Stump, Morphotactics Lecture 2, 7-10-17.Pdf

7-6-17 Morphotactics 1

1. Canonical typology 2. Canonical inflection 3. Canonical morphotactics 7-6-17 Morphotactics 2

1. Canonical typology ✔ ︎ 2. Canonical inflection ✔ ︎ 3. Canonical morphotactics 7-10-17 Morphotactics 3 First off, what is morphotactics?

The internal patterns according to which a language’s complex word forms are defined constitute its morphotactics.

In the morpheme-based approaches to morphology that emerged in the twentieth century, a language’s morphotactic principles are constraints on the concatenation of morphemes (a perspective still held by many linguists).

In rule-based conceptions of morphology, by contrast, a language’s morphotactic principles are constraints on the interaction of its rules of morphology in the definition of a word form. 7-10-17 Morphotactics 4 First off, what is morphotactics?

The internal patterns according to which a language’s complex word forms are defined constitute its morphotactics.

(1) a. A rule of affixation introduces a single affix. b. A rule of affixation is either a rule of suffixation, a rule of prefixation or a rule of infixation. c. An affix is morphologically unanalyzable; that is, a rule of affixation is not a combination of rules of affixation. d. A morphological rule always expresses the same content. e. Relations of paradigmatic opposition hold between individual rules. f. Allomorphy is locally conditioned. g. Where X and Y are derivational affixes, a stem of the form Stem‑X‑Y entails a stem of the form Stem‑X, but the reverse is not true. h. The application of a rule of affixation may be conditioned by the grammatical properties that it realizes and by the properties of the stem to which it applies, but is not directly sensitive to the application of any other rule of affixation. i. Rules of inflectional affixation apply in a fixed sequence. j. A rule of affixation applies at most once in the definition of a word form’s morphology. 7-10-17 Morphotactics 7 A morphotactic system is canonical to the extent that it satisfies the criteria in (1).

(1) a. A rule of affixation introduces a single affix. ✔ ︎︎ b. A rule of affixation is either a rule of suffixation, a rule of prefixation or a rule of infixation. ✔ ︎︎ c. An affix is morphologically unanalyzable; that is, a rule of affixation is not a combination of rules of affixation. ✔ ︎︎ d. A morphological rule always expresses the same content. ✔ ︎︎ e. Relations of paradigmatic opposition hold between individual rules. ✔ ︎︎ f. Allomorphy is locally conditioned. ✔ ︎︎ g. Where X and Y are derivational affixes, a stem of the form Stem‑X‑Y entails a stem of the form Stem‑X, but the reverse is not true. h. The application of a rule of affixation may be conditioned by the grammatical properties that it realizes and by the properties of the stem to which it applies, but is not directly sensitive to the application of any other rule of affixation. i. Rules of inflectional affixation apply in a fixed sequence. j. A rule of affixation applies at most once in the definition of a word form’s morphology. 7-10-17 Morphotactics 8 (1g) Where X and Y are derivational suffixes, a stem of the form Stem‑X‑Y implies a stem of the form Stem‑X, but the reverse is not true.

Swahili Stem-an-isha [Stem-RECIPROCAL-CAUSATIVE] Stem-ana: [Stem-RECIPROCAL] kupiga ‘to beat’, kupiganisha ‘to cause to beat each other’, hence kupigana ‘to beat each other’

Walmart, Walmartization but not *Walmartize 7-10-17 Morphotactics 9 (1g) Where X and Y are derivational suffixes, a stem of the form Stem‑X‑Y implies a stem of the form Stem‑X, but the reverse is not true.

Swahili Stem-an-isha [Stem-RECIPROCAL-CAUSATIVE] Stem-ana: [Stem-RECIPROCAL] kupiga ‘to beat’, kupiganisha ‘to cause to beat each other’, hence kupigana ‘to beat each other’

Walmart, Walmartization but not *Walmartize 7-10-17 Morphotactics 10 (1g) Where X and Y are derivational suffixes, a stem of the form Stem‑X‑Y implies a stem of the form Stem‑X, but the reverse is not true.

Swahili Stem-an-isha [Stem-RECIPROCAL-CAUSATIVE] Stem-ana: [Stem-RECIPROCAL] kupiga ‘to beat’, kupiganisha ‘to cause to beat each other’, hence kupigana ‘to beat each other’

Walmart, Walmartization but not *Walmartize 7-10-17 Morphotactics 11 (1h) The application of a rule of affixation may be conditioned by the grammatical properties that it realizes and by the properties of the stem to which it applies, but is not directly sensitive to the application of any other rule of affixation.

Swahili ha-tu-ta-taka ‘we will not want’ a-vi-soma-vyo ‘which he reads’ a-me-vyo-vi-soma ‘which he has read’ 7-10-17 Morphotactics 12 (1h) The application of a rule of affixation may be conditioned by the grammatical properties that it realizes and by the properties of the stem to which it applies, but is not directly sensitive to the application of any other rule of affixation.

Swahili ha-tu-ta-taka ‘we will not want’ a-vi-soma-vyo ‘which he reads’ a-me-vyo-vi-soma ‘which he has read’ 7-10-17 Morphotactics 13 (1h) The application of a rule of affixation may be conditioned by the grammatical properties that it realizes and by the properties of the stem to which it applies, but is not directly sensitive to the application of any other rule of affixation.

Swahili ha-tu-ta-taka ‘we will not want’ a-vi-soma-vyo ‘which he reads’ a-me-vyo-vi-soma ‘which he has read’ 7-10-17 Morphotactics 14

(1i) Rules of inflectional affixation apply in a fixed sequence.

ha-tu-ta-taka ‘we will not want’ A B C

Inflectional prefixes in Chintang (Kiranti; Nepal) u–kha–ma–cop–yokt–e. u–ma–kha–cop–yokt–e. 3NSA–1NSP–NEG–see–NEG–PST kha–u–ma–cop–yokt–e. ‘They didn’t see us.’ ma–u–kha–cop–yokt–e. kha–ma–u–cop–yokt–e. ma–kha–u–cop–yokt–e.

7-10-17 Morphotactics 15

(1i) Rules of inflectional affixation apply in a fixed sequence.

ha-tu-ta-taka ‘we will not want’ A B C

7-10-17 Morphotactics 16

(1i) Rules of inflectional affixation apply in a fixed sequence. ha-tu-ta-taka ‘we will not want’ A B C

Latin laudābantur ‘they were being praised’

Perfect-tense forms of HUṚ ‘see’ in Pengo [S. Central Dravidian] Singular Plural st 1 huṛ-t-aŋ-n-aŋ EXCL. huṛ-t-ap-na, INCL. huṛ-t-ah-na 2nd huṛ-t-ay-na huṛ-t-ader-na 3rd m. huṛ-t-an-na huṛ-t-ar-na f. huṛ-t-ik-n-ik huṛ-t-at-na n. huṛ-t-iŋ-n-iŋ

7-10-17 Morphotactics 18 (1j) A rule of affixation applies at most once in the definition of a word form’s morphology.

Latin laudābantur ‘they were being praised’

7-10-17 Morphotactics 19 (1j) A rule of affixation applies at most once in the definition of a word form’s morphology.

Latin laudābantur ‘they were being praised’

Perfect-tense forms of HUṚ ‘see’ in Pengo [S. Central Dravidian] Singular Plural EXCL. huṛ-t-ap-na, 1st huṛ-t-aŋ-n-aŋ INCL. huṛ-t-ah-na 2nd huṛ-t-ay-na huṛ-t-ader-na 3rd m. huṛ-t-an-na huṛ-t-ar-na f. huṛ-t-ik-n-ik huṛ-t-at-na n. huṛ-t-iŋ-n-iŋ

7-10-17 Morphotactics 20

In this course, we shall discuss a hypothesis that reconciles morphological theory with such deviations from canonical morphotactics.

Before we begin considering this hypothesis, a brief discussion of the course project. 7-10-17 Morphotactics 21

In this course, we shall discuss a hypothesis that reconciles morphological theory with such deviations from canonical morphotactics.

Before we begin considering this hypothesis, a brief discussion of the course project. 7-10-17 Morphotactics 22

Course project

Investigate a systematic deviation from canonical morphotactics in a language of your choice. The deviation should be systematic in that it is exhibited by a whole class of words rather than by a small number of exceptional words. 7-10-17 Morphotactics 23

Three illustrative examples of paper topics 7-10-17 Morphotactics 24

Canonically, a rule of affixation is either a rule of suffixation, a rule of prefixation or a rule of infixation. 7-10-17 Morphotactics 25 Swahili (Niger-Congo; Tanzania, Kenya, etc.) a. vitabu a-vi-soma-vyo Hamisi books.CL.8 SBJ:CL.1-OBJ:CL.8-read-REL:CL.8 Hamisi.CL.1 ‘the books which Hamisi reads’ b. vitabu a-na-vyo-vi-soma Hamisi books.CL.8 SBJ:CL.1-TNS-REL:CL.8-OBJ:CL.8-read Hamisi.CL.1 ‘the books which Hamisi is reading’ c. vitabu a-si-vyo-vi-soma Hamisi books.CL.8 SBJ:CL.1-NEG-REL:CL.8-OBJ:CL.8-read Hamisi.CL.1 ‘the books which Hamisi doesn’t read’

7-10-17 Morphotactics 26 Swahili (Niger-Congo; Tanzania, Kenya, etc.) a. vitabu a-vi-soma-vyo Hamisi books.CL.8 SBJ:CL.1-OBJ:CL.8-read-REL:CL.8 Hamisi.CL.1 ‘the books which Hamisi reads’ b. vitabu a-na-vyo-vi-soma Hamisi books.CL.8 SBJ:CL.1-TNS-REL:CL.8-OBJ:CL.8-read Hamisi.CL.1 ‘the books which Hamisi is reading’ c. vitabu a-si-vyo-vi-soma Hamisi books.CL.8 SBJ:CL.1-NEG-REL:CL.8-OBJ:CL.8-read Hamisi.CL.1 ‘the books which Hamisi doesn’t read’

7-10-17 Morphotactics 27

Canonically, rules of inflectional affixation apply in a fixed sequence.

Canonically, a rule of inflectional affixation applies at most once in the definition of a word form’s morphology. 7-10-17 Morphotactics 28 Pengo (South-Central Dravidian; Odisha state, India)

Past- and perfect-tense forms of HUṚ ‘see’ in Pengo Singular Plural st Past 1 huṛ-t-aŋ EXCL. huṛ-t-ap, INCL. huṛ-t-as 2nd huṛ-t-ay huṛ-t-ader 3rd m. huṛ-t-an huṛ-t-ar f. huṛ-t-ik huṛ-t-at n. huṛ-t-iŋ st Perfect 1 huṛ-t-aŋ-n-aŋ EXCL. huṛ-t-ap-na, INCL. huṛ-t-ah-na 2nd huṛ-t-ay-na huṛ-t-ader-na 3rd m. huṛ-t-an-na huṛ-t-ar-na f. huṛ-t-ik-n-ik huṛ-t-at-na n. huṛ-t-iŋ-n-iŋ

7-10-17 Morphotactics 29 Pengo (South-Central Dravidian; Odisha state, India)

7-10-17 Morphotactics 30

Canonically, relations of paradigmatic opposition hold between individual rules. 7-10-17 Morphotactics 31 Swahili (Niger-Congo; Tanzania, Kenya, etc.)

Singular personal forms of Swahili KUSOMA ‘read’ in three tenses (‘I am reading it’, etc.)

Present Past Future A B C D stem A B C D stem A B C D stem Pos 1sg ni- na- ki- soma ni- li- ki- soma ni- ta- ki- soma 2sg u- na- ki- soma u- li- ki- soma u- ta- ki- soma 3sg a- na- ki- soma a- li- ki- soma a- ta- ki- soma Neg 1sg si- na- ki- soma si- ku- ki- soma si- ta- ki- soma 2sg ha- u- na- ki- soma ha- u- ku- ki- soma ha- u- ta- ki- soma 3sg ha- a- na- ki- soma ha- a- ku- ki- soma ha- a- ta- ki- soma

7-10-17 Morphotactics 32 Swahili (Niger-Congo; Tanzania, Kenya, etc.)

Singular personal forms of Swahili KUSOMA ‘read’ in three tenses (‘I am reading it’, etc.)

7-10-17 Morphotactics 33 Course project: Investigate a systematic deviation from canonical morphotactics in a language of your choice. The deviation should be systematic in that it is exhibited by a whole class of words rather than by a small number of exceptional words. In your paper, you should: • describe the deviation as precisely as you can, citing lots of data and explaining any grammatical or phonological issues that are germane to understanding the phenomenon at issue; • summarize any prior work on the chosen phenomenon of which you are aware; • if you find an existing analysis convincing, explain why as precisely as you can, drawing attention to any potential problems for the elaboration of that analysis; • if you do not find any existing analysis convincing (or if you don’t know of any existing analysis), propose an analysis that you find satisfying, being sure to explain in detail how the proposed analysis accounts for the deviation at issue. 7-10-17 Morphotactics 34 Course project: Investigate a systematic deviation from canonical morphotactics in a language of your choice. The deviation should be systematic in that it is exhibited by a whole class of words rather than by a small number of exceptional words. In your paper, you should: • describe the deviation as precisely as you can, citing lots of data and explaining any grammatical or phonological issues that are germane to understanding the phenomenon at issue; • summarize any prior work on the chosen phenomenon of which you are aware; • if you find an existing analysis convincing, explain why as precisely as you can, drawing attention to any potential problems for the elaboration of that analysis; • if you do not find any existing analysis convincing (or if you don’t know of any existing analysis), propose an analysis that you find satisfying, being sure to explain in detail how the proposed analysis accounts for the deviation at issue. 7-10-17 Morphotactics 35 Course project: Investigate a systematic deviation from canonical morphotactics in a language of your choice. The deviation should be systematic in that it is exhibited by a whole class of words rather than by a small number of exceptional words. In your paper, you should: • describe the deviation as precisely as you can, citing lots of data and explaining any grammatical or phonological issues that are germane to understanding the phenomenon at issue; • summarize any prior work on the chosen phenomenon of which you are aware; • if you find an existing analysis convincing, explain why as precisely as you can, drawing attention to any potential problems for the elaboration of that analysis; • if you do not find any existing analysis convincing (or if you don’t know of any existing analysis), propose an analysis that you find satisfying, being sure to explain in detail how the proposed analysis accounts for the deviation at issue. 7-10-17 Morphotactics 36 Course project: Investigate a systematic deviation from canonical morphotactics in a language of your choice. The deviation should be systematic in that it is exhibited by a whole class of words rather than by a small number of exceptional words. In your paper, you should: • describe the deviation as precisely as you can, citing lots of data and explaining any grammatical or phonological issues that are germane to understanding the phenomenon at issue; • summarize any prior work on the chosen phenomenon of which you are aware; • if you find an existing analysis convincing, explain why as precisely as you can, drawing attention to any potential problems for the elaboration of that analysis; • if you do not find any existing analysis convincing (or if you don’t know of any existing analysis), propose an analysis that you find satisfying, being sure to explain in detail how the proposed analysis accounts for the deviation at issue. 7-10-17 Morphotactics 37

The micromorphology hypothesis 7-10-17 Morphotactics 38 The micromorphology hypothesis Affix-oriented version: In the most adequate description of a language’s morphology, an affix may be morphologically complex, i.e. a combination of other affixes.

Rule-oriented version: In the most adequate description of a language’s morphology, a morphological rule may be morphologically complex, i.e. the composition of other morphological rules.

Descriptive grammars often tacitly assume the micromorphology hypothesis.

Example: Soukka, Maria. 2000. A descriptive grammar of Noon: A Cangin language of Senegal. Munich: LINCOM Europa.

7-10-17 Morphotactics 39 The micromorphology hypothesis Affix-oriented version: In the most adequate description of a language’s morphology, an affix may be morphologically complex, i.e. a combination of other affixes.

Rule-oriented version: In the most adequate description of a language’s morphology, a morphological rule may be morphologically complex, i.e. the conflation of other morphological rules.

Descriptive grammars often tacitly assume the micromorphology hypothesis.

Example: Soukka, Maria. 2000. A descriptive grammar of Noon: A Cangin language of Senegal. Munich: LINCOM Europa.

7-10-17 Morphotactics 40 The micromorphology hypothesis Affix-oriented version: In the most adequate description of a language’s morphology, an affix may be morphologically complex, i.e. a combination of other affixes.

Rule-oriented version: In the most adequate description of a language’s morphology, a morphological rule may be morphologically complex, i.e. the conflation of other morphological rules.

Descriptive grammars often tacitly assume the micromorphology hypothesis.

Example: Soukka, Maria. 2000. A descriptive grammar of Noon: A Cangin language of Senegal. Munich: LINCOM Europa. 7-10-17 Morphotactics 41 The micromorphology hypothesis The Noon language is spoken by approximately 33,000 people in Senegal. It belongs to the Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo family. As it is an official language, it is used in all discourse domains by speakers of all ages, many of whom are also fluent in Wolof and French.

7-10-17 Morphotactics 42 The micromorphology hypothesis

Noun class markers

CLASS SG PL 1 ∅ c largest and most productive class; loans here; many animates; shared N/V roots. 2 f c next most common; less productive; animal nouns, other animates 3 m c small; mass nouns, esp. liquids, powdery substances; no animates 4 k t derivational prefixes ki- (communal) and ku- (diminutive), infinitives in ki-, several animates 5 p t small, closed; mostly plants and plant parts; no animates 6 j t closed, very small; diminutives of nouns in other classes

7-10-17 Morphotactics 43 The micromorphology hypothesis

Noun class markers

7-10-17 Morphotactics 44 The micromorphology hypothesis

Noun class markers

7-10-17 Morphotactics 45 The micromorphology hypothesis

Noun class markers

7-10-17 Morphotactics 46 The micromorphology hypothesis

Noun class markers

7-10-17 Morphotactics 47 The micromorphology hypothesis

Noun class markers

7-10-17 Morphotactics 48

The micromorphology hypothesis Indefinite and definite forms of nouns in the six Noon noun classes

DEFINITE CLASS GLOSS INDEFINITE -ii -um -aa SG 1 ∅ ‘door’ hal hal-ii hal-um hal-aa 2 f ‘house’ kaan kaan-fii kaan-fum kaan-faa 3 m ‘sauce’ mesip mesip-mii mesip-mum mesip-maa 4 k ‘tree’ k-edik k-edik-kii k-edik-kum k-edik-kaa 5 p ‘thread’ p-ëlkít p-ëlkít-pii p-ëlkít-pum p-ëlkít-paa 6 j ‘finger’ j-okon j-okon-jii j-okon-jum j-okon-jaa PL 1 c ‘doors’ hal hal-cii hal-cum hal-caa 2 c ‘houses’ kaan kaan-cii kaan-cum kaan-caa 3 c ‘sauces’ mesip mesip-cii mesip-cum mesip-caa 4 t ‘trees’ t-edik t-edik-tii t-edik-tum t-edik-taa 5 t ‘threads’ t-ëlkít t-ëlkít-tii t-ëlkít-tum t-ëlkít-taa 6 t ‘fingers’ t-okon t-okon-tii t-okon-tum t-okon-taa 7-10-17 Morphotactics 49 The micromorphology hypothesis

Noun class

markers CLASS SG PL 1 ∅ c

2 f c 3 m c 4 k t 5 p t 6 j t

Markers of position -ii ‘close to the speaker’ -um ‘close to the addressee’ -aa ‘distant from both’

7-10-17 Morphotactics 50 The micromorphology hypothesis

Noun class Definite markers markers CLASS SG PL Positions 1 ∅ c 1 (-ii) 2 (-um) 3 (-aa) CLASS 2 f c SG PL SG PL SG PL 3 m c 1 -ii -c-ii -um -c-um -aa -c-aa 4 k t 2 -f-ii -c-ii -f-um -c-um -f-aa -c-aa 5 p t 3 -m-ii -c-ii -m-um -c-um -m-aa -c-aa 6 j t 4 -k-ii -t-ii -k-um -t-um -k-aa -t-aa 5 -p-ii -t-ii -p-um -t-um -p-aa -t-aa 6 -j-ii -t-ii -j-um -t-um -j-aa -t-aa c, j are palatal plosives. Markers of position -ii ‘close to the speaker’ -um ‘close to the addressee’ -aa ‘distant from both’

7-10-17 Morphotactics 51

The micromorphology hypothesis Indefinite and definite forms of nouns in the six Noon noun classes

DEFINITE CLASS GLOSS INDEFINITE -ii -um -aa SG 1 ∅ ‘door’ hal hal-ii hal-um hal-aa 2 f ‘house’ kaan kaan-f-ii kaan-f-um kaan-f-aa 3 m ‘sauce’ mesip mesip-m-ii mesip-m-um mesip-m-aa 4 k ‘tree’ k-edik k-edik-k-ii k-edik-k-um k-edik-k-aa 5 p ‘thread’ p-ëlkít p-ëlkít-p-ii p-ëlkít-p-um p-ëlkít-p-aa 6 j ‘finger’ j-okon j-okon-j-ii j-okon-j-um j-okon-j-aa PL 1 c ‘doors’ hal hal-c-ii hal-c-um hal-c-aa 2 c ‘houses’ kaan kaan-c-ii kaan-c-um kaan-c-aa 3 c ‘sauces’ mesip mesip-c-ii mesip-c-um mesip-c-aa 4 t ‘trees’ t-edik t-edik-t-ii t-edik-t-um t-edik-t-aa 5 t ‘threads’ t-ëlkít t-ëlkít-t-ii t-ëlkít-t-um t-ëlkít-t-aa 6 t ‘fingers’ t-okon t-okon-t-ii t-okon-t-um t-okon-t-aa 7-10-17 Morphotactics 52 The micromorphology hypothesis

Attributive adjectives in Noon 7-10-17 Morphotactics 53 The micromorphology hypothesis

a. kaan f-i-'as house(CL:2) CL:2SG-PF-new ‘a new house’ b. kaan-f-ii f-i-'as-f-ii house(CL:2)-CL:2SG-POS:1 CL:2SG-PF-new-CL:2SG-POS:1 ‘the new house (here)’

7-10-17 Morphotactics 54 The micromorphology hypothesis

The inflection of the Noon adjective YAK ‘big’ Noun Definite Indefinite class Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Nondiminutive Inanimate sg 1 wiyak wiyakwii wiyakwum wiyakwaa 2 fiyak fiyakfii fiyakfum fiyakfaa 3 miyak miyakmii miyakmum miyakmaa 4 kiyak kiyakkii kiyakkum kiyakkaa 5 piyak piyakpii piyakpum piyakpaa 6 jiyak jiyakjii jiyakjum jiyakjaa pl 1–3 ciyak ciyakcii ciyakcum ciyakcaa 4–6 tiyak tiyaktii tiyaktum tiyaktaa Animate sg yiyak yiyakyii yiyakyum yiyakyaa pl ɓiyak ɓiyakɓii ɓiyakɓum ɓiyakɓaa Diminutive sg jiyak jiyakjii jiyakjum jiyakjaa pl tiyak tiyaktii tiyaktum tiyaktaa 7-10-17 Morphotactics 55 The micromorphology hypothesis

Noon adjectival inflections Noun Class Prefixal class marker concord Nondiminutive Inanimate sg 1 w- 2 f- Prefixal formative: i- 3 m- 4 k- 5 p- 6 j- Suffixal formatives: pl 1–3 c- Location 1 -ii 4–6 t- Location 2 -um Animate sg y- Location 3 -aa pl ɓ- Diminutive sg j- pl t- 7-10-17 Morphotactics 61 The micromorphology hypothesis

The inflection of the Noon adjective YAK ‘big’ Noun Definite Indefinite class Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Non- Inanimat sg 1 wiyak wiyakwii wiyakwum wiyakwaa diminutive e 2 fiyak fiyakfii fiyakfum fiyakfaa 3 miyak miyakmii miyakmum miyakmaa 4 kiyak kiyakkii kiyakkum kiyakkaa 5 piyak piyakpii piyakpum piyakpaa 6 jiyak jiyakjii jiyakjum jiyakjaa pl 1–3 ciyak ciyakcii ciyakcum ciyakcaa 4–6 tiyak tiyaktii tiyaktum tiyaktaa Animate sg yiyak yiyakyii yiyakyum yiyakyaa pl ɓiyak ɓiyakɓii ɓiyakɓum ɓiyakɓaa Diminutive sg jiyak jiyakjii jiyakjum jiyakjaa pl tiyak tiyaktii tiyaktum tiyaktaa 7-10-17 Morphotactics 65 The micromorphology hypothesis The inflection of the Noon adjective YAK ‘big’ Noun Definite Location 2 class Non- Inanimate sg 1 wiyakwum diminutive 2 fiyakfum 3 miyakmum 4 kiyakkum 5 piyakpum 6 jiyakjum pl 1–3 ciyakcum 4–6 tiyaktum Animate sg yiyakyum pl ɓiyakɓum Diminutive sg jiyakjum pl tiyaktum 7-10-17 Morphotactics 66 The micromorphology hypothesis The inflection of the Noon adjective YAK ‘big’ Noun Definite Location 2 class –2 –1 Stem 1 2 Non- Inanimate sg 1 w- i- yak -w -um diminutive 2 f- i- yak -f -um 3 m- i- yak -m -um 4 k- i- yak -k -um 5 p- i- yak -p -um 6 j- i- yak -j -um pl 1–3 c- i- yak -c -um 4–6 t- i- yak -t -um Animate sg y- i- yak -y -um pl ɓ- i- yak -ɓ -um Diminutive sg j- i- yak -j -um pl t- i- yak -t -um 7-10-17 Morphotactics 67 The micromorphology hypothesis The inflection of the Noon adjective YAK ‘big’ Noun Definite Location 2 class –2 –1 Stem 1 2 Non- Inanimate sg 1 w- i- yak -w -um diminutive 2 f- i- yak -f -um Prefixal 3 m- i- yak -m -um formative 4 k- i- yak -k -um 5 p- i- yak -p -um 6 j- i- yak -j -um pl 1–3 c- i- yak -c -um 4–6 t- i- yak -t -um Animate sg y- i- yak -y -um pl ɓ- i- yak -ɓ -um Diminutive sg j- i- yak -j -um pl t- i- yak -t -um 7-10-17 Morphotactics 68 The micromorphology hypothesis The inflection of the Noon adjective YAK ‘big’ Noun Definite Location 2 class –2 –1 Stem 1 2 Non- Inanimate sg 1 w- i- yak -w -um diminutive 2 f- i- yak -f -um Suffixal 3 m- i- yak -m -um formative 4 k- i- yak -k -um 5 p- i- yak -p -um 6 j- i- yak -j -um pl 1–3 c- i- yak -c -um 4–6 t- i- yak -t -um Animate sg y- i- yak -y -um pl ɓ- i- yak -ɓ -um Diminutive sg j- i- yak -j -um pl t- i- yak -t -um 7-10-17 Morphotactics 69 The micromorphology hypothesis The inflection of the Noon adjective YAK ‘big’ Noun Definite Location 2 class –2 –1 Stem 1 2 Non- Inanimate sg 1 w- i- yak -w -um diminutive 2 f- i- yak -f -um Class 3 m- i- yak -m -um markers 4 k- i- yak -k -um 5 p- i- yak -p -um 6 j- i- yak -j -um pl 1–3 c- i- yak -c -um 4–6 t- i- yak -t -um Animate sg y- i- yak -y -um pl ɓ- i- yak -ɓ -um Diminutive sg j- i- yak -j -um pl t- i- yak -t -um 7-10-17 Morphotactics 70 The micromorphology hypothesis The inflection of the Noon adjective YAK ‘big’

Noun Prefixal Stem Definite class concord suffix Non- Inanimate sg 1 w-i- yak -w-um diminutive 2 f-i- yak -f-um 3 m-i- yak -m-um 4 k-i- yak -k-um Soukka 2000 5 p-i- yak -p-um 6 j-i- yak -j-um pl 1–3 c-i- yak -c-um 4–6 t-i- yak -t-um Animate sg y-i- yak -y-um pl ɓ-i- yak -ɓ-um Diminutive sg j-i- yak -j-um pl t-i- yak -t-um 7-10-17 Morphotactics 71 The micromorphology hypothesis The inflection of the Noon adjective YAK ‘big’

Affix-oriented version: In the most adequate description of a language’s morphology, an affix may be morphologically complex, i.e. a combination of other affixes.

Rule-oriented version: In the most adequate description of a language’s morphology, a morphological rule may be morphologically complex, i.e. the conflation of other morphological rules.

7-10-17 Morphotactics 73 The micromorphology hypothesis

Affix-oriented version: In the most adequate description of a language’s morphology, an affix may be morphologically complex, i.e. a combination of other affixes.

Rule-oriented version: In the most adequate description of a language’s morphology, a morphological rule may be morphologically complex, i.e. the conflation of other morphological rules.

7-10-17 Morphotactics 74 The micromorphology hypothesis

Function composition a. f(n) = n × 2 (2 → 4) b. g(n) = n + 1 (4 → 5) c. (g ∘ f)(n) = (n × 2) + 1 (2 → 5)

Rule conflation a. X-ate = V (hyphen, valid → hyphenate, validate) b. V-ion = N (hyphenate, validate → hyphenation, validation) c. X-at-ion = N (hyphen, valid → hyphenation, validation)

7-10-17 Morphotactics 75 Rule conflation

Function composition a. f(n) = n × 2 (2 → 4) b. g(n) = n + 1 (4 → 5) c. (g ∘ f)(n) = (n × 2) + 1 (2 → 5)

Rule conflation a. X-ate = V (hyphen, valid → hyphenate, validate) b. V-ion = N (hyphenate, validate → hyphenation, validation) c. X-at-ion = N (hyphen, valid → hyphenation, validation)

7-10-17 Morphotactics 76 Rule conflation

Where A is a rule that affixes a and B is a rule that affixes b, the conflation of A with B is a rule [A © B] that affixes b′, where (i) b′ is the result of applying A to b and (ii) [A © B] effects the same operation (prefixation or suffixation) as B. 7-10-17 Morphotactics 77 Rule conflation Four logically possible patterns of rule conflation

the application of [A © B] Rule A Rule B Rule [A © B] to stem X a-prefixation b-prefixation ab-prefixation abX a-prefixation b-suffixation ab-suffixation Xab a-suffixation b-prefixation ba-prefixation baX a-suffixation b-suffixation ba-suffixation Xba

7-10-17 Morphotactics 78 Rule conflation Four logically possible patterns of rule conflation

not aXb not bXa 7-10-17 Morphotactics 79 Rule conflation

The precise effects of rule conflation (here represented as an operator ‘©’) depend on whether the rules involved are rules of inflectional realization or rules of derivation.

7-10-17 Morphotactics 80 Rule conflation Consider first the case of realizational rules of inflectional affixation.

Rule A. {α} : prefix x-

Rule B. {β} : suffix -y

Rule (B © A). {α} ∪ {β} : x-Stem-y

Rule (B © A). {α} ∪ {β} : x-y-Stem 7-10-17 Morphotactics 81 Rule conflation Consider first the case of realizational rules of inflectional affixation.

Rule A. {α} : prefix x-

Rule B. {β} : suffix -y

Rule [B © A]. {α} ∪ {β} : x-y-Stem 7-10-17 Morphotactics 82 Rule conflation Consider now the case of rules of derivational affixation.

Form Category Content

Rule A. X → aX C₁ → C₂ ⟦ X ⟧ → ⟦ f(X) ⟧

Rule B. X → Xb C₂ → C₃ ⟦ X ⟧ → ⟦ g(X) ⟧

Rule (B © A). X → abX C₁ → C₃ ⟦ X ⟧ → ⟦ g(f(X)) ⟧ 7-10-17 Morphotactics 83 Rule conflation Consider now the case of rules of derivational affixation.

Form Category Content

Rule A. X → aX C₁ → C₂ ⟦ X ⟧ → ⟦ f(X) ⟧

Rule B. X → Xb C₂ → C₃ ⟦ X ⟧ → ⟦ g(X) ⟧

Rule [B © A]. X → abX C₁ → C₃ ⟦ X ⟧ → ⟦ g(f(X)) ⟧ 7-10-17 Morphotactics 84 Rule conflation Four important characteristics of the general definition of rule conflation

• Rule B has a dominant role in the interpretation of the conflated rule [A © B], since the direction of affixation of B determines that of [A © B].

• In the application of [A © B] to a stem X, A’s affix is always sequenced primarily with respect to B’s affix, which alone determines the sequence of affixation with respect to X. 7-10-17 Morphotactics 85 Rule conflation Four important characteristics of the general definition of rule conflation

• Rule B has a dominant role in the interpretation of the conflated rule [A © B], since the direction of affixation of B determines that of [A © B].

• In the application of [A © B] to a stem X, A’s affix is always sequenced primarily with respect to B’s affix, which alone determines the sequence of affixation with respect to X. 7-10-17 Morphotactics 86 Rule conflation Four important characteristics of the general definition of rule conflation

• Rule B has a dominant role in the interpretation of the conflated rule [A © B], since the direction of affixation of B determines that of [A © B].

• In the application of [A © B] to a stem X, A’s affix is always sequenced primarily with respect to B’s affix, which alone determines the sequence of affixation with respect to X. 7-10-17 Morphotactics 87 Rule conflation Four important characteristics of the general definition of rule conflation

• The definition of rule conflation does not exclude the possibility that a conflated rule might itself enter into the conflation of a still more complex rule; that is, rule conflation may be recursive.

• Rule conflation is an operation on rules rather than on affixes; nevertheless, if A and B are rules introducing the respective affixes a and b, the affix ab (or ba) introduced by the conflated rule [A © B] may, as a kind of shorthand, be called a CONFLATED AFFIX. 7-10-17 Morphotactics 88 Rule conflation Four important characteristics of the general definition of rule conflation

Rule conflation in Noon adjectival inflection Noun Class Prefixal class marker concord Nondiminutive Inanimate sg 1 w- 2 f- Prefixal formative: i- 3 m- 4 k- 5 p- 6 j- Suffixal formatives: pl 1–3 c- Location 1 -ii 4–6 t- Location 2 -um Animate sg y- Location 3 -aa pl ɓ- Diminutive sg j- pl t- 7-10-17 Morphotactics 90 Rule conflation

Rule conflation in Noon adjectival inflection Noun Class class marker Prefixal concord Nondiminutive Inanimate sg 1 w- 2 f- Prefixal formative: i- 3 m- 4 k- Soukka 2000 5 p- 6 j- Suffixal formatives: pl 1–3 c- Location 1 -ii 4–6 t- Location 2 -um Animate sg y- Location 3 -aa pl ɓ- Diminutive sg j- pl t- 7-10-17 Morphotactics 91 Rule conflation

Rule conflation in Noon adjectival inflection Noun Class class marker Prefixal concord NondiminutivePre fiInanimatexal adjective sg in1 flectionw- in Noon Rule A. {inanimate2 sg 1} : pref- fix w-Pre fixal formative: i- 3 m- Rule B. {} : prefix i-4 k- 5 p- Rule [A © B]. {inanimate6 sgj- 1} : pre Sufiffixxal wi- formatives: pl 1–3 c- Location 1 -ii 4–6 t- Location 2 -um If theyAnimate compete, sg [A © B] overridesy- A, B. Location 3 -aa pl ɓ- Diminutive sg j- pl t- 7-10-17 Morphotactics 92 Rule conflation

Rule conflation in Noon adjectival inflection Noun Class Prefixal class marker concord Nondiminutive Inanimate sg 1 w- 2 f- Prefixal formative: i- 3 m- 4 k- Soukka 2000 5 p- 6 j- Suffixal formatives: pl 1–3 c- Location 1 -ii 4–6 t- Location 2 -um Animate sg y- Location 3 -aa pl ɓ- Diminutive sg j-

pl t- Definite suffixes 7-10-17 Morphotactics 93 Rule conflation

Rule conflation in Noon adjectival inflection Noun Class Prefixal class marker concord NondiminutiveSuffixal Inanimate adjective sg inflection1 inw- Noon Rule A. {inanimate sg 21} : prefif-x w- Prefixal formative: i- 3 m- Rule C. {def loc1} : suffi4 x -ii k- 5 p- Rule [A © C]. {def loc16 inanimatej- sg 1}Su :ffi suxalffi formativesx -wii : pl 1–3 c- Location 1 -ii 4–6 t- Location 2 -um If they compete,Animate sg[A © C] overridesy- A, C. Location 3 -aa pl ɓ- Diminutive sg j-

pl t- Definite suffixes 7-10-17 Morphotactics 94

Rule conflation Simple rules of inflectional affixation for Noon adjective inflection Prefix rules Noun-class rules h. {–dim –anim pl CL.4–6} : prefix t- a. {–dim –anim sg CL.1} : prefix w- i. {–dim +anim sg} : prefix y- b. {–dim –anim sg CL.2} : prefix f- j. {–dim +anim pl} : prefix ɓ- c. {–dim –anim sg CL.3} : prefix m- k. {+dim sg} : prefix j- d. {–dim –anim sg CL.4} : prefix k- l. {+dim pl} : prefix t- e. {–dim –anim sg CL.5} : prefix p- f. {–dim –anim sg CL.6} : prefix j- Prefixal formative rule g. {–dim –anim pl CL.1–3} : prefix c- m. {adj}: prefix i-

Suffix rules Positional formative rules n. {definite loc1} : suffix -ii o. {definite loc2} : suffix -um p. {definite loc3} : suffix -aa

7-10-17 Morphotactics 95

Suffix rules Positional formative rules n. {definite loc1} : suffix -ii o. {definite loc2} : suffix -um p. {definite loc3} : suffix -aa

7-10-17 Morphotactics 96

Suffix rules Positional formative rules n. {definite loc1} : suffix -ii o. {definite loc2} : suffix -um p. {definite loc3} : suffix -aa

7-10-17 Morphotactics 97

Suffix rules Positional formative rules n. {definite loc1} : suffix -ii o. {definite loc2} : suffix -um p. {definite loc3} : suffix -aa

7-10-17 Morphotactics 98

Rule conflation Conflated rules of inflectional affixation Prefix rules Prefixal concord rules Given any noun-class rule A, [A © ( {adj} : prefix i- )] is a prefixal concord rule.

Example: [( {–dim –anim sg CL.1} : prefix w- ) © ( {adj} : prefix i- )] = {–dim –anim sg CL.1 adj} : prefix wi- is a prefixal concord rule. Suffix rules Definite suffix rules Given any noun-class rule A and any positional formative rule B, [A © B] is a definite suffix rule.