. Over the past fifty years, however, postmodern critical theory has defined space as something to be registered through its signs, by the means of contextualization, analogy, reference, allusion, representation, symbolism or narrative and by invoking collective memory and popular culture. Climate change has brought about a reassessment of postmodern thoughts, as articulated by Bruno Latour in his 2004 essay “Why Has Critique Run Out of Steam? From Matters of Fact to Matters of Concern.”. He claims that the critical theory’s methodology — the search for a meaning beyond the thing itself, reducing all scientific knowledge to the question of a “story” (as Jean-François Lyotard puts it) — has fallen into the hands of revisionists and conspiracy theorists, who deny global warming and cast doubt on scientific method. Lamenting this turn of affairs, Latour has contributed to an effort to surmount critical theory and to stop reducing things to stories, which thinkers like Hal Foster call “post-critical.” For Latour, the current ecological crisis brings back the earth’s archaism and the neutrality of the thing. In practice, the thing has always remained outside of narrative and human subjectivity; it has never ______
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attained the status of a fully humanized object. Today, as Peter Sloterdijk asserts, the thing is like an atmosphere where the human is within rather than faces the object. To define space as a (or the) thing beyond all metaphorical meaning and to recognize its neutrality, is to leave behind the games of semantic analogy for a physical, chemical, electromagnetic analysis of things and space and human interaction with them. This is, for me, the coming architecture. I would like to write another genealogy of architecture that starts with Roland Barthes’ degree zero, Maurice Blanchot’s blankness, Alain Robbe-Grillet’s neutrality and continues today in Marie Darrieussecq’s molecular literature, in which space and object are dissolved into elementary particles and Aurélien Bellanger’s so-called white writing, which reintroduces an objective narration. The first step is to strip space of all sentimental burdens and psychological descriptors and to dispose of its genre in order to access the neutral, to define space as a thing that is only material. This project differs from the degree zero of the 1950s, which, in a certain sense, moved the neutral toward the pure, colourless and inert. In contrast, the neutral we seek today is polarized, intensified, dynamic; heavy or light, hot or cold, arid or humid; composed of waves, particles, pressure. Space that no longer carries meaning and significance becomes a thing, without gender and without psychology, but nonetheless completely endowed with physical, electromagnetic, chemical, biological and thermodynamic properties. The future of architecture lies in the same post-critical tendency: we must empty architecture of its narrative superstructures through the erasure of subjectivities in order to rediscover a certain blankness or psychological neutrality of things. In this process, we can discover the formal and programmatic possibilities of things for the design of spaces and buildings through quantifiable scientific knowledge. This is a paradigm shift, where space no longer has a meaning but instead has physical and chemical presence. We must engage the targets of critical theory (subjectivity, multiplicity, alterity, diversity) but change its tools (narrative, story), replacing them with objective, scientific, neutral and non-narrative approaches. This is where the semantic gives way to the somatic and where storytelling and fiction make room for the measured properties of the world, in a new objectivity of things, of space.
Eike Roswag The present movement of sustainable architecture puts its main focus on energy efficiency. We are able to design zero carbon and plus energy buildings, but most of the buildings are looking exactly like in the past. I think future architecture will be climate adapted. A glass box in the desert makes no sense at all. We need to adapt buildings to climate and society. Especially in Germany, we are trying to solve all problems with a technical solution, which means building services. At the moment, we are going to mechanically ventilate all our dwellings in Germany, what is a wrong direction. After energy efficiency, Roswag Architekten focus on resource efficiency. We will use more and more natural materials such as earth, wood, straw, bamboo etc. These materials are vapour active and benefit the indoor environmental quality. If we specify hygroscopic materials, we can reduce building technology while improving occupant comfort. Spectacular architecture, as events showcasing economic power, is a sign of a consumer society, trusting in economic growth. My personal design approach is based on modesty. Beautiful, humble buildings in all parts of the world could be a sign for a future global society.
Boštjan Vuga I would be happy to see that architecture of the future will ne very basic or primary, that we will live in very responsive environments, spaces that are responsive to the context, even to the climate or season changes, but also responsive to our needs (moods). Try to imagine living in a house where you can actually move or migrate within the house and use it in a different way during the winter time and summer time as our ancestors did two millenniums ago. Besides that, you will have all these digital devices that will help you interact with your house and a house to interact with users. Let’s say the minute you feel sad the house will react to influence your mood. I believe that the architecture of the future will be back to basics and open to responsiveness on one hand and very digital on the other hand. However, this digital aspect will be so hidden and integrated in spatial design that will not be visible. The future of architecture as a discipline... I think this question refers to the one – 'what is the role of an architect?'. The role of an architect is to explore and think, and not only to design possible connections between the existing buildings and new users or between new buildings ______
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and new users. It is always up to the architect, and I think and believe that this is a very top down strategy. I as an architect, still believe my role is to propose and then to be flexible enough to negotiate and find out what is better. I think that architects and architecture will not disappear and although our role as a mastermind has drastically decreased, we are still needed as visionaries and generators for future projects.
Luca Francesco Perhaps I am repeating myself but architecture is about future. It is an individual wanting to Nicoletti build a better future. Therefore, from the day, man began to build and to design it was about creating a ‘tomorrow’. There is an infinite future to architecture.
Nikola Novaković It is hard to say, but in my opinion, form is explored through our history, so new creations are mostly based on existing and already designed forms. On other hand, progress of society is moving so fast that it will not be able to tolerate certain form, and designed function for decades. So, my vision of the future of the architecture is that the objects will need to be easily changed and transformed, so the buildings will always have to respond to peoples’ needs. That will also cause losing a form. Form will be generated from transformation, function or users’ needs. Also, this concept is same for urban planning. Anyway, the future of architecture has to have the power to change the way that we live – to be better.
Interview: Mirjana Uzelac Filipendin
Jade Mateo Park Taiwan Source: Philippe Rahm architectes
Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Slovenia Source: SADAR + VUGA (Photograph Hisao Suzuki)
“House Ihlow” Load – Bearing Rammed Earh House, Germany Source: Ziegert | Roswag | Seiler Architekten Ingenieure
Residential Waterfront Development Kuala Lumpur, Mallaysis Holick House Source: STUDIO NICOLETTI ASSOCIATI Source: enforma
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Authors’ Papers
1 Karin Standler Open Spaces for Young People – Teens_Open_Space
7 Tarek Abdelsalam A Vision for Future: Analysis of the Prominent Synthesis of Culture and Sustainability in Hassan Fathy Architecture
17 Pavle Stamenović, Dušan Stojanović, Dunja Predić Extended Process of Architectural Design: Sustainable Development without a Master Plan. The Case of Kagran Area, Vienna
26 Hassan Estaji Flexible Spatial Configuration in Traditional Houses, The Case of Sabzevar
36 Manfredo Manfredini, Paola Leardini Existing Stock for the Future: Problems, Opportunities and Strategies for Energy Upgrade of 1940–1960 State Housing in New Zealand
43 Ljiljana Djukanović, Milica Jovanović Popović, Ana Radivojević Potential Energy Savings in the Process of Rehabilitation of Residential Buildings built before the Second World War
51 Saja Kosanović, Milica Jovanović Popović Ecological Assessment of Building Materials in Serbia: Constrains and Possibilities
58 Haris Bradić Kromolj House in Sarajevo
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Open Spaces for Young People – Teens_Open_Space
Karin Standler
Technical Office for Landscape Planning Seidengasse 13/3, A-1070 Vienna, Austria, [email protected]
Abstract 1. Introduction
For young people, public space is an important part of their For young people, public space is an important part of growing up, a requirement for social interaction and the their growing up, public spaces are a requirement for development of social identity. The project teens_open_space social interaction and the development of social is a process of youth participation within city and municipal identity. Teenagers hang out in public spaces, they use it development and in the use and designing of public spaces. as spaces for communication and interaction, for The idea, the method and the process were developed by the landscape planning office Karin Standler in Vienna. exercise and as retreat. They are one of the strongest teens_open_space is the project idea to change public open user-groups of public spaces [1]. The importance of spaces in the city in the interest of young people and under open space for young people however is hardly reflected their active cooperation during a methodically trained in town planning strategies or the design of public planning process. The goal is to include young people into a spaces. Juvenile demands for open space are planning process as active partners and to activate their underrepresented and have literally little space. perception and action resources. In the teens_open_space project, teenagers have the opportunity to take over Partly the lack of open space for young people is due to responsibility in their environment. In the process they the radical attribution of large areas to only one discover their spaces new and redesign them with the help of legitimate use: ramps for skaters, children's playgrounds landscape architects. In planning workshops they built models for children, football fields for associations. This mono- of their ideas, which will be presented to the members of the functionalization and specialization affect especially city council. In construction workshops the designs of the sites young people, since they intensively use public spaces. are constructed by the teens themselves with the help of the The common open spaces hardly suit everyday life, city´s construction department. multifunctional and variable elements are hard to find and the gender aspect is not accounted for.
2. Teenagers in public open spaces – A disregarded user group
A differentiation of the term "young person" seems
important to us. Experience shows that young people
between 13 and 15 have other priorities in their lives
and thus different demands concerning open spaces
than young people at the age of 16 or 18. Girls have
different preferences than boys. In the contrary to
recognized infant needs, the demands of young people
for more space are hardly legitimized and appropriate
Keywords: Youth participation, Open space design, equipment for them does not exist. There are
Landscape Architecture, Planning quantitative and qualitative regulations concerning
process, City planning infants´ play areas, both in housing developments and
public spaces. They are entitled to a certain amount of
Article history: Received: 3 July 2014 (semi) public space and guaranteed quality. Teenagers
Revised: on the other hand are "expelled". No special Accepted: 25 July 2014 design/planning reference is made concerning teenage
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leisure behavior and the characteristics of young people. 3.1. Starting point: Personal experiences Quality open space for young people must not only offer the appropriate equipment for the satisfaction of their Starting point for the work with young people is finding basic needs (communication, retreat and exercise) but out about their personal experiences in public spaces must also present the important chance to provide and about the demands they have for open space in social distance, to be unobserved and to gain their municipality. This personal approach triggers experiences in their own social structure. It is therefore considerations about spatial conditions and their justified and necessary to define young people as an influence on young peoples´ actual experience of the important user group in public space in order to waive public space. The teens_open_space youth participatory the isolation of juvenile interests. process has the goal to carry out the design suggestions Young people use public spaces in a different way from of participating young people and to create spatial facts most other users. More self-determined and sometimes and publicity for the topic of public open space design aggressive, they are no longer "sweet" to attract enough and ensuing change of quality of young peoples´ affectionate tolerance. A small group of young people is environments. The project offers various possibilities to already felt to be disturbing or threatening and nobody articulate their spatial needs by offering different knows what to do with theirs demands and desires. That activities and methods (drawing sketches, building may be the reason that research and open space models, drawing plans, negotiating with mayors and planning are putting far less attention on their spatial responsible officials, presenting ideas, working in a film- demands than on those of the sweet children [2]. team etc.). teens_open_space lets teenagers speak for themselves and get active for the improvement of their The way teenagers use open spaces often contradicts most used open spaces: They analyse their open space the value conceptions of adults and is often seen situation, plan their open spaces, discuss and negotiate negatively. The claim is made that young people should their plans with decision makers. Together with the integrate themselves quickly into the world of the municipality they are searching for possibilities to realize adults, thus ignoring their realities and their legitimate their ideas for newly equipped spaces. wishes and negating consequences for planning [3]. The work on the project is based on the following process: Perception – articulation – reflection – design – 3. The teens_open_space project transformation. Four workshops take them through this process: City Walk, Planning workshop, City-line In line with the Austrian Ministry of Science´s research conference and Building workshop. project on cultural landscapes in 2000, the teens_open_space method for youth participation in 3.2. Planning workshops open space design was developed. Young people in
Bruck an der Mur in Styria (Austria) were the first to The participating young people analyse qualities and participate and to adapt three public spaces according deficits of their places in city walks. With the description to their needs (Figure 1). of positive and negative experiences, they realize the teens_open_space is co-funded by the European Union influence of public open space and the built and takes place in cities in Austria and Slovakia and can environment on their lives. Their experiences become take place everywhere. The examples and experiences more conscious. They show places they really relate to, put together in this paper represent a synopsis of six which affect their daily experiences, places they spend years of the project. their spare time in or alleys they have to pass through
Figure 1. Revaluation and improvement of a dysfunctional open space under a bridge in Bruck an der Mur (Styria, Austria) through local youngsters ______
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Figure 2. Models help to transfer the idea and the image of the perfect space for the young participants to municipal authorities in the city_line conference
Figure 3. The building workshop: Young people realize their ideas and open space wishes with the help of the municipal building department
on their way to work/school. In small groups (approx. 6- work with the support of the municipal building 12 people) the teenagers take us landscape designers to department and the public parks authority (Figure 3). these places. They analyse the site, discuss amongst "Spatial" products have been e.g. communicative each other, state why it is a favourite or a scary place benches in public places, weatherproof meeting point in and express their wishes and needs. First ideas are open spaces, new spatial concepts for parks, areas for found, what improvement this space needs, what design group games and –sports, especially for girls (Figure 4). could do to help the place become less scary or even better. Public spaces and teenagers´ needs are reviewed and actual changes are initiated. This leads to improvements In the planning workshop participants start drafting in public spaces not only for the young people design ideas for their chosen site with the guidance of themselves, but also for other user groups and opens the landscape architects. The ideas are represented in a discussion about the municipal open space policy. The model. Choice of materials, dimensions and feasibility new designs cause lasting quality improvements and a are discussed with the planners. Personal demands, revaluation of the municipality’s green spaces (Figure 5). innovation and feasibility are in the centre of attention. The qualitative improvement of the urban green belts The participants present their work in the city_line and perspectively also the quantitative improvement of conference to the mayor, responsible officials of the public open spaces can be promoted by special activities town planning and youth authorities, interested parents in public spaces, as suggested in this project. In Austria etc. They explain their drafts and models, express those the project creates attention not only for young people points of criticism and desire, which are the basis for and their demands for open spaces, but it also lobbies their ideas (Figure 2). for the neglected municipal open space planning. It tries to embody open space planning strategies as Selected elements are then realized in the building independent planning discipline into urban and workshop. Teenagers and planners do the construction municipal panning. teens_open_space has its focus on the societal role and the social use of public spaces.
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Figure 4. Successful implementation of the youngsters ideas of desired open spaces: Beach volleyball field in Prambachkirchen and youth pavilion in Eferding (Upper Austria)
Figure 5. From the built model in the planning workshop, to the creation and the final result of a weather protecting concrete tube for sitting in Hartkirchen (Upper Austria)
4. Young people’s demands on open space – monotonous and there are only a few possible ways of Results of teen_open_space use. They show the decline of public space. These places are often scary places for girls. Favourite places of young people are open access public Demand for public space is gender-specific only at first spaces, usually squares or parks, rarely private sites. sight. For social and spatial reasons it looks as if young They are defined areas, not fallow or unused areas, no males only wanted to do sport and young females chat building sites or no man's land. These open spaces are and watch the on goings around them. Girls´ sports and usually used as intentioned (sport sites for exercise, game needs have little attention in public space. Even parks to hang out). Corners in public parks are popular, they themselves are often not conscious of their desires where teenagers can’t be seen, but can themselves to play ball games or jog around. Only in longer observe others. Calm atmosphere is a prerequisite for a discussion they express their demand for team favourite place. The common basic leisure activities of sports/playing areas. Girls like boys want exercise, but young people of all age groups are, before all, the way they exercise is different. As opposed to the communication and social contacts and exercise/sports. publicly recognized soccer games of boys of all ages, girl Both female and male teenagers agree on them. games are not recognized and not supported. The layout Depending on age and situation of the teens, these of open spaces reflects this picture: appropriate areas demands have to be differentiated. Pedestrian precincts for girls´ games or areas not only dedicated to soccer are are popular meeting places and places to hang out, missing in most places. particularly for girls or mixed groups. Hanging out and Young people hang out at special places, which have communicating "are combined" with an "activity": e.g. meaning and their own social identity for them. Places exercise, watching others, studying, shopping. The with social identity and social security result from favorite places are not visited alone, usually in groups "allocation" of a place, from its use with a group of with friends. friends. But only those places are "allocated", which Scary places are impaired by traffic or other interference offer a spatial framework within which young people can factors (alcoholics, supervisors). They do not have an find their identity and live accordingly. Therefore it is atmosphere, they are loud and don’t invite to linger. The rarely possible to simply "shift" juvenile meeting places equipment is mono-functional, the vegetation ______
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to another site. When planning a new space for young 5.5. Participation only with consequences people, it is important to consider existing spatial references and the special mobility patterns of young Substantial motivation for participating in the people [4]. participatory process is the effectiveness of its results, the visible, noticeable improvements, new spaces and built elements in consequence of one’s own 5. Key concluding points commitment. A goal of the process must be the implementation of results, at least small immediate 5.1. Open space demands of young people are measures. The construction has to actively involve the specifiable and spatially assessable participants.
Teenagers fundamental demands are spaces for communication and social contacts, areas for 5.6. Sustainable participatory process games/sports and retreats. Differentiations concerning the furniture of open spaces happen according to sex If the project is terminated and the implementation of and age. Activating participation procedures go beyond the results has not been fully completed (that seems to inquiring young people’s opinions. Young persons are be the rule, rather than the exception), it is important to actively integrated into the planning process. The hand over the responsibilities of project management to project explicitly promotes equal opportunities for girls an "integrative" figure (professional or non- in public space. professional), who pursues completion. This "integrative" figure is crucial for the sustainability of the process and its result. 5.2. Integration of the participatory process into the municipal structure 6. Conclusion A participatory project happens in the context of existing structures (e.g. politics, administration, district Young people hang out at special places, which have institutions). It requires the openness of these meaning and their own social identity for them. Places institutions to allow new questions with new answers, with social identity and social security result from new action fields and new dynamics. The quality of the „allocation“ of a place, from its use with a group of integration of the participatory procedure into these friends. But only those places are acquired, which offer existing structures considerably influences the success a spatial framework within which young people can find of the project and secures sustainable results their identity and live accordingly. Therefore it is nearly impossible to simply „shift“ juvenile meeting places to another site. When planning new spaces for young 5.3. New resources from the participatory people, it is important to consider existing spatial process references, the special mobility patterns of young people and acknowledge their wishes and ideas. Apart from the tangible results of the project, e.g. improved open spaces designed and built by the participants, a perspective and an atmosphere change Acknowledgement takes place, which affects ensuing similar projects. Briefly said: Dealing with open spaces opens mental Gratitude towards the municipality of the city Bruck an spaces! der Mur and the Leader+ region of Eferding for the cooperation.
5.4. Connection between professional guidance and quality of results Funding source
The technical support given by landscape architects to Research funding from the Austrian Ministry of the young people during the participatory process Science´s research project on cultural landscapes. secures the quality of the results, guarantees multi- functionality, innovative design and sustainability. A References new element (e.g. outdoor seating) affects the spatial structure and cannot be left out of relation to the [1] Paravicini, U, et al., Neukonzeption öffentlicher original place. Therefore it is necessary for the Räume im europäischen Vergleich, municipality to consider restructuring and redesigning Forschungsbericht (New concepts for public spaces the whole site. ______
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in an European comparison, research report, [3] Keller, U.; Nagel, G., Qualitätskriterien für die German language), Niedersächsischer Nutzung öffentlicher Freiräume (Quality criteria for Forschungsverbund für Frauen- the use of public space, German language) Institute /Geschlechterforschung in Naturwissenschaften, for green space planning and garden architecture, Hannover, Germany, 2002. University Hannover, Germany, 1986. [2] Kammer für Arbeiter und Angestellte für Wien (The [4] Karow-Kluge, D., Gewagte Räume. Experimente als Chamber of Labour in Vienna) (ed.) Grünraum für Teil von Planung zwischen Wissenschaft, Wien. Anforderungen an eine soziale Gesellschaft und Kunst (Daring spaces. Grünraumplanung und –versorgung (Green space Experiments as part of planning between science, for Vienna. Requirements for a social green space society and art, German language), Reimer, Berlin, planning and provision, German language), Vienna, Germany, 2010. Austria, 1995.
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A Vision for Future: Analysis of the Prominent Synthesis of Culture and Sustainability in Hassan Fathy Architecture
Tarek Abdelsalam
University of Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA) 5141 street 43, Almokattam, Cairo, Egypt, [email protected]
Abstract 1. Objectives and methodology
Sustainability in architecture has become a global concern as one This research aims to introduce an appropriate of the consequences of energy crisis and the calls for reliance on paradigm that engages culture and local identity while renewable energy resources. In the last two decades, Arab dealing with sustainable architecture in the Arab world. architecture has been witnessing an increasing interest in sustainability. A large number of attempts were carried out by To attain this objective, the research methodology will Arab architects to present truly sustainable design solutions. Yet, rely on; firstly: a documentary analysis of thought and most of these attempts have failed to expand the general meaning principles of Hassan Fathy in dealing with sustainability of sustainable architecture from designing environmentally issues. Secondly: in-depth analysis and investigation of friendly buildings to architecture incorporating culture and local examples of Fathy's work that integrate clear cultural identity into design process. Ignoring the local cultural peculiarities, while dealing with sustainable architecture in the dimensions and sustainability principles. Arab society, deprives architecture from expressing identity of the local community. The Egyptian leading architect Hassan Fathy, who passed away 25 years ago, has successfully addressed this 2. Culture issue through his work and left a great wealth of buildings that reflect the prominent synthesis of culture and sustainability. These Before discussing the syntheses of culture and buildings that Fathy designed through his fruitful and sustainability, we need to review the cultural distinguished journey include numerous significant lessons for dimensions in architecture. Robert Downs indicates that future. Although a large number of researches and studies were carried culture represents a mental map which guides us in our out to investigate and analyze Fathy's work, yet the synthesis of relations to our surroundings and to other people [1]. In sustainability and culture in his work has not been touched. general, culture is the predominating attitudes and Through focusing on this issue, this paper explores and analyzes behaviours that characterize the functioning of a group the implications of integrating sustainability principles with or organization. It is the totality of meanings, beliefs, cultural dimensions in Fathy's work to present an appropriate values, customs, norms and symbols relative to society. paradigm of sustainable architecture that engages culture and local identity of the community. This paradigm moves away from It includes all creations, material and non-material universal and absolute technologically based design achievements, the inherited expectations, the past and methodologies to avoid the contradiction with cultural values of present gains as a result of living together [2]. It is the local community. This paradigm is expected to guide important to discus beliefs, values, and norms as key architects, researchers, and decision makers in dealing with elements of culture. Beliefs are the means by which sustainable architecture in particular localities. To attain this people make sense of their experiences, both personal objective, this research will discuss Fathy's thought and principles, in addition to investigate and analyze a number of his distinctive and social. Values direct people on what should and projects in Egypt. should not be done, what is good or bad, and what, why, and how to choose. Norms are shared patterns of behaviour in a particular culture that informs its members what they should or should not do in a given situation [3]. Keywords: Sustainable architecture, Hassan Fathy, Culture refers to material and non-material aspects. Culture, Arab architecture, Eco-culture Material culture refers to the physical, tangible, and
concrete objects produced by people. Behind the
Article history: Received: 7 July 2014 artefacts or material objects is the pattern of culture Revised: that came from the ideas of the artefact, its use and Accepted: 25 July 2014 function and the techniques of using or applying it.
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Material culture determines the physical options and involves a system of rules, attitudes, values, beliefs and opportunities of the society like the kind of foods eaten, norms and conveys the sustainability of vitality of the the kind of clothes worn, the kind of houses lived, or the community [8]. Guy and Farmer classifying sustainable settling of the community in which one lives. These architecture under six different categories based on the physical objects (art, crafts, food, costumes, and main logic and methods as: eco-techno, eco-centric, architecture) are products of culture. Technology also is eco-aesthetic, eco-cultural, eco-medical and eco-social. a product of culture. It refers to the techniques and The eco-cultural logic highlights the preservation and knowledge in utilizing raw materials to produce food, conservation of the variety of the existing cultural tools, clothing, shelter and means of transportation. Yet, archetypes with a concern for cultural continuity. This the form of dwelling for example cannot be understood logic leads to transformation and re-use of traditional only by a consideration of the technique and material construction techniques, building typologies and used. It is first of all necessary to be aware of how the settlement patterns for expression of the cultural principles of the local group are applied and what kinds sustainability. This approach denies universal and of work are performed by this group, and in which rules technologically based design methodologies that often [4]. fail to coincide with the cultural values of a particular place and people [9].
3. Sustainability This logic emphasizes the significance of sustainability of the culture to be provided through design in Principles of sustainable development have three main architecture. It argues that the existence of a critical dimensions. Firstly: the economic dimension which is interaction between culture and environment through based on increasing the welfare of society (household) which they continually redefine each other. through the optimum utilization of natural and human Environmental and cultural sustainability could be resources. Secondly: the social dimension which refers achieved through adopting a regional design approach. to the relationship among human beings and between In regional approach, design regards the climate and them and nature. Thirdly: the environmental dimension intends to sustain the culture of the region through and the preservation of the resources that are based considering the existing pattern of the region, the upon physical, biological and ecological systems [5]. At existing architectural features of the buildings, the this point, it is important to indicate that the clues for existing lifestyles of the inhabitants and the existing the development of a more sustainable order lay in the cultural issues. In brief, regional design meets the goals examination of what was. It is self evident that many of eco-cultural logic of sustainable architecture [10]. ancient cultures necessarily held a symbiotic relationship with their environment [6]. 5. The problem definition The previous three main dimensions can be interpreted in detail through six principles that together could build To explain the current problem that faces sustainable into a sustainable architecture: (a) conserving energy; as architecture in the Arab world, we need to highlight two a building should be constructed so as to minimize the recent projects in the Gulf States that are known as need for fossil fuels to run it, (b) working with climate; successful sustainable buildings. The first project is buildings should be designed to work with climate and Qatar National Convention Centre (Figure 1), which natural energy sources, (c) minimizing new resources; a operates efficiently with over 3,500 square meters of building should be designed so as to minimize the use of solar panels that provide 12.5% of the needed energy for new resources and, at the end of its useful life, to form the building. The building meets the standard for gold resources for other architecture, (d) respect for users; certification from the US Green Building Council's sustainable architecture recognizes the importance of leadership in LEED. The second project is Bahrain World all the people involved with it, (e) respect for site; Trade Centre (Figure 2), which comprises two identical buildings should respond to site conditions and the 50-storey commercial office towers overlooking the context influence, (f) holism; all the sustainability Arabian Gulf. With its three 29-meter diameter wind principles need to be embodied in a holistic approach to turbines that are supported by 30-meter bridges the built environment [7]. spanning between the two towers. The turbines generate 11-15% of the energy required in the two
towers. It is clear that both of the two projects can be 4. Culture and sustainability seen everywhere around the globe which means that they do not reflect any local identity or cultural aspects At this point, it is important to answer a crucial question; of their contexts. To crystallize the problem, we can is there any link between culture and sustainability in argue that a large number of attempts are carried out in the realm of architecture. Culture which is expressed the Arab states to present truly sustainable design through the community as well as the individual, solutions. Yet, most of these attempts have failed to ______
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Figure 1. Qatar National Convention Centre Figure 2. Bahrain World Trade Centre
expand the general meaning of sustainable architecture custom design of each house in a settlement intended from designing environmentally friendly buildings to for seven thousand people [12]. Respecting human and architecture incorporating culture and local identity into social values of the New Gourna community was design process. The Egyptian leading architect Hassan apparent in Fathy's design by utilizing elements that Fathy has successfully addressed this issue through his reflect these values. Fathy introduces "magaz" or offset buildings that reflect the prominent synthesis of culture entry into not only the houses of the village, but also the and sustainability. mosque plan to act as a valve between the large public square outside and the quite sanctity of the interior and
prepare the worshipper for prayer (Figure 3). This magaz 6. Hassan Fathy … Thought and principles was provided with a "mastaba' or a large step to be used for sitting, making this a social space where people may To analyze the prominent synthesis of cultural gather after prayers to talk (Figure 4). dimensions and sustainability principles in Fathy's work, it is important to review his architectural thought and Fathy encouraged a deeper respect for the use of guiding principles. At this point, it is important to tradition in architecture as the social analogy of the indicate that architecture of Hassan Fathy is an innate personal habit. He believes that it is the responsibility of product of reactions between factors of nature and each architect to develop a heightened awareness of socio-cultural influences, which reflects the such habits, and to incorporate them into each design. environmental thought of this architecture. There may For Fathy, the discovery of traditional form also involved be said to be six general principles which guided Hassan the search for a missing link in a cultural chain that had Fathy throughout his career: his belief in the primacy of been cut by the intrusion of the industrial age, especially human values in architecture; the importance of a in his own country. In his wish to keep tradition alive, universal rather than a limited approach; the use of and to provide a place for visitors and townspeople alike appropriate technology; the need for socially oriented, to see authentic rituals, Fathy designed an open-air co-operative construction techniques; the essential role "palestra" or fighting stage to be located near the of tradition; and the re-establishment of national gateway of the New Gourna public square (Figure 5). In cultural pride through the act of building [11]. addition to folklorique performances, singing, conferences, film projection, and many different kinds of gathering, the stick-fencing championships are also 6.1. Implications of cultural dimensions in contested here (Figure 6). In spite of the real danger Fathy’s work involved, it is considered as much a traditional art form as the oriental disciplines [13]. Fathy's belief in the primacy of human values in architecture can be seen at many levels. He has Fathy attempted to reawaken a sense of cultural pride anticipated many concerns about the destruction of the among the Egyptians, and to make them aware of their environment that are being voiced with increasing rich architectural heritage. Because of his efforts, many urgency today. He set himself apart from the majority of young people are more informed about the Islamic practitioners of his time by rejecting the temptation to architecture in the medieval part of Cairo. This new reduce the role of the building users in the design and awareness is no longer confined to Egypt alone, as building process. In his design for the village of New Fathy's name has become associated with the re- Gourna, he astonished critics with his insistence on the establishment of architectural tradition throughout the ______
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Figure 3. Plan of New Gourna mosque showing Figure 4. Main elevation of New Gourna mosque the use of "magaz" in the entrance space
Figure 5. Plan of the theatre of New Gourna Figure 6. Open air theatre of New Gourna
Figure 7. Heritable elements of courtyard Figure 8. Vaults and domes as heritable elements in Fouad Riad house in Fouad Riad house
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developing countries. At this point, it is important to development focuses on the optimum utilization of indicate that Fathy studied the elements and natural and human resources and the response to site vocabularies of Islamic architecture with particular focus conditions and the context influences. Fathy called for on Ottoman houses and reused them in his designs [14]. building with the available building materials, as he built In this way, his architecture was distinguished by its with adobe, stone and clay and if the wood or steel was domes, vaults, internal courtyards, thick walls, small available, he would build with it. Fathy's adoption of openings and mashrabiya as a contemporary expression building with the local and available building materials of Islamic architecture. If we look at Fouad Riyd house was not only based on his understanding of the (Figure 7), we find most of these elements are utilized materials specifications at all levels, but also on his but in a contemporary local spirit. His careful delineation special capability of dealing with forms and of the exterior character of the house conveys a strong compositions produced from utilizing these materials feeling of a distinctive local identity (Figure 8), due in [15]. part to the juxtaposition of a pigeon tower, malqaf (wind At this point, it is important to indicate that "Dar Elislam catcher) and domed qa,a (reception hall) combination Complex" in New Mexico, which is one of the prominent and extensive turned woodwork. projects of Fathy, played a significant role in conveying messages that reflect one of the sustainability principles 6.2. Implications of sustainability principles in in Fathy's architecture. Actually, this complex Fathy’s work contributed to propagating the concept of using adobe in building contemporary facilities in USA (Figures 9, 10). 6.2.1. Economic dimension One of the American citizens who has built his house by adobe indicates that because of the limited budget that As discussed earlier in this research, the economic he had, he did not able to build a new house in New dimension as one of the principles of sustainable Mexico. When he heard about Fathy and his adobe
Figure 9. Using adobe in building Dar Elislam Figure 10. Internal space of the mosque of Complex in New Mexico Dar Elislam Complex in New Mexico
Figure 11. The use of sand brick in New Baris Village Figure 12. The use of local lime stone in Hassan Fathy's Sidi Krir house ______
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buildings in New Mexico he bought his book believed that the humanistic approach in providing the "Architecture of the Poor" and read it. He admired the housing for poor people through community architect and his works and decided with his wife to participation is more appropriate than the conventional build their new house themselves by adobe [16]. approach of producing large numbers of houses in a short time by repeating prototypes in rows of houses Respect to site conditions and reliance on local building [18]. materials was apparent in his project of the village of
New Paris in the Kharga Oasis. He decided to develop a 6.2.3. Environmental dimension new technique for making sand brick as an appropriate quality of sand is available in the site (Figure 11). While At the environmental dimension of the sustainability he built his house in Sidii Krier on the northern coast principles and the preservation of resources, Fathy's using local limestone faced with plaster (Figure 12). This belief in the need for appropriate technology in house demonstrated that Fathy's formal vocabulary and architecture distinguished his work from that of the spatial thesis were not restricted to the use of a single modern movement. For Fathy, technology must be material, but could adapt to local conditions. applied in a way appropriate to both its users and its
context, and be controlled by what he described as the 6.2.2. Economic dimension "innate knowledge" that comes directly from the
emotions without study or analysis. His approach to At the social dimension of sustainability principles, Fathy technology was closely related to the Greek meaning of emphasized the need for socially oriented co-operative the root of that word, techne, which stands for skill or construction techniques or what is now called "self- craft, rather than the blind application of science [19]. help". Having originally put this idea into practice in the Fathy believes that it is unavoidable for poor and construction of the village of New Gourna more than developing societies to use the compatible and sixty years ago, he was finally to see it accepted in appropriate building technology. This technology relies principle throughout the world. This project reflected on local building materials and local craftsmanship. In another important social dimension through respecting the meantime it addresses all the functional and the building users and involving them in the design environmental human needs without relying on process (Figures 13, 14). He built some twenty houses in imported western techniques. the early stages to show the Gournis the kind of architecture he was proposing as they couldn't To support his philosophy Fathy carried out valuable understand plans. It was an opportunity for him to researches and studies on sustainability. He gave a great observe the families actually living in them and consult interest to the study of local building materials. He them by seeing their needs in practice [17]. Inhabitants studied the specifications of clay and the structural participation in the design and construction process was capabilities of clay brick to utilize it in building domes one of the main pillars of Fathy's thought. Through this and vaults wherever this material is available. In process he enhanced the people sense of belonging and addition, he was interested in climatic research to pride which led them to preserve their houses and react demonstrate empirically the appropriateness of thick to them in a positive way. mud brick walls, vaults and domes for the hot arid climate. He also carried out researches and studies on Inhabitants' participation in the design and construction organizing and activating the people participation in the process provided a unique personal identity to the building process [20]. house. At this point, it is important to indicate that Fathy
Figure 13. New Gourna houses, example of Figure 14. Ground floor plan of New Gourna community participation in the design process housing unit
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According to Hassan Fathy; "any architect who makes a References solar furnace of his building and compensates for this by installing a huge cooling machine is approaching the [1] Downs, Robert B., Famous American Books, Mac problem inappropriately" [21]. Fathy indicates that Graw-Hill, 1973. successful solutions to the problem of climate did not result from deliberate scientific reasoning. They grew [2] Toffler, Alvin, The Culture Consumers, Random out of countless experiments and accidents and the House, New York, 1973. experience of generations of builders who continued to [3] Downs, Robert, op. cit. use what worked and rejected what did not. They were passed on in the form of traditional, rigid, and [4] Izikowitz, K.G. and Sorensen, P., The House in East apparently arbitrary rules for selecting sites, orienting and South East Asia. Curzon Press, London, 1982. the building and choosing the materials, building [5] Edgar, Goell and Lahham, Nisreen, A Future Vision method and design. Table 1 illustrates sustainable for Sustainable Egyptian Cities, Lessons Learned solutions in Fathy's work that address environmental from the International Experience, in Architecture issues. … Urbanism & Time, Vision for the Future, The concern for the cultural sustainability, continuity of proceedings of ARUP 2008, second international space characteristics, use of local materials and proper conference , Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt, responses to nature can be seen in the previous October 2008. examples of Fathy's work. New Gurna Village is a new [6] Tyrrell, Roger, Culture, Climate & Place: a Cultural reinterpretation of a traditional urban and architectural Perspective of Sustainable Architecture, a paper in setting. It provides sustainability both in culture through Medio Ambiente Comportamiento Humano, 4 (2), use of local materials and techniques and in 2003. environment with its extraordinary sensitivity to climatic problems. It is an outstanding example of the [7] Vale, Brenda and Robert, Green Architecture: integration of vernacular technology with modern Design for a Sustainable Future, Thames and architectural principles. Fathy brought back the use of Hudson, London, 1991. mud brick (adobe) and with special techniques keep [8] Matsumato, D.R. and Juang, L., Culture and building cooler during the day and wormer during the Psychology, Wadsworth Publishing, San Francisco, night [22]. Fathy believed that architecture was about 2003. bridging the gap between new architectural techniques and older techniques. These older techniques are [9] Guy, S. and Farmer, G., Reinterpreting Sustainable sustainable and energy efficient helping the villagers to Architecture: The Place of Technology, Journal of reduce their reliance on modern technologies, which are Architectural Education, Vol. 54, 2001, issue No. 3, not only expensive, but have negative effects on their pp 140-148. culture and environment [23]. Table 2 illustrates the [10] Kultur, Sinem, Role of Culture in Sustainable integration of cultural dimensions with sustainability Architecture, Archi-Cultural Translations through principles in Fathy's work. the Silk Road, proceedings of 2nd International Conference Mukogawa Women's Univ., Japan, July 7. Conclusion 14-16, 2012. [11] Steele, James, An Architecture for People: the Based on the carried out analysis of examples of Hassan Complete Works of Hassan Fathy, Thames and Fathy's work, and discussion of his thought and Hudson Ltd, London, 1997. principles, we built a framework for a paradigm that [12] Ibid. engages culture and local identity in dealing with sustainable architecture in the Arab world. Arab [13] Fathy, Hassan, Egypt, Nou Veau Village de Gourna, architects and architects from other regions can utilize L' Architecture d' Aujourd' hui, volume 39,1968, this paradigm while dealing with the issue of sustainable issue no. 140, pp 12-13. architecture in order to achieve the synthesis of culture [14] Steele, James, The Hassan Fathy Collection, The and sustainability in their designs. This paradigm reflects Aga Khan Trust for Culture, Geneva, Swetzerland, the following principles: respecting cultural values and 1989. traditions and reflecting economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Graphic 1 illustrates the [15] Ibrahim, Abdelbaki, The Arab Architects: Hassan framework of the proposed sustainable architecture Fathy, Centre for Planning and Architectural paradigm. Studies, Cairo, Egypt, 1987.
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Table 1. Addressing environmental issues through sustainable solutions in Fathy's architecture
Environmental issues Sustainable solutions Examples - Regulating the heat the concept of courtyard with water temperature features and plants, using thick walls externally, and using the local building materials.
Courtyard of New Gourna mosque - Noise insulation using double and thick walls, internal courtyards, roof gardens, and skylight all attain the desirable noise insulation in his works.
Thick walls of New Gourna houses - Providing homogenous day this was achieved through utilizing lighting internal courtyards and small openings covered by mashrabiya (wooden lattice screen) on the external facades.
Mashrabiya in Nassif house - Protecting the building by utilizing the concept of courtyard from dusts and insects and bent entrance (for dust) and wire mesh on the small openings and wind catcher openings.
Bent entrance in Murad house - Protecting the building the building roof as a roof garden, from sun heat domes and vaults as a roofing systems, exposed masses in the form of corbel, courtyard, arcades, and mashrabiya.
Vaults and shallow domes in Baris market - Natural ventilation Utilizing wind catchers, mashrabiya and small openings in the external facades and respecting the orientation of the prevailing wind.
Wind catcher in Nassif house ______
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[16] Mortada, Hisham, Contemporary Architecture of [21] Fathy, Hassan, Natural Energy and Vernacular Desert Sustainable Living: The American Southwest Architecture: Principles and Examples with as a Case Study, proceedings of the International Reference to the Hot Arid Climate, University of Conference: Urban Development in Arid Regions & Chicago Press, Chicago, 1986. Associated Problems, Ministry of Public Works & [22] Schoeman, A., Hassan Fathy: An Early Visionary of Housing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 11/2002. Sustainable Architecture, [17] Fathy, Hassan, Architecture for the Poor, University http://www.theinnovationdiaries.com/2613/ of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1973. (20.03.2012). [18] Ibrahim, Abdelbaki, op. cit. [23] UNESCO WHC, Safeguarding Project of Hassan [19] Steele, James (1997), op. cit. Fathy's New Gourna Village, http://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/637/ [20] Ibrahim, Abdelbaki, op. cit. (20.03.2012).
Table 2. Integrating cultural dimensions with sustainability principles in Fathy's work
Building Cultural dimensions Sustainability principles
New Gourna house
Courtyard as a place for social interaction Domes protect the building from sun heat
Fouad Riad house
Small openings in facades to ensure privacy Using stone as a local building material
Nassif house
using mashrabiya as a heritable element Skylight to provide natural day lighting
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Graphic 1. Framework of sustainable architecture paradigm
1.1 respecting social values by utilizing elements that reflect these values
1. Cultural Dimensions 1.2 the use of tradition by incorporating personal habits into design
1.3 enhancing the cultural pride by enhancing the awareness of the rich architectural heritage
2.1 economic dimension optimum utilization of natural and human resources
2. Sustainability Principles 2.2 social dimension respecting the building users and involving them in the design
2.3 environmental dimension regulating the heat temperature, providing natural ventilation, …
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Extended Process of Architectural Design: Sustainable Development without a Master Plan. The Case of Kagran Area, Vienna
Pavle Stamenović1*, Dušan Stojanović1, Dunja Predić2
1Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade; 2Subventive Research Unit, Belgrade Bulevar Kralja Aleksandra 73/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, [email protected]
Abstract 1. Introduction
The model of architectural design proposed in this paper aims A complex task like growing a city community demands to incorporate contingencies of everyday life into the project a strategy. It is not primarily about aesthetics and the itself. By loosening the parameters of the master plan, this appearance of objects, but rather about the sequential trial-and-error approach can catalyze the sustainable process design of the order in which they appear and the of urban development. Over recent decades we have resulting relationships thus created. Cities are witnessed the failure of great urban expectations and promises. Therefore, the paradigm of testing could be an developing at an accelerated rate, making it difficult to efficient tool in preventing the shortcomings of conventional predict contingencies that any architectural design will urban planning models. have to face. Testing as a method in architectural design and urban planning The proposed extended process of design based on trial- allows for bottom-up planning, starting from a unit towards the urban system, therefore offering a possibility for reflection and-error method corresponds to incremental planning and reaction. Most importantly, it introduces the trial-and- model developed by Lindblom: ‘[…] the development of error approach in architectural design and planning that an area proceeds step by step, adapting over the long presents the opportunity to learn from one’s preliminary steps term to changing factors and actors. New developments and adjusts the plan if necessary. By generating scenarios grow, as it were, out of existing uses, on the basis of rather than functions, one can verify that the preliminary place-specific characteristics.’ [1] This model assumptions were correct and that the project should incorporates risk management into the proposal. By continue developing in a certain direction, or that the loosening the parameters of the master plan, this trial- preliminary assumptions were wrong and that different and-error approach can catalyze the sustainable process solution is needed. The issues that are going to be addressed in this paper of urban development. According to Lindblom and his are focusing on the role of architectural design process Incremental Development, change is understood as in relation to sustainable urban development. These evolutionary and not as revolutionary, therefore the issues will be analyzed through a case study project for design is focusing not merely on delivering typologies urban development of Stadlau Shopping Park in Kagran and finite architecture but rather on designing a area, Vienna. potential which can evolve over the time responding to the needs of both users and market. Lindblom’s model of incremental development has been successfully used for decades in various disciplines, but it hasn’t been applied to design process so far. The topic of the research is a proposal of how incremental model can be applied in design process itself.
2. The problem of divergent durations Keywords: Extended process of design, Inhabiting,
Interim, Contingency, Trial and error, The pace of contemporary life inevitably raises the Sustainable design question of duration in architecture. The physical object of architecture presumably lasts longer than merely to Article history: Received: 19 July 2014 meet the current needs of those for whom it was Revised: 1 August 2014 intended; it lasts longer than what constitutes the Accepted: 4 August 2014 duration of the contemporary socio-political processes. ______
P. Stamenović, D. Stojanović, D. Predić: “Extended Process of Architectural Design: Sustainable Development …”, pp. 17–25 17 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______
[2]. Therefore the answer to the question of duration in Unlike commonly criticized open-ended design models architecture could be found in shifting the focus from (flexibility in space), this approach implies the extended the conventional procedures of urban planning and duration of architectural design process (flexibility in architectural design towards the relation between time and space). Since it is carried out according to individual and generic. According to Iain Borden, social previously defined values, this iterative procedure and political aspects of architectural production lead to establishes a specific set of results that can later be the understanding of architectural space as a social evaluated (trial-and-error). category, rather than merely a question of building [3]. Bringing the user's needs closer to the design process, as This research project argues that the conventional well as involving the users in designing and building their understanding of a building as a typologically own environment, incorporates one’s personal determined product with an imposed function implies experience, character and thought into the process of the divergence between architectural project and the spatial decision making. After a user is included into a life of the building. This paper questions the status of process of constructing (his own) territory, the user has architecture of housing as an over-defined structure, a distinct feeling of ownership of the space. In theory, a both in space and in time. In this research, the existential user is being transformed into an inhabitant. This space is seen as an interface (a mediator) influencing understanding of the notion of inhabiting theoretically socio-political processes in order for the inhabitant to approaches Heidegger's concept, whereas building appropriate the space. means dwelling [7]. This research project introduces a At the same time, the sustainability of architectural strategy of encouraging negotiations and identity project is seen in the scope of extending the process of building into the process of community planning, into architectural design and overlapping the design process what is conceived as an extended process of with the physical lifespan of architecture. Lifespan of the architectural design. physical object of architecture inevitably exceeds the The extended process of architectural design intent, purpose and function of the users for whom it transgresses the linear logic of decision-making process was created, therefore making presumed program and consolidates itself in the iterative method where compromised and obsolete. Thus, there is a distortion of feedback information creates new positions for two durations - the lifespan of architecture as a physical observing and understanding the design task. The design object and the temporality of content, users, and process is expected to provide answers to the constant circumstances. In relation to this, Jeremy Till argues need for dynamics and transformation, as well as to ‘’that time, not space, should be seen as the primary provide the position that encompasses multiple context in which architecture is conceived.’’ [4] solutions. Christopher Alexander in his doctoral thesis From this discussion we can conclude that the over- published in a book "Notes on the Synthesis of Form’’ determined physicality of an object of architecture is argues that the process of adapting and the concept of incapable of allowing and supporting the contingent variability are associated with the process of elusiveness of everyday life. What is needed to architectural design, rather than the spatial overcome this discrepancy of two durations? How to characteristics of form. The discussions about the encode a change into design process itself? operationalization of diagrams, and a review of the analytical nature of architectural design take the central
spot of his thesis. According to Alexander, architectural 3. The extended process of architectural drawing is expected to offer more than its conventional design for sustainable planning meaning and understanding - that it is an exact information-transferring document [8]. The diagram The projected space of the urban plan or the does not have a relationship with the visual architectural project is produced through the drawing. representation, yet it builds relation with the act of Commonly, this process of producing the space through identifying and overcoming a problem. If we adopt a drawing presents a one-time, limited situation, Deleuze's idea that diagram has a generative role in the because only after the design is finished begins the process of creating, the same model can be seen as an duration of building of architecture in physical space. apparatus for using feedback in architectural design. [9] Despite the inevitable loss in translation from the All the information obtained through the iterative architectural drawing towards the physical building as process can be applied to modify the existing, or Jeremy Till notices [5], the architectural project is creating new fields of activity. The method used to nonetheless conceived as a crucial link in the iterative establish the extended process of architectural design procedure between intentions and results, and and urban planning is based on the theory of change [10] therefore may be nominated as a tool for research in the and is pursued through trial and error method of design. field of architecture during the extended process of searching for the intelligent spatial configuration. [6] ______
P. Stamenović, D. Stojanović, D. Predić: “Extended Process of Architectural Design: Sustainable Development …”, pp. 17–25 18 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______
3.1. Trial and error: Testing as the method The proposal offers creative possibilities for a project to incorporate uncertainty, lack of funding and the long- Testing as a design method allows for bottom-up term territorial transformations that affect the site. planning and opens possibilities for reflection and This “waiting period” before actually implementing a reaction. Most importantly, it introduces the trial-and- project is designed to facilitate multiple scenarios, to error method in architectural design and urban planning involve numerous stakeholders and ultimately to allow that presents an opportunity to learn from one’s changes to the initial vision. The project depends on preliminary steps (mistakes and successes) and adjusts different processes that emerge out of the dynamics of one‘s plan and design if necessary. By generating the site context; therefore it can organically grow out of situations, one can verify that the preliminary the site. assumptions were correct and that the project should continue developing in a certain direction or that the preliminary assumptions were wrong and that different 4.1. The specificity of the site: The context of solution is needed. Stadlau Shopping Park in Kagran Area
In relation to everyday life, the trial-and-error method The area of interest is divided into three zones based on enables us to acknowledge individual specificities as a their main features, problems and possibilities. The variety of needs existing on all levels, which defers from intention is to orchestrate the process of three different the logic of designing standardized spaces. Instead of areas to function as a harmonious whole (Figure 1). implying presumed optima, testing enables inhabitants The most prominent feature of the Zone I is the fact that to express individual spatial needs as to incorporate it is the single empty area; the only building on this site them into the design process itself. is used as infrastructural support for the flea market, happening once a month. The location is, from time to 4. Trial project: Kagran area urban time, used to accommodate travelling circuses. development case study Dominant in Zone II are the shopping malls, with the vast empty space between two sides of the ‘street’, occupied The issues raised in previous section concerning the with the parking lots. Unprogrammed and unused space design process and methods in relation to sustainable between the shopping malls is recognized as the biggest city growth will be explored further through a case study obstacle in transforming this location into an urban for Kagran area development project. This research neighbourhood, as well as the biggest spatial project is produced as a proposal for European 12 opportunity. competition with a topic The Adaptable City. Kagran The most striking negative characteristic may be area is situated in the city of Vienna whose population attributed to Zone III. As the consequence of long-term grows annually for 20.000 new inhabitants. One of the activity of the oil refinery this location is contaminated. city strategies is to converse large dispersed areas and The main intention is to take the responsibility and re-qualify them for being suitable for populating. The repair what previous generations damaged, while site is positioned between two intensive traffic promoting a truly sustainable model of urban existence. infrastructures- the rail tracks and the motorway. This feature at the same time isolates as well as connects the 4.2. Planning without a master plan site to the city and region on the wider scale. Recently, the new tramline is introduced, which is a precondition The focus of the proposal is not on the end product for inhabitation. Still, the area is based on car and truck itself, but rather on designing and stirring the process in logic that affects dimensions, distances, character and order to satisfy the needs of the potential inhabitants, texture of the space. Therefore, the site has to be through understanding the dynamics of changeable redesigned in order to attain anthropometry. circumstances. The main characteristic and intention of How can the impact of the new tramway stop be this project is developing sustainable design process, exploited in order to develop a new kind of urban both in the field of architectural design and in the field quarter around this node within the next decades? How of designing social relations. Hence, there are four can a hyper-fragmented, “car-driven” area be converted stages to the proposal as four acts in a scenario. The into a sustainable and attractive urban quarter without scenario starts from a structural framework, and as the neglecting the current reality? How can the existing vision extends further into the future, the form of the proposal is becoming looser, guided by the inhabitants structure adapt, step by step, to another idea of rather than controlled by the vision of a planner. The urbanity? [11]. first and fourth stages of the process deal directly with the physicality of space through building, while the second and third stages are program-based and mutually informative. ______
P. Stamenović, D. Stojanović, D. Predić: “Extended Process of Architectural Design: Sustainable Development …”, pp. 17–25 19 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______
Figure 1. Stadlau Shopping Park
Figure 2. The infrastructural backbone
4.3. Trial and error: Methodology and Three criteria used for the evaluation: Intention, Goal evaluation and Tool are typical elements of Goal Based Planning used to create business strategies. The fourth criterion – In this research, a set of criteria is proposed, for both Target Group – is specific to the project’s task to ’’make organization at the beginning of each phase and for the the site public’’, with the purpose to attract diverse evaluation at the end. For each phase separately, these potential inhabitants over different periods of time criteria are: Intention, Goal, Tool and Target Group. If through exemptions, favorable building or renting the Goal is achieved then the next phase starts, if the condition etc. goal is not achieved, then the Organization process A special advantage of Lindblom’s model of incremental starts from the beginning while redefining one or all of development, from which the methodology of this the proposed criteria. design research departed, is that it supports and follows
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P. Stamenović, D. Stojanović, D. Predić: “Extended Process of Architectural Design: Sustainable Development …”, pp. 17–25 20 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______
an organic progression where the project evolves over ‘’New spatial and constructional structures generate the period of time. This is achieved through periodically freedom, taking time as their departure-point.” [12]. conducted evaluations that trigger either redefining or The city of Vienna introduces a new spatial policy for sustaining previously defined goals. In other words, businesses that operate in this area. During the one-year extended process of architectural design proposed in period each business is required to release the existing this research should challenge rigidity and linearity of parking lot and transform it into a green public space. the conventional planning. On one hand it is Parking space should be located in the newly formed economically much more efficient as the risk of failures central axis that runs through the middle of the area, often assigned to urban planning is reduced to a above the existing street. Each individual business must minimum, and on the other hand much more flexible independently fund the prescribed changes. In the case and open for timely creative solutions. of non-compliance with the new spatial regulations, businesses will have to pay a fine. The income raised 4.4. The timeline of infrastructural backbone: through fines is used to improve the structure. Adopting Planning and inhabiting as parallel these new spatial regulations regarding parking areas is processes intended to secure new public spaces. The first stage involves building the infrastructural The common element for all three zones and all the backbone of the site, providing plenty of parking spaces phases is the infrastructural backbone. During the first above the ground level enabling the site to become an phase the infrastructural backbone is a basic frame, open public space. At the same time, this spatial while in the second and third phase, the backbone is structure is built to open up the possibility for a program program-oriented. In the fourth phase, when to take place. In order for the test site to grow and architecture and urbanization are taking more develop in a natural and organic manner, the structure permanent presence, the backbone has completed its needs to be habitable. The proposed infrastructural role as the engine of growth and it begins to backbone of the site is conceived as a structure for a dematerialize, serving as an extension of the street as a variety of programs, interconnected to a program of part of city’s slow mobility network (Figure 2). living. The grid is based on the spatial requirements of a car park, therefore generating maximum flexibility for 4.4.1. Phase 1. The frame: adaptable space above, that can easily be turned into Introducing infrastructural backbone flats, offices or host public programs (Figure 3).
Intention: facilitating; Tool: legislation; Goal: opening up The existing contaminated area is cleaned through the a spatial possibility for an event to happen; Target process of phytoremediation – the use of plants that group: school children, educational institutions. mitigate the environmental problem without the need to excavate the contaminated material and dispose of it
Figure 3. The Frame: maximum structure and minimum program
Figure 4. Inhabiting infrastructural backbone with the mixture of programs
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P. Stamenović, D. Stojanović, D. Predić: “Extended Process of Architectural Design: Sustainable Development …”, pp. 17–25 21 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______
elsewhere. Three annual crops have demonstrated the phytoremediation is cost effective, has aesthetic best results forbio-remedating soil contaminated by oil advantages, and long-term applicability. products: maize, oat and lupine. These plants were The installation of the main infrastructure on the site tested for the phytoremediation of polluted black soil of facilitates the process of phytoremediation over the an oil refinery plant [13]. The maize plants revealed the contaminated zone. A research institute, as a state highest remediation ability: oil content in the soil founded project, should slowly start to inhabit the site, decreased by 40% in one month. Using
Figure 5. Bottom-up planning: From the unit towards the urban system ______
P. Stamenović, D. Stojanović, D. Predić: “Extended Process of Architectural Design: Sustainable Development …”, pp. 17–25 22 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______
Figure 6. Maximum infrastructure and maximum program
Figure 7. Infrastructural backbone becomes slow mobility network
at the begging on the very temporary basis – daily backgrounds, but with one particular common activities and workshops. The main objective of the first preference - need of temporal housing solution. phase is to start building up the identity of the place by Initial design is based on a generic unit that would be conducting research and education on the site, focusing able to host different programs and activities attached on finding solutions for the contaminated part of the to basic dwelling- concept of living and working -home site. office, workshops, shops, recreational activities,
activities linked to the concept of neighbourhood 4.4.2. Phase 2. Inhabiting: everyday life. The temporal state of living As mentioned earlier, the project proposes the concept Intention: Making the site public, Inhabiting; Tool: of inhabiting instead of housing. Inhabiting is different Promotion through events, favorable rental conditions; from housing because it can last from a few hours to few Goal: Raising interest, attracting future users/residents; decades and it is not strictly connected to dwelling as Target group: People in interim The main purpose of this housing. It also questions and decomposes the stage is to make the site public through a series of events conventional notion of a house, while introducing and programs with the different time spans, from one contemporary concept of living and working. day to a few months. This time window is used to display During the two-year period, until the infrastructure is the new vision for the area – as a result of the previous completely developed, low cost and favorable stage, what used to be parking for shopping malls is now conditions, temporariness above all, are what can green public space. Together with the inhabitable spatial attract users (Figure 5). structure the site is becoming a field of possibilities for events to occur (Figure 4). 4.4.3. Phase 3. Towards a permanent To promote the site as an emerging urban quarter one community needs to attract an audience. The goal is to generate a heterogeneous mass, creating a schedule that will bring Intention: Fostering dynamic urban development; Tool: diverse groups of people through various events, to Favorable ownership or construction terms; Goal: activate the site during all seasons, at different times of Creating a hybrid compound of positive urban qualities; day, different days of the week, fortnightly, monthly, Target group: Potential owners, private investors quarterly. In this phase the backbone reaches its full capacity both In order to sustain the mixture of programs, project spatially and programmatically. It gains stability as an proposes a model of temporal housing that would urban space and the whole site becomes a place in the attract citizens of all incomes and variety of social city. After the mixture of programs and services is
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P. Stamenović, D. Stojanović, D. Predić: “Extended Process of Architectural Design: Sustainable Development …”, pp. 17–25 23 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______
developed during the first two stages (acting as an rather than merely representing the upcoming spatial infrastructural foundation for subsequent residential configurations. Nowadays, architectural techniques for development), new residents are attracted with representing and rendering reality are developed to favorable ownership, rental or construction terms. In perfection. The proposal is to use these tools for the previous phase the target group consisted of people simulation of different scenarios, offering virtual reality in the interim of their lives: those who have recently as testing ground, rather than merely portraying finite moved to Austria, students, people with new architecture. businesses, alternative theatre, bars, a flea market… In A project shouldn’t offer just a final product but also this phase, due to favorable ownership conditions or steps to get there, allowing more organic development construction terms, permanent residents are attracted. of the project, increased flexibility and therefore Here, one can build/buy one’s home, business and social decreased risk of financial or programmatic, thus social life. The plug-in working/dwelling units are located in failures. the longitudinal structure, the backbone, and now in the third phase there is the possibility of conventional Finally, it should be noted that in order for the extended building to emerge. Residents who moved here earlier process of architectural design to be possible, it is not and who helped developing urban qualities have the sufficient to have the understanding and tools for most favorable conditions for obtaining their own dealing with the contingencies of urban life, but it is permanent residence (Figure 6). crucial to initiate and define new legislative framework that would allow a productive feedback between 4.4.4. Phase 4. Social density: divergent times of planning/designing on one hand, and Sustainable urban growth building/inhabiting on the other.
Intention: Steering; Tool: Evaluation, Consultation and Guidance; Goal: Cultivating and improving attained; Acknowledgement Target group: Public investors. The present work benefited from the input of Msc in This is the rapid construction stage of the development. political sociology Mina Lazarević, who provided It is reaching its most urbanized state, the area is densely valuable comments to the writing of the research populated and the programmatic diversity is getting summarized here. The authors wish to thank architect very high offering a multiplicity of choices. Design of this Brian Hoy for his help in shaping the present work, both stage observes the city of Vienna as a whole and involves in language and content. Also, the authors would like to the development of an overlapping transport network: mention Dipl. ing. Arch. Žarko Uzelac, as a co-author of public transport, highways and bicycle paths. What is the project analyzed in this research paper. valued and fostered for the future is therefore connected with other strategic points on a larger urban scale (Figure 7). References
A special advantage of the backbone is that people don’t [1] Lindblom, Charles, Science of Muddling through, In have to be dislocated from the site during this rapid Public Administration Review 19, Vol. 19, Number construction and development. While the permanent, 2, Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the American conventional, housing is being built, residents can Society for Public Administration, (1959) pp. 79-88. continue to live in the infrastructural backbone. After the buildings are finished the residents can easily move [2] Piątek, Grzegorz, Trybuś, Jarosław, Warsaw's in. In this moment the backbone completed its previous Polonia Hotel. The Afterlife of Buildings, exhibition, function and slowly begins to deconstruct until when it the Polish Pavilion, Venice Architecture Biennale, becomes purely infrastructural again, collecting Venice. 2008. The exhibition was awarded the elements such as pedestrian and bicycle lanes, slow Golden Lion for Best National Participation. mobility network of the city. [3] Borden, Iain, Inter Sections: Architectural Histories and Critical Theories, Rutledge, London, UK, 2000. 5. Conclusion [4] Till, Jeremy, Architecture Depends, MIT Press, Cambridge, USA, 2010, p.111. Over recent decades we have witnessed the failures of great urban expectations and promises; the paradigm of [5] Schneider, Tatjana, Till Jeremy, Flexible Housing, testing could be an efficient tool in preventing the Architectural Press, Oxford, UK, 2007. shortcomings of urban planning. It is suggested that the [6] Steenbergen, Clemens, Composing Landscapes: emphasis would be on improving the tools, and drawing Analysis, Typology and Experiments for Design. time instead of space, therefore simulating scenarios, Birkhäuser, Basel, Switzerland, 2008. ______
P. Stamenović, D. Stojanović, D. Predić: “Extended Process of Architectural Design: Sustainable Development …”, pp. 17–25 24 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______
[7] Heidegger, Martin, Poetry, Language, Thought, Proceedings, 12th International Conference of the (trans.) Hofstadter, A, Harper Colophon Books, IAPS. IAPS, Aristotle University Press, Halkidiki, New York, USA, 1971. Greece, 1992. [8] Alexander, Christopher, Notes on the Synthesis of [11] Excerpt from the competition brief: Europan 2013 Form, Harvard University Press: Cambridge, USA, Competition brief, available at 1964. http://www.europan- europe.eu/en/session/europan-12/site/wien- [9] Deleuze, Gilles, Difference and Repetition, (Trans.) kagran Patton, P., Columbia Press, New York, USA (1994) In recent architectural theory that deals with the [12] Heyden, Rene, Time-Based Architecture: question of existence, the main theoretical Architecture Able to Withstand Changes Through strongpoint is the thought of the French Time, 010 Publishers, Rotterdam, Netherlands, philosopher Gilles Deleuze, according to whom an 2005, p.11. individual transcends repressive forms of identity [13] Telysheva G., Jashina L., Lebedeva G., Dizhbite T., in order to develop a continuous process of Solodovnik V., Mutere O., Grigiškis S., Baškys E., creation, becoming and transformation. Aikaite J., Use of Plants to Remediate Soil Polluted [10] Teymur, Necdet, A Theory of Change in with Oil available at Architecture (-with Limited Metamorphosis), In ______ P. Stamenović, D. Stojanović, D. Predić: “Extended Process of Architectural Design: Sustainable Development …”, pp. 17–25 25 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Flexible Spatial Configuration in Traditional Houses, The Case of Sabzevar Hassan Estaji Faculty Member, Hakim Sabzevari University, Iran PhD Researcher, Institute of Architecture, University of Applied Arts Vienna Building Technology Department, 1010 Vienna, Austria, [email protected] Abstract 1. Introduction The “Ideal House” is a building that covers all the human Living in an ecosystem- with predictable and needs. But the biggest problem is: the house users, their needs unpredictable variables- needs a flexible and changeable and the environment rapidly change during the time. Due to Organism. From the beginning of Earth's life, those the building technology of traditional Iranian architecture, species have been preserved, which were better especially the use of thick and load bearing walls, rearranging adapted to changing conditions. The adaptation and the position of walls to make changes is impossible. But the traditional Iranian houses by changing in the relationship flexibility deal with three main changeable issues: between spaces try to respond to the changes. In this paper, system, environment and user (Figure 1). In general, “Space Syntax theory” is applied in analyzing the relationship Flexibility is the system's ability in changing to meet the between spaces of traditional houses in Sabzevar (northeast of needs of users (or coming users) in response to the Iran). This research indicates that nested space, multiple physical and cultural environment and user changes. entrances for each space, selective connectability and disconnectability enable the houses to create a wide variety of spatial configuration. The flexible spatial configuration lets Iranian traditional houses to adapt themselves to changes. Figure 1. House system Before addressing the issue of the flexibility and adaptability in housing, the basic question is: What needs must be met by a house for the occupants? In other words; what do people expect from a house? 1.1. Needs theory Keywords: Flexibility, Adaptability, Space syntax, Iranian houses, Sabzevar The first comprehensive study of human needs was “Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory”. Maslow, Article history: Received: 3 July 2014 Abraham Harold [1] in his theory in psychology believed Revised: that there are five levels of needs in every human being Accepted: 25 July 2014 that when a need is fairly well satisfied, the next ______ H. Estaji: “Flexible Spatial Configuration in Traditional Houses, The Case of Sabzevar”, pp. 26–35 26 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ prepotent ('higher') need emerges. Maslow divided confidence to the members and helps them to feel these five levels of needs into the basic and being needs. they are more powerful than before. (Figure 2). 4- The ‘esteem’ needs: This stage of needs is divided The basic needs: into two categories; self respect or self-esteem, and other-esteem. 1- The 'physiological' needs: These physiological needs are human essential requirements such as: Air, The being needs: Water, Food, Rest/Sleep, Clothing, Shelter, Warmth, 5- If all four previous human requirements are met the Sex, etc. without one of them survival is impossible. final stage of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, ‘Self- These survivals needs form the base of Maslow’s Actualization’, will emerge. The ultimate goal of pyramid. In case of any shortage of the physiological human is to achieve their maximum personal needs the body warns biologically and automatically, potential; “What a man can be, he must be.”[1] All warnings such as feeling thirsty, hungry and tired. humans have the same basic needs, but the wishes These alarms motivate men to eliminate the need as and personal potential are very different from soon as possible. This stage of needs is similar to the person to person. Maslow in his book, Toward a animals' needs. psychology of being, called it B-cognition. “B- 2- The ‘safety’ needs (Comfort): Once the physiological cognition (B=being) is in contrast to D-cognition needs are mostly fulfilled, human try to control and (D=deficiency-need-motivation) or human-centered stabilize the condition they want to be assured that and self-centered cognition.”[2] their survival needs will be provided in the future and Clayton Alderfer [3] reorganized and redefined the they will be protected from diseases, neighbours and Maslow hierarchy in ‘ERG theory’. In Alderfer's ERG environment. In the case of sense of security and motivation theory, the human needs are summarized defending against danger, it does not matter the and classified in three categories, (Figure 2): threat is real or unreal, it is important to feel safe and secure. Existence needs: physiological and physical safety needs 3- The ‘love and belongingness’ needs: When Relatedness needs: social relationships and external physiological and safety needs are largely satisfied, esteem The first category of social need will emerge, the love Growth needs: self-esteem and self-actualization and affection and belongingness needs [1]. People like to be a member of a group or a family; this desire ERG Theory is based on Maslow theory, but contrary to to belong to a group helps them to feel safer and it states that the human needs are not hierarchical and more secure. Being accepted by the group gives self one by one, they may emerge at one time. Instead of Figure 2. Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Alderfer’s ERG theory, data source [1, 3] ______ H. Estaji: “Flexible Spatial Configuration in Traditional Houses, The Case of Sabzevar”, pp. 26–35 27 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Maslow’s hierarchical logic, there are three mechanisms flexibility) and changing in wishes (cultural flexibility). between the categories: satisfaction-progression, There is no clear boundary between social and cultural frustration-regression and satisfaction-strengthening. issues because the beliefs, religion and personal and social wishes can affect relationships between members of a family or a group, (Figure 3). 1.2. Ideal hypothetical house, based on the needs theory 2. Why is the flexibility in housing more The “Ideal House” is a building that covers all of the important than other types of building? human needs. Based on the amount and type of met needs by a building, we can evaluate the house. Human If we divide the human life into twelve steps, the house needs can be divided into two main groups; objective as a place for living from birth to the end of life must and subjective needs. For example the shelter is a cover all of these phases of human development, while building that only meets very limited physiological other kinds of building deal with a small number of the objective needs. According to this criterion, the most phases, for example kindergarten and working places ideal house is “Motivational” house, a house that helps only deal with three phases (Figure 4). A flexible spatial users to flourish and reach their maximum personal configuration can cover all the phases in the entire life. potential. But the biggest problem is: the environment, the house users and their needs and their wishes change A house is a place for human activities during days and rapidly during the time. The house requires a flexible nights in all years. The wide variety of human activities spatial configuration to respond to the changes, changes as well as a wide range of times spent in the house such as seasonal climatic changes (physical flexibility) emphasis on the necessity of flexibility in housing and changing in family size and family structure (social design, (Figure 5). Figure 3. Levels of the house based on the needs theory Figure 4. Comparing the coverage of human development phases by different buildings ______ H. Estaji: “Flexible Spatial Configuration in Traditional Houses, The Case of Sabzevar”, pp. 26–35 28 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Figure 5. Human activities Figure 6. Characteristics of house users Any changes in the house users affect the space “As an architect you design for the present, with an requirements, but the problem is we cannot predict and awareness of the past, for a future which is control the changes, for example the family size and essentially unknown.” Norman Foster [4] family structure change during the time without any In Figure 6 the characteristics of house users and their fixed patterns. activities are classified. Most of them are changeable, ______ H. Estaji: “Flexible Spatial Configuration in Traditional Houses, The Case of Sabzevar”, pp. 26–35 29 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Figure 7. Vertical and horizontal movements in Iranian traditional houses only a few of them are fixed e.g. gender. A house is not The traditional Iranian houses in hot and dry regions necessary to cover all these users’ needs at the same were designed based on the a simple climatic principle; time, but it must be ready for any changes. avoiding the sun on hot days and taking maximum advantage of solar heat in cold days, for this purpose the traditional houses provide a flexible spatial 3. Research methodology configuration to let the user move between spaces. These movements can be performed in two ways: daily “Buildings and cities exist for us in two ways: as the and seasonally, and from spatial point of view: vertically physical forms that we build and see, and as the and horizontally, (Figure 7). spaces that we use and move through.” Bill Hillier [5] Privacy in Iranian houses is originated from the Iranian The first approach deals with physical form, but the next culture and Islamic beliefs. The house manages the way is concerned with relationship between spatial social interaction between family members and guests layout and users. In this paper, In addition to the by separating the private and reception areas. qualitative analysis of traditional Iranian houses from a morphological point of view, the quantitative analysis with space syntax method is also applied. 4.1. Ideal hypothetical house If we want to design an ideal hypothetical house 4. Spatial configuration in traditional Iranian according to climate and privacy based on Iranian houses traditional architecture we need four spaces, two spaces for responding to the climatic conditions and two spaces Climatic conditions and Privacy are two main factors for separating the family and guest zones, (Figure 8). that affect the form and the spatial configuration of traditional Iranian houses. ______ H. Estaji: “Flexible Spatial Configuration in Traditional Houses, The Case of Sabzevar”, pp. 26–35 30 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Figure 8. Ideal hypothetical house based on Iranian traditional architecture Figure 9. Moslem house in Sabzevar Moslem house in Sabzevar1 was designed based on this This model is formed according to the following concept in the last years of Qajar era (before 1925). In sustainable strategies: Moslem house, vertical-seasonal movement was applied - maximum land use in response to climatic changes during the year (Figure - compact living 9). - mixed land uses - using land efficiently 5. The main question - multifunctional spaces - minimum resource and material use Is it possible to use this ideal concept for contemporary - minimum need for Energy and water houses? In other words; is it a sustainable solution - minimum circulation currently? In this model all functional areas are located on each To answer this question, another ideal hypothetical other (maximum overlap), (Figure 10 Right). house is assumed based on maximum spatial flexibility. 1 Sabzevar is located in the Northeast of Iran, south of Sabzevar mountain range on the outer edge of the Central Plateau of Iran. ______ H. Estaji: “Flexible Spatial Configuration in Traditional Houses, The Case of Sabzevar”, pp. 26–35 31 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Figure 10. Comparing two ideal house concepts The lack of land and energy resources, the sharp rise in time it must facilitate interaction and communication the costs of construction and maintenance, technology with other family members, guests and neighbours. Any development and above of all changing in lifestyle and changes in users and their lifestyle require a new spatial family structure limit the using of single-purpose spaces configuration. in contemporary housing design. In the other hand, the Due to the building technology of traditional Iranian highest level of space use (second idea) belongs to the architecture, especially the use of thick and load bearing “Solitary confinement”! It is clear; nobody likes to live in walls, unlike Japanese traditional architecture a box for all of its needs. Flexibility is the key of this rearranging the position of walls to make changes is challenge. A flexible spatial configuration can provide impossible. But the traditional Iranian houses by variable space according to the current and coming changing in the relationships between spaces respond needs. In second part of this paper the necessity of to the changes. flexibility in housing was mentioned. For a more detailed study the first floor of Aldaqi house (end of Qajar era around 1925) as a case study is 6. Flexible spatial configuration analyzed by space syntax methods. The ground floor was used for summer time and hot days, the service area Space syntax is a theory and a set of methods about such as kitchen and stores are located in the ground space that according to the Hiller [5] is based on two floor too, (Figure 11). ideas: The first floor of Aldaqi house has a columned portico 1- Space is not a background to activity, but an intrinsic four rooms and a connected room. Due to the large aspect of it. Which is done in three ways: moving number of access doors to each room, this house is able through space, interacting with other people in to change its spatial configuration according to the space and seeing space from a point in it. changes, some of these alternatives are presented in 2- Human space is not about one space, but about the Figure 12 (left). inter-relations between the many spaces that make up a whole system. Hiller called it the “configuration At first look, all of them are similar together but from a of space”. spatial configuration point of view they are very deferent. The justified graph of these alternatives The house is a spatial system to meet the user’s needs reveals these major differences, (Figure 13). and provide space for the family activities, at the same ______ H. Estaji: “Flexible Spatial Configuration in Traditional Houses, The Case of Sabzevar”, pp. 26–35 32 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Figure 11. Aldaqi house in Sabzevar, convex break-ups spaces and justified graph Figure 12. Possible plans and metric step shortest-path length maps Figure 13. Justified graph maps for different plans ______ H. Estaji: “Flexible Spatial Configuration in Traditional Houses, The Case of Sabzevar”, pp. 26–35 33 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Figure 14. Integration values In Figure 12 (Right) a metric step shortest-path length of multifunctionality enable houses to create a wide alternatives is calculated by UCL Dephtmap2 software. variety of spatial configuration. This flexible spatial The alternative F has the maximum step path length; it configuration lets Iranian traditional houses to can provide the maximum privacy for this layout in rearrange themselves according to changes without comparison to other choices. The calculation of changing the main structure and form of the house. The integration3 value shows the diversity of special diversity of spatial configuration enables houses to configuration clearly, (Figure 14). cover predictable and unpredictable scenarios. These alternatives can respond to different probable scenarios: Acknowledgement A: each room is dedicated to one of the family members or guests. This paper is a part of my PhD thesis which I am still working on it. I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. B: by opening all doors and connecting to the portico Karin Raith, University of Applied Arts Vienna, Building a large communal space is ready for guests at Technology Department, for her comments. summer. C: communal space for guests at winter. References D, E: the house sub-divided to create two Independent living units. [1] Maslow, Abraham Harold, A theory of human motivation, Psychological review, 50 -4, (1943), pp. F: an extended family spends a hard winter, they 370-396. chose compact living. [2] Maslow, Abraham Harold, Toward a Psychology of Being, Second Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold Inc, 7. Conclusion New York, US, 1968. Iranian traditional architecture spite of rigid physical [3] Alderfer, Clayton P, An empirical test of a new structure has been able to respond to changes. Nested theory of human needs, Organizational behavior spaces, multiple entrances for each space, selective and human performance, 4-2, (1969), pp. 142-175. connectability and disconnectability, and above all 2 UCL Depthmap is an Open Source application 3 The integration of a unit space describes how closely developed at UCL for spatial analysis and performing (or distantly) the unit is topologically accessible from visibility analysis of architectural and urban systems. all other units. For more details about the integration definition and calculation methods see ‘The social logic of space‘ [6]. ______ H. Estaji: “Flexible Spatial Configuration in Traditional Houses, The Case of Sabzevar”, pp. 26–35 34 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ [4] Foster, Norman, A Green Agenda [Video file], [5] Hillier, Bill, The art of place and the science of (2007), Accessed: [1 December 2013], Available space, World Architecture, 185, (2005), pp. 96-102. from: [6] Hillier, Bill and Hanson, Julienne, The social logic of http://www.ted.com/talks/norman_foster_s_gree space, Cambridge university press, UK, 1984. n_agenda.html ______ H. Estaji: “Flexible Spatial Configuration in Traditional Houses, The Case of Sabzevar”, pp. 26–35 35 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Existing Stock for the Future: Problems, Opportunities and Strategies for Energy Upgrade of 1940–1960 State Housing in New Zealand Manfredo Manfredini, Paola Leardini* School of Architecture and Planning, University of Auckland Architecture Building (421), 26 Symonds Street, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand, [email protected] Abstract 1. Introduction A large part of current New Zealand housing stock was built According to the International Energy Agency, buildings before compulsory home insulation was introduced in 1978. In are responsible for 32% of the total final energy recent years, the low energy efficiency of these older houses consumption and around 40% of the primary energy has aggravated significantly existing issues of health inequality, consumption in most of its member countries [1]. The fuel poverty and building decay. As they will constitute a growing awareness of the impact of the built significant portion of future housing stock, their retrofit provides a logical option to meet present and future environment on energy security that started with the environmental imperatives and to tackle the most urgent 1973 oil crisis, has worldwide made building energy health issues of a country with the second highest incidence of efficiency a common target of national energy asthma in the world. State housing, in particular, includes a conservation policies and has produced a wide variety of relevant portion of problematic buildings, which are cold and certification and rating tools aimed at assessing and damp, often with evidence of mould growth. A consistent and enhancing the energy performance requirement of new significant cohort of them was built between 1940 and 1960, buildings. Those measures, however, have had a limited under the government-funded social housing scheme effect as in the developed countries a large part of the introduced in 1937 by the Labour Party administration. These global building activity concentrates on existing houses, built with the iteration of few similar types, good quality materials and sound construction prove to be suitable buildings. Only through a consistent energy efficiency candidates for effective energy upgrade interventions. upgrade of the existing stock will it hence be possible to Drawing on results of long term research on State housing eco- achieve tangible effects in resource savings and CO2 retrofitting, carried out at the University of Auckland, this emission reduction. Moreover, retrofitting is more paper discusses meaning and value of conservation and energy effective than reconstruction both in economic and upgrade of this large State housing cohort built until 1978, environmental terms. The potential environmental threshold to the new era of building energy performance impact reductions associated with building reuse and policies in New Zealand. renovation are confirmed by the study The Greenest Building: Quantifying the Environmental Value of Building Reuse, commissioned by the National Trust for Historic Preservation [2], that considers new construction over a 75-year life span. Furthermore, when the retrofit involves buildings with historic or cultural value, additional benefits need to be accounted for: heritage retrofit not only contributes to the development of local culture and economy - since that kind of retrofit requires a wide array of skilled labour provided on site – but also enhances the quality of the urban environment, while retaining its character and Keywords: Energy retrofit, New Zealand State heritage. Overall the conservation of existing buildings house, House typology, Heritage positively influences local communities, eventually conservation promoting more sustainable urban living patterns. New Zealand is not an exception: retrofit intervention Article history: Received: 18 July 2014 activity has largely exceeded new construction, Revised: especially during the years that have followed the GFC. Accepted: 28 July 2014 According to a report published by the Building Research ______ M. Manfredini, P. Leardini: “Existing Stock for the Future: Problems, Opportunities and Strategies …”, pp. 36–42 36 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Figure 1. Labour Party state housing, Orakei, Auckland (Courtesy of Renelle Gronert) Association New Zealand (BRANZ) in 2008, alterations Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United and additions represented about one-third the total Kingdom and the United States; the median house price value of the new dwellings, including approximately is 6.7 times higher than the gross median New Zealand 33,000 residential consents [3]. A forecasted increase in household income [8]. The consequent severe housing this activity is based on both the significant ageing of the unaffordability has been identified and recognised as a NZ housing stock and some urgent maintenance major problem by both central and local authorities [9] interventions (i.e. earthquake strengthening). A as it further aggravates other consolidated housing particularly positive aspect of the dwelling alteration related issues characterising the largest New Zealand activity is its non-cyclical trend, in contrast to the figures city, such as house overcrowding [10], socio- of new residential building activity, characterized by spatial polarisation and social segregation [11], and sharp highs and lows over time [4]. health inequality [12]. The policies and incentives recently promulgated by the authorities to answer the Drawing on results of long term research on State crisis by stimulating the construction of affordable housing eco-retrofitting, carried out at the University of housing do not seem to lead to substantial changes in Auckland by the authors, this paper discusses the new housing provision. One main reason lies in the meaning and value of conservation and energy upgrades peculiar endogenous problems of the New Zealand of the large New Zealand State housing cohort that was construction sector that has traditionally been affected built between 1937 – when the first Labour Party by fundamental issues of both a technical – i.e. the housing scheme was enacted – and 1978, the threshold limited capacity and low efficiency of the organisations to the new era of building energy performance policies [13] – and structural, nature – i.e. the size of the local in the country. The question of environmental, market, shortage of land supply and infrastructural economic and cultural sustainability of this stock are upgrades. The main effect of this situation is the evaluated in consideration of the relevant cultural increasing pressure on the existing building stock, which heritage of New Zealand’s urban environment. will constitute the largest portion of the country’s housing for at least the next three decades [14], 2. Auckland’s housing crisis assuming a fundamental role in this critical scenario for the future evolution of Auckland’s housing conditions. The city of Auckland has a steady growing population A particular problem afflicting existing New Zealand (8% increase in 2006-2013 and a predicted shift from 1.4 housing is their poor healthy and comfortable living to 2 million over the next 20 years) [5] and is currently conditions. This is mainly due to the low energy affected by a major housing crisis in both quantitative performance of the approximately 65% of New Zealand and qualitative terms. The growth in housing demand homes built before 1978, in an age of cheap energy and continues to exceed the growth in supply, as it is absence of regulation concerning thermal insulation. propped also by speculative real estate investments The 1977 standard NZS 4218P ‘Minimum thermal relying on a rather favourable financial and fiscal insulation requirements for residential buildings’ frameworks (e.g. the absence of capital gains tax). The introduced a first mandatory set of requirements for perpetuation of this situation has made the city one of new construction [15] to improve the standard types the most over-priced house markets in the world [6] (mainly built as basement-less, timber-frame structures, with a steady price growth since 2008 that in 2013 with weatherboard or brick veneer cladding and metal reached +17.5% [7]. The situation has been confirmed roofing) that have very low thermal inertia, high heat by an official survey that found Auckland to be the ninth transmittance and minimal or no insulation. most expensive place among the largest cities of ______ M. Manfredini, P. Leardini: “Existing Stock for the Future: Problems, Opportunities and Strategies …”, pp. 36–42 37 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ The problems of unhealthy and uncomfortable living windows and recessed front and rear porches [21]. A conditions have been widely studied and documented. characteristic feature is their usual orientation to the The above-mentioned BRANZ Study Report [3] states north, allowing maximum sun penetration into the that the biggest housing cohort currently requiring interior of the living areas in winter, with eaves for major renovation are houses built in the period from summer heat protection. Their windows are large, for 1940 to 1960 (about 480,000). Recent studies assessing sunlight and fresh air, which was deemed very their behaviour revealed critical thermal conditions, important to avoid the recently experienced outbreak of with winter average indoor air temperatures that Tuberculosis and Diphtheria [22]. recurrently fall below the critical limit of 18°C [16] set by Notwithstanding their modern and progressive design the World Health Organisation [17], and frequent and their sound construction those houses ended up formation of visible mould [18]. The consequent being cold and draughty, and a few years after negative impact on occupants’ health, in particular on completion mould was discovered in over 50% of them respiratory conditions, has been found especially among [23]. Although some form of insulation was already less advantaged people [19]. Poorly performing houses, available in the 1950s, it was seldom installed, causing associated with rising energy costs, have aggravated fuel houses to be difficult to heat with the single fireplace in poverty issues and increased the incidence of the living room - the most common form of space respiratory diseases and asthma, of which New Zealand heating until the 1960s. Supplementary heating was has among the worst rates worldwide. The cohort of supplied using solid fuel stoves, later replaced by gas 1930s - 1970s houses represents therefore the major (reticulated only in the 1960s) and electric heating, group to target for effective sustainable retrofit which became popular in the 1940s and 50s, despite the interventions, also in consideration of the scarce unreliable electricity supply. improvements gained by buildings that were upgraded according to common New Zealand retrofit practices, as recent surveys demonstrate. 3.1. State housing retrofit programmes The pre-1978 housing stock does not present significant 3. Mid–twentieth century state–supported typological differences between public and privately housing owned dwellings. However, the level of maintenance of State-owned rental properties – given low-income The history of public housing in New Zealand started tenants, peripheral location and budget constraints – with the early twentieth-century Liberal government, has often been lower, with minimal interventions to but only with the extensive mass housing scheme of the upgrade their quality over the time. After decades of first Labour government, that built about 30,000 houses neglect, in 2001 the government’s National Energy during its 1935-49 term, did State houses start to be Efficiency and Conservation Strategy set up the political associated with progressive living conditions and with and financial framework to support a major energy the iconic image of standard weatherboard and ‘brick retrofit programme, providing a platform to extend and tile’ construction. They were based on a limited funding for pre-1978 home insulation retrofits around number of types and construction systems, replicated the country, including State housing stock. That same around the country regardless of different climatic year Housing New Zealand Corporation - the largest conditions for over twenty years. public landlord in the country with more than 69,000 As stated above, the houses built from 1940 to 1960 by rental properties - initiated the Energy Efficiency Retrofit the State or by private firms with the State’s financial Program, addressing the lack of insulation of its pre- support represent today the largest homogeneous 1978 houses across the country with a 10–12 year plan. housing group in the country [20], and typically presents It aimed to upgrade two thirds of the stock with ceiling features that are favourable for energy retrofit insulation, aluminium foil below suspended floors, hot interventions, such as the compact shape and the use of water cylinder insulation and draught stoppers. Given good quality materials and sound construction. These the magnitude of the programme, the University of houses, despite their quite varied appearance, are Otago was commissioned to monitor results of the mainly single-storey detached buildings, generally with upgrade process [24]. Findings of this study seriously small (around 100 m²), rectangular or L shaped floor challenged the efficacy of the retrofit programme, plans. Usually they have hipped or gabled roofs, made revealing apparent limits of retrofitting to the ceiling of tiles, asbestos-cement shingles or corrugated sheets; and floor only, which, in the South Island, this resulted a suspended timber floor on a concrete perimeter in minimal temperature increase. foundation wall; a single fireplace and chimney; timber The increased awareness of the importance of energy weatherboard, brick veneer, stucco or asbestos-cement upgrade of existing housing as a means to guarantee cladding; small multi-paned timber-framed casement healthy and comfortable living conditions has led to the ______ M. Manfredini, P. Leardini: “Existing Stock for the Future: Problems, Opportunities and Strategies …”, pp. 36–42 38 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ introduction of policies particularly directed to low- culture of family and home” [30]. The detached family income households, framed in the New Zealand Energy home was conceived as a domestic idyll that deployed Efficiency and Conservation Strategy 2011–2016 [25]. an epic narrative, articulating four key elements of the Retrofitting of the existing housing stock was also concrete utopia: (1) the ‘ideal of retreat’ – the creation introduced as a priority in the new Auckland Plan, the of a comforting domain granting independency, privacy city’s regulatory framework for the next 30 years [26]. and isolation; (2) the paradigm of the private ‘bucolic Its high socio-economic relevance among disadvantaged space’ – directing it to the integration into the natural social groups was confirmed by studies on the environment with care for the environment and relationship between density of State housing and cultivation; (3) the spatial platform for the individual deprivation status [27], which highlight the key role of path to “emancipation through social identification” – the house in improving living conditions of centring it on family life and its affirmation in the space disadvantaged social groups. Accordingly, HNZC has through the definition of a distinctive protected, recently focused on upgrading its housing stock in secured and cared territory within an established Auckland (where 43% of State housing lies), mainly on community framework; and (4) the principal means for pre-1978 detached houses, as this cohort represents a “originary self-expression” – fabricating and decorating significant portion of the urban housing stock [28]. the house and its annexes as act of truth creation. Over time, the ‘concrete utopia’ reified through the 3.2. Social and cultural relevance of mid- production of detached family homes became twentieth century state-supported mainstream and constituted the recognised New housing Zealand norm for the construction of the city. Permeating all physical, social and psychological The active preservation of Auckland’s mid-twentieth spatialities reflected in plans and regulation, century state-supported housing is a fundamental interactions and communication, behaviours and measure to safeguard both the tangible and intangible everyday practices, it has continued to orient housing cultural patrimony of a specific form of urbanity: the choices until today. Its narrative probably constitutes distributed post-colonial city. This represents the the core component of the intangible values responsible evolution of Kiwi culture and its spatial approach, now for the obliteration of modern attempts to introduce challenged by irreversible environmental, technological more dense urban forms. Its momentum has continued and socio-economic changes. These houses in their to hinder any form of collective housing, urban aggregations bear a unique testimony of the notwithstanding the social, economic and extraordinary effort of modern New Zealand society to environmental problems connected with low density perpetuate the ‘happy dream’ of the foundational urban sprawl, that have been officially recognised since nineteenth century colonial era; this core notion of the 1950s [31]. European colonisation would have the migrant’s The political development of this idea in New Zealand’s condition changed from “pauperism” to “plenty”, housing history was marked by the enactment of transforming him into “a man of property”, able to dedicated planning regulations and housing policies purchase land and build “himself a nice house” [29]. from the 1930s to the 1970s (i.e. from the post-Great Following this collective vision of prosperity, the Depression era to New Zealand’s economic downturn). construction of the city was made possible through the This period saw the alternation of two distinct political institution of a State-controlled land supply: the approaches, ideologically informed by socially- plentiful availability of land in the new colony was both orientated Labour party and market-orientated National the greatest opportunity and a major threat, given its party visions: the housing programs introduced by the indefinite excess against the needs of the society [29]. first Labour government from 1935 to 1949 – a Control was maintained through the development of compound of substantial building and loan schemes to governance means – from land inalienability to zoning provide all New Zealanders access to highest quality regulation – that allowed the State to instigate a period public housing, framed in fundamental welfare state of intrepid and elated construction of a steady extending reforms – and the National government’s less green-dominated suburban urbanism that still demanding home ownership policies of the 1950s, motivates today’s practices. anticipating the principles of property owning The Garden City model, introduced in 1919 with the first democracy (eventually developed by the Thatcher New Zealand Town-Planning Conference, was reworked government in Britain in the early 1980s). Finally, with into the idea of a green “classless suburb” with the the advent of globalisation, the ‘dream’ has dramatically assimilation of various social groups “into an overall faded because of environmental imperatives and socioeconomic changes. ______ M. Manfredini, P. Leardini: “Existing Stock for the Future: Problems, Opportunities and Strategies …”, pp. 36–42 39 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ 4. Heritage conservation issues: Regulatory structures, archaeological sites, sites sacred and framework and socio-cultural aspects significant to Māori, cultural landscapes, gardens, trees and vegetation. Their broad definition, though, is The current New Zealand retrofitting practice, translated in rather limited heritage protection principally steered by economic drivers and supported measures and bland development controls, that do not by basic technological principles, is characterised by a set peremptory clauses even for demolition and limited consideration for both heritage and destruction [32]. However, in the Plan these areas are environmental values. This extremely pragmatic mainly defined around uninterrupted clusters of approach is resistant to the cultural orientation of housing built in the late nineteenth and early twentieth contemporary western conservation theory and centuries. Moreover, large parts of the city have been practice, entirely relying on the backward national included in the ‘Special Character Areas’ overlay that, building sector that uses basic construction techniques according to the aim to retain and manage identified and often inhibits the penetration of innovative local special character values, is only aimed to retain the practices targeting energy efficiency heritage overall notable or distinctive aesthetic conservation. This custom reflects a modest or physical qualities of the areas and, hence, include preservation and restoration culture consequent to the controls that are sensibly more relaxed than the Historic relatively minor problems arising from the limited Heritage ones. To complete the conservation regulation, patrimony of material legacy – a fact reflected, for a ‘precautionary’ historic heritage overlay has also been instance, in the absence of UNESCO listed cultural sites introduced in the new Plan – the ‘pre-1944 building in New Zealand. (Napier tried to get UNESCO world demolition control’ – “to address concerns that heritage status, but was rejected because of an adverse unscheduled historic heritage buildings and places or report by a local architectural historian.) Given that groups of special character Buildings [among them a context, the current regulatory framework – produced significant number of the first generation of State and consolidated during the last three decades of Houses…] will be lost before an evaluation is done” [33]. deregulation inspired by a strong neoliberal political In this framework, the missing inclusion of the individual orientation – includes rather loose policies and controls and clusters of the latest houses of the ‘happy dream’ in this field. One of the key features of this system is the built in the mid twentieth century within the scheduled fundamental transfer of responsibility for heritage historical heritage is a gap to be urgently filled, as it identification and protection to local authorities. Under represents a threat to the preservation of a fundamental the 1991 Resource Management Act (the country’s part of the cultural heritage to understand and fundamental legislation for environmental appreciate the distinctive history, culture and identity of management), they are only required to include a Auckland’s people and places. The conservation of that schedule of heritage items in their district plan. patrimony of values embedded in domestic Therefore, matters of conservation of building and architectures is a relevant measure to preserve and places of historic, cultural and architectural relevance treasure the legacy of the great collective effort of the are addressed inconsistently across the Country and are New Zealand society to construct an effective model for typically managed with bland zoning practices and its social, cultural and physical wellbeing. This is because development controls. the resulting system of ‘ideal’ patches that punctuate Auckland’s distributed urban landscape of domesticity Auckland has one of the country’s most advanced urban planning systems, which includes a formal commitment (Sarah Treadwell, 2005) still comprehends today an invaluable patrimony of ecologies, habitats, signs and to the identification, protection and maintenance of its historic patrimony. This obligation (one of the eight symbols that supports the life of communities with unusual high level of cohesion. Those patches are main issues of the policy framework of the new Auckland Unitary Plan, currently in its compositions of unique local networks of places that, submission/observations phase), includes the acting as open surfaces for the inscription of incremental individual contribution, have developed assumption of responsibility to safeguard and guarantee intactness of historic heritage [26]. The Plan integrates through the highest personal investment of the residents to accommodate their needs and desires, and harmonises, the current district plans of the seven councils amalgamated in 2010, with an emphasis on making the best use of all the available material and immaterial resources. The perseverance of the “do it simplification. It defines three groups of heritage cultural resources: Category A and B places, respectively yourself” culture is possibly the most obvious aspect of this society. One of the most authoritative recognitions with exceptional and considerable overall significance, and Historic heritage areas, which include groups of of this characteristic can be found in the most inter-related places or features that collectively meet controversial critique on New Zealand architecture by the criteria for the category A or B places. Those groups Nikolaus Pevsner in the late 1950s; an unequivocal include a wide variety of entities: buildings and appreciation of the impressive character of the typical ______ M. Manfredini, P. Leardini: “Existing Stock for the Future: Problems, Opportunities and Strategies …”, pp. 36–42 40 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ suburban houses – “all neatly built and neatly painted in Architecture and Planning, Paul Litterick in particular, for gay, boiled-sweet colours” – in their capability to providing fundamental information and generate “the most ingratiating chaos one can imagine” encouragement. Great thanks to the Programme [34]. Committee of the International Conferences S.ARCH for the efforts done for the success of this event. To take care of those houses means primarily to treasure the capital of material and intangible values of the habitat that they host: a crucial undertaking in this Funding source period of deep socio-economic transition characterised by a rapid expansion of blanket commodification that The authors acknowledge the financial support from the increasingly affects the building sector. The current University of Auckland. Auckland dwelling culture registers an unprecedented emphasis on economic speculation (supported by the absence of capital gains tax) that subjects most of the References construction and transformation practices to the commercial rule of “resale price” maximisation. [1] International Energy Agency, https://www.iea.org/aboutus/faqs/energyefficien The mid-twentieth century State housing is repository of cy/ (accessed 28th April 2014). authenticity that needs to be respected, studied, protected and vitalised, as its obliteration would be feral [2] Preservation Green Lab, The Greenest Building: for any intervention aiming at sustainable urban Quantifying the Environmental Value of Building regeneration. Moreover, the effort in preserving these Reuse, National Trust for Historic Preservation, Auckland houses is particularly urgent as their basic Seattle, USA, 2011. foundational function of social inclusion is exposed to an [3] Page, I.C. and Fung, J., Housing life cycle and emergent threat correlated to the aforementioned sustainability, Study Report 214, BRANZ, Porirua, phenomenon of urban fragmentation: the polarization New Zealand, 2008. of the habitats of a ‘demographically super-diverse’ territory, where a composite immigration flow, occurred [4] Poot, Jacques, Building activity brings many during the last three decades, has developed as a benefits for NZ, Build, 125 (2011), disjoined network of ethnic-specific precinct with rising August/September, p 31. phenomena of segregation. [5] Statistics New Zealand Census 2013; Auckland Council 2012. AGM; SNZ Subnational population 5. Conclusions estimates. [6] OECD, “Economic outlook, general assessment of The social and cultural role assumed by these houses the macroeconomic situation”, 2014. and their habitat in contemporary Auckland is of paramount importance but extremely complex, as it [7] REINZ – Real Estate Institute of New Zealand, concerns multidimensional matters of identity and Residential Press Release, September 2013. diversity, social cohesion and dynamism, wellbeing and [8] Demographia, “9th Annual Demographia health. However, the rich articulation of those International Housing Affordability Survey: 2013 implications is also a threat because, as it results are Ratings for Metropolitan Markets”, Belleville, very difficult to identify and measure with simple Illinois: 2013. parameters, empirical indications should be found only in composite indexes – such as the Deprivation index – [9] New Zealand Government & Auckland Council, or in grassroots protest movements like the 2011 Glen Auckland Housing Accord, 2012; Department of Innes state housing riots. The performance-based Building and Housing, ‘New Zealand Housing retrofitting of those houses is a key factor for the Report 2009/2010: Structure, pressures and issues, substantiation, formulation and enactment of adequate Wellington, 2010). policies and actions to address crisis and disruptions that [10] Ministry of Housing, Auckland Council, “Auckland particularly hit the disadvantaged people the houses of Housing Accord”, 2013. the ‘happy dream’ were built to cater for. [11] The Salvation Army, Social Policy and Parliamentary Group, “Mangere housing survey Acknowledgement report: A snapshot of overcrowding in south Auckland”, 2011, AUT Social Science + Public The authors acknowledge the support of Housing New Policy, “Super City? State of Auckland”, Zealand Corporation and of colleagues at the School of http://www.supercityproject.aut.ac.nz (accessed 1st April 2014). ______ M. Manfredini, P. Leardini: “Existing Stock for the Future: Problems, Opportunities and Strategies …”, pp. 36–42 41 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ [12] Spoonley, C., Meares, C., “Laissez-Faire [22] Elkink, A., Renovate 1940-1960, Building Research Multiculturalism and Relational Embeddedness: Association New Zealand, Porirua, New Zealand, Ethnic Precincts in Auckland”, Cosmopolitan Civil 2011. Societies Journal, Vol.3, No.1, 2011. [23] Firth, C., State Housing in New Zealand, Ministry of [13] The Ministry of Health, “NZDep2013 Index of Works, Wellington, 1949. Deprivation”, Wellington, 2014. [24] Brien, R.M. and Winsome, D.R., Investigation into [14] Baker, M.G. et al., “Infectious Diseases Attributable causes and control of moulds in State houses, to household Crowding in New Zealand: A Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, systematic review and burden of disease Wellington, New Zealand, 1944. estimate”, He Kainga Oranga / Housing and Health [25] Lloyd, C.R., Fuel poverty in New Zealand, Social Research Programme, University of Otago, Policy Journal of New Zealand, 27 (2006), pp. 142– Wellington, 2013. 155. [15] Auckland Council (2011), The Draft Auckland Plan, [26] Ministry of Economic Development, Developing Auckland Council, Auckland; Department of our energy potential: New Zealand energy strategy Housing and Building (2010), New Zealand Housing 2011-2021 and the New Zealand Energy Efficiency Report 2009/2010: Structure, Pressures and Issues. and Conservation Strategy 2011-2016, Wellington, Department of Building and Housing, Wellington. New Zealand, 2011. [16] Howden-Chapman, P. et al., “Warm homes: [27] Auckland Council, The Proposed Auckland Unitary Drivers of the demand for heating in the residential Plan Auckland, New Zealand, 2013: Chapter E: sector in New Zealand,” Energy Policy, 37, 2009, Overlay objectives and policies. pp. 3387-3399. [28] Grimes, A., et al., State Housing Database: 1993- [17] Isaacs, N., Camilleri, M., French, L., Pollard, A., 2009, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1710319, viewed: Saville-Smith, K., Fraser, R., Rossouw, P. and Jowett 10/9/2010. J., Energy Use in New Zealand Households: Report on the Year 10 Analysis for the Household Energy [29] Auckland Regional Growth Forum, Growth Forum End-use Project (HEEP), Study Report 155, Building report, 2003. Research Association New Zealand, Porirua, New [30] Wakefield, E. G., A View of the Art of Colonization, Zealand, 2006. London, 1849. [18] World Health Organization - Regional Office for [31] Ferguson, G., Building the New Zealand Dream, Europe, Housing, energy and thermal comfort, Dunmore, Palmerston North, 1994:204. Copenhagen, Denmark, 200. [32] Holden, H.C., “Summary”, Department of internal [19] Keall M.D. et al, ‘A measure for quantifying the Affairs, Wellington, 1959. impact of housing quality on respiratory health: a cross-sectional study’, Environmental Health 2012, [33] Auckland Council, The Proposed Auckland Unitary 11:33. Plan, Auckland, New Zealand, 2013: Chapter E: Overlay objectives and policies, 2 Historic Heritage. [20] Pattemore, P.K., et al., Asthma prevalence in European, Maori, and Pacific children in New [34] Auckland Council, The Proposed Auckland Unitary Zealand: ISAAC study, PediatrPulmonol, 5 (2004), Plan, Auckland, New Zealand, 2013: Chapter E: 37, pp. 433-42. Overlay objectives and policies, 3.2 Pre-1944 Building Demolition Control. [21] Page, I. and Ryan, V., It takes all types – a typology of New Zealand housing stock retrofits, Innovation [35] Pevsner, N., “The ingratiating chaos”, in Pevsner and Transformation, Proceedings Sustainable on Art and Architecture: The Radio Talks, Games, S. Building 2010, Wellington, New Zealand, 2010. (Ed.), Methuen, London, U.K., 1958. ______ M. Manfredini, P. Leardini: “Existing Stock for the Future: Problems, Opportunities and Strategies …”, pp. 36–42 42 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Potential Energy Savings in the Process of Rehabilitation of Residential Buildings built before the Second World War Ljiljana Djukanović*, Milica Jovanović Popović, Ana Radivojević Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade Bulevar kralja Aleksaandra 73/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, [email protected] Abstract 1. Introduction Improving the Serbian housing stock built before the beginning The results presented in this paper arise from the of World War II has the potential to achieve multiple benefits extensive research conducted by a group of authors in terms of both saving energy and enhancing the quality of life from Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade, in them. Considering the importance of preserving these within the IEE Project TABULA [1]. The starting point of buildings as testimonies of our architectural past, investing in the project was the typology of residential buildings, their rehabilitation will also contribute to the preservation of a significant element of our national identity. Recent data from which encompassed family and multifamily housing and the 2011 Census show that 322,244 dwellings in Serbia were aimed to define the structure of the total housing stock built prior to 1945, accounting for 10% of total dwellings. in Serbia [2-4]. The characteristic types selected by the Nearly half of these (45%) are located in Vojvodina, and a fifth year of construction and the defined structure of the (20%) belongs to Belgrade area. The methodology for thermal envelope were used to analyze the energy rehabilitation was based on the typology of buildings from this performance of the buildings and to propose potential period, as the starting point for calculating the potential energy savings at the national level [5]. energy savings and was developed for the purpose of the National Typology of Residential Buildings in Serbia. The Serbian housing stock built before World War II is 2. Characteristics of the Serbian pre–WWII characterized by high diversity as to the territorial distribution of construction types, while the remarkable differences housing stock between the old urban and rural architecture further add to the complexity of the typology. The present paper defines 2.1. Specific features of the housing stock possible improvements to the selected building types as model pertaining to territorial divisions representatives of real structures. The calculations of the energy performance and building type distributions were used The specific characteristics of the Serbian pre-World to determine the potential energy savings in the process of War II (WWII) housing stock seem pertinent to territorial rehabilitation. divisions, the socio-historical context and natural conditions. This paper highlights three territorial entities that reflect the particularities of housing construction in the period before World War II: Vojvodina, South Serbia and the City of Belgrade (Figure 1). Vojvodina differs from other parts of Serbia by its geographical position and specific historical conditions, which gave rise to the distinctive features of the local architecture. By the end of World War I, Vojvodina had belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Empire so that building construction and architectural styles were influenced by those of Central Europe. Geographically, Keywords: Building stock, Energy rehabilitation, Vojvodina is a lowland area with a rich river network and Energy savings sparse forests, its soil composed of loess deposits, and its temperate continental climate characterized by a Article history: Received: 8 July 2014 wide range of temperature extremes. Its natural Revised: features influenced the choice of building materials, Accepted: 25 July 2014 usually found in the immediate vicinity of the ______ Lj. Djukanović, M. Jovanovic Popović, A. Radivojević: “Potential Energy Savings in the Process of Rehabilitation …”, pp. 43–50 43 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Figure 1. Characteristics of the Serbian housing stock built before the World War II by territorial criteria Table 1. Distribution of dwelling units by territorial criteria A before 1919 B 1919-1945 share in share in share in share in total total no. total no. of total no. of total no. of total no. of no. of units of territorial distribution of units units of the units units units the period period Serbia 115 879 3.59% 100% 206 365 6.39% 100% • no. of units in max-2 unit houses 96 923 154 442 • solid construction materials 52 940 128 369 Vojvodina 76 519 9.02% 66% 69 255 8.17% 33.56% • no. of units in max-2 unit houses 66 830 62 716 • solid construction materials 30 244 30 816 South Serbia 29 167 1.77% 25.2% 84 386 5.12% 40.9% • no. of units in max-2 unit houses 26 428 78 692 • solid construction materials 13 760 46 770 Belgrade 10 193 1.39% 8.8% 52 724 7.17% 25.5% • no. of units in max-2 unit houses 3 665 13 034 • solid construction materials 8 936 50 783 construction site. The key features of Vojvodina’s houses comprising no more than two living units (Table building construction were determined by the 1). Houses built of rammed earth and unbaked brick abundance of land suitable for building and, on the account for 60% of the total number of buildings in this other hand, the paucity of stone and timber, which area; the preference to these materials persisted even caused the houses in the area to be built of rammed after World War II. The 1957 Ordinance On technical and earth or brick, firstly unbaked and later baked. other requirements of design and construction of buildings in the city area introduced a ban on the use of Statistics show that 45% of the preserved housing stock rammed earth and unbaked brick, which marked the built in Serbia before World War II is located in beginning of planned elimination of adobe architecture. Vojvodina, while most of the dwellings (90%) are family ______ Lj. Djukanović, M. Jovanovic Popović, A. Radivojević: “Potential Energy Savings in the Process of Rehabilitation …”, pp. 43–50 44 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ For a time, the building method endured in the rural because the urban development gave rise to specific areas of Vojvodina only to gradually give way to baked housing types pertaining to urban areas. Although brickwork. Belgrade is an ancient European settlement considering its historical development, its architecture does not In contrast, the territory south of the rivers Sava and reveal this heritage, primarily due to the lack of material Danube is characterized by different geographical evidence of its rich history. The time boundary for the features: the terrain is hilly to mountainous, and rivers establishment of the Belgrade housing stock is set to the and forests abound. Besides physical differences, the beginning of the 19th century; however, few surviving historical development of this Serbian region was also buildings (mostly public by purpose) testify about this dissimilar to that of the northern province, resulting in period, and the largest number of the existing housing the distinctive techniques of architectural design and units date back to the second half of the 19th century construction. The centuries of Ottoman dominance over and later [6-7]. Belgrade is distinguished from other the territory contributed to the evolution of the oriental parts of Serbia by a large number of dwelling units in architecture and construction techniques widespread in multifamily buildings (with three or more units), with the Balkans and Asia Minor. The availability of timber 63% of the total housing stock built before World War I influenced the ubiquity of this building material in and 75% from the interwar period (Table 1). The first traditional houses: log houses were built in the multifamily houses in Belgrade were constructed in the mountainous regions (Užice, Stari Vlah), and post and 1850s, but it was not before the early 20th century and petrail prevailed in the highlands of East and South the period of intensive settlement after World War I that Serbia. Statistics show that 35% of the preserved pre- the building construction activities fully flourished. WWII housing stock can be located to the south of the Sava and the Danube; most of the dwellings are family Despite the predominance of one-floor family houses at houses with a maximum of two living units (as much as the time, the present data reveal the results of using 92%), found predominantly in rural areas (70%). Half of construction materials not solid enough to resist the the buildings from that period (53%) were built of solid ravages of time and surges of urbanization. Two specific material, while the other half (47%) were done in post types of family houses could be distinguished: gentry and petrail technique (Table 1). town homes modeled on the European architecture, and small, modest dwellings for the poor, who Belgrade, the capital city, accounts for 20% of the total translated the models from their original rural areas into housing stock constructed before World War II, with the the city [8]. The latter have not been preserved as they largest number of houses built in the interwar period were mostly built in post and petrail technique with the (1919–1945). The capital became a distinct entity not infill of wattle and daub or unbaked brick. only due to the high concentration of housing but also Table 2. The national typology of residential buildings in Serbia family housing multifamily housing 1 2 3 4 5 type A before 1919 B 1919-1945 ______ Lj. Djukanović, M. Jovanovic Popović, A. Radivojević: “Potential Energy Savings in the Process of Rehabilitation …”, pp. 43–50 45 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ 2.2. Selecting the model representatives of the orthogonal parceling pattern. The houses are positioned typology structure for the national along the border to the adjacent lot so that they have housing stock adjoining walls and thus form a row. The type is characteristic of both urban and rural areas. However, In compliance with the recommendations of the Project the settlements in other Serbian regions are of a TABULA on the formation of the national typology of dispersed type so that such a layout cannot be found. residential buildings, and with consideration of the The selected A3 type model (a freestanding multifamily specific characteristics of the national housing stock, the building built before 1919) has the GF+1 floor scheme, adopted typology structure comprised particular with a basement and a loft. It is one of the first building types (Table 2). The following types were multifamily houses built by the Belgrade municipality to defined: for family housing, 1. Freestanding family provide housing for the socially disadvantaged. Its house; 2. Row family house; for multifamily housing, 3. construction features make it a typical representative of Freestanding residential building; 4. Lamella residential its time, with baked-brick walls, wooden floor building (with repeated lamellar cores and multiple constructions and Prussian vaults above the basement. entrances); 5. Row residential building; and, 6. High-rise It is characteristic of the urban environment. residential building (tower). The last category was excluded from the tables analyzed in this paper as such The selected A4 type model (a lamella built before 1919) buildings date from a considerably later period. The has the GF+1 floor scheme, with a basement and a loft. national typology adopted the periodization according Similarly to the type above, it represents a social housing to the key socio-political events, the changes introduced complex, and has the same characteristics as the in the building technologies, and the regulations previous example. However, a novelty was achieved by relevant to the construction industry. Thus, the pre- an innovative architectural and urban layout, whose WWII residential stock was divided into two periods: A— common core of dwelling units is multiplied to form a before the end of World War I (before 1919), and B—the lamellar row with several entrances, comprising a interwar period and World War II (1919–1945). This building as a whole. It is one of the first examples of this division is consistent with the changes in the building type of house and is characteristic only of urban areas. technologies, choice of materials and equipment, and The A5 type model (a row house built before 1919) has relevant legislation. the GF+2 floor scheme, with a basement and a loft, The representatives of the characteristic building types which has been converted into a living area. Integrated were selected upon the survey developed for this into the city matrix, the building takes the full length of research, which included 6,000 family houses and the lot to the street front. The same as the types above, 13,000 multifamily buildings. The research was based on its construction consists of load-bearing brick walls, architectural and urban parameters, quantitative wooden floor constructions, and Prussian vaults above indicators (dwelling unit area, gross floor area, number the basement. It is characteristic only of urban of floors), and characteristics that determine the environments. thermal performance of the building (floor plan The B1 type model (a freestanding family house dating complexity, façades, roof, windows and doors). The from 1919–1945) is a ground floor house with a compact defined criteria were included in the survey and then floor plan, built of brick in a massive construction with a used to establish the characteristics of typical buildings wooden ceiling to the loft. Such buildings mark the that were representative of specific periods of transition to the new way of building that used solid and construction; finally, the national typology was formed. more durable materials for walls, such as baked brick, The A1 type model (a freestanding family house built while the use of old materials, rammed earth and before 1919) is a ground floor house with a compact unbaked brick, was discontinued. Although most floor plan, without a basement, and with an unoccupied buildings of this type have been preserved in rural areas, loft. Depending on the territorial criterion, it can be a some have also survived urban growth in the cities. post and petrail construction in South Serbia or a The B2 type model (a family row house built in 1919– rammed earth/unbaked brick structure in Vojvodina. A 1945) is a ground floor structure with a compact floor large number of such houses still exist, mostly in rural plan, with a basement and an unoccupied loft. The areas. building materials may have been unbaked or baked The A2 type model (a family house in a row built before brick, with a wooden floor construction to the loft and a 1919) is a ground floor house with a complex floor plan, Prussian vault above the basement. Similarly to the mostly built of unbaked brick, with a basement, and an representative row houses of the older period, such unoccupied loft. Such houses can be found only in structures can be found only in Vojvodina, where Vojvodina, as Austro-Hungarian authorities imposed planned parceling was the norm. This type is planned housing development according to the characteristic of both rural and urban areas. ______ Lj. Djukanović, M. Jovanovic Popović, A. Radivojević: “Potential Energy Savings in the Process of Rehabilitation …”, pp. 43–50 46 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ The B3 type model (a freestanding multifamily building 2.3. Quantitative analysis of the typology dating from 1919–1945) has the GF+2 floor scheme, structure for the national pre-WWII with a basement and a loft subsequently converted to a housing stock living area. After World War I, the cities faced a severe housing crisis and rental multifamily housing The typology structure was the starting point for the developments were a lucrative business. Its quantification of the selected representative buildings construction characteristics are typical of its time, with nationwide, while the results thus obtained were used brick walls, wooden floor constructions, and reinforced to assess the total Serbian housing stock. The survey of concrete ceiling above the basement level. It is the buildings conducted for the purposes of this project, characteristic only of urban areas. the 2011 National Census, and other data from the The B4 type model (a lamela built in 1919–1945) has the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, [10] yielded GF+2 floor scheme, with an unoccupied loft. This the following numerical values for each identified type building concept generally refers to social housing; thus, at the national level: the areas, the number of buildings, the chosen development was financed by a wealthy and the number of dwelling units (Table 3). industrialist, the owner of “Bajloni and Sons” company, In summary, the numerical values expressing the to provide housing for their workers and clerks [9]. The distribution of certain types can indicate that construction consists of brick walls and ribbed freestanding family houses (type 1) constitute by far the reinforced concrete floors. The use of reinforced largest percentage of buildings constructed by 1945 concrete grew after World War I, firstly only for ceilings (91%), while their area accounts for 78% of the total above the basement (which had to be fire resistant). square meters built during this period. The distribution Later, the material replaced the wooden floors of the other types is much lower (under 10%), especially completely, becoming the only choice for floor for multifamily residential buildings. This numerical constructions. Considering its layout, the building is distribution can be explained by the facts that typical merely of urban environments. multifamily housing had not begun its development until th The type B5 model (a row building built in 1919–1945) the early 20 century; that it was characteristic only of has the GF+3 floor scheme, with a basement and a loft urban areas, which in Serbia were few; and, that most of subsequently converted into residential space. such buildings were concentrated in Belgrade. In Integrated into the city matrix, the building is addition, years of war and the economic crisis in the characteristic only of urban areas. The construction interwar period held back any large-scale investment comprises load-bearing brick walls, wooden floor and building projects, which primarily affected constructions and a reinforced concrete ceiling above multifamily housing. Buildings of the lamella type were the basement. Table 3. National typology before World War II—Type distribution Type distribution by area (m2) family housing multifamily housing 1 2 3 4 5 Σ m2 % А < 1919 8 812 918 1 641 759 181 255 128 836 319 202 11 083 970 37.90 B 1919-1945 14 060 213 871 044 1 056 060 343 833 1 829 417 18 160 567 62.10 Σ m2 22 873 131 2 512 803 1 237 315 472 669 2 148 619 29 244 537 100.00 % 78.21 8.59 4.23 1.62 7.35 100.00 Type distribution by number of buildings (items) family housing multifamily housing 1 2 3 4 5 Σ items % А < 1919 117 985 17 394 183 40 345 135 947 39.43 B 1919-1945 194 546 10 937 1 530 170 1 663 208 846 60.57 Σ items 312 531 28 331 1 713 210 2 008 344 793 100.00 % 90.64 8.22 0.50 0.06 0.58 100.00 Type distribution by number of dwelling units (items) family housing multifamily housing 1 2 3 4 5 Σ items % А < 1919 117 985 17 394 1 098 567 2980 140 024 36.86 B 1919-1945 195 812 11 078 12 240 2 457 18 267 239 854 63.14 Σ items 313 797 28 472 13 338 3 024 21 247 379 878 100.00 % 82.60 7.50 3.51 0.80 5.59 100.00 ______ Lj. Djukanović, M. Jovanovic Popović, A. Radivojević: “Potential Energy Savings in the Process of Rehabilitation …”, pp. 43–50 47 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Table 4. National typology before World War II—Type distribution by heating consumption [MWh/year] family housing multifamily housing Σ 1 2 3 4 5 % [MWh/year] А < 1919 2 317 797 512 229 38 064 21 129 52 988 2 942 187 41.01 B 1919-1945 3 402 572 284 831 196 427 75 299 272 583 4 231 712 58.99 Σ 5 720 369 797 060 234 491 96 428 325 551 7 173 899 100.00 [MWh/year] % 79.74 11.11 3.27 1.34 4.54 100.00 Table 5. National typology—Savings after the standard improvement of building energy performance [MWh/year] family housing multifamily housing Σ 1 2 3 4 5 % [MWh/year] А < 1919 1 427 693 270 890 19 757 11 209 21 067 1 750 616 43.10 B 1919-1945 1 841 888 166 369 108 774 49 512 144 524 2 311 067 56.90 Σ 3 269 581 437 259 128 531 60 721 165 591 4 061 683 100.00 [MWh/year] % 80.50 10.76 3.16 1.50 4.08 100.00 a novelty in the construction industry; as they Standard measures encompassed construction demanded large investments, it was not until the 1970s interventions that are typical of domestic practice in that their development reached its peak. improving energy efficiency of a building: replacement of the existing windows with new packages, compliant with thermal codes; and, adding thermal insulation to 3. Energy performance and savings potential walls and floor constructions to the external or in pre–WWII residential buildings unheated areas. The purpose of the standard improvement measures was to raise the energy The next step in the analysis of the housing stock in efficiency class by one, with respect to the valid Serbia was to determine the energy properties of the regulations on energy efficiency of buildings. representative types of residential buildings. The review of technical documentation and the field research Advanced measures took into account the maximum helped to define the structure of the thermal envelope possible improvement of energy performance and the heat and domestic hot water supply systems so considering the characteristics of the building in as to carry out the thermal calculations and establish the question. This included the installation of top quality energy class of the building. The data on the specific windows available on the domestic market and thick annual heating energy demand for each building type insulation layers in the thermal envelope, with the [kWh/m2/year] and the distribution balance of the types purpose of raising the energy efficiency class as high as and the total area [m2] were used to determine the possible. energy required for heating [MWh/year]. The results are Energy savings achieved by standard improvement shown in Table 4. Considering the predominance of measures are shown in Table 5. The intervention on family houses (A1 and B1) compared to other housing freestanding family houses, which account for most of types, these buildings show the highest demand for the total housing stock built before 1945, would yield heating energy [11-12]. the greatest energy savings. If standard measures were applied on the buildings of this construction period, the potential annual savings could amount to 4,061,683 3.1. Energy performance and savings potential MWh, which would reduce the total heating energy in pre-WWII residential buildings demand by 56% of the present figures. The suggested measures for improving the energy Energy savings achieved by advanced improvement efficiency of the representative buildings of the typology measures are shown in Table 6. The greatest proportion structure considered two levels of improved of freestanding residential buildings contributed to the performance: standard measures, and advanced highest energy savings achieved in this category. The measures. comparison between the total energy savings achieved by advanced improvements (5,039,391 MWh per year) ______ Lj. Djukanović, M. Jovanovic Popović, A. Radivojević: “Potential Energy Savings in the Process of Rehabilitation …”, pp. 43–50 48 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Table 6. National typology—Savings after the advanced improvement of building energy performance [MWh/year] family housing multifamily housing Σ 1 2 3 4 5 % [MWh/year] А < 1919 1 683 267 357 903 26 282 14 172 31 920 2 113 545 41.94 B 1919-1945 2 362 116 189 017 129 895 56 389 188 430 2 925 846 58.06 Σ 4 045 383 546 920 156 177 70 561 220 350 5 039 391 100.00 [MWh/year] % 80.28 10.85 3.10 1.40 4.37 100.00 and the present consumption (7,173,899 MWh per year) University of Belgrade and GIZ Deutsche highlights the reduction in total heating energy demand Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, by 70%. Belgrade, Serbia, 2013 (in Serbian and English). [4] Popović Jovanović, Milica et al., Nacionalna 4. Conclusion tipologija stambenih zgrada Srbije [National Typology of Residential Buildings in Serbia], Faculty Improving the energy performance of buildings of Architecture University of Belgrade and GIZ constructed before World War II could result in Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale significant energy savings and a better standard of living. Zusammenarbeit, Belgrade, Serbia, 2013 (in However, the importance of preserving and refurbishing Serbian and English). this segment of the Serbian housing stock lies beyond [5] Popović Jovanović, Milica and Ana Radivojević, the scope of potential energy savings. A significant National Typology of Residential Buildings in number of these buildings have been included in the Serbia. Design Structure and Principles, In Housing national cultural heritage and are under state Development in Serbia in the Context of protection, which can further complicate the process of Globalization and Integrations. Approaches and rehabilitation. On the other hand, the measures that experiences, (Vladimir Mako, ed.), Faculty of contribute to their better energy efficiency can be Architecture University of Belgrade, Belgrade, viewed as the process of renovation and preservation, Serbia, 2012, pp. 176-193. which is of special interest in such buildings. Although the proportion of the buildings of this period in the total [6] Đurić-Zamolo, Divna. Beograd 1898-1914. Iz arhive housing stock is small, they represent a testimony of our građevinskog odbora [Belgrade 1898–1914. From architectural past so that the investment in their the Housing Committee Archives]. Muzej grada rehabilitation would contribute to the preservation of a Beograda, Belgrade, Serbia, 1980 (in Serbian). significant facet of our national identity. [7] Roter-Blagojević, Mirjana. Stambena arhitektura Beograda u 19. i početkom 20. veka [Housing th th Funding source Architecture of Belgrade in the 19 and Early 20 Centuries]. Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade, Orion art, Belgrade, Serbia, 2006 (in The survey for the present research was conducted by Serbian). Ipsos Strategic Marketing agency, Belgrade. [8] Nestorović, Bogdan. Arhitektura Srbije u XIX veku [Serbian Architecture in XIX Century]. Art Press, References Belgrade, Serbia, 2006 (in Serbian). [1] TABULA—Typology Approach for Building Stock [9] Vuksanović-Macura, Zlata. Život na ivici. Energy Assessment, www.building-typology.eu Stanovanje sirotinje u Beogradu 1919-1941 [Life on the Edge. Housing of the Poor in Belgrade]. Orion [2] Popović Jovanović, Milica et al., Аtlas porodičnih art, Belgrade, Serbia, 2012 (in Serbian). kuća Srbije [Atlas of Family Housing in Serbia] , Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade and [10] Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 2011 GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Zusammenarbeit, Belgrade, Serbia, 2012 (in the Republic of Serbia, Dwellings by the type of Serbian and English). building. Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia, 2013 (in Serbian). [3] Popović Jovanović, Milica et al., Аtlas višeporodičnih kuća Srbije [Atlas of Multifamily [11] Republic of Serbia, Ministry of Energy, Housing in Serbia], Faculty of Architecture Development and Environmental Protection. ______ Lj. Djukanović, M. Jovanovic Popović, A. Radivojević: “Potential Energy Savings in the Process of Rehabilitation …”, pp. 43–50 49 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Rulebook on energy efficiency of Buildings. Official Rulebook on the conditions, content and manner Gazette of the Republic of Serbia no. 61/2011, of issuance of certificates of energy performance of Belgrade, Serbia, 2011 (in Serbian). buildings. Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia no. 69/2012, Belgrade, Serbia, 2012 (in Serbian). [12] Republic of Serbia, Ministry of Energy, Development and Environmental Protection. ______ Lj. Djukanović, M. Jovanovic Popović, A. Radivojević: “Potential Energy Savings in the Process of Rehabilitation …”, pp. 43–50 50 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Ecological Assessment of Building Materials in Serbia: Constrains and Possibilities Saja Kosanović*, Milica Jovanović Popović *Faculty of Technical Sciences, Kosovska Mitrovica Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade Kneza Miloša street No. 7, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, [email protected] Abstract 1. Introduction Building materials make significant impact on the Building materials make significant impact on the environment, hence their ecological performance became one environment, hence their ecological performance of the key sustainability topics. To determine environmental became one of the key topics in the field of impact of a material, it is necessary to examine the phases of sustainability. From architectural point of view, the use its life cycle, by using the established method. Unified of building materials is found to be one of the critical assessment methodology enables comparison between different materials and the selection of more ecologically factors of environmental pollution and degradation [1]. friendly option. The practice has already been applied A study of the environmental impact of building internationally and the diverse models for ecological materials is based upon the examination of their assessment of building materials are in use. In Serbia, on the behaviour from the process of getting raw materials and other hand, various constrains impede researchers’ efforts to concluding all operations until the final return to the develop an assessment system. Undeveloped legal regulation natural environment or to the repeated in the field and the lack of quantitative data which describe the production/installation process. This series of processes ecological quality account for the main aggravating represents “the life cycle of building materials” [2]. The circumstances. Within the existing conditions, ecological rule of thumb is that a building material has potential assessment may be conducted rather by using descriptive method and general knowledge on building materials and their negative environmental impact in every phase of its life impact, than by applying approach based on impact cycle, depending on: origin of raw materials, method of measurement. In accordance with this thesis, the set of criteria production, distance between the production and which may be used in current situation, and which are derived construction sites, method of transport, content and after aligning with the life cycle phases and predicted impact, features and possibility of re – use / recycling [1], [2]. are proposed. In respect to the criteria development, following issues were considered: Use Efficiency; Durability; Eco-Sign; Different methodological approaches are used to Availability; Construction Waste and Alternative Building determine the ecological quality of building materials. Materials. Transitional ecological assessment model Assessment may be conducted independently, where represents a step towards sustainable national building materials are the only subject of the analysis, or as a part practice and may be used until the database with measured of overall evaluation through which all segments of impact of all nationally produced building materials is formed. ecological performance of a certain building type are examined. To-date, a series of approaches have been developed for the environmental assessment of building materials: LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) studies, eco-labelling, eco guides, environmental concepts, etc. It was found that different approaches answer different questions and Keywords: Life cycle analysis, National regulation, that stakeholders may need to use different tools for Ecological assessment, Ecological external communication, external decision-making criterion support, and internal development [3]. With the harmonized indicators, unified LCA methodology could Article history: Received: 6 July 2014 be considered as the approach which is offering Revised: comparable results. To achieve this, "it is important to Accepted: 25 July 2014 extend, adjust and harmonise the existing inventory ______ S. Kosanović, M. Jovanovic Popović: “Ecological Assessment of Building Materials in Serbia: Constrains and …”, pp. 51–57 51 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ databases of construction materials to the 2.1. State on market characteristics and peculiarities of the construction industries in each country", where the manufacturers Study of the Serbian market indicates the availability of are obliged to provide standardised information based many nationally produced building materials: ceramic on the LCA of the real impact of every product [4]. "...In bricks, blocks and tiles; building stone; cement and other this sense, there would be accurate information on the binders; aggregates - gravel and sand; wooden, PVC impact of each product, which would facilitate a correct (polyvinyl chloride) or aluminium frames for doors and assessment of the impact of a building from an LCA windows; glass products; tin products; prefabricated perspective. Without this information, this impact can concrete components; facade and interior mortar only be estimated approximately using existing products; thermal and hydro insulation materials; inventories that, on occasions, are difficult to adapt to rubber products; paints; decorative materials, etc [8]. the reality of a specific geographical area" [4]. But, not all raw materials (components) of produced In international systems for overall environmental materials originate from Serbia. This fact points to a assessment of buildings, building materials are more complex life cycle and, consequently, to quite examined to the variable extent, again by using different certain difficulties in determining the environmental methodologies. In German DGNB (Deutsche impact in phases. Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen), for example, there In most cases, data on nationally produced material exist a series of established environmental criteria and behaviour through the phases of life cycle are supporting indicators based on which the parts of unavailable. Occasional and isolated available data are building structure, such as walls, are assessed [5]. not harmonized and very difficult to use. There aren't System BREEAM (Building Research Establishment available data on ecological effects of production Environmental Assessment Method) calls upon another process. In general, it is, however, certain that this phase data base, named Green Guide to Specification, make significant impact on the environment [1]. according to which materials can be assessed [6]. Other Additional causes for potential impact increment are: evaluation systems put an accent on specific materials. weak pollutants control; solid waste generation and its Construction waste is also assessed, as well as material weak management; energy inefficiency; lack of control re-use or recycling. Advantage in selection is given to of waste water quality; usage of non-renewable energy prefabricated, long-lasting, regionally available and material resources; obsolete production materials, and materials with eco certificates [7]. technologies; inadequate environmental management While setting the base for the first national system for in production; lack of financial support for clean overall environmental assessment of defined building production introduction; lack of regulations for clean type [8], there were significant specificities observed in production introduction, etc. the field of building materials. In the process of National manufacturers do not issue valid certificates information gathering and analyzing, materials were nor declarations which could mark previously examined labelled as "unexplored" content. Detected peculiarities and proved ecological quality of a purchased material. were found to be independent from the building type Occasional notes which indicate good ecological and, to the large extent, from the territory for which the performance of a material and which are put on package system is designed. This paper, in relation to the said, following the producer's own initiative, most often aims to overcome the present state in the domain of carrying not more than the advertising message, may building materials on national level, by proposing the lead buyers to wrong purchase decisions. transitional ecological evaluation method that fits present conditions, but also represents the base for Usage of recycled and re-used materials for construction further scientific and institutional work in the field. is rare and not considered as typical, but is potentially achievable to the large extent. Proposed criteria are applicable as independent or may be embodied in national assessment systems for Ecological effects of use of domestically produced different building types. building materials are neither known. Many of produced materials are not tested on presence of harmful substances. Effects of various substances in materials 2. Analysis of national conditions are still not examined or proved. The interest in sustainable architecture in Serbia is best visible in scientific and educational domains, whereas 2.2. Legal framework green buildings are still rarely built. The same is true for building materials, and for both, national legal To-date, a national legal document which would relate regulation is insufficiently developed. to the regulation of ecological quality of building materials is still not brought. Domestic Law on ______ S. Kosanović, M. Jovanovic Popović: “Ecological Assessment of Building Materials in Serbia: Constrains and …”, pp. 51–57 52 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Environmental Protection [9], brought on 2004 and represents rather the thinking process based on amended on 2009, defines environmental protection knowledge about ecology of building materials, than the standards in domains of imported or domestic established quantitative approach application. The fact technologies, processes, products, half products and indicates the need for the assessment methodology raw materials. According to the Article 52 of mentioned development. document, Producer or Distributor is obliged to warn on Not long ago, Association of Consulting Engineers of environmental pollution or harm on the human health, Serbia started an initiative in order to create the which certain product or its package causes or may "GREENBASE" with green building materials (both cause, and this by issuing the declaration of half product nationally and internationally produced) [17]. To-date, of product. In another article, Law on Environmental however, the number of materials which found their Protection defines the Eco-Sign, and separate derived place in the base is still minimal. regulation from 2009 [10] defines the terms for obtaining, awarding and usage of the Eco-Sign, intended for different products, processes and services, including 3. Proposal for criteria development here building materials. The most important national document which regulates According to the analysis of national conditions (chapter the environmental assessment of buildings [11] refers to 2), it can be concluded that there exist aggravating general guidelines, but doesn't consider building circumstances which influence the formation of criteria materials separately. Some aspects of materials' for the environmental assessment of nationally environmental considerations, related to life cycle produced building materials: phases, are regulated with broader national legal – Unavailability of information regarding ecological documents on environmental protection [12], [13], [14]. quality, Analyses of the studies on several mid and large-scale projects [8], developed in accordance with these – Unavailability of information regarding regulations, clearly indicate that there exist the lack of environmental impact over the life cycle phases, important quantitative information in regard to and especially during the production ("gate") phase, environmental impact of building materials, as well as and the reference list, i.e. the database which would enable – Insufficiently developed legal regulation. the comparison of different materials, based on their environmental performance. Mentioned problems are in relation to missing quantified input and output data, which should be Domestic Law on Enhancement of Construction Industry included in LCA assessment framework. This further in Conditions of Economic Crisis [15] obliges all impedes the definition of ecological indicators and their stakeholders involved in project realization process to environmental weight, where the both present a base use domestically produced building materials at a for quantitative approach to the assessment of minimal rate of 70% of total material used. environmental impact of building materials [18]. Governmental Strategy on Waste Management for Based on the scope and content of existing national legal Period 2010-2019 regulates a series of actions related to framework (chapter 2.2.), it can be concluded that it is the waste management [16]. not possible to establish a significant relation between the regulations and criteria for environmental 2.3. Voluntary assessment of building assessment. Few of the mentioned legal documents, however, may be embodied or used as initial guidelines. materials Within the explained conditions, ecological assessment "The absence of national legal regulation in the field of of building materials on national level may be conducted reduction of negative environmental impact of building rather by using qualitative method and general materials has as a consequence relied on the exclusively knowledge on materials and their impact, than by volunteer devotion and efforts of architects and other applying impact measurement based approach. In participants involved in the processes of the design and accordance with this thesis, the set of criteria which may construction of buildings. It is the architect who has an be used in current situation is proposed. assignment to point out to Investors all the advantages Proposed criteria are derived after aligning with life of the selection of ecologically correct options of, not cycle phases and predicted impact [1]. From the above only basic, but also of alternative building materials" [1]. said reasons, integration was not an easy task. In The current praxis of voluntary assessment of building relation to LCA, following cycle phases and belonging materials in Serbia, therefore, before all relates to the ecological issues were taken into consideration for the appropriate material selection. In this sense, it can be criteria defining: further concluded that the current assessment ______ S. Kosanović, M. Jovanovic Popović: “Ecological Assessment of Building Materials in Serbia: Constrains and …”, pp. 51–57 53 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ – Raw materials (material origin), efforts to develop an assessment system. Unavailability of information about the ecological quality and the – Transport (distance), environmental impact over the life cycle phases, as well – Installation (construction waste management), as the insufficiently developed national regulation in the field, account for the significant aggravating factors. – Use and maintenance (durability / long-lasting, impact on environmental pollution and partially After analyses of national conditions, it was concluded health impact), that the ecological assessment of building materials on national level may be conducted rather by using – Decommissioning (construction waste qualitative method and general knowledge on materials management), and their impact, than by applying impact measurement – Re-use (previously used materials), and based approach. Therefore, the set of criteria which may be used in current situation were proposed. Shown – Recycling (possibility of recycling). criteria are derived from six proposed categories for Finally, achievable ecological objectives were defined environmental assessment of nationally produced and six categories for the ecological evaluation of building materials, and these are derived after defining building materials are derived (Table 1). Every proposed realistically achievable ecological objectives. category contains one or more criteria which enable Beside meeting present conditions and at the same time ecological evaluation (Table 2). aiming to overcome them, proposed transitional ecological evaluation method also may be used as a base 4. Conclusions for further scientific and institutional work in the field. Presented criteria are applicable as independent or may Reduction of operational energy consumption in be embodied in national assessment systems for buildings (energy efficiency) accounts for the best different building types, where the additional detailing regulated environmental aspect, both on national and in terms of indicator values and environmental weight international level. It is, however, estimated that the set determination are needed in both cases. goals of this aspect will in near future be fulfilled to the In a wider perspective, paper aims to enhance the largest extent. The attention is, therefore, gradually development of new environmentally friendly building moving towards other segments of buildings, such as materials, ecologically correct methods of production building materials. and construction, and the introduction of certificates for Different internationally developed methodological ecological quality of building materials. approaches are used to determine the ecological quality The results urge all involved in design and construction of building materials. Assessment may be conducted sector: architects and engineers of other profiles, independently, where materials are the only subject of legislative institutions, manufacturers, researchers, etc, the analysis, or as a part of the overall evaluation to direct their efforts towards the formation of database through which all segments of ecological performance with measured environmental impact of nationally of a certain building type are examined. In Serbia, on the produced building materials. other hand, various constrains impede researchers’ Table 1. Proposed categories for environmental assessment of nationally produced building materials No Category Name Ecological Objective I USE EFFICIENCY To decrease negative environmental impact and resource consumption by reduction in material use II DURABILITY To reduce the demand for new materials by promoting durability / long-lasting III ECO-SIGN To promote selection of materials with enhanced ecological characteristics and the development of legal aspect IV AVAILABILITY To reduce transport energy consumption by locally/regionally available material selection V CONSTRUCTION WASTE To reduce construction waste generation and to promote its re-use VI ALTERNATIVE BUILDING MATERIALS To promote eco-friendly substitutes to some conventional building materials with significant environmental impact ______ S. Kosanović, M. Jovanovic Popović: “Ecological Assessment of Building Materials in Serbia: Constrains and …”, pp. 51–57 54 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Table 2. Proposed criteria for environmental assessment of nationally produced building materials No Criterion Name Criterion Definition Supporting Indicators/Evidences I 1 Building Area Usable area of a building is reduced, in % of reduction; accordance with regulations and comfort Reference values (m2) for subject building demands type I 2 Floor Height Clear floor height is reduced, in Space height (cm); accordance with regulations and comfort Reference values (cm) for subject building demands type I 3 Open Plan Open plan dominates building’s spatial Inspection of project documentation organization I 4 Volume Mass & Applied materials/components are with Weight (kg) per unit area (m2) of built Dimensions reduced volume mass and dimensions space; Material specification I 5 Concrete Use In the above-ground part of a building, Ratio between concrete volume and the Reduction measures for concrete use reduction have built area (%); been applied Reference values for subject building type I 6 Wall Finishes External/internal wall finishes with solely % of exemption in relation to total wall decorative character are exempted surface (m2) II 1 Protection from The set of measures for protection a from Inspection of project documentation Moisture moisture have been applied II 2 Service Life Main structural parts of a building b are Durability (in years) for every main made of materials with prolonged service structural part of the building; Applied life methodology for service life estimation III 1 Eco-Sign Applied building materials are labelled with % of materials with Eco-Sign in relation to Eco-Sign total materials used, measured by weight IV 1 Distance to the Building materials applied in main % of locally/regionally produced materials Production structural parts of a building are in relation to total domestic materials used, Facility locally/regionally produced measured by weight; Maximum distance radius (km) V 1 Re-Use Materials applied in certain parts of building % of re-used materials in relation to total structure d have already been used before materials used, measured by weight V 2 Recycling Certain parts in building structure e are Minimum number of parts of building made of materials that may be recycled structure, where a part relates to all applied components of the same kind V 3 Prefabrication There exist prefabricated structural building Minimum number of prefabricated parts of parts f building structure, where a part relates to all applied components of the same kind VI 1 Thermal Materials selected for envelope thermal % of vegetal insulation materials in relation Insulation insulation have vegetal origin to total insulation material used, measured by envelope surface (m2) VI 2 Mortars Selected mortars by type are: lime, plaster % of lime/plaster/lime-plaster mortars in or lime-plaster relation to total mortar used, measured by covered surface (m2) VI 3 Polyvinyl There are no PVC components present in Visual check and inspection of project Chloride (PVC) building structure g documentation VI 4 Finishing Coats Applied finishing coats on exterior and % of surfaces covered by water-based, interior surfaces are water-based, additionally natural coats, in relation to additionally of natural origin total surface area (m2) a Measures for moisture control in criterion II 1 relate to: adequate hydro and thermal insulation; envelope waterproofing; water diffusion and condensation control; application of moisture-resistant materials, especially in wet areas; adequate water drainage / water management; protection of porous materials; adequate material storage; underground space levelling, in accordance with subterranean waters; comfort demands b Structural parts of a building in criterion II 2 relate to: foundations, foundation and basement walls; above-ground structural elements (columns and beams in skeletal, i.e. walls and ceilings in massive structural system); floor in contact with the ground; external walls; staircases; roof structure and roof cover c Main structural parts of a building in criterion IV 1 relate to: foundations, foundation and basement walls; above-ground structural elements (columns and beams in skeletal, i.e. walls and ceilings in massive structural system); floor in contact with the ground; external walls; staircases; roof structure and roof cover d Parts of a building structure in criterion V 1 relate to: foundations, foundation and basement walls; external walls, interior supporting walls; interior wall partitions; roof structure; roof cover; floor in contact with the ground; ceilings; staircases; floor finishes and outdoor materialized surfaces e Criterion V 2 relates to: main structural elements; thermal insulation; roof structure; walls; roof cover; staircases; windows and doors; installation pipes; flooring materials f Prefabricated structural parts in criterion V 3 relate to: ceilings; main skeletal structure; main roof structure; panel walls; panel roof system of prefabricated cells and small mobile structures g Structure components in criterion VI 3 relate to: windows, doors, partition walls, flooring and solar protection systems ______ S. Kosanović, M. Jovanovic Popović: “Ecological Assessment of Building Materials in Serbia: Constrains and …”, pp. 51–57 55 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Acknowledgement Berlin, Germany (2010), http//www.longlifeworld.eu/res/dnl/en/2010020 Opinions, findings, conclusions and recommendations 1LL%20comparison%20certification%20systems expressed in this paper are those of authors. .142.pdf, Assessed on 29.03.2014. [8] Kosanović Saja, Model za ocenu ekološke Funding source ispravnosti kuća za individualno stanovanje na području Beograda (transl. from Serbian: Model for The funding sources had no involvement in conducting environmental assessment of single-family houses the research and preparing the manuscript of this paper. in Belgrade area), Doktorska disertacija, Arhitektonski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu, Beograd, Srbija, 2012. References [9] Zakon o zaštiti životne sredine (transl. from Serbian: Law on environmental protection), [1] Jovanović Popović Milica and Kosanović Saja, "Službeni glasnik Republike Srbije", Beograd, Selection of building materials based upon Srbija, br. 135/04, 36/09 i 72/09. ecological characteristics: priorities in function of environmental protection, Spatium International [10] Pravilnik o bližim uslovima i postupku za dobijanje Review, Vol 20, (2009), pp. 23-27, prava na korišćenje ekološkog znaka, elementima, DOI:10.2298/SPAT0920023P. izgledu i načinu upotrebe ekološkog znaka za proizvode, procese i usluge (transl. from Serbian: [2] Jovanović Popović Milica et al., Unapređenje Regulation on close terms and procedures for energetske efikasnosti gradova/zgrada kroz proces obtaining rights for Eco-Sign usage, and on energetske sertifikacije (transl. from Serbian: elements, appearance and modes of use of Eco- Towns/buildings energy efficiency improvement Sign, intended for products, processes and throught the process of energy certification), services), "Službeni glasnik Republike Srbije", Tematski zbornik radova (2.deo), Međunarodni Beograd, Srbija, br. 3/09. naučni skup: Održivi prostorni razvoj gradova, Beograd, Srbija, 25 – 26. januar 2008, Institut za [11] Pravilnik o sadržini studije o proceni uticaja na arhitekturu i urbanizam Srbije, Beograd, 2008, pp. životnu sredinu (transl. from Serbian: Regulation 229 – 240. on content of environmental impact assessment study), "Službeni glasnik Republike Srbije", br. [3] Jönsson Åsa, Tools and methods for environmental 69/05. assessment of building products - methodological analysis of six selected approaches. Building and [12] Uredba o utvrđivanju liste projekata za koje je Environment, Vol 35, (2000), Issue 3, pp. 223 – 238. obavezna procena uticaja i liste projekata za koje se može zahtevati procena uticaja na životnu [4] Zabalza Bribián Ignacio et al., Life cycle assessment sredinu (transl. from Serbian: Decree on the list of of building materials: Comparative analysis of projects for which the environmental impact energy and environmental impacts and evaluation assessment is required and the list of projects for of eco-efficiency improvement potential, Building which the environmental impact assessment may and Environment Vol 46, (2011), No 5, pp. 1133 – be required), "Službeni glasnik Republike Srbije", 1140. Beograd, Srbija, br. 84/05. [5] DGNB System: Criteria, http://www.dgnb- [13] Uredba o vrstama aktivnosti i postrojenja za koje se system.de/en/system/criteria/, Assessed on izdaje integrisana dozvola (transl. from Serbian: 25.03.2014. Decree on the types of activities and facilities for [6] BRE: Green Guide to Specification, which the integrated permit is demanded), http://www.bre.co.uk/greenguide/podpage.jsp? "Službeni glasnik Republike Srbije", Beograd, id=2126, Assessed on 29.03.2014. Srbija, br. 84/05. [7] Nolte Ingo, Comparison of worldwide certification [14] Uredba o kriterijumima za određivanje najboljih systems for sustainable buildings: Report of state dostupnih tehnika, za primenu standarda kvaliteta, of worldwide certification systems for sustainable kao i za određivanje graničnih vrednosti emisija u and energy efficient buildings in 2009 with the integrisanoj dozvoli (transl. from Serbian: Decree emphasis on residential versions of these on the criteria for determining the best available certification systems and in a further step on techniques, the application of quality standards, as education versions to compare the effect of well as for determining the emission value limits in typology on the systems, Techniche Universität, ______ S. Kosanović, M. Jovanovic Popović: “Ecological Assessment of Building Materials in Serbia: Constrains and …”, pp. 51–57 56 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ integrated permit), "Službeni glasnik Republike management for period 2010-2019), "Službeni Srbije", Beograd, Srbija, br. 84/05. glasnik Republike Srbije", Beograd, Srbija, br. 29/2010. [15] Zakon o podsticanju građevinske industrije Republike Srbije u uslovima ekonomske krize [17] GreenBase Website, http://www.greenbase.rs, (transl. from Serbian: Law on enhancing the Assessed on 23.03.2014. construction industry of the Republic of Serbia in [18] Harris J. Douglas, A quantitative approach to the conditions of economic crisis), "Službeni glasnik assessment of the environmental impact of Republike Srbije", Beograd, Srbija, br. 45/2010. building materials, Building and Environment, Vol [16] Strategija Vlade Srbije upravljanja otpadom za 34, (1999), No 6, pp. 751 – 758. period 2010-2019. godine (transl. from Serbian: Strategy of the Government of Serbia on waste ______ S. Kosanović, M. Jovanovic Popović: “Ecological Assessment of Building Materials in Serbia: Constrains and …”, pp. 51–57 57 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Kromolj House in Sarajevo Haris Bradić Faculty of Architecture, University of Sarajevo Patriotske Lige 30, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, [email protected], [email protected] Abstract 1. Introduction The Paper presents one of the Author’s designs realized in 2013 in The design presented in this Paper is a low-energy house Sarajevo, Poljine. The parcel has the altitude of 693m and the built in Sarajevo. This design is a result of a thorough following geographic coordinates: 43˚53'23.01 of latitude and analysis of the energy potential of the location (the sun, 18˚24'39.09 of longitude. It is a south-east oriented slope, located within natural environment, just 6 km away from the city centre. wind and geothermal energy) and the investor's The house has the area of 282m2, laid out in two floors: semi- requests in terms of the usable area and desired form. buried ground floor and the first floor. It was designed for one When it comes to overall energy consumption, the main family as a highly insulated architectural space whose final goal is objective of the project was to design a passive house. to provide excellent indoor quality. The U-value of non- However, a low-energy house was the final result. transparent parts of the house is below 0.2W/m2K, whereas that of the glazed surfaces does not exceed 1.0W/m2K. Based on the The guiding idea was to create a piece of architecture calculations, the total energy needs stand at 30kWh/m2/year. All that will establish a close relationship between the low- requirements of the Building Physics, including heat and water energy design, environment and its consumers. Every vapor transfer through envelope, have been fully satisfied. The project included review of available mechanical installations, that period, and thus every space in which architecture is, analysis of various systems and possible combinations of emerges, is per se specific in its economic and human renewable energy sources: pellet – biomass, electricity generated relations towards design and construction. The example by photo-voltaic cells, ground energy generated by vertical or presented here is a design that came into life as a result surface loops, or energy generated by an air-source heat pump of the investor’s desire and aspirations to have a family and solar collectors. Economic analysis, that is, the analysis of the house that would not disturb the natural environment,i initial investment and the payback period was carried out and it was decided that the air-water heat pump should be installed as i.e. the landscape in which it will be erected. This family the best solution. The final result in terms of energy needs was house, or “The Kromolj House”, has a total area of 282 12.6kWh/m2/year, classifying this house as a “low energy house”. m2 and it is built on a plot of ca 9,000 m2. The whole The house cannot be classified as a passive house due to the design was guided by one thought – to build a house that properties of its envelope. Besides emphasizing the importance of will be compliant with the natural environmenti in terms insulation, that is, envelope materialization, this design also indicates the importance of the relationship between the of its volume, form, materials and energy consumption. transparent and non-transparent surfaces and the orientation of The final results indicate that the main objective has glazed areas towards the Sun. Carefully designed glazed areas been achieved, i.e. a low-energy house was built with a enable controlled penetration of solar energy into the house. The high comfort level and contemporary architectural western side and partially the eastern side of the house have been design. It must also be mentioned that the original idea closed to prevent heat transfers. This proves that envelope design was to build a passive house, but this could not be done in energy efficient architecture must be considered from the earliest stages of the design process (layout development). The in this particular case primarily due to the investor’s original idea was successfully carried out and the house is today personal economic reasons. The CO2 emission has been an example of modern and energy efficient architecture both in reduced to minimum, and the total energy needs to Sarajevo and in the broader region. 19.4kWh/m2 per year. Keywords: Architecture, Building physics, Energy, 2. Evolution of the relation between Envelope, Environment architecture and energy Article history: Received: 8 July 2014 Throughout the history, people have been trying to Revised: 22 July 2014 create comfortable space for life, work, recreation, etc. Accepted: 1 August 2014 This means that relation between architecture and ______ H. Bradić: “Kromolj House in Sarajevo”, pp. 58–67 58 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ energy saving is an issue that has been discussed since 3. Location and micro-climate the birth of architecture. In the light of the above, even the Socrates’ house showed how solar energy could be The house is located in Sarajevo at the altitude of 695m used in a completely passive way by adjustment of the (latitude 43°53′23.08'' and longitude 18°24′38.56'') and house form and orientation. it administratively belongs to the Centar Municipality. The science has been dealing with this issue since 1970s, The surrounding area is dominated by family houses 2 or the first oil crises. Facade design has no longer been built on sizeable plots of land (exceeding ca 2,000m ). the only preoccupation – engineers began calculating k The location is ca 5km away from the city noise and or U values of envelope layers. Maximum allowed values traffic. It has been built on an east-oriented slope (which have become one of the factors for classification of also partially faces the south). On the north and the west architecture into low-energy architecture, passive side, the plot is bounded by high, mainly deciduous trees architecture, zero emission architecture and energy plus (cherry, apple, chestnut, walnut, etc). The entire architecture. This classification indicates the level of landscape, the terrain morphology and the orientation energy saving measured for total energy needs per of the plot were the factors that most affected the entire annum, which is then showed in the form of an energy design. The plot is accessed from a 3m wide road, and passport. has connection to the water, electricity and partially gas line (each of them can be used). The first step in today's design of buildings is to set the energy consumption target that a future building needs Climate in Sarajevo is characterized by strong winters to achieve. This will then affect its form, materialization, with heavy snow (up to 120cm even in the very city). The relation between transparent and non-transparent lowest mean temperatures on record for the past 10 parts on the envelope, technical solutions for indoor air years were for February (-9°). Summer periods are hot treatment (HVAC systems), etc. It arises therefrom that with temperatures around +32 °C (usually in August). architectural energy adaptations affect the design and The above indicates that Sarajevo has a continental pose a significant challenge to architects (Figure 1, 2). climate in winter, whereas in summer the whole area is under the influence of the Mediterranean climateii. 2 Precipitation recorded in 2002 stood at 967.1 l/m , in 2007 at 996.2 l/m2 and in 2012 at 887.4 l/m2, indicating relative stability, but different intensity through months. Winter periods are becoming scarce in snowfall, whereas summer periods are becoming characterized by heavier rainfall. However, rainfall is not of the same intensity, i.e. there are periods when rain falls heavily for a certain period of time causing floods and damage to buildingsiii (Charts 1, 2). Chart 1 shows mean temperatures per years (last ten years). We see that in 2012, the mean temperature was 12.2°C, which is by ca 0.5°C more than the last ten years’ average. This clearly indicates that the temperature is rising, increasing the risk of natural catastrophes in Figure 1. Original condition Sarajevo. Chart 2 shows that the number of natural disasters in the world grew from 80 to 135 in the period from 1970 to 1994 [1]. These are the signs that warn us that in the future we must not allow construction of poorly insulated buildings, i.e. high energy consumers and high CO2 emitters. Architecture, as one of the largest energy consumers, must become a point of reference when it comes to energy savings and influence its occupants to change their attitudes towards nature, energy and overall survival of people on Earth. 4. Form and shape of “The Kromolj House” As it has already been said in the Introduction, the main Figure 2. Original condition idea underlying this design is the desire to build a house ______ H. Bradić: “Kromolj House in Sarajevo”, pp. 58–67 59 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Chart 1. Mean annual temperatures in Sarajevo Chart 2. Increase in the natural disaster number in the world for the last 25 years; Source: Daniels, K., 2009, p.19 that will be fully compliant with its environment create both visual and functional contacts between the (landscape and terrain) and the energy comfort interior and the exterior (landscape). Total area of the specificities (investor’s requests). The area of the house envelope is 580.99m2. The shape factor is 0.71, and the is 282m2, with two floors, namely a semi-buried ground conditioned volume is 812m3. The window factor is 23 floor and the first floor, which, if observed from north, is (Chart 3), which means that the transparent vs. non- also a ground floor with the main entrance door. The transparent ratio is high. Given that transparent parts of volume and the form follow the contours of the slope, the house are the parts with the highest U-values, making the house dominant in relation to the ground. special attention had to be given to selecting the right The major part of the slope is east-oriented, but also external openings to meet the U-value requirements. facing the south. Chart 3 shows that 13% of the total envelope is This specific architectural design shows a playfulness of transparent parts. This was a significant number of solid and glazed surfaces (Figure 3), whose main windows that needed to be properly materialized so objective is to open up the house as much as possible to that the minimum heat transfer coefficient, i.e. Uw, ______ H. Bradić: “Kromolj House in Sarajevo”, pp. 58–67 60 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 3. Current condition (September, 2013), (a) South and east facade, (b) South-west facade, (c) North and west facade and (d) South facade Chart 3. Envelope structure Chart 4. Envelope structure in details (border between conditioned and (border between conditioned unconditioned environment) and unconditioned environment) could be achieved. This increased the investment house is by its shape and materialization compliant significantly. Nowadays, modern technology is able to with the environment, providing excellent conditions 2 produce windows whose Uw value is 0.6 W/m K, which for energy savings (cooling and heating) both in was impossible 10 years ago. summer and in winter. Figure 4 shows the ground floor plan and the position of the 50m3 rainwater tank for While designing this house, the plan was to orient the rainwater harvesting from the roof and terraces (whose transparent parts towards the south, while keeping the total area is 235m2). north parts non-transparent and highly insulated. The ______ H. Bradić: “Kromolj House in Sarajevo”, pp. 58–67 61 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Figure 4. Ground floor plan Figure 5. First floor plan ______ H. Bradić: “Kromolj House in Sarajevo”, pp. 58–67 62 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Figure 6. Section Table1. Geometric and thermal properties of the envelope ENVELOPE PART U-VALUE AREA 1 External wall type 1, RC and stone wool 0.149 W/m2K 82.2 m2 2 External wall type 2, thermo block and stone wool 0.175 W/m2K 116.61 m2 3 External wall, wall in ground, RC and XPS 0.296 W/m2K 47.77 m2 4 External openings, entrance door, solid wood 1.8 W/m2K 5.23 m2 5 External openings, windows, Rehau Geneo system, triple glazed, Low-e, g=0,50 1.0 W/m2K 67.77 m2 6 Slab on ground 0.26 W/m2K 81.36 m2 7 Floor above unconditioned crawlspace 0.149 W/m2K 31.2 m2 8 Flat roof 0.182 W/m2K 125.5 m2 9 Shed roof 0.13 W/m2K 23.35 m2 TOTAL ENVELOPE AREA 580.99 m2 5. Envelope materialization 0.29W/m2K. Transparent parts have the U-value of 1.05W/m2K, and non-transparent U= 0.19W/m2K. The v The envelope has been designed to have approximately envelope was designed to be „passively active“ in terms the same U-values on all its parts: the flat roof U-value of the energy movement control in both directions. The is the lowest and amounts 0.13 W/m2K, external wall has external walls were built using the thermal the U-value of 0.15 W/m2K and the slab-on-ground the Wienerberger, type 38 PROFI block for the first time in value of 0.26 W/m2K (Table 1). Heat transfer coefficients BiH. The entire house was insulated with the Knauf could be even lower, but the investment would have insulation, type PTP 035. The reinforced concrete risen and the energy needs for heating would not have overhangs and horizontal ring beam are insulated using decreased that much, unless the windows with passive the 3cm thick sandwich panel before installation of the house certificate had been installediv. This certificate 20cm thick thermal insulation. 2 prescribes that Uw must not exceed Uw=0.8 W/m . This As a result, the total load-bearing structure (reinforced has not been achieved, so the envelope is considered concrete and thermal block) has no thermal stresses, i.e. low-energy. The mean U-value of the entire envelope is temperature dilatationsvi and the water vapor flow is ______ H. Bradić: “Kromolj House in Sarajevo”, pp. 58–67 63 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Figure 7. Temperatures of the envelope layers and graphs showing vapor diffusion on the facade walls (a) (b) Figure 8. Construction site as of May 2013, (a) Thermal block wall insulation, (b) External wall on ground insulation ______ H. Bradić: “Kromolj House in Sarajevo”, pp. 58–67 64 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Thermal energy of the Architectural design Thermal energy of environment relation the interior Energy potential building-environment Low-energy architecture MAN, ENVIRONMENT AND ARCHITECTURAL SPACE Figure 9. Factors affecting low-energy architecture stationary without condensation effects in the long run installation of a heat pump would be the best envelope. Furthermore, the drawings presented here solution. The system selected is the „air to water heat show the Author's desire to adjust the thickness of the pump“viii (type: Stiebel Eltron, WPL 18 E, whose exit thermal – acoustic insulation on the reinforced concrete power at air temperature of 10°C is 13.40 kWh, and at - structure (horizontal and vertical reinforced concrete 15°C, 8.2 kWh), which can be used even at temperature ring beams) and the 38cm thick thermo blocks to of -20 °C. This would decrease the energy need for achieve harmonized U-values on the entire envelope heating by two to four times, whereby one of the initially (see Table 1). set goals would be achieved. The central system includes preparation of hot sanitary water supported by solar Figure 7 shows the structure of the facade, where it can collectors (type: Stiebel Eltron SOL 27 basic, 500 W/m2, be seen that the investor has changed the original with the total area of 3x2.38=7,14 m2), (Figure 6) that decision and instead of the stone wool used the graphite transfer the heat energy generated during daylight into EPS in the facade. The final thickness of walls is 50 cm. the central tank (type: Stiebel Eltron SBB 401 WPSOL, Also, 20cm thick waterproof facade polystyrene, XPS, volume 400l), which then, with the help of the heat type Fragmat 300L was used on the external side of the pump generated energy heats the water to temperature walls, 30 to 50 cm from the ground, and also on the of +35 °C. In the end, the total energy needs would be reverse flat roof. reduced from 43.2 kWh/m2 to 19.4 kWh/m2 per year, Figure 7 shows envelope layers and calculation of water which would be a huge success given the time and the vapor movements. place the house is built in. Financial indicators show that the total investment into heating and hot water preparation systems is EUR 23,500.00 and that the 6. Energy saving concept payback period for money invested into the solar collectors and the heat pump is eight years (compared ENSI EAB 8.1 vBiH software was used in this project to to gas use via condensing boilers, or electricity via calculate the total energy needs for heating, ventilation, electrical boilers). The results presented here confirm lighting, etc. Energy needs for cooling were calculated by the original concept of this design, especially in the part vii means of tentative assessment . In terms of energy related to the envelope. Energy needs and the savings and the building's relation with the investment into the above mentioned hot water environment, the design is characterized by several preparation system have been reduced to minimum. In factors: (Figure 8). addition, another model, i.e. simulation was prepared The calculated amount of energy must somehow be for this project, namely the use of the geothermal heat emitted into the house, and therefore special attention pump with two vertical probes of minimum 100m. was given to technical solutions. Even though the However, the results showed that installation of this investment went up significantly due to envelope quality system is more complicated and that the investment improvements, this segment increased it even more. would be even higher for two reasons: small number of Modern technology offers variety of different energy probes (only two) and difficult access to the site, which efficient systems and it has been very difficult to choose would only mean additional construction works that a company and products that would fully meet the would only extend the payback period to 18 years, design requirements. Analysis of the microclimate, soil whereas energy savings would not change significantly. composition and access to the site showed that in the ______ H. Bradić: “Kromolj House in Sarajevo”, pp. 58–67 65 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Today, this project serves as a model for future similar endeavors, new ideas and searching for solutions that involve minimum energy needs and lowest possible emission of CO2. Besides the highly insulated envelope and contemporary use of energy from the environment by means of solar collectors and heat pump, it is also important to emphasize the high quality of the interior, by which all the requests of the investors were met. Therefore, this house meets all architectural visual demands as well. Construction of low-energy and passive buildings in the developing countries is still very difficult due to its costs (the payback period is up to 30 years). Every new building or house designed and built under the above principles should be adequately (a) promoted to urge the relevant authorities to establish funds that would help future investors, and make such projects more realistic and achievable. References [1] Danijels, K., Tehnologija ekološkog građenja, Osnove i mere, Primeri i ideje, (Technology of eco- construction, basics and measures, examples and ideas) NK Jasen, Beograd, Srbija, (2009.), ISBN: 978- 85337-66-6. [2] Duran, S., C., Architecture & Energy Efficiency, LOFT Publications, Barcelona, Spain (2011), ISBN: 978- 84-9936-206-9. (b) [3] Hadrović, A., Arhitektonska fizika, drugo izdanje, (Architectural Physics, second edition), Figure 10. Boiler room and heat pump, Arhitektonski fakultet u Sarajevu, Sarajevo, BiH, (a) Boiler room, (b) External unit of the heat pump (2010.), ISBN: 978-9958-691-20-1. installed on the roof [4] Hadrović, A.,Bioklimatska arhitektura, traženje puta u raj, (Bioclimatic Architecture, Searching for 7. Conclusion a Path to Heaven), Arhitektonski fakultet u Sarajevu, Sarajevo, (2008.), ISBN: 978-9958-691- This was a presentation of a low-energy house as one of 05-8. the first such projects in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The [5] Hegger, M., Fuchs, M., Stark, T., Zeumer, M., findings of this analysis indicate that the house has been Energy Manual, Sustainable Architecture, Institut perfectly incorporated within its surroundings, fur internationale Architektur-Dokumentation excellently insulated and equipped with the cutting edge GmbH & Co KG, Munich, Germany, (2008.), ISBN: technologies, representing a success of all the 978-3-7643-8830-0. participants to the project, especially the investor’s. Construction price was ca EUR 1,000 per m2, which is [6] Radaković, M., Geotermalna energija, (Geothermal 100 % more expensive than the usual construction both Energy), AGM knjiga, Beograd, Srbija, 2011, ISBN: in our country and in the region. 978-86-86363-30-5. The house is a result of a joint work of the investor, the [7] Radosavljević, J., M., Pavlović, T., M., Lambić, M., designer and the constructor, who worked hard to bring R., Solarna energija i samoodrživi razvoj, (Solar this project to life in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Energetics and Sustainable Development), Construction of the energy efficient buildings is still a Građevinska knjiga, Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia, privilege of well-off individuals and is still not (2004.), ISBN: 86-395-0405-9. widespread. Therefore, every new energy efficient [8] Recknagel H., Sprenger E., Schramek E. R., structure is a great success of all project participants. translation from German by: Čeperković Zagorka, Grijanje i vjetrenje, (Heating and Air-conditioning), ______ H. Bradić: “Kromolj House in Sarajevo”, pp. 58–67 66 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ Interklima-Grafika, Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia, (2004.), Web pages: ISBN: 86-82685-13-2. www.elektroprivreda.ba [9] Sir Houghton, J.T, Global Warming, the Complete www.energis.ba briefing, Cambridge University Press., New York, www.fhmzbih.gov.ba SAD, (2009.), ISBN-13 978-0-511-53365-5. www.koenigsolar.at [10] Šamšalović, S., Toplotna pumpa, tehnologije samoodržive proizvodnje energije, Heat pump, www.passiv.de technology of sustainable energy production, Savez www.sarajevogas.ba mašinskih i elektrotehničkih inženjera Srbije (SMEITS), Beograd, Serbia, (2009.), ISBN: 978-86- www.schueco.com 81505-49-6. www.statisticbrain.com/solar-energy-statistics/ i This house has been designed under the principles of bioclimatic architecture (See “Bioclimatic Architecture”[4] ii Source: All data were obtained from the FBiH Hydrometeorological Institute, namely the Bjelave outpost, measured in the period from 2002 to 2012, www.fhmzbih.gov.ba iii For global effects of climate changes see [9]; the effects have also been present in Sarajevo for the past 10 years iv PHI – Passive House institute, established in 1990 by Professor Wolfgang Feist in Darmstadt, www.passiv.de v Long overhangs above the ground floor (south-oriented) serve as protection from excessive insolation in summer, but allow solar gains in winter. This is one form of passive use of solar energy [7] vi Temperature dilatations occur in winter due to unequal envelope layers in winter [3] vii Data obtained based on the tentative assessment method; it has been estimated that air temperature of 18 C° and 80 % of relative humidity is required to cool down the air of 32 C° and 40% of relative humidity. Rooms in residential spaces need 30-40 W/m3 of thermal energy, and the system must be adjusted to the time spent in those rooms [8] viii Heat pumps: air to air, air to water, water to water and ground to water [10] ______ H. Bradić: “Kromolj House in Sarajevo”, pp. 58–67 67 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ The Journal e28 About the Journal e29 Instructions for Authors e31 Advertisements ______ e27 International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 2198-7688 ______ ABOUT THE JOURNAL Aim and Scope International Journal of Contemporary Architecture “The New ARCH” publishes research articles and studies on solutions to architectural projects and urban planning. Papers that are multidisciplinary and/or address new or emerging areas of architecture are particularly encouraged. 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