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Title of Thesis Låtsaskrigen Föreställningar om krig, maskulinitet och historia i krigsspel under 200 år Tomas Karlsson Institutionen för ide- och samhällsstudier Umeå centrum för genusstudier Umeå 2018 Alea Iacta Est Detta verk är skyddat av svensk upphovsrätt (Lag 1960:729) Avhandling för filosofie doktorsexamen ISBN: 978-91-7601-858-3 Umeå Studies in History and Education 20 Series editors: Anna Larsson & Daniel Lindmark Omslagsbild: detalj från Krigs-Spelet, grundadt på Bulows Nyare Krigs-Systems Esprit, Stockholm, tryckt hos Carl Deleen, 1826. Bilden är beskuren. Tryck: UMU-tryckservice, Umeå Universitet Elektronisk version tillgänglig på: http://umu.diva-portal.org/ INNEHÅLL Abstract ............................................................................................ iii Förord .............................................................................................. iv 1. Inledning ........................................................................................ 1 Syfte och frågeställningar ................................................................................................ 4 Metod, material och avgränsningar ................................................................................. 5 Disposition ....................................................................................................................... 8 Tidigare forskning .......................................................................................................... 10 Krigsspelens historia ................................................................................................ 10 Simuleringsteknologi och krigsprediktion .............................................................. 14 Spel som historia ...................................................................................................... 16 Avhandlingsarbetets positionering i förhållande till forskningsläget ................... 22 2. Teoretiska utgångspunkter ......................................................... 24 Krigsspel ......................................................................................................................... 24 Autenticitet .................................................................................................................... 25 Militärhistoria och historiekultur .................................................................................. 27 Att undersöka medier och mediering över tid .............................................................. 29 Maskulinitet: krigsspelets aktörer ................................................................................ 33 Krigsföreställning .......................................................................................................... 36 Summering ...................................................................................................................... 37 3. Krigsspelen under 1800-talet ...................................................... 38 Sökandet efter universella principer för krigföring...................................................... 38 Mekanistisk filosofi och krigsspel ................................................................................. 40 Kodifiering av soldater: människan som automaton ................................................... 44 Kodifiering av tid och rum: den militära kartografin................................................... 46 Kodifiering av tid, rum och slump i det tidiga 1800-talets krigsspel .......................... 48 Fältherreidealet hos Jomini och von Clausewitz ........................................................... 57 Preussiska krigsspel i svensk bearbetning ..................................................................... 61 Faran med krigsspel ....................................................................................................... 73 Fältherren som historisk aktör....................................................................................... 75 Summerande analys ....................................................................................................... 77 4. Modellkrig och minnen i de moderna krigeNs skugga ................ 80 Siborne och minnet av Waterloo ................................................................................... 80 På besök i leksakskriget ................................................................................................. 83 H.G. Wells och Ossian Elgströms miniatyrkrigsspel ................................................... 87 Krigstrivialisering i spel under pågående världskrig .................................................... 97 Det moderna kriget och krigsnostalgin ....................................................................... 102 Summerande analys .....................................................................................................106 5. Krigsspel som framtidsvision och kontrafaktiskt minne ............ 109 Att förutse framtida och hypotetiska krig ....................................................................109 Krigsspel i förvarets möte med allmänheten: mediering om hur kriget kommer ..... 113 Operationsanalys och datorer ...................................................................................... 120 Krigsspel och krigsplanering, FOA och iscensättandet av framtidens krig ................ 123 i Datorer och beslutsfattande, politiska konfliktspel .................................................... 127 Krigsspelen som medieringsplattformar för realism .................................................. 130 Ett konventionellt tredje världskriget som krigsspel och minne ................................ 134 Kontrafaktiska minnen och krigshjältar efter kalla krigets slut ................................. 138 Summerande analys ..................................................................................................... 145 6. Kärnvapenkriget som krigsspel.................................................. 149 Svenska kärnvapen i krigsspel ..................................................................................... 150 Spelteori och nukespeak ............................................................................................... 151 Global Wargames – krigsspel för att undvika ett kärnvapenkrig ............................... 158 Automatiserade kontrollsystem och mänskliga aktörer .............................................160 1983: krigsspel som nästan blev verkliga .................................................................... 164 Kärnvapen i underhållningsspel .................................................................................. 166 Summerande analys ..................................................................................................... 173 7. Människa-maskinsystem i krigsspel ........................................... 176 Flygsimulatorer: känslan av människa-maskinsystem ............................................... 176 Svenska militära flygsimulatorer ................................................................................ 180 Simnet och Simcenter ................................................................................................... 183 FPS och nätverkskrigaren ............................................................................................ 192 FPS och nätverkskrigaren i svensk kontext ................................................................ 200 Summerande analys .................................................................................................... 207 8. Autenticitet och maskulinitet i historiska krigsspel ................... 210 Krigsspelaren som iscensättare av det förflutna ......................................................... 211 Historiska brädkrigsspel efter andra världskriget ...................................................... 216 Historiska underhållningskrigsspel på hemdator ...................................................... 225 Pansargeneralen .......................................................................................................... 229 Krigsspelsautenticitet i historieskildringen ................................................................ 235 Föreställningar om autenticitet i historiska FPS ........................................................ 246 Summerande analys ..................................................................................................... 257 9. Summerande diskussion och slutsatser .................................... 260 Autenticitet och kausalitet ........................................................................................... 263 Krigsföreställningar och medieplattformar ................................................................ 268 Föreställningar om maskulinitet .................................................................................. 271 Historiemediering i krigsspel ....................................................................................... 277 Summary ...................................................................................... 280 General outline of the thesis......................................................................................... 281 Masculinity ................................................................................................................... 283 Authenticity.................................................................................................................. 285 Mediation of history through wargames ...................................................................
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