882 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE.
By Mr. LAFFERTY: A bill (H. R. 8439) for the relief of By l\fr. .ASHBROOK : Petiitfon of Wilcox Hardware Co. and: George Owens, John J. Bradley,. William 1\L Godfrey, Rudolph 10 other merchants of. Uhrichsville, Ohio, in op1'.:Josition to the G. Ebert, Herschel: Tupesr William Il. Sage; Charles L. Tostevin, parcels post; to the Committee on the Post Office and Post Alta B. Spaulding~ and Grace Er Lewis; to the Committee on. the . Roads.. . Public Lands. · By Mr. AYRES·: Petition of M . T. O'Conno:r:, of Bronx, N. Y., By Ur. LEG.A.RE: A bill (K R.. 844.0·) for the relief of l\facy: favoring parcels vost ~ to the Committee on. the Post 0-ffice n:nd El. Stelling,. sole heir at law of A.. S. Freitas, decca:sed; to the Post Roads. Committee on War Claims. By Mr. BURNETT : Resolutions of Bunding Trades C01mcil By Mr. :McGILLICUDDY : A bill (H. R. 8441) granting an of Birmingham, Ala., against a:ction of California dctec:f:i\es in increase of pension to Benjamin F. Swasey; to the Committee kidnaping a labor leader from Indi::mapolis, Ind. ; to the Com- on. Invalid Pensions. mittee on. the Judici:1ry. By Mr. 1\1cKI1:>.."'LEY: A bill (H. R. 8442) granting an increase By 1\ir. ESTOPINA.L : Re::io1utions of the New Orleans Cot- of" pension to John L. Carr; to the Committee on Invalid. Pen- . ton. Ex:ch:mge, asking that cotton bagging and ties be placExl on sions. the free list ; to the Committee on W n ys and 1\fo:rns. By l\fr~ MORSE of Wisconsin: A bill (IL R. 8443.) granting n B~ Mr~ FARR : Petitions of Yostville (Pa.) Local, No. 262, pension to James H:itton; to the Committee on. Invalid. Pen- Patriotic OL'der Sons of America,. favoring the illiteracy test to sions. restrict immigration; uncl Washington Cam11, No. 583, of Old Also, a bill (H. R. 8444) grunting a pens.ion to Nicholas Forge, Pa., n.nd Washington. Crunp, No. 200, of Cnrbornfale,. Pa., Duteau; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. P:itriotic Order Sons of America, urging tile i:nssuge of H. R. By Mr. MOSS of Indiana : A bill (H. R. 844"5) grunting an 15413-, relating to i.mmjgration; to the Committee on Immiglia incrense of pension to James H. Cosby; to the Committee on tion and :Naturalization. Invalid Pensions. By Mr. FOCHT: Papers in support of House bil18104, for the By Mr. NORRIS: A bill (H~ R. 8446) granting an increase o:f relief of 1\fich-ael Br:oaclbeck, of 'l~l"ee Springs, Pa., ancI House .Qension to William Hopton; to the Committee on Invalid. Pen- bill 8103, for the relief of Jn,mes H . Maclay, o-f Mic.ldlesprings, sions. Pa. ; to the Committee on In-valid :Pensions. Also, n bill (H. R. 8447) granting an increase of pension to By Mr. FULLIDR: Petition of committee of wholesale grocers Jacoo S. Robey~ to the Committee on Invaliu Pensions. of New York City, favoring the reduction of the c1uty on sugar; By Mr. O'SHAUNESSY: A bill (H. R. 8448) granting· an to the Committee on Ways and Means. increase of pension to Bridget M. Fauls; to the Committee on By 1\Ir. GARDNER of Mu-ssacl.rnsetts : Resolutions of Pnrnell Invalid Pensions. Club . of Roxbury, Mas8.,. against arUitration. with Great Brit- Also, a bill ( H. R. 8449) granting an increase of pension to ain; 'to the Committee on Foreign. .Affairs. Mrs. Joshua C. Drown; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. By l\ir. HANNA; Petitions o-f J. 0 . Sullivan, of l\fnndan, Also, n bill (H. R. 8450) granting an incTease of pension to N. Dalr., against parcels post, ancI of citizens of Douglass, Syh·ester C. Baker; to the Committee on Invalid Pensrons. N. Duk., favoring the passage of House bill 2051, known ns the Also, a bill (H. R. 8451) grunting a i1cnsion to. Sarah Hanna bi:hl; to-the- Committee on. the Post Office and Post Roads. Adams; to the Committee on Pensions.. Also, petition of. various citizens qf Ransom County, N. Dak., Also, a bill (H. R. 84G2) granting a pension to J.ohn Ed- n (l'uinst Canadian reciprocity; to the Committee on Ways and ward 1\fulien; to the Committee on InYalid Pensions. Efeans. Also, a bill (H. R. 846'3) for the relief of E
get through with the debate on the free-list bill. I understand The Clerk read as follows : that under the rules we have the right to dispense with the House resolution 149. calendar by a two-thirds vote. R es olved, That the Committee on Naval Affairs have authority to sit The SPEAKER. It takes a two-thirds vote. during the sessions of the House and during the recess of the Sixt y· · Mr. UNDERWOOD. I therefore move that the call of the second Congress. calendar under the order of to-day be dispensed with, so that The SPEAKER. Is there objection? we may proceed with the bill H. R. 4413-the free-list bill. Mr. MANN. Mr. Speaker, reserving the right to ol>ject, I The question was taken, and (two-thirds having voted in would like to inquire whether there is any necessity for tlie favor thereof) the motion was agreed to. passage of that resolution for this special session? l\Ir. Speaker, I make the point of order that there is no NAVY CONTRACTS FOR SIIOES. quorum present. · l\Ir. PADGETT. Mr. Speaker, by direction of the Committee The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Illinois [l\fr. MANN"] on Naval Affairs, I beg to report back a privileged resolution, makes the poi~t of order that there is no quorum present. The H. Res. 134, with amendments, and to move the adoption of Chair will count. the resolution as amended. Mr. MA.NN. Well, l\1r. Speaker, having called attention to The SPEAKER. The Clerk will report the resolution. the fact, I withdraw the point of order, but I suggest tbat if a The Clerk read the resolution as proposed to be amended. lot of committees start to sit during the meetings of the House Mr. l'\IANN. Mr. Speaker, I reserve a point of order, and I at this session of Congress there will be great difficulty in ol> call attention to the fact that the resolution has not been prop taining a quorum here unless there is important business to erly reported by the Clerk. transact. Mr. FITZGERALD. Let the report be read. Mr. PAD GETT. I would state to the gentleman that we had Mr. PADGETT. The Clerk has read the resolution as called a meeting of the committee yesterday for 11 o'clock, and amended. He should have read first the resolution as originally the House met at that hour and is now meeting at that hour, introduced. and it interferes; and also we ha\e two very important bills The s'PEA.KER. Does the gentleman from Illinois reserve the which we wish to consider-bills of a legislative character-not point of order? with a view to putting them on the calendar at this session, but Mr. MANN. I would like to have the resolution reported. with a view to considering them, maturing them, and having The SPEAKER. The Clerk will read the original resolution. them ready so as to get them out of the way for the next ses The Clerk read as follows: sion, when we shall have a congestion of business growing out House resolution 134. of the consideration of the appropriation bills. R esolved, That the Secretary of the Navy be, and he ls hereby, re l\fr. 1'.iA.NN. Very well. I withdraw the objection. quest ed, if not incompatible with the public interest, to send to the The SPEAKER. Is there objection? House of Representatives full information, as follows, with regard to There was no objection, and tbe resolution was agreed to. certain statements made by Hon. ROBERT :m. DIFENDERFER, of Pennsyl vania, in the Ilouse on April 25, 1911: TIIE TARIFF. First. What proportion of the contracts for Navy shoes during the fiscal years 1909, 1910, and 1911 were awarded to the firm of Hermann Mr. UNDERWOOD. Mr. Speaker, I move that the House & Co.? resolve itself into Committee of the Whole House on the state Second. What are the names or the individuals or firms who have of the Union for the further consideration of H. R. 4413, a bill secured contracts for Navy shoes in the fl.seal years 1909, 1!>10, and 1911? What was the amount of each contract? to put agricultural implements and other articles on the free Third. Have any competitors been blacklisted or disqualified from list. bidding on any Navy sboe contract in the fl.seal years 19D9, 1910, and The motion was agreed to. 1911? If so, what were tbe names of those competitors and what was the cause of their disqualification? The House accordingly resolved itself into Committee of the Fourth. What proportion of the Navy shoe contracts in the fl.seal Whole House on the state of the Union for the further consid years 1909, 1910, and 1911 were awarded to tbe lowest bidders? Fifth. Ilow many bidders were there for the last Navy shoe con eratio:o. of the free-list bill (H. R. 4413), with l\1r. ALEXANDER tracts 1 in tbe chair. The SPEAKER. Tlle Clerk will read the report. The bill was read by title. Mr. l\IANN. Mr. Speaker, I withdraw the point of order on Mr. DALZELL. Mr. Chairman, I yield one hour to the gen tho r esolution. tleman from Massachusetts [Mr. WEEKS]. [Applause.] The Clerk read as follows (II. Rept. No. lG) : The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Massachusetts [Ur. The Committee on Naval Affairs, to whom was referred House reso WEEKS] is recognized for one hour. lution No. 134, regarding Navy contracts for shoes, having had the . Mr. WEEKS. Mr. Chai~·man, it is not my practice to engage same nuder consideration, report the snme back with the following m general debate on subJects which do not come from com amendments, and, ns amended, recommend that the resolution do pass. Page 1, line 2: Strike out the word "requested" and in lieu thereof mittees of which I am a member, the reason for this being that insert the word "directed." 1t is presumed that members of committees who have heard the Page 1, lines 2 and 3: Strike out the words "if not incompatible testimony on any particular subject are more competent to dis wit h pulJlic interest." Page 1, line 4 : After the word " follows " strike out the comma cuss the question intelligently and to present the facts than are a.:ifl iTi sert a colon. other Members of the House; and, secondly, because I have P age l , lines 4, 5, and 6: Strike out the words "with regard to some reservations as to the yalue of general debate on any certain statements made by Hon. RonERT E. DIFE NDERFER, of l'ennsyl vnnin, in the House on April 25, Hill." subject at any time. l'ng-e 1, line 11: After the word "indivldun.Is" insert a comma, strike But tl!:is is not like the ordinary case, because this bill comes ont the word " or," and after the word " firms " insert " or corpora· to the House without any consideration. The Ways and Means tlons." Page 1, line 14 : After t he word "eleven" strike out the question Committee did not consider it; its majority did not consider it· mark ; strike out the words " what was " and insert in lieu thereof the its minority did not consider it; and the utter lack of definite: word "and"; after the word "amount" insert the words "and ness of the bill would indicate that the person who drew it did qun ntit y." P nge ::!, line 1 : Strike out the word "have" an'd insert in lieu not give it much consideration. But it is brought in here with thereof the word " were" ; strike out the word "been." the statement that the majority have had a caucus and decided Page 2, line 11 : Strike out the word "last." to pass it as it is, and they ask the country, and especially the P ng-c 2, line 12 : After the word " contracts " strike out the question mnrk nnd add the following: "for the fiscal years 1909, 1910, and 1911. trades affected by it, to accept that action without any change Furnish .complete list of all lJidders and of all original and amended or the taking of any evidence. bids." It is my purpose to try to add something to the testimony Ad11 the followin,g: clause as a new section: "Sixth. If the bids were invited by advertisement, furnish copies of which has been submitted in the addresses already made, relat the a.dvertisetnents." ing especially to the shoe and leather industry. Mr. PADGETT. Mr. Speaker, I move the adoption of the I am not unmindful, too, of the fact that it has already been resolution as amended. well discussed on this floor; that the gentleman from Illinois The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Tennessee moves the [l\1r. MANN], the minority leader, punched the paragraph re adoption of the resolution as amended. Is a separate vote de lating to this subject full of holes, and that my colleagues from manded on any of the amendments? If not, they will be \Oted Massachusetts [l\1r. GARDNER and Mr. HARRIS] have discussed for engross. it ably and well, and that others have referred to it. But I The amendments wero agreed to. think I may add some information on this subject, which is my The resolution as amended was agreed to. only excuse for taking time to-day. I am going to try to demonstrate, first, that there is no SITTING OF COMMITTEE DURING RECESS. demand for this legislation, at least from the shoe and leather 1 Mr. PADGETT. l'\fr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent for trade; second, that there is no trust or monopoly or combina the present consideration of the resolution which I send to the tion connected with these industries in any way or shape; a.nd, Clerk's desk. third, I am going to try to show why American shoes sell in The SPEAKER. The Clerk will report the resolution. Europe, why English and European shoes sell to a limited ex- 884 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. }fAY 3,
tent in this country, aml wlly there is a falling off in sales of If you decide, l.lowevcr, that only on the basis of the further reduc tion mentioned, can free bides be secured, all branches of our trade American sl10es in En!:opc, ancl why there is an increase in tlle will cheerfully undertake to meet whatever competition may come to sales of foreign-rnncle shoes in this country, which latter in us, and our chances of success '\\ill !Jc far better with free bides and crease, I bclie•c, is going to continue. low duties on leather and shoes than they could be under the bide tax and tl1e present higher mtcs on manutadurcd material. The gentlcm1m from Kentucky [Mr. JAMES] stated the other Very respectfully, day, aucl the same statement was rnacle by the chairman of the CIIA.S. H . JOXES. Wars ancl :i\le:tns Committee, that the shoe manufacturers of There was no political bearing in Mr. Jones's statement, for, tllis country appcnred before the Wars ancl :i\Ieans Committee although he is n near Democrat, he came here representing the two years ago witll tlle proposition tllnt if hides were put on shoe in
Mr. WEEKS. I did not say two years ago, but I think it is one of the best distributed industries in the manufacturing would have sold at one time at that price. line in the United States. Shoes are manufactured in 32 uif 1\Ir. KENDA.LL. Is it possible that the puice of shoes has ferent States. The in of shoes. It does not require in its contract that any number That is what it would mean to put shoe machinery on the free of its machines shall be used'. In fact, there are GO different li~ . shoe machinery manufacturers in the United States furnishing I now yield to the gentleman from Indiana [Mr. BARNHART]. shoe machines which are working side by side with these funda Mr. BARNHART. What is the fact about some of the manu mental machines of the United Shoe Machinery Co. facturers of this shoe machinery refusing to sell their ma Any manufacturer can lease the company's essential machines chin<.>ry, but only lensing it? without being obliged to use any other machine which the com Mr. WEEKS. The United Shoe Machinery Co. only leases its pany makes. Substantially every factory in the United States machinery. It does not sell it at all. uses machines which it has not obtained from the United Shoe l\fr. BARNHART. Why not? Machinery Co. In many cases they come in direct competition Mr. WEEKS. Because its policy is to lease its machinery. with the machines which this company produces. None of the I want to-point out to the gentleman some advantages that come machines which stitch togetber the pieces of the upper part of to the shoemaker as a result of this policy. Any man of good the shoe are produced by this company, and necessarily these character can start in the shoe business in this country if he machines must constitute a large part of any factory's equip has money enough to furnish working capital for his business. ment. The direct advantage which the United Shoe Machinery He can go into almost any good town and get a suitable plant Co. has is that it can furnish all the machines which are used built for a shoe manufactory, without a large cost to himself, in attaching the soles and heels to the uppers, known as the and have his property exempted from taxation for a term of bottoming room, and I believe it is the only company which can years. He can obtain from the United Shoe Machinery Co. do this. machinery without any cost to himself, on a lease basis, so SUMMARY REGAilDI~G MACHINES USED IN SHOE FACTORY FITTED TO MAKE that his machinery cost, as far as this company is concerned, GOODYEAR-WELT SHOES. is nothing. Therefore this leasing system has tended to stimu Total operations in factory, hand and machine ______185 late independent shoemakers in the United States and has pre Hand operations---~------28 Total machine operations------157 vented the combinations which possibly would have been made Total operations done .on ma~hines not furnished by the. United otherwise. Shoe Machinery Co. or which may be done on competmg ma- Mr. BARNHART. Another question. Is it not possible that chines------146 the price you speak of there might be maintained through the . .Any manufacturer is at liberty to lease the Goodyear welting action of the shoe-machinery companies in keeping their lease · machine and the Goodyear stitching machine without being rates so high that a man, in order to manufacture shoes, would obliged to lease or buy anything .else from the company. .Any necessarily have to sell his shoes at a higher rate from time to manufacturer can lease the company's essential machines with time as this shoe-machinery company might dictate? out being obliged to use any other of the many machines which Mr. WEEKS. Let me point out to . the ·gentleman from the company makes. Ile can take the others or leave them, as Indiana why it is not possible. In the first place, the a>erage he pleases, without regard to any leasa he already holds. wage paid to labor in the manufacturing industries in this Mr. l\IARTIN of South Dakota. Will the gentleman permit country is about 17! per cent of the entire cost. The average a question? wage paid to shoemakers in this country is about 22 per cent of l\.Ir. WEEKS. I will. the cost of the finished product-4! per cent more than the Mr. MARTIN of South Dakota. Are these machines pro- average in other industries. The labor cost of a $2.50 shoe-a tected by patents. shoe that costs the manufacturer $2.50-is 22 per cent of that Mr. WEEKS. They are protected by patents. amount, or about 5tl cents a pair. The machinery cost of that Mr. MARTIN of South Dakota. Are those patents near shoe is not over 4! cents a pair. The highest mnchinery cost on termination or haTe they a long time to run? any pair of shoes manufactured in tllis country is 5.0D cents a pair. Mr. WEEKS. They have different times to run, but different The lowest machinery cost is one-half cent a pair, and the aver patents are being taken out constantly, not only by the United age machinery cost of all shoes made in this country-there are - Shoe Machinery Co., but by all other companies. 260,000,000 pairs made-is but 2! cents a pair. The gentleman Mr. MANN. Will the gentleman yield for a question? from Indiana can easily understand that if the wage cost is 22 Mr. WEEKS. Certainly. per cent of the total cost, which in the $2.50 shoe would be 55 Mr. :MANN. Have not a large number of the original pat- c:ents a pair, and if the average machinery cost is 2i cents a ents run out? · pair, the machinery cost bears so small a proportion to the cost Mr. WEEKS. Oh, undoubtedly; because this combination of the shoe that it is negligible. was made 12 years ago and they ..had been manufacturing ma Mr. ESCH. Can a manufacturer of shoes lease a portion of chines for many years before 1899. his machinery from the United Shoe Machinery Co. and pur Mr. ~f.A.NN. These machines are also protected, as I under chase or lease his other portion of machinery from other stand, by 45 per cent ad valorem. manufacturers? , Mr. WEEKS. They are. Mr. WEEKS. He can; and that is done by a large part of the Mr. ~f.A.NN. Which it is not proposed to remove in connec shoe manufacturers of this country. tion with putting shoes on the free list. Now, Mr. Chairman, I want the clerk to read a letter wWch I Mr. WEEKS. That is a fact. I do not want to forget it, send to the desk from a manufacturer of women's shoes in Fort but I noticed the gentleman from Illinois put in the RECORD Dodge, Iowa. I use this because it is an admirable statement the other day a statement made by Mr. Florshcim, a Chicago of what I have been outlining, and which I would like to have· · manufacturer, criticizing this machinery combination, as he time to discuss further, and would would be considerably Jess. This policy has not prm·ented ~e~ng a manufacturer of shoes (we make women'.s shoes), I nm in a pos1t10:i: to speak authoritatinly on the subject. people ..from engaging in the shoe manufuctuning business, but Denhng with the subject as jt applies to each pair of shoes, what do it 1ms, in my judgment, decreased the tendency to abandon it. we fin?? We find that the largest amount of royalty that is paid on 1\Ir. JACKSON. Will the gentleman yield? the hig~est-priced women's welt shoes 1s about 4!! cents per pair. Now, this would not appear to be such a large .amount to .go into 'J:'he CTIAIR1\1AN. .Does the gentleman from Massachusetts hysterics about when compared with the total value of the shoe. This yield to tile gentleman from Kansas? cost is, of course, added in the cost of the shoes, the same as leather, Mr. WEEKS. Yes. labor, and any items of expense in manufacturing, and, as you see, constitutes n very small amount of the cost or value of a shoe. Mr. JACKSON. The gentleman stated t1le ·cost of the product A shoe selling to the consumer at $4, $:i.GO, or $5 would have 41 in England and in 'this country, and also ·stated the cost per cents royalty C'ost. nut what do we get for it? We get, first, as stated, pair on shoes costing .about $2.50 per pair. the .best made, .most efficient machinery ever placed on the market for the different o_pcrations .of manufacturing shoes. Next, we have the use Mr. WEEKS. The 1abor cost I stated, to which tne gent1eman of a corps of expert machinists, who come without cost to us (sent by refers, is the labor cost of manufacturing the shoe machinery, tho United .States Machinery Co. from their different agencies) to set not the labor cost of ruanufQcturing -the shoes. up the machines, teach operators, and keep the •machines in Tepair at all times. We just to-dny telegraphed for machinists to come to repair .Mr. JACKSON. Can the gentleman give us the labor cost of and put in operation two of their machines which became disabled. We manufacturing shoes dn this country and in England.? arc entitled to and get the benefit of improvements on machines by pay Mr. WEEKS. Yes; I will do that later. ing -freight only on new machines. 'Dhey send machinists to put up machines, teach operator:; in every instance, and also at any time if l\Ir. COX of Ohio. Will the gentleman yield? machines are disabled or new operators to be taught. The -OH.AJRM:AN. Does the gentleman :1irom l\Iassachusetrts R~yalties are very small, on some machines in the system from $G yielu to the gentleman from Ohio·? to $:.>O a year. For a few machines operating material is bought from the company, such as nails and wire, but the cost per pair is so very l\lr. WEEKS. Yes. small that it is bard to figure Jn some instances the cost per pair. I Mr. COX of Ohio. I would like to ask the gentleman, before think I can safely and conservatively say that 85 per cent of the shoe he vasses from the feature of foreign patent rights, whether it manufacturers of the country arc cpcrfectly satisfied with the present conditions, with the cost, with the treatment, and with tbe advantaI:es is not true that American manufacturers are no longer com of having the best-organized concern, employing the best and most com pelled to maintain their plants in 1Germany in order to retain petent machinists, who are at all times at the service of the shoe manu t1lei r pa tent rights? facturer. Now, as to any presumed extortion from the consuming public. Mr. 'WEEKS. I understand that is· correct; but the United What would be tho result if we were operating under old conditions? Shoe Machinery Co. built a plant in Germany when it w-as SeTeral different machines for doing the same operations would be on the market, some good, some bad, and some 9uite indifferent, but none necessary for them to maintain the plant there in ·order to of .them with the omcicncy of the machines m operation now, because retain their patent Tights. , "the United Shoe Machinery Co. do not put out machines until they Mr. COX of Ohio. Now, will tne gentleman permit this ob have been thoroughly tested and found absolutely perfect in their op seryation? At the time the American Government had up eration. This is necessary from every point of economy. because their revenue depends upon the penfcct and constant working of the machines, witll the German .Qo\:ernment, through the Commissioner of as most of tho royalty is paid so much per pair. Tbe shoe manu Patents and the Secretary of State, the matter of eliminating facturer is not a. machinist. When, under old conditions, he bought a this practice, many of the manufacturers in my part of the machine ho had to buy it outright and take bis chances on Jts doing the work as represented by the company selling, and also take his chances country-and I think I represent the largest export district in on an improvement hoing made at any time wbicb would make his ma America-were anxious to have that practice or regulation chinery wol!thless. He would have to employ an expert .machinist, com petent to tn.kc cure of all bis machines, which could hardly be done, done away witll. Our manufacturers 'held that by means of for the United Shoe Machinery Co. people find they ba-ve to and do high-class machinery and help they were able to effect econo employ separate machinists for each system of machines. 1f such a mies by manufacturing in this country and shipping the prod machinist could be employed, he would be a very high-priced man, and It the ordinary manufacturer could not afford to pay the price, and if ucts abroad. is true with reference to the cash register and they did they would have to add t:be extra cost ·to the cost of the shoe. the sewing machine tlln..t it is cheapor to make them in Ohio So, taking ·the expense mcurred by depreciating machinery, which would and ship them abrond than to make them in Russia or in be eonstantly occurring in large deg.rec, other than ordinary wear and tear on account of continual supposed improvement, together with the Germany, a situation that conflicts with the gentleman's state large expense of employing at high sa.l::u:ics expert machinists to .take ment with reference to cheaper labor abroad. care of and ·k"ecp in repair the machines, the cost per pair over what it 1\Ir. WEEKS. That is true of certain industries, notably now costs would conservatively amount to four or ·five times as much us tho present royalty system involves. ·What would be the result? Every with the bridge-building industry. Some industries may be so small concern and, in fact, every conccim except the "Very largest would well developed in this country that they can compete with be forced out of business, bcc·ause they would not ha"Vc capital enough any foreign manufacturer or with the facilities which any to keep up their machinery account and employ the high-pniccd experts to take care of it, and we would have a shoe manufacturers' trust far foreign manufacturer has. But I will call attention a lit more formidable and costly to the consumers than under p11escnt con tle later on to the fact that these facilities are constantly ditionA. r.Dhe fact is that under the admimble organization cf the increasing over there, and they are becoming more active rivals United Shoe Machinery Co. the industry of shoe manufacturing is stimulated, so that any energetic, capable person with a little money all the time. Furthermore, the question of manufacturing in can go into the shoo mnnufacturing business. The development of the this country or abroad would be largely determined by the pro shoe Jndustcy in the United States in 1.be past few years has demon portional cost of labor to the whole cost. strate . Mr. FORDNEY. What is the machinery cost for making ourselves that the question of royalties and machinery, which was for merly one of the most vexatious and exacting departments of our busi crackers? ness, has ceased to give us any concern at all. We were formerly Mr. WEEKS. Mr. Chairman, I stated when t began speak obliged to examine new inventions, and were forced to make experi_. ing to-day that I was going to talk about the shoe and leather ments with machines for months at a time, with the result that we obtained more or less bad work, and were put to much useless expense, industry. I think I know something about that, and I do not and the thought and attention of our best men was given to deciding want to have injected into it some other matter which I have between the merits of the old and the new. We were obliged to dicker not investigated and concerning which I may not have the and trade with every different manufacturer of machinery all the time with the moral certainty that somebody who had more time and atten information. tion to give to it would get a - bel:ter bargain than we were able to Mr. HARDY. The gentleman is right; but I only spoke of obtain, and with it all there was an enormous and perpetual shrinkage that in reply to what the gentleman from Illinois had said. on account of the changes made necessary by the introduction and adoption of machinery that was not thoroughly and satisfactorily de Mr. FORDNEY. If the gentleman from Massachusetts will veloped before being placed ono the market. To-day this is all changed. permit me, as long as the gentleman's remarks about the ma If we want a machine, we simply notify the company. Their agent chinery cost of manufacturing crackers are in the RECORD, I confers with our foreman. The best machine known for doing the work is installed with little or no expense to us. We are obliged to would like to have in the RECORD a statement of what the pay a rental in some casesi which would amount to about the same as machinery cost for making crackers is. the yearly shrinkage in va ue of the machine if we had had to buy it, l\Ir. WEEKS. I 13hould like to have this cracker argument but the capital which we would formerly have been called upon to invest is still in our possession for use in our regular business. We left out of my remarks. are confident that we are getting the machine on as favorable terms as Mr. MANN. The other side of the a.isle a.re very much inter any competitor, and we are enabled to employ· our own time and ability ested in crackers. in the legitimate branches of our business, and we have not, up .to this time, been obliged to pay as much for this privilege as we formerly Mr. MURRAY. 1\fr. Chairman, just for the purpose of get paid, for the very much less satisfactory condition. It may be true ting the thing clearly in the RECORD, I should like to ask the that the Shoe Machinery Co. suppresses inventions, but my own ex gantleman from Massachusetts whether or not the United perience with outside manufacturers during the past five or six years h'as gone quite a way toward convinci!lg me that the outside inventor Machinery Co., referred to in the letter that has just been read, g-ets all the consideration from the company to which he is entitled. is the United Shoe Machinery Co., of Massachusetts? We have encouraged a few of them that we thought had good things, Mr. WEEKS. It is the same company. only to be sold out by them as soon as they could make a satisfactory Now, Mr. Chairman, one critic of the United Shoe Machinery trade with the co~pany. • Co., at least in some respects, is Mr. Charles II. Jones, presi I wish to summarize some of tqe facts relating to this com dent of the Commonwealth Shoe Co., to whom I have referred. pany and its business. The highest royalty charged_ in the Notwithstanding his not being entirely in sympathy with this manufacture of any shoe-the Goodyear welt men's _shoes company, I want to read something that Mr. Jones stated in is 5.09 cents per pair; for women's Goodyear welt shoes the a public interview four years ago as to the advantages of this royalty charged is 4.24 cents per pair; for McKay shoes, 1.75 company's machinery and -its methods. cents per pair; for Goodyear turned shoes (both of the lat Q. Is it not a fact, as claimed by the advocates of this bill, that the ter women's shoes), 1.1 cents per pair. This rental includes Shoe Machinery Co. is very arbitrary in its dealings with the shoe manu installation of machines, maintenance of machines, deprecia facturers and that its large earnings are a heavy tax on the induS· try?-A. There are, undoubtedly, some clauses in the different leases tion, all care of machines, and repairs, except the cost of which manufacturers are required to sign with the machinery company new parts. The royalties charged abroad-and exactly the that give the impression that the company desires to bind the manu same methods are . followed in other countries which . prevail facturers and limit them in their business action to an unreasonable extent. At the time of the organization of the machinery company I here-are the same as in the United States. It is claimed that resented very deeply what seemed to me the extreme and unfair advan the company has furnished its lessees with the very best equip tage that they were taking of the power which they undoubtedly held ment obtainable at _all. times; that it always substitutes im· over. shoe manufacturers, but in the six or seven years during which they have been in operation I must say that I have waited in vain for proved machines for those which baye become out of date; that any unfair or arbitrary use of this power on the part of the company ; since the combination was formed it has eliminated payments in fact, their dealings with us have been marked by more consideration :which were previously required for the installation of machines; than was formerly shown us by many of the constituent companies. It is a fact that must not be overlooked, that if the company is a des that it bas reduced its rentals and royalties, both directly and potism it has been up to this time of the most benevolent type. It has indirectly-the latter by furnishing auxiliary machines with actually reduced the prices on many of its machines; it has placed out additional royalty charge. It bas constantly increased the others in our hands on a rental system that has saved us a very large investment of capital ; it has' certainly given more faithful care and efficiency and extent of its service; it has spent from $300,000 attention to the running of the machines and keeping them in order; to $75-0,000 a year since the organization of the company in and in our country factories, where we employ a large proportion of maintaining a corps of inventors and developers in its experi inexperienced help, they have given us more constant and faithful atten tion in instructing new operators and in the supervision of the machin mental department. During this time nearly 100 new machines ~ry under trying conditions than we ever obtained from any of the con have b.een developed by the company, and by the use of these stituent companies. new machines it is believed that manufacturers save annually Q. Has the charge for such service as you describe been increased over what you formerly paid ?-A. I can not say that it has. As far in cost of production an amount greater thnn the royalties paid as I recall them, the royalties demanded by the company are the sameJ at the time the company was organized, 12 years ago. exactly in amount, that we have always paid. It is only fair to ada I now take up the third proposition which I stated at the that they have supplied us with many additional machines to do the minor parts of the work, without any charge at all. These machines outset, and that is, why English shoes arc sold in this country, have been 1Jf considerable >alue to us, both in the saving of labor and why American shoes are sold in Europe, and why the shoe increasing the uniformity of the goods, and are such machines as sales in many European countries are not increasing, and other would undoubtedly have cost us a round sum if the United Shoe Machinery Co. had not been in position to furnish them to us gratis. matters relating to that subject. Q. The newspaper reports of the hearings at the legislature made We were the earliest and best dernlopers of shoe machinery, quite prominent the statement that exorbitant prices have been charged by the company for supplies. The prices of tacks and nails in the which is the basis of the great prosperity in the shoe mnnufac open market and the price charged by the Shoe Machinery Co. were turing industry to-day. As I baye said, it only costs 2i cents compared. Do these statements show the facts as they actually to make shoes with this machinery, while if labor had to be exist ?-A. I did not see the statements, and so can not answer that question; but if you wish to know whether the company is charging used the cost would probably be many times as much. The us an unfair price for tacks and nails, will say that this is entirely machinery is so well developed that it makes a better slloe, on untrue. The royalty on some of their machines is derived from the the whole, than we would be likely to get if it were handmade. price of the tacks and nails used on them; consequently the price which they charge for the tacks and nails is certainly greater than the Most of our shoes sold in Europe are made by a few mnnu-· same thing could be bought in the market for use by hand ; but, as a facturers. George E. Keith is the largest seller, probably sell matter of fact the Shoe Machinery Co. charges us no more for tacks ing one-third of all the American shoes now sold in Europe. He to-day than they did many years ago when tacks in the open market were much cheaper than to-day ; in fact, my impression is that they has 2g shoe stores in Great Britain, u in London, 1 in Paris, have actually reduced the price of tacks between 2u and 30 per cent, nnd 1 in Brussels. Quite likely l\lr. Keith makes more per pair while everyone knows that the cost of tacks and nails in the open by selling in this wny than be woulcl in any other. In any cnse, market has advanced. Also, in regard to eyelets, which they now manufacture extensively, it is carrying out the same methods which prevail in this we are paying them from 10 to 20 per cent less than we formerly paid, country, deYeloped during the last 20 yen.rs by onr lar~e shoe although it is perfectly well known that the copper and spelter from manufacturers. Among the other large sellers nbrond are the which they are manufactured ha>e advanced in price nearly 50 per cent since 18!H>. . . . . makers of the Sorosis, the W. L. Douglns, the Regal, and the Q. You do not seem to be one of the manufacturers who regard this Hnmm. American shoes sold abrond are large1y sold throngh trust as one of the burdens on the industry?-A. I must say that that by is not my view to-day. I am by no means convinced that all their these shoe stores established the manufacturers tbemsclYes. methods are the best, or. that their policies might not _be changed to They are not sold througll jobbers to the same extent that shoes make them more liberal m some respects, bnt I am very glad to say are in this country. that the expectations I had of what was to be the result of this com bination when it was formed have not been borne out by our expe Now, why do people buy them if they can buy as good a shoe rience. Up to this time I do not believe nny manufacturer who has at the same price made in their own country, as they un been honest and straightforwnrd in his dcalipgs with the company can doubtedly cnn? I do not believe thnt an American shoe ever show any clear grie\·ance ahainst the company, or can make out tlle slightest case of crowding or coercion. On the _contrary, I can say for sold on the other side on account of its being cheap in price, but 1911. OONGRESSIONAL REOORrD- HOUSEL 889 because it had more style and fitted the foot better. In· fact, I off, because it is a . sample of the best class ·of American-manu we do not sell any low-priced shoes in Europe. . factured .shoe. It is the Goody~ar welt shoe, m~de for women. . The shoes that we sell there are all shoes -varying from $3.GO The section shows the connectrnn betwe~n t~e inner sole, the to $7 a pair. They sell, first, because there is a l:irge colony of '?pper, the welt, 3;nd the outer sole. I thmk it may ~e of s?me Americans, especially in Paris, London, and other centers, who rnterest, because i.t r?presents th_e best .product .of our machrne naturally buy the American product. Then there are people made. shoe a~d m~1cates the m?enmty reqmred to de>elop in Europe who like to buy things made abroad. In addition, mac~mery which will do i;t~l of thi~ work. . there are thousands and tens of thousands of Americans travel- l\Ir.. HA~DY . Mr. Chair?1an, will tl~. e ~entleman, while the ing in Europe who naturally buy the shoe that they would buy shoe is ~omg arouud, per~mt one question· . . at home if they were here: These classes furnish a large per Mr. WEEKS. 1\fr: Chairmm:~, I am not gomg to wmt for the cent of the market we are finding for our shoes abroad, and s~oe ~o get ai:ound, but I 'Yin say to the gentleman that I th· b · · b · t d <1. 1\1 tt ti as called the will yield to him for a question. ~s _ usmess is emg ex en e :. Y a en .0 11. w . 1\lr. HARDY. If one of your companies can maintain and otll~r .day to one ~f these American shoem:ke;sc~v~t~l~~~\i~~n a establi~h 2·3 honses in Great Britain in competition with the sto1e m Sofia. This was no sooner done th n P . g shoemakers of that country there why can they not do it here? 1 there, attmcte?- by the character of the shoe, thoug?t ; wo~~~ Mr. WEEKS. 1\fr. Chairman, 'I have explained to the com- be a good lmsmess, went to Germany, and made arran°eme. mittee why those houses have been established over there-- with the United Shoe l\fachinery Co. to start a manufac.tl~rmg because we were· making a shoe of an excellent style a shoe plar:it in Sofia. 1.'h~n h~ went to Pi;tris and raised ra.dditiolannal which fitted the foot, and our competitors ·were doing n~ither. capital, so that he is gomg to establish a manufactu mg P . t Our shoemakers made a shoe which was sold to American ~n Constantinople, one in Buchares~, and one at some other pomt travelers and American residents over there and other people m the Balkans; I do not recollect Just where. who liked it better than the shoe which was made there.• Now But we are not selling more shoes in Great .Britain than a the English manufacturer is using the same last, frequently year ago; .we are selling less, because the English have got .on purchased in this country, and he is using the same machin to our met~ods and our form and Ol~r style. We are s:111~g ery-- more shoes m Cana~a, ~uba, an~ l\fex1co-very man~ .n:iore-m 1\ir. HARDY. Is it the gentleman's conclusion that these 23 fact, nearly the entire mcrease m our sales abroad is m th~se houses established by an American factory would have to be countries. \Ve are selling these shoes because t~e countries closed in Great Britain? mentioned. are near at hand, can buy more readily, and get 1\fr. WEEKS. Oh people are -very largely influenced by cus quicker deliYery than if they buy elsewhere. But our Europen.n tom and habit. I cl~ not think they wi11 be immediately closed, trade is not increasing. That with Great Britain and F rance is but I am told that some of them are not profitable to-day, while actu~llY. falling off. Another ~·eason, whi.ch . I .hase ne~lected some ha>e worked up a profitable trade. It depends upon the menbomng, why our shoes sell m Great Ilritam is that '"'e ha >e local conditions. I do not think they will be closed this year always made a shoe of be~ter style. We have always m:;i.de half or next year. I do not think. they will be even if shoes are put sizes in shoes. The English for many years made their shoes on the free list but eventually I feel positive they will go out -varying from one size to another-a three or a four or a fi>e, of business in 'the countries referred to. Such -rentures are but no three and a hal~ or four and a half o~· fiye and a half. seldom i1rofitable at once; it takes time, capital, and experience They made only one width, or at most two, m each style. A to build up a profitable foreign trade. friend of mine has told me recently. that he we~t i.nto many shoe 1\Ir. IIARDY. Now, I am asking for information, because I stores in a city of 300,000 people rn Great Britam, some se>en understood gentlemen the other day to say they bought the years ago, and tried to buy an English. sho~ of more than oi:e same kind of shoes in London much cheaper than they were width, but he could not find such an article .lll an~ shoe store m sold llere, and I did not understand the gentleman to deny that, that particular city. We make se>en and ~ 1 g!1t wid~hs for eacll and I would like to ask now, Is it a fact that those shoes are size of shoe. That is one of th_e ~lements m mcreasmg the cost solcl cheaper abroad tllan here? in our shoe manufacturing b'?smess. We manufacture so many Mr. WEEKS. It is not a fact. I do not believe you can buy varieties of shoes, so many sizes, and so many forms. an American-made shoe in London a cent cheaper than in this That condition, however, is what originally gave us this country. On the contrary, in some stores in some places it will foreign trade. We fit the foot of the purchaser; and, therefore, seil at a higher price. The United Shoe l\lachinery Co., manu wheh a man has worn an American sboe once his disposition is facturing its machinery abroad, as I have shown, at one-tllird to wear the same American shoe again. These methods have of the labor cost in this country, leases it abroad exactly as it is been adopted by foreign manufacturers, who have sent their leas:ed in this country and at the same rate. There is no for men over here, putting them into our factories, buying our lasts, eign mnnufacturer getting a single machine of the hundred and and getting our ideas, so that tlley are in time going to mauu- some odd made by the United Shoe Machinery Co. one penny facture as good shoes in Great llritain and in Frnnce and in cheaper than that machinery is being leased for in this country. Germany as we do in this country. I do not mean shoes having 1\ir. HARDY. What I wanted was the statement from the as much value of material in tllem-because they ha-ve always crentleman tllat it is not a fact that shoes made here are sold put the value of material into the shoes-but shoes that will ~heaper abroad than nt home. fit the foot-that have the style-and, therefore, are likely to Mr. WEEKS. I do not know of any such case and do not sell as well as ours. The same condition is true in the manu- believe it exists. facture of leather. · Mr. MARTIN of South Dakota. Mr. Chairman, will the gen· A few days ago I wns informed by a tanner of leather in tlemnn yield? 1\fnssnchusetts, one who has been shipping a large quantity of The CHAIRi\fA.J.~ . The time of the gentleman has expired. lentller to Great Britain, thnt he had been informed. by his l\fr. DALZELL. Mr. Chairman, I yield the gentleman such customers there that the German and Frencll leatller was now time as may be necessary to permit him to conclude his re quite as good as ours, and coulcl be had at lower prices than marks. they were paying in this country. Incidentally, the vici kid l\Ir. WEEKS. l\:Ir. Chairman, I will try not to intrude upon tllat I ha-re Rpokcn of, which composes the upper of the Sorosis the time of the committee any longer than necessary, but I have shoe, was :i German patent, whicll our people took up and devel- been delayed somewhat by questions. oped in this country. 1.'wo former l\Iembers of this House, 1\fr. l\Ir. MARTIN of South Dakota. Will the gentleman yield for Foerderer and l\fr. Burke, of Pennsylyania, were the developers a question? of vici kid; they built up a -rery large trade in this country by 1\fr. WEEKS. Yes. using this Germnn patent and making a product suitable for the l\Ir. MARTIN of South Dakota. If it be a fact, as the gen- . market and also sellable abroad. Now, those people on the tleman stated, that American manufacturers are not selling other side are making use of their own patents, and have devel- their shoes in the English market cheaper than they are selling oped a leather which fairly well meets the requirements of the them here has the American manufacturer anything to fear trade whicll our leather has heretofore supplied. from the ~ompetition of English shoes in this country? .Mr. AUSTIN. Mr. Chairman, I would like to say, with the 1\fr. WEEKS. l\Ir. Chairman, that is a pretty difficult ques- gentleman's permission, tllat I spent o>er a year in Scotland, tion to answer definitely, but I will try to answer it before I and you can not possibly detect the difference now in some of finish my statement. the best quality of English-made shoes from the American shoes. Mr. CANNON. Mr. Chairman, I desire to ask the gentleman I have been fooled a number of times myself in the purchase just at that point to see if I understand ·it. I understand the of shoes, supposing I was buying nu American shoe, when, in IUnited Shoe l\Iachinery Co. of America charges the same license fact, it was an English-made shoe. for their machinery and that they manufacture at a less labor Mr. WEEKS. l\Ir. Chairman, I would like to have pnsse<). I cost in Europe thnn here. n.round this shoe which I hold in my hand having the toe cut l\Ir. WEEKS. Absolutely. 890 CONGRESSION__AL REOORD- 'HOUSE·. MAY ·3, l\fr. CANNON. Now, then, I understand that :they are se11- Brockton,.Ma:ss., welts 22 dozen pairs a day. Irhe is a skilled ing that machinerF, manufactured ab1·oad at a. less labor cost, man he may finish his day's work at 3 o'clock in the afternoon. to the foreign manufacturer an.a that he engages in the manu In ·this ·respect, I should say, it is something similar ·to piece facture of shoes abroad at one-.half or less the labor cost with work. But I see no 1rcason why the shoemaker of England the same kind of machinery that comes in competition undei· should not be as competent a man as the shoemaker in t his this bill with American-made shoes-- counh·y. He is not, howe-vcr, .able to complete as much in the ~Ir. WEEKS. That is true, except they do not sell the way of finished product, because the methods over there have machinery; they lca-se the machinery there, as they do 'here. not been as !Up-to-elate as our methods; that is, they have in Ur. CANNON. Now, -the machinery which they lease is the past used more hand Utbor, .antl, in consequence, less ma. similar in Eur.ope to that usea. in the United States, . and it is chine work llas been done. But all of these conditions are leased upon the same terms; but in the United -States, as I nn being gradually changed to conform ·to those which obtain in dorstand the gentleman, and that is what I want to nsk him, this country. the cost of operating i:he machinery in the shoe •factory is at 1\Ir. CONNELL. May J ask the gentleman a question? least double what it•is in Europe_ Is that correct? Mr. WEE.KS. I -yielu to the gentleman. Mr. WEEKS. That is substantially correct; I am just com Mr. CONNELL. The gentleman has stated that a great deal ing to the question of labor cost. of the h·adc in American slloes abroad comes from Americans Mr. SHERLEY. If the .gentleman will permit, are not two who tmvel abroad? ·statements inaccurate? Last and style have nothing to clo l\lr. WEEKS. Undoubteclly. with the·machinery leased by this company, both to the English .Mr. CONJ\l:!."'LL. I wonder if there are any statistics on that and American manufacturer. subject? l\lr. WEEKS. The last is an entirely different matter from Mr. WEEKS. I do not think it would be possible to get the machinery, of course. 'But they are buying their lasts statistics on it. o-ver here in order to get our styles. .Mr. COi\~~LL . l's it not a fact that the average American I want to add one word to my answer to the gentleman from h·a-veling in Europe is more apt i:o buy the thing that is made Illinois [:Mr. CANNON], to the effect that the machinc-ry cost abroad for the novelty of the thing? of shoes is less in this country thnn it was five years ago. It Mr. WE-EKS. Tllat might be true of other articles of wear, is less than it was 10 years ago, when the combination was but I do not think it would be true with respect to shoes. .MY formed. It' is the only item which goes into the making up of little experience and the inquiries that I have made upon that a shoe which has not increased in cost in the last 10 years, :rnd subject would lead me to a directly contrary view. Americans the machinery cost is the only item going into the making of abroad are sight-seeing and they can not take chances on wear shoes .abroad which is not cheaper abroad than it is in this ing ill-fitting shoes. country. Every article that goes to make up the shoe, in small l\Ir. AUSTIN. Now, I would like to ask the gentleman if it is ways, as well as the leather, is chenper abroau than it is here. not true that our Consular Sorvicc, our consuls abroad, have :Ur. MAilTIN of South Dakota. Will the gentleman yie1cl rcvortcc.l that since the introduction of the American machinery for one other question? · in the manufacture of .shoes our trade in Great Britain and on ~fr. WEEKS. Yes; I -yield to the gentleman from South the Continent has fallen off? Dakota. l\Ir. WEEKS. Yes; our tra Mr. WEEKS. I give these :figures, not ta reflect in any way factories from 55 to G5 cents. These are sample wages which I upon other parts of the country, but because they are interesting have had looked up. and should go in the HECORD. Lusters in Great Britain receive $7.75 a week. Lasters in tlle In the Southern States the shoe industry from 1900 to 1905 United States, on an a\erage, receive $18 a week. Tlle welter increased 110 per cent. It is increasing in some of the sections in Great Britain receives $9.35 a week. The welter in the of the ·west much more rapidly than in New England. For United States receives $25 a week. The stitcher in Great instance, Ohio bas become the third largest shoe-manufacturing Britain receives $9.37 a week. The stitcher in the United State in the Union and Missouri has become the fourth, the States $25 a week. The heeler in Great Britain receives $S.25 industries in those' States being largely centered in Columbus a \Yeck, and in the United States he receives $18, and in some and Cincinnati in tlle one State and in St. Louis in the other. cases a great deal more. There are 3,363 people employed in this industry in the So?th Mr. MARTIN of South Dakota. Will the gentleman yield? ern States, and their wages are $897,000 a year, or about $266 Mr. WEEKS. Certainly. each. l\Ir. 1\1.A.RTIN of South Dakota. Can the gentleman give any The average wages paid in the Atlantic States, which includ~s i Central towns : Cincinnati, Cler-eland, Detroit, Louisville, Muncie Mr. WEEKS. I object to having it read in my time. The and Pittsburg. ' gentleman can put it in the REconn in· his own time, if he sees Middle West to.wns : Chicago, Duluth, l\1ilwaukee, Minnen.polis-St. fit. Paul, and St. Loms. Southern towns : Atlanta, Augusta, Birmingham, Memphis, New Or Mr. FINLEY. In- referring to the wages paid those engaged leans, and Savannah. in the shoe industry in England. and the United States, is it not a fact that the wages paid are based upon piecework ratller l\fr. l\1ADDEN. Then the man who gets 130 per cent more than by the Mr. BURKE of South Dakota. Can the gentleman give the Mr. SIMS. Yes. I have got them on now, and they are sub committee some information as to the conclition of the shoe in ject to the gentleman's inspection. [Laughter.] '.rhey said dustry, as to how it is prospering, and whether or not it is they would either have to increase· the price of the shoes or making large profits or merely reasonable profits? reduce the quality of the material that entered into their manu Mr. WEEKS. I can give the gentleman from South Dakota facture, and they had chosen the former. briefly some information on that subject. It is a good industry; Mr. WEEKS. The gentleman should always be sure that he and, like all others, perhaps to a greater extent than in most sees the stamp of the manufacturer on the shoe, then he will be otller cases, it depends on the sldll of the management and the likely to get a better article. volume of the business. The probable average profit made by Mr. SIMS. I have worn that kind of shoe for 14 years. the best shoemakers, by ~Ir. Keith and others, is about 8 cents ~fr . J. 1\1. C. SMITH. I will suggest to the gentleman that a pair. Mr. Jones and l\lr. Keith have both testified recently he might have bought the shoes from different retailers, and thnt the average profit which they made was about 8 centR a that point should be taken into consideration when commenting pair. nut the profit on coarse or low-priced goods is very on a difference in price. much less than that. It is not more than about 3 or 4 cents a Mr. "WEEKS. Gentlemen on the other side have repeatedly pnir. I very much doubt if you will find any shoes on which said during this debate that it was up to this side of the House the manufacturing profit is more than 10 cents a pair. to sllow why these duties ought not to be removed-why shoes .Mr. MARTIN of South Dakota. Can the gentleman give any should not be put on the free list, for instance. This is a great information as to the probable cost on the capital investad in industry, employing a large capital and nearly 175;000 persons; thnt line of industry? some substantial reason should be advanced why a change Mr. WEEKS. I can not do it, because I have not the figures should be made rather than propose the change and ask those segregating the selling cost from the profit, after taking out interested in the industry or believers in the protective policy the cost of material, the cost of labor, the cost of machinery, to prove that it is unwise. It would be just as logical for the and the cost of salaries. Government to arrest a mnn and say to him, "Unless you ~Ir. :MARTIN o.f South Dakota. Of course, the vital thing can prove that throughout your entire life you have been the committee would like information upon, if we are to be in innocent, you are guilty." The obvious method of procedure formed about the industry, is what percentage he makes upon would have been for the Ways and Means Committee to his capital. have given shoe manufacturers and shoe workers a chance Mr. WEEKS. I think the industry is making about 8 cents to answer this question and to show why the change should a pair on shoes. · not be made. Instead of that, the majority has proceeded Mr. MARTIN of South Dakota. Of course, that throws no without any consideration, has agreed in a caucus to sup light on whether it is profitable or not profitable. port the bill, without amendment, and it is impossible to l\lr. WEEKS. It throws some light on it, because the capital believe that this attempt at legislation is not mere buncombe, invested is about $125,000,000; 8 cents a pair would be about intended to delude those in whose benefit it is supposed to be $20,000,000. So that would indicate that the gross profit, after passed, if, indeed, it is passed at all. It is not information the taking out the cost of selling, is 16 or 18 per cent; but this does other side wants; it is material to use in a coming political not nllow for the capital invested in machinery, which is leased, campaign; so if the evidence which I have tried to submit, bear and it probably does not adequately cover the cost or the value ing on this question, assists in showing the folly of proceeding of real estate, which in such an industry is usually carried at a in snch a manner as has the mnjority in this case, I shall not very low figure. These charges would greatly reduce the net consjcler the time wasted, although I have taken much more of income. the time of the committee than I intended. [Prolonged ap Mr. nOWl\'IAN. Has the gentleman considered the com plause on the Republican side.] petition that would come from the surplus, in view of the fnct l\fr. UNDERWOOD. l\1r. Chairman, I yield one hour to the that it has been stated on the floor of this House that manu gentleman from Illinois [l\fr. GRAHAM]. fnctories are being established at Helsingfors, in Finland, and The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Illinois [Mr. GRA in other European countries, fully equipped with American IIAM] is recognized for one hour. machinery and supplied with American lasts, so that in case of Mr. GRAHAM. l\fr. Chairman, when the Canadian reciprocity depre sion in trade, when they would cnrry lnrge stocks of bill was before the House I voted for it, not because I thought it goods, those stocks might be thrown in here, nnd thus demoral entirely satisfactory, but because I thought it was the beginning ize the business of this country? of n good work-a first step in the right direction-ancl I felt Mr. WEEKS. I have not referred to that because I have not that when the Representatives of the people had once put their had time to, but I will say that that is an element which han appeals to passions engendered during the Civil War, protection tariff downward, and they gave the Democrats a commission to again triumphed at the polls. nut when the workingman, after make the necessary reductions. the Yictory, insisted on getting his share of the protection pap I realize that the execution of that commission is a serious in the form of higher wages, he was coldly ignored. Protection task. It is like a difficult but necessary surgical operation; it eruissaries went to Europe and brought what they had been has to be done, but no matter how skillfully it is done it will calling "pauper labor" right to the door of the American hurt. In attacking intrenched privilege an . But how about the victims? Do yon not tllink they would be of en nse nnd effect. We buve a high protective tariff, this willing to put up with a little temporary inco1wenie11ee in onler allegecl argument runs, and our farmers are prosperous, hence to be pcrmnnently relieved of a burden which has become well tbe lligh tariff caused their prosperity. Or this: We bave nigh intolerable? protection and we have high wages, hence protection makes Of all those who have suffered from tnriff exactions none wages high. By a parity of reasoning I might say they have lrn\c sufferetl more than tho farmers. None have giye;:i P"1re or cyclones in Kansas; . the farmers of Kansas are prosperous, gotten less through protection tlw.n they have. It is •,11.itl by hence cyclones cause prosperity. Or thus: We have a great gentlemen that putting agricultural irnplemcuts on the free list many schools and churches in this country; we also have a great will not give them any relief; that they can now buy agricul ru:rn:r divorces, hence the schools and churches are the cause of tural implements cheaper than they can be bought in any other tlie tli\orces. And all of these arguments are equally sound, country. That argument, as the poet said of vaulting ambition- which means they are all unsound. O'erleaps itself and falls on the other side. l\fr. CONNELL. Will the gentleman yield? The CHAIRMAN. Does the gentleman from Illinois yield If they can buy such implements cheaper here than anywhere to the gentleman from New York? elEe, what objection can there be to putting agricultural imple Mr. GRAHAM. I do. ments on the free list? But can they buy them chenper llere? Mr. CONNELL. I would like to ask the gentleman from I think the evic.lence is the other way. The manufacturers ad Illinois if this is not a good place in his speech to elucidate mitted a few years ago that they were selling their goods a fact that the gentlemen on the other side of the. aisle liave cheaper abroad than at home, and explained by saying they did eYidently forgotten, a very important argument in bringing so in order to keep their employees nt work. I am glad tlrnt I their case forward, which is that there is six weeks' delay in can admit the fact without being com11el1ed to accept tlieir the coming of spring here in the District of Columbi.'l, which explanation of it. I prefer to take the view expressed by the may be figured as being due to this Democratic Congress? late Mr. John Hay, Secretary of State. In an address made not l\fr. GRAHAM. It is the tariff agitation here, of course long before bis death, he Eaid: which did it. There can be no other adequate reason for it: We nre building locomotives for railways in Europe, A8ia, and Africa. [Laughter.] According to the logic of the protectionists, the Our bridges can be built in America, ferried ac1·oss the Atlantic, trans po1·ted up the Nile, and flung across a river in the Sudan in less time two things being found together must bear the relation of than any European nation, with a start of 4,000 miles, can do the cause and effect. [Laughter.] work. 'Ve sell ironware in Birmingham, cnrpets in Klderminster; we pipe sewers of Scotcll cities ; our bicycles distance all competitors on Our prosperity is due to other causes than high tariff. The the Continent i. Ohio sends watch cases to Geneva. All this is of ad prosperity of the farmer, when he is prosperous, is largely due vantage to al parties; there is no sentiment in it. They buy our to the quantity of fertile land· in this country adapted to the wares because we make them better and at lower cost than other people. .. use of the best farming methods. The farms of the West a·rnrage 386 acres. In France they average less than 20 acres. Our According to him, they did sell abroad cbenper than at home. land in the West at least is comparatively new, and very fertile They could not compel foreigners to pay such exorbitant i1rices and if the farmer has accumulated a little wealth it is largely as our protection laws enabled them to exact from the home due to the fact that increasing population has added to the folk. value of his land. Cheap, fertile land and plenty of it has been · l\ir. Bridgman, in his book, The Passing of the Tariff, pub the principal cause of our great growth, ai Price Ilome Per cent. Article. price. sold at Per cent. abroad. Our national wealth inereased ...... _...... _.. _.. _.. _.... . 126. 0 36.0 Prod nets of manufactoriP.s inoreased ...... _...... -... . 85.1 38.9 --- Capital investcu in manufacturing increased .... -.. ·-··-··· 8!l. 4 50. 7 CultiYators ...... _____ ••..•.. __ ... _.. _.•• _. ___ .. _.. __ ...... __ . Sll. 00 $8.40 Railroad mileage increased ...... ~ ...... 300.0 · 19.0 !'lows ...... -... _. ___ . __ . _·- _.... _. _-· _.... _.. _... __...... : .. . 14. 00 12. 60 Axes ..... -· -. -.•. -·-.•. -• _. _-· .. _...••.• _.•••••••..... dozen .. 8.25 7. 20 Kettll'S ...... -...••. ~ - •. - - - -- • -· •••• - -.. - -- -· ..... --.. - .... . 1. 40 .85 This remarkable progress, made during a decade when we had Tahle knives ...... -· ..... ·-··-·· ..... -·--· ·--·-·gross._ 15.00 12.00 what protectionists, with ridiculous inconsistency, call a free Horr.es hoe nails ... --- . -.. -.. -.. -- .•.. _•••... -· ••...... ______3. 00 12. 00 Durbeu wire ...... -. -.•.... -..• -· .•..•.••••..•..•.. _.• _-· ___ .. 3.00 12. 00 trade tariff, is a forceful and eloquent answer to the claim Cut rivets ...... _... -.. --.. ---· -. -···-· --.. --- . --· •••••. -·--. 10. 00 15. 55 that protection is the cause of prosperity, except, of course, in 'l'ypewriters ...... _...... ••••••.•.••.•••• --.•••••..•. __ 100. 00 60.00 the sense that protection bas made favored individuals pros Sewing machines: Fine...... ••..•...••••••••••••••••••.••.•••••.•••• _ Zl. 50 20. 75 perous by affecting the distribution of wealth in such a wa:r as Medium-···-·- ····--········--············-·-····-·--·-··· 22. 00 17. 50 to multiply millionaires at one end of the industrial scale ancl Cheap ...... _. _... _.. _.. ___ .•••••...••.•.•••.••• _••• _ 18. 00 12.00 paupers at the other end of it. Steel rails .... - ·--...... -··---.... -.. ······--····-·· ····----··· 28.00 2 23. 00 The claim that protection is the cause of the high wages paid here is equally unfounded. l Per hundredweight. 2 Per long ton. Primarily, wages should be an equitable share of what labor Our protection friends are great admirers of that form of produces. What the labor of anyone will produce depends, first, sophism known as "the false cause." on the efficiency of the indi\idual and, second, on the conditions ~hen two things w~ich might be related are found toge~er, ~md~r which the laJ:>or is J?Orf~rmed. Any comp~ris?n of wages tlns method of reasonmg assumes that they bear the relation m different countries, or m different communities m the same XLVII--57 898 OONGRESSION AL RECORD-HOUSE. MAY 3, country, which ignores these two fundamental conditions is The question of efficiency is an important element in the neceE~arily, and I might almost ndd willfully, misleading. And amount of wages paid, nncl the misleading nature of reference yet while our protectionist friends never cease calling attention to the daily wage as a basis of comparison without reference to to tlw fact' that we pay higher wages tllan are paid in other efficiency is well shown by the statement of Mr. J. ll. Bailey, countries, they ne>er once allude to either of these fundamental of the Broderick & Bascom Wire Rope Co., of St. Louis, to the facts. They never tell that labor is more efficient here and that Ways and :Means Committee on November 28, 1908. After the conilitlous llerc arc more fa\orable to labor, the environment giving the daily wages of British workers, he says : better than elsewhere, and yet it is largely because of these facts The wages paid for similar services in the United States is doubtless that wages are higher llcre than abroad, and because of these considerably more thu.n stated above, but to compensate for this dif ference in wages it must be borne in mind that in England one man at facts wages ha \C always been higher here. Whether we had tends to but 1 thick-wire block; in the United States 1 man attends to high tariff or low tariff, wages were higher here; and if we had at least 4, and often 6, thick-wire blocks, while for the finer sizes, say no tariff at all, wages would still be higher here because of the Nos. 24 to 3G, there is still a greater difference. For these sizes in greater efficiency of the American laborer and the better condi En.~land 1 man attends to 10 to 15 blocks; in the United States 1 man, witu the help of a boy, attends to ::;o to 50 blocks. tions under wltich that labor is performed. From the foregoing it will appear that while the individual earnings The position of the protectionists on this question of wages of the American workman is greater than that of the English workman, still the cost per hundredweight in wages is greater to the English is singularly absurd and leads them into the most illogical posi manufacturer l.Jccause of the greater amount of work turned out by the tions. This is well illustrated in a speech mnue by one of my American workman, due to the greater number of machines attended to Republican colleagues from Illinois during the consideration of by the American. the Payno tariff bill and reiterated in his argument yesterday. Mr. Andrew Carnegie stated before the same .committee that Herc is a table of wages he gave showing the day wage paid in the general rule is that the llighest-paid labor produces the certain industries in this country and also in Great Britain, Ger cheaper products. many, France, and Belgium. He made tlle usual protection Senator G,UiLI~GER , of New Hampshire, in a speech on the arg-.:iL1ent in connection with that table. He said : floor of the Senate June 25, 1902, said: I du not want to live to· sec 1.lle dny when the American workingman will be forced by legislation to accept the low wage scale of forei;;n frec As rci;ar How foolish of the patient to abuse the physician who demon can manufacturer had the market to himself, he then went to strates tbn.t a cancer is forming in a vital part of his body. work and organized what we now call trusts to keep the price How much wiser it would !Je to thank him and set about getting up, instead of putting it down, as it was said he would do. cured while there was yet time. Mr. McGUIRE of Oklahoma. Will the gentleman tell us what But what has protection to do with this condition of con we paid England for steel rails prior to the time they were gested or concentrated wealth? manufactured in America? Let me illustrate, and in doing so make clear the difference Mr. GRAHAM. Just about what Englishmen had to pay for between a tariff for revenue and a tariff for protection. steel rails. Tbey were as high as $150 a ton, and the processes Mr. Schwab, in 1809, while he was president of the Steel that cheapened them have been largely the result of American Trust, made a statement in writing and afterwards testified brains; and if there is any reason why the protection barons tlrnt the statement was true. In it he said:· of this country should have the benefit of all inventions made I know positively thnt England can not produce pig iron at actual by American brains, I do not know what the reason is. [AP· cost for less than :fill.GO per ton, even allowing no profit on raw mate rials; and can not put pig iron into rails, with their most efficient 'works, plause on the Democratic side.] for less than $7.50 per ton. Thie would make ralls a net cost to them of I think when there are great inventions like Whitney's or $10. We can sell at this price and ship abroad, so as to net us $1G at Watt's, or any others, the people should have some of the benefits works !or foreign business, nearly as good as home business has been. What is true of rails is equally true of other steel products. As a result of them and not give it all to a few who are piling up millions, of this we are going to control the steel business of the world. so that to-day they own a large part of the wealth of the coun You know we can make rails for · Jess than $12 per ton, leaving a try and have been practically running the Government, and not nice margin on foreign business. Besides this foreign costs are going running it in the interest of the people, but in their own interest. to increase year by year, because they have not the raw materials, while ours is going to decrease. The result of all this is that we will be Mr. McGUIRE of Oklahoma. Will the gentleman permit an able to sell our surplus abroad run our works full nll the time, and get other question? the best practice and cost in tnis1 way. Mr. GRAHAM. Yes. Mr. Schwab here tells us they could make steel rails in Mr. McGUIRE of Oklahoma. I do not know whether I quite Pittsburg at less than $12 a ton and that the same kind of understood the gentleman or not; but if I did, did I under rails could not be made in England for less than $19 per ton. stand him to say that prior to the time when we made any steel But while they could make steel rails at $12 per ton, and by rails in America we paid England as high as $150 a ton for selling them at $115 make 25 per cent profit, yet they actually steel rails? sold them at $28 a ton f. o. b. at Pittsburg. Had there been Mr. GRAHAM. Please talk faster; the clock keeps moving. no tarif! at nll on them, you see, few or none could come from Mr. McGUIRE of Oklahoma. I beg the gentleman's pardon. England. Allow $3 per ton for getting the English rails to .the Did I understand the gentleman correctly? . seaboard, loading them on the ship, paying the freight and insur Mr. GR.A.HAM. I really do not understand why the gentle ance charges to New York, and, without any profit whatever, man repeats his question. I thought I made it as plain as I they would have cost $22 when they reached the customhouse could make it. there. The duty on steel rails under the Dingley law was $7.84 Mr. McGUffiE of Oklahoma. Simply to see if I misunder per ton, which, added to the other items, makes a total cost of stood the gentleman. $29.40 a ton this side the customhouse in New York. Mr. GRAHAM. I am not responsible for the gentleman's , If an American purchaser bought rails in England, of course untlerstanding. [Applause on the Democratic side.] he paid the customhouse duty or tariff of $7.84 to the collector Mr. McGUIRE of Oklahoma. I do not know that I misunder· of customs, and the money thus paid went into the Government stood the gentleman. I just want to get him to tell me. Treasury as revenue, to be used in defraying the public ex Mr. GRAHAM. I said very clearly that at one time rails penses. But the Steel Trust was perfectly aware of what the cost $U50 a ton; that at that time the present processes of foreign rails would cost an American purchaser, and to prevent mnking steel were unknown. It was done by band, by hammer· importation they fixed the price of rails at Pittsburg at $28 a ing and hQating and cooling, and there was a great deal of ex· ton, or $1.40 below the foreigner's price, even if he sold at actual pense to it which is now obviated by a very simple process. cost. This gave the American manufacturer a profit of $16 per The Bessemer process had scarcely been in vogue till 1870. ton, or 133! per cent. The price in England was then $50 a ton. In 1873 the prices You will notice that he did not add the whole of the taritr. there went down to $36. By 1877 the price was $30 and the If he did the price would have been $2D.40, and then there duty $28. The price here at that time ranged from $G'l to $67. might be some importation. But by remitting $1.40 and adding Mr. YOUNG of Michigan. Will the gentleman answer a ques only $6 of the tariff to his· price, he had a monopoly of the tion? business. 1\Ir. GRAHA.1\f. I will if I can. Now, where did the $G per ton, which the taritr law enabled Mr. YOUNG of Michigan. At the time we were buying steel him to add to the price, go? Did any of it go to the Govern rails for $165 a ton, were not those rails made by the Bessemer ment as revenue? No indeed, not a cent. It all went into the process? treasury of the Steel Trust as bounty or protection. Mr. GRAHAM. They were not. Mr. McGUIRE of Oklahoma. Will the gentleman permit a Mr. YOUNG of Michigan. I think the gentleman is mistaken. question? I would like to ask the gentleman further, if all tbe rails made Mr. GRAHAM. My time is nearly up, but if the gentleman in this country up to about 12 years ago were not ·made under will get it extended, I will be glad to answer his question, if I that same Bessemer process? can. Mr. GRAIIA..M. They were made under such processes as en· Mr. McGUIRE of Oklahoma. Does the gentleman know what abled the Steel Trust to make them for less than $12 a ton, this country paid for steel rails at the time we did not make when England could net make them for less thnn $10 a ton. nny in this country? But the Steel Trust sold them for $28 a ton, thus making a profit l\Ir. GHA!LU1. The gentleman does, and I am glad you of 133 per cent. That is merely an illustration. Everjr pro asked thnt question. The gentleman knows well, but he knows tected article is like steel rails, differing only in degree and not that at that time the processes that have since been invented in principle, and in that way protection has been gathering for making steel rails were practically unknown, and the wealth from the producers of this counh·y until now 1 per cent gentleman knows that most of those processes were developed of the American people owns more than the other 99 per cent. by Americans. [Applause.] The gentleman knows that in the Mr. YOUNG of Michigan. The gentleman from Illinois hns Inst 10 years th{:!re were 650,123 patents granted in the United referred to the testimony of Charles M. Schwab. Did the gentle States, wllercas in England, in all time, there were only 278,000, man read that portion of Mr. Schwab's letter in which he said and in Spnin 22,000. This shows the comparative· ingenuity of that the statement as to the price for which rails could be mnde the peoples. in Pittsburg was written for the purpose of sel1ing the property Mr. McGUIREJ of Oklahoma. The gentleman has not an of the Carnegie Co., and if people kept that in mind they could swercu my question. Does the gentleman know what the United place a better value on it? States paid England for steel rails before we made them in Mr. GRAHAM. The gentleman from Illinois did read that America? in his testimony, but not in the letter, and tlle gentleman read l\Ir. GRAHAM. The gentleman said he did, and he does. further; he read where Mr. Burke Cockran asked Mm the spe :Mr. McGUIRE of Oklahoma. But has the gentleman answered cific question, if the facts stated in the letter were not true, and the question? Mr. Schwab said that tlley were true. Mr. GRAHAM. The gentleman is glad to answer it. I con Mr. YOUNG of Michigan. In a way. ceue, ns I said awhile ago, when the gentleman from Oklahoma Mr. GRAHAM. He said it absolutely. He snid it is entirely probably was not here, that protection stimulates, but stimula true. I would be delighted to read the whole pages upon which tion is usually followed by prostration; and, in order to prevent that matter appears, had I the time. [Applause on the Demo· that, when stimulation bad reached the point where the Ameri- cratic side.] 900 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. MAY 3, Tll CHAffiMA.N (Mr. Sn.rs). The time of the gentleman Wilen I came here and looked around me, it occurred to me from Illinois has ::q;ain expired. that this House might be likened unto a great school. It Mr. UNDERWOOD. I yielcl to the gentleman fiTe minutes seemctl to me, as I noticed the difference in the cxpe-riencc and more. the kno"\Tleclge of the Members of this body, that there might Mr. GRAHAJf. For tbe year 1900 there were l,6SS,TI5 tons be found here those "\Tho are freshmen, sophomores, juniors, of steel rails used in the United States. Six uollars per ton on and seniors in this great school Indeed, 1\'.Ir. Chairman, it that amount made $10,132,750, a nice little gift, which tlle pro occurred to me that there are those who by reason of their tecUrn tariff laws ~ompelled the American people to give to the great experience and their many years of distinguished service manufacturers on steel rails alone. In 1903 twice as many mils in this body may well be denoted post graduates in this insti were used, and the gift was over $20,000,000 tha.t year. And tution. as the protective tariff works on steel rails so it works on every I thought when I came that I rrould enter as a freshman. other line, the difference being only in degree. When it is nn But a few qays ago as I listened to the speech of the gentlem.au ideal protective measure, and shuts out imports alto~ethcr, it from Illinois, the e:x:-Speaker of the House., anu when he brought diverts all the tariff graft into the m:mufacturers' poc1:ct8. fortll his map nnd talked to us about the geography of Oann.da. When not ideally protective some things nre importc on the Democrntic side], and especially upon that great army side] and to carry the elections in this country. I do not be of producers, the American farmers, whom, more than anyone licve that it will close a factory. I do believe tllat it will pos else, I ll::n·e the llonor to represent upon this fioor. sibly reduce the income of some of the millionaire owners of I. am strongly in favor of the passage of the pending bill. factories, but it will not close a single factory, and it ought not It will benefit my people. I am one of those that believes a reduce the wage of a single laborer therein. I have listened Member of this body Ehould legislate for nll the people he with some surprise, Mr. Clmirman, to the speeches made on the represents without regard to their political affiliations, and other side. I have· lleard Republican speeches as made out in tllis is one bill that will benefit mery man, woman, and child my part of the country, but I did not know you had the same within my district. T:llis bill puts upon the free list practically kind of speeches here that we llad out there. I looked for tho >cry article used by the farmer in the production of his crop speeches llere to be upon a higher and a different plane from and in the equipment of bis farin. It benefits every farmer in wlmt we found them out in the campaigns. More speeches c>ery nook and corner of this Republic. It places upon the were m:ule in my district by the opposition than ever before in free list the plow nnd the harrow used upon the hillside und the history of our district, and every one of them talked about in the \alley, the cultivator and the planter used upon our the hurcl. times of the Clevel:lnd administration. broad; extended prairie land, the harvester and the lleader I am surprised when I hear gentlemen on the other side make use I know a farmer, away out yonder in the central part of this peace and unanimity on the part of the party that did them as great country; he dwells in a little valley in the Ozark Moun to be almost phenomenal. When our caucus met-the Demo tains of south l\Iissouri, among as good a people as God ever cratic caucus-and nominated ,its Speaker, I believe for the first let live upon this earth. [Applause.] He came there when a time in the history of this country we witnessed the nomination boy. At the breaking out of the Civil War he entered the Army of a man to that position, to serve his first term, by the unani and gave four of the best years of his life to the service of mous vote of his party. That fact in itself shows that he stands his country. After the war was over he came back home, mar high in the esteem and admiration of his party. [Applause on ried, entered a piece of land, and settled down upon the little the Democratic side.] farm where he lives to-day. Years came and went. Many We admire him, we honor him, we believe that he is capable chilclren came to bless that little home, trials and hardships of fulfilling the duties of that high office, no matter what its came upon him, but he shirked not. By dint of hard and hon duties may be now, may have been in the past, or may be in est toil from early motn until late at night, day in and day out, the future. He is just as able to carry them out as any man he was ennbled to provide for that growing family . . who has ever occupied that position. [Applause on the Demo One by one as those boys and girls grew to manhood and cratic side. ! womanhood they left that old home. Two or three of them Ye( notwithstanding our love for and our confidence in him, located on farms in the near-by neighborhood, but a larger believing that the selection of committees should rest with the nu111ber of them, lured by the dazzling splendor of the great body itself and not with the Speaker, the first thing we did was city, are now eking out a small subsistence in factories, in ma to place tlleir selection with the House itself, and that has been chine shops, and behind the connters in the great department hailed by the people of this country as one of the greatest steps stores. 'Way back yonder in old ::\IissoU:ri, on that homestead, we haYe ever taken for the advancement of representative gov the father and mother live to-day. Now, here is what I want ernment here. [Applause on the Democratic side.] to emphasize: Every year of his life that farmer has gone to Then, Mr. Chairman, when this House convened in special ses the county seat, he has hunted up the county collector, and paid sion it went to work, it got right down to business, and has been to him his taxes, State, county, and . school, out of his hard busy ever since. The first thing we did was to eliminate about earned sa·vings. Every year of his life he has disposed of the a hundred useless jobs and thereby save to the people something products of his farm and has therewith purchased the neces like $182,000 annually. Then we took up and passed the resolu saries of life. During all those years every time he purchased tion vroviding for the election of United States Senators by a au imported article upon which a tariff duty was levied, and direct vote of the people. We then passed the reciprocity bill. those articles were few in number, he paicl a tax for the support We passed the measure reapportioning Representatives to the of his Government. And during all those years every time he several States. Then we took up the present bill. For 50 years purchased a home-manufactured article, upon which a protec Congress after Congress has convened and in the writing of tive tariff duty '\\US levied, and those articles were many, he tariff legislation they have passed laws in the interest of the paid a tax to the manufacturing interests of this land. The manufacturers of this country. tax which he paid to his State and to his county and to his Mr. CLINE. And we passed the campaign expenses bill. school and to his Nation 'vas just and right, but the tax which Mr. RUilEY. Yes; as the gentleman says, we passed the bill he has been compelled et"ery year to pay to the manufacturing requiring the publication of campaign contributions before as industries of this counlTy is wrong, is unjust, and ought not to well as after elections, and· on that occasion we witnessed the be. [Applause on the Democratic side.] rernarlrnble occurrence of every man present voting in its favor. You gentlemen upon tlie other side promised to reduce these As I said before, the Congresses have heretofore legislated in burdens. Y-ou promised it when you wrote your platform in fayor of the manufacturer and the special interests. We are 1908 at Chicago. You have not done it. Arc you going to do it now considering a bill tbn t is not for the benefit of the special now? The farmer, Mr. Chairman, that I have mentioned here, interests in this country, but for the benefit of the great masses is but a type. The life story of that former is but the life story of the people. We are going to pass this bill, and when we of millions of farmers throughout this land. Honest, upright, have done so we will take up another bill of benefit to the and patriotic, they are the bone, the sinew, the highest type of pcop1e and pass it, and so, one by one, we are going to pass American manhood. [Applause.] those I)Jeasures which the people arc demanding ancl which are My predecessor occupied a seat upon the other si but docs n ugment the bank accounts of · the beneficiaries of the - The Repnblicnn Select Committee on Wages nnd Colllillcdities, tariff; tbnt a feast is prefernble to n famine; that the truth is authorized and directed to ascertain and report on tlle c:rnsc more powerful and enduring than falsehood; tllat intelligence of extreme lligh cost of liTing, exonerated the tariff by sayi:ng : is far better and m01;e desirable tb:m ignornuce. It- '!'hose fondnmentaL basic ·11roposHi011s Im.Ye been unclerstoo Ur. CULLOP. Will the gentleman permit an interruption raise 13,000,000 ,hales and export 8,000,000, and which has in there? creased iu price from G ccn ts to 16 cents per pound, I now desire l\!r. HELM. Certainly. to present a comparison of our trade balances along the same Mr. CULLOP. On all wheat shipped into this country ·for line with Canada, which is presented in concise form in the export of the kind you have described, to mix with the United letter prepared by the gentleman from l\Iissouri [l\Ir. SrrACKLE States soft wheat, is not the tariff only 1 per cent of 25 cents a FORD], which I will not take time now to read, but I will in l>ushel? sert it. Mr. HEL~f. Certainly. The letter referred to is as follows: Mr. CULLOP. So that there is practically no tariff on .that The Lumber Trust R.nd the Paper Trust are waging a fierce fight wheat at all? against reci{lrocity. They are making desperate etrorts to get the farmer to jom them. Wherever possilJle they have enlisted the papers Mr. HELM. I wish. Mr. Ohr1irman, to gi"ve some front-door which circulate among the farmers. They try to make the farmer propositions, some lJlackboard demonstrations, as it were, of the believe that by reason of the tariff be gets more than the fair market situation with reference to wheat and our exports of agricul price for bis products. Canada has a tariff which opera'tes against our products sold in tural and farm products. Canada. We have a tariff which operates against -Canadian products I make the broad statement that the freight rate from Cana sold here. Reciprocity is an agreement between the two countries to dian points to central Kentucky points will always offset all ·modify both tariffs with a view to more extended trade. In spite of these obstructive tarlfis a large trade has grown up be differences in prices, if any, on all competing products of Ken tween us and Canada. In five years ending June 30, in goods of all tucky and Canada. kinds- We sold in Canada ______$88G,417, R7G EXCESS OF EXPORTS OVER H.IPORTS IN FAR~! PRODuCTS. Canada sold to us ______393,913, 673 nut a few years ago Germany either excluded or threatened to exclude our meat products from her market. This caused a · Difference in our favor------492,503,703 decline in prices and alarmed the farmers. I refer to this as These figures show· that Canada is a good country for us to trade an object lesson, showing that the farmers need the widest mar with. Any country which buys from us more than it sells to us is a good country to trade with. No tariff wall should stand between us ket for their surplus products. The merchant who has the most and such a country. · customers i~ always the most prosperous business man. The Let me show you Government statistics for five years encllng June 30- United States is, as it were, a gigantic department store; it has Horses: everything to sell, and to prosper it must have the greatest pos We sold in Canada ______$14,172,475 sible number of customers. If this vast volume of agricultural Canada sold to · us------~-- 2,549,211 products that we are producing here annually, and wllich our Difference in our favor______11, 622, 374 people can not absorb, could not find its way into foreign mar kets the price of our home products would necessarily fall. Cattle: '\Ve sold in Canada------~------1,578,170 Canada can never be a corn-raising territory; the seasons are Canada S6ld to us------1,193;79G too short. 'Vithont corn they can put few, if any, hogs on the market. During the five years last past we exported 301,- Difference in our favor------~--- 384, 383 901.418 bnshels of corn, Yalued at ~2U9,85G,762, and imported l\Ieat and dairy products: 2G8,551, valued at $200,128. The reciprocity bill will give us '\Ye sold in Canada ______17,011,017 Canada sold to us______904,191 a better market for corn and a better market for hogs. ------Carload after carload of cattle leave central Kentncky an Difference in our favor ______:_ ____ 16, 106, 820 nually, via Newport News, for Liverpool. All the time there has been a tariff here on cattle and meats of all kinds. The Ilreadstutrs : '~ e sold in Canada ______Liverpool market has been free and open to the world. Why 31, 5!l6, 5!'iG has not our tariff made our prices higher here than there? Canada sold to us------6,670, 884 The contrary is true; if it were not, the shipper of the cattle Difference in our favor------24,916,072 would need not protection but an asylum. The winter season in Canada is longer, necessitating a longer feeding season, Totnl dif'ference in our favor on above items______53, O~O, 7G5 with bay and corn to be imported for feeding purposrs. The I have voted without hesitation for the reciprocity bill botll farmers in my i::ection are frequently compelled to go to Kansas times that it has passed the House because I apprehend no tn- . City, Chicago, St. Louis, and Cincinnati for cattle to graze and jury to the agricultural interest-a benefit rather than a dis feed their grain to. They rush their calYes and pigs to market, advantage to the farmer-been.use it will give us a wicler mar thereby losing the weight of the grown and devclo1wcl animal, ket -and more customers for our pro tion counts for everything with the manufacturer, whose stock During the same period these same ·manufacturers sold nt a in trade consists of a. certain amount of en.pita.I in¥c:stcd in a profit in the open markets of the world tllese machines to the gi¥cn enterprise. The capacity of his output at fuecl charges value of $6,104.,000. can be figured to a mathematical certainty as to quality, quan The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman's time has ng-ain expired. tity, and cost. The different ruanufactUI"ers can act in concert 1\Ir. SHERLEY. 1\fr. Chairman, in the absence of the gentle and can be put in action with military discipline. A. giYen type man from Alabama [Mr. UNDEnwoon] it seems iiroper that the of rnachinery, manipulated by an expert, produces a fixed result gentleman from Kentucky [Mr. HELM] be granted additional daily, while the farmer, operating along the best lines, can not time. I take the responsibility, on !Jehalf of the gentleman from conh·ol the yield, and he never knows what the harvest will be. Alabama, of yielding to him 10 minutes. What chance has a farmer with a surplus of 50 bushels of w-heat The CHAIRMAN. If there be no objection, the gentleman will to sell against a combined world's surplus of 544,000,000 bushels be recognized for 10 minutes more. of wheat? There wn.s no -Objection. The CHAIRMAN. rhe time of the gentleman has again ex- Mr. HELM. Of a total domestic consumption for the same pired. · year amounting to $243,555,127 worth of sole, tanned, and cur Mr. HELM. Mr. Chairman, I ask ururnimous consent to pro ried leathers, on which the low€st rate is 5 per cent tax duty, the ceed further for five minutes. ta.riff profits to the manufacturer was $12,177,756, whicll, de The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Kentucky asks unani ducted froru the actual cost, lea\es $231,377,371, the amount it mous consent to speak for five minutes more. Is there objec- should han~ cost the consumers. Selling at the same time tion? . $9,444,873 worth of sole lea.tiler alone at a profit in the open ~ir . DALZELL. :Mr. Chairman, there is no objection on this markets. side of the House to the extension of the gentleman's time. In the same year the domestic consumption of boots and shoes The CHAIRMAl~. The gentleman from .Alabama is tempo produced in this country amounted to ~11,942,303 ; allo'iYing rarily absent. Without objection, the gentleman will proceed. the lowest rate of 10 per cent, it amounts to $31,194,230, which, Mr. HELM. How can the farmer at seeding time anticipate deducted from the actual cost, leaves $280,749,073, the amount the worlds production of the crop he pitches, as compared with the consumer should have paid for the total consumed. In the the manufacturer, who can :figure within a small fraction of what same year the same manufactUI"ers sold at a profit in the 011en the trade will absorb? How different is his condition from that markets of the world $8,057,697 worth of said boots and shoes. of the manufacturer or of the operators of the Brockton (Mass.) For the same year our domestic consumption of harness and shoe f.actory, which has an annual output of $144,291,43£ worth saddlery amounted to $42,497,340, on which the·re was a tnr iil'. of shoes out of a total annual domestic production of $320,- benefit in the interest of the manuf.acturer amounting to 20 per 107,458 worth? How can tho farmer ever know the exact cost cent, yielding them a profit of $8,499,46'3, and which deducted of the other farmers' product on the mo:rket? The manufac from the actual cost leaves $33,997,872 that the consumer, ex turer does know the output that the trade will absorb the cost cept for the tariff, should have paid for same. of his own finished article, n.nd the cost of his co~petitor's In the same period the 50 per cent per thousand tariff on article, and can apply the protective tariff in the way of profit shingles, of which tlle home consumption amounted to $23,.940,- with mathematical accuracy_, all the way !rom the fraction of a 089 worth, cost the consumer $7,241,56G more than he should cent to a prohibitive tariff. have paid, exce.pt for tlle taritf. At tile same time the consumer, The prohibitive tariff is a Iegislati're license to the manufac by reason of the tariff on laths, paid the manufacturer $1100,000 turer to charge the consumer what he pleases. It amounts to a more than he would have done but for the tariff concession to concession, and can be utilized to multiply his profits. If the the dealer. object of the tariff is not to make him a profit, what does the Thus it appears from the few items in the free-list bill that I manufacturer want with it! It follows tbat the higher the have been able to get accurate data upon, showing a total an tariff that can be brought into play the greater the profit. But nual domestic consumption of $708,G·57,72.::!, yielding no revenue the farmer is helpless to br~g it to bear upon his output, his whatever to the GoYernment, there will be au annual saving crop, or product, because he is unable to organize and control in the passage of the bill of $1D,218,410 to the home consumer of the cost, the quantity, and the selling vrice of the same. He is these items, which sum represents manufacturers' tariff profits, completely at the mercy of the manipulation by the boards of exclusive of trade profit. I have been unable to obtain from trade of the world's surplus, over which boards he has no con the masked batteries of the department s suflicieut1y accurate d.ata trol and in which he has no interest, ancl which he should avoid to .show the increased cost to tlie consumer on tte many other as religiously as he would a void u gambling den. items in this propose It is written, "Wllere your treasure is, there will your heart Mr. SWEET. Mr. Chairman, this bill is for the benefit of the be also." I ha>e heard it said that there are none so blind as great body of consumers both in the country districts and in those who will not see. the cities of our country. .A. large proportion of those who are It is generally true with the debater that when he is com now opposing this bill belong to that faction of the Republican pelled to resort to ridicule exclusively the fncts are against him. Party which· in the last Congress favored the Payne-Aldrich The question is, .Are you in fa>or of extending the free list? tariff bill, which so flagrantly discriminated against consumers. If so, do not pull back. You have attempted to show by your These same Members are opposed to the reciprocity agreement tables that foreign-made agricultural implements sell higher in with Canada. Their tariff position was plainly stated by the foreign countries tllan the same kind of implements made here gentleman from Illinois [Mr. CANNON] a few days ago when he sell for. Then, wby do you object to the repeal of the tariff? said: Of what benefit is it if their implements cost more and sell I voted for the Payne-Aldrich bill. I agree with the President in higher than ours? I again ask you, What llas become o! thnt what he said at Winona-that it is the best protective tariff bill ever passed. I still believe that. If I had supreme power, I would wipe "foreign pauper labor" o>er which so many fits ha>e been out some things in it. thrown on that side of the House? How was it that you had The Payne-Aldrich bill and the supreme power of the gentle such a nightm:ire over the meaning of the term "agricultural man from Illinois while he was Speaker were the chief issues implements" wllen on the 14tll day of Inst February the gentle last NoYember. The people condemned the former as an unjust man from Pennsylvania [Mr. DALZELL] moved to recommit the measure, nnd their condemnation of the latter was scarcely less reciprocity bill to the Committee on Ways and Means with in pronounced. . structions to report the same back with the addition of the Tbe standpat Republicans are now charging the Democratic following articles on the reciprocal free trade list: majority with "playing politics" bocause we have not cqmbined Fresh meat and all meat products. the reciprocity measure and the free list in a single bill. This is Wbat were meat products then? Rats? an easy charge to rnat:e, and it is often made by the rankest poli Flour, cereal foods, bran, agricultural implements, cotton ties and ticians, on the "stop-thief" principle, in order to·turn attention bagging, binding twine, and lumber. from themselves. What were agricultural implements then? Yon voted for it. There are two ways of " playing politics." One is the old Were the market-garden supplies of Peter Henderson & Co., of way which our friends on the other side of the aisle have New York City, agricultural implements or fine tooth combs played until it is threadbare. Their method is based on in then? 'Vere farm wagons agricultural ·implements or aero sincerity. Its foundation is a sllam and its superstructure is planes? The gentleman said that burlap has recently become deception and frnud. [.Applause on the Democratic side~] The useful as a decoration for wnlls. Has the latest fad come in stand-pat Republicans have had long experience and can give us since tile gentleman from Pennsylvania moved to recomn:iit? pointers in this mnnner of playing tlle political game. Was macaroni a cereal food or angel food then? [Laughter and nut there is another way of playing politics. It consists of aprllause on the Democratic side.] right doing because it is right and of gaining popular support The gentleman might increase his salary a dollar's worth it by deserving it. Let me illustrnte. he will tell this House whnt cereal foods were then. How is 'l'he people demanded a downwnrd revision of tlle tariff with it tllat the International Hanester Co. have left the United a just regard for the interest of the consumer. Republicans States to establish plants in foreign countries in wllicll tlle cost knew this and admitted that they did when they put into their of tlleir out11ut is greater than in the United States? That national platform of 1908 a promi8e to honor this demand. If does not ring true. they had fulfilled this promise, it would. ham been playing In the first place, no doubt, they had the plant, but wllnt on politics according to the new rules, wllich they had not then earth has become of that "foreign pauper labor" of the old and hn Ye not yet learned. For obvious reasons they can not gi>e countries where material is scarce? .Agnin, be tells us that the us pointers on tllis modern game. This recalls the experience packers have plants in .Argentinn, a new country thnt is de of a representatiYe of the l!'ort "\Yayne Electric Co., who sold a veloping rapidly. Of course there is pauper labor tllere, and dynamo to an old German miller in a little town in Ohio. The everytlling is cheap in new countries, especially in .Alaska, agent inserted in his bid an item of $75 for the time and ex where one of our 10-cent dairy lunclles oosts a dollar. [Laugh penses of an expert to connect up the uynamo. When the old ter.] But, of course, the .Argentine packers can flood the mar German saw this item he said: · kets of the United. States, while the llanester company can not Cut that out. l\le and my boy Herman vill set her up ourselves. sell one of its foreign-made machines here, even though the A week after the dynamo was ueli>ered tlle agent receiYecl a machines arc put .on the free list. letter from the old man, in wllich he said: Tbe gentleman from Illinois [Mr: CANNON] drew a beautiful Your dynamo is no good; she von't vork. I vish you vould come picture of the prosperity of our country and attributed it all to und take her avay. the policy of protection. We have prospered, but the price that The agent wrote a letter in reply, in which he sai The seco:µd plan that occurred to me was to tack the two meas are applying the most scientific methods to the care of their ures together just as these gentlemen say we should have done. orchards. They keep the ground well tillecl and spray the trees. The reasons for discarding this plan were to my mind still more I know a farmer in my district-and he is a good Democr:lt apparent. I had no doubt that the combined measures could who has 1,4.00 acres of land. His farm buildingn are numerous be carried in the House by a safe majority, but I was equally and well painted. From a distance tlley look like a small vil confident that tlley would not in that form pass the Senate. lage. He has an apple orcbar Ye:ir.s :ago, when the fn.Tmer ·~ms lbeguiled into the belief that trfuution -of wenltb, to remo:v-e ·the burden from shoulders ·that ·the •protection of infant ·manufacturing industries would create are unable to bear it, to bring the ·comfort of warm clothing n. greater borne ·market 'for his pro Senator Sl\IOOT then asked why the American shoe manufacturers did lation, and then our good friend from Illinois [Mr. MADDEN] not buy English machines and pay the duty. " Because the United Shoe Machinery Co. would come into our plants will understand how unmerited is the criticism that his bril and tnke every machine out." liant colleague, the leader of the minority, has ventured to In the course of the bearing it de\eloped that the shoe manufacturers make on this floor in reference to the subject. In the last were tied up to the Shoe Machinery Trust by 17-year contracts, that the trust had some machines which the manufacturers could not get in Congress we did pass through a Republican House what was Eurnpe, and that unless the GoYernment smashe as worthless as those made by the . gentleman from Illinois foreign commoditles, it can be a1Iorded, and accordingly seldom never fails, to be sold cheaper in process of time than was the foreign articles [Mr. MANN] can be macle of its language. The gentleman com for which it is a substitute. The internal competition which takes place plnins that the language of this bill is too broad. Mr. Chair soon does away with everything like monopoly and by degrees reduces man, this bill gives to American consumers, and to tho toiling the price of the ar.ticle ta the minimum of a. reasonable profit on tho · capital employed. This accords with the reason of the thing and with masses whose backs have been burdened for many weary years, experience. · some relief-relief to whlch they are most justly entitled, ac Let me next invite your attention to the arguments allnmced cording to my opinion. If it should happen that decisions in in support of the protection system by one of its most distill-_ the Treasury Department, or in the courts, should broaden the guished ancl most brilliant advocates. In an elaborate und able language even beyoncl our construction, then tlle first and most exposition of what he wns pleased to term the "American important result will be that the benefits of this measure will system," Henry Clay, of Kentucky, in the Senate of tho United be increased and the burdens of those who toil still further Stutes, in February, 1832, said : lightened. This brings me to consider what I apprehend to hav-e been the most Mr. Chairman, in the early days of the Republic no statesman efilcirmt of all tho causes in the reduction of the prices of manufactured ever dared to assert, and no political party to contend., that articles, and that is competition. Ily competition the total amount of the supply is increased and by increase of the supply a competition in taxation, either direct or indirect, was a blessing in rapid growth of .American manufactures, and the necessity of products by heavy duties and by rebates on Its imported tin cans of !)9 p,er cent of the duty. protecting them to some extent, when they were real infants, 'Ihe American Linseed Co .. comhlning 47 different companies, with from a foreign competition was strongly urged, and at the close an authorized capital stock of $50,000,000, repre~enting 85 per cen~ of of the War of 1812 seems to have appealed to statesmen of all the linseed-oil production o.f the United States, and under the domrna- tion of the Standard Oil Co. . parties and all sections, but even the tariff of 1812, which wn.:s The National Lead Co., with an authorized capital stock of $30 - considered a remarkably high tariff, levied only an average duty 000,000, comprising :.!G plants, and under the domination of the Stand of about 20 per cent. Under the tariff of 1824 the duties aver ard 011 Go. The United Lead Co., combining 10 different companies, and also aged from 25 per cent to 33 per cent. The one exception of the under the domination of the Standard Oil Co. general rule in the early days of the Republic was the tariff of The American Sugar Refining Co., controlling u5 different companiesi 1828, generally known throughout the country as the tariff of representing 70 to 00 per cent of the product, with a total cal)ital lssuea of the parent and affiliated companies of $145,000,000. abominatious, which imposed duties averaging 48.88 per cent, The International Harvester Co., controllin"' G plants, with an au and which was finally superseclcd by the tariff of 1832, which thorized capitalization of $120,000,000, controlling 70 per cent of the practically restored the rate of duty carried in the tariff laws industry. The American Ilrass Co., with an authorized capitalization of of 1824. The compromise tariff of 1833 provided that all duties $20,000,000, and controlling !) plants. in which the tariff exceeded 20 per cent were to have one-tenth The American Thread Co.. with an · authorized capitalization of of such excess taken off on June 1, 1834, one-tenth more on $12,000,000, owning or controlling 13 different plants, controlling 50 per cent of the Industry. January 1, 1838, nncl another tenth on January 1, 1840. It The Casein Co. of America known ns the Milk Sugar Trust, with a further provided that on January 1, 1842, one half of the re total capital Issued of $G,4!:>2,ooo, owning 5 different plants and con mainder of such excess was to be removed and on July 1, 184.2, trolling 70 per cent of the industry. The Chicago Pneumatic 'l'ool Co., w ith a capitalization of about the other half of the remainder of such excess was to be re $8,000,000, owning 7 plants and conh·olling 80 per cent of the in moved, so that on July 1, 1842, the average ad valorem tariff dustry. rate would be 20 per cent. The Central Foundry Co., known as the Soil-Pipe Trust, with a capi talization of $14,000,000, owning 13 plants and controlling 80 per cent The Whig tariff law of 1832 carried an average ad valorem of the industry. duty of 32 per cent, and the Democratic tariff law of 1846, The Diamond l\fatch Co., with an authorized capital stock of $15,- commonly known as the Walker tariff law, carried an average 000,000, owning 18 plants and controlling 85 per cent of the indnstry. The International Steam Pump Co., known as the Steam Pump '!'rust, tariff duty of 25 per cent, which was still further reduced by with an authorized capital of $25,000,000, owning 8 plants and con the act of 1857 to an average of about 18 per cent. The Morrill trolling 80 per cent of the product. tariff law of 1862 increased the duties to an average of 37.2 per The General Chemical Co., with an authorized capital of $25,000,000, controlling 70 per cent of the trade and 24 chemicnl plnnts. cent, and the war tariff of 1864 raised this average to 47.6 per The American Woolen Co., with a capital of $2u,OOO 000 preferred cent. Between this. period and the enactment of the McKinley stock and $40,000,000 common stock, having about HO pfants and con law in 1800 there were many changes in regard to various trolling upward of GO per cent of the sales. schedules and subjects, and usually these were in the direction The California Fruit Canners' Association, with a capital stock of about $3,500,000, including 18 different fruit companies and controlling of more protection to the manufacturer. The McKinley law of G5 per cent of the trade. 1890 still further raised the duties until the average was more The Glucose Trust, controlling 5 companies, with 20 plants, including than 50 per cent, where they remained until the Wilson bill the National Starch Co. and the Illinois Su~ar Refining Co., having an authorized capital stock of $30,000,000 preferred and $50.000,000 com of July 1, 1897, reduced them to about 42 per cent. Under the mon stock nnd controlling a large part of the sales in the United States . Dingley law of 1897 the duties were again increased to an . The Candy Trust, with a capital stock of $0,000,000, incluulng 16 average of 44.6 per cent, and under the Payne law of 1909 they different plants and controlling over' 55 per cent of the sales of candy. The National Enameling & Stamping Co., having a capital stock of were still further increased to an average of 45.72 per cent, if $30 000 000 and controlling l3 plants and GG per cent of tbe industry. we may accept the figures at that time made by Mr. Evans, the T'he Glassware Trust, with an authorized capital stock of about accurate and painstaking clerk o:t the Ways and Means Com $G,l:i00,000, having 1!) plants anEl controlling about 70 per cent of the sales of glassware. mittee of the Sixty-first Congress. 'J.'be Ilubber Goods Manufacturing Co., having a capital stock of So that it appears from the foregoing statement that our $50,000,000 and 17 plants, and controlling about <.iO per cent of the manufacturers and producers have had most liberal "protec sa~~e United Ilutton Co., having a capital stock of $3,000,000 and con tion," al.most without a break and certainly without a serious trolllng R plants. check, in the upward march in the rate of duties since the period The JEolian Weber Piano & Pianola Co., having a capital stock of of our Civil ·war. It now becomes pertinent to revert to the in $10,000,000 and owning 12 plants. Tbe Allis-Chalmers Co., known as the Machinery Trust, having a quiry I have just suggested, to wit: \Vhat has been the effect capital stock of about $3G,2GO,OOO, controllln;:i- 4 large plants and 50 upon prices? Has competition kept them down, or has combina pe1· cent of the trade. tion among our protected. manufacturers and producers throttled The American A~rlcultun1l Chemical Co., · known as the Fertilizer Trust, being closely allied with the American Tin Plat~ Co., and having competition and elcYate XLVII--58 '914 -ooNGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE. It is true tha-t the majority report of the Senate Committee position of :import duties on n.rticlcs of strict luxury and on on Wages nnd Prices of Commodfties advances the remarkable noncompetitive articles alone. A great English stu tesmnn, ud contention that .in some cases the trusts have lowered ,prices ·of dre.ssing a great .English constituency, said. 80 years ago that he the prouucts they control, but it Js equally true that in those would ·never vote '.fer any law that, under tlle guise of taxation, cases tllc majority report fails to mention the fact that the - enabled one lllilglishman !to charge another Englishman a penny foreign price has been lowered even below -the American price, more .for any ar.ticlo made in .Eng1and tllan he could have and that m .America tlle -trusts have prevented our consumers Charged, but for the existence of a tax law. .A.re .we less patri 1lrom obtaining the Teduced prices that ought to have come otic than this -foreign statesman was, or do we love ·our O\Y'D from improvements of manufacture and natural en.uses, such -a-s people less than ·he did hls-? A.re we .less prepared -to do tllem gr.eater natural supplies. Where-rer prices ·on trust.,made arti- - justice? Yet no man can dispute the proposition that so long cles nave been lowered here, they hll.T'C not -been lowered one as we ·Continue to Jay .duties on con:wetitivc products, we not moiety of wbat they would have been lowered if the people of only .burden our people with the payment of three hundred this country hnd received the advantages of improvements in miUions of revenue tha.t is actually .received a.ncl actually .goes manufacture and of the natur,al causes -that seem to ·operate into the Public Treasucy, but also we .put u.pon them a fur e1erywhere else on earth except In trust.,riddcn America. · greater burden that comes from the enhancement of prioe-s on [Appluuse on the Democratic side.] articles of domestic manufacture or production that .are ~o .Everyone knows that In tllis country there is hardly a -brunch protected i'rom: foreign competition. The most careful econo o.f Jmman activity, ·hardls a line of nosiness or industry that is mists w.ho have considered this question cstim;ite that this in not either directly or imtirectly controlled by these trusts and direct burden is fully five times as great as the revenue the combinations. Our children arc rocked in trust-made crailles, Government collects from the duties impor,ed. In other words, our dead are burieu in trust-made coffins, and if there is _an besides the .$300,000,000 that finds its -way each year into the article of necessity th!1t the American citizen must use, or a Treasury in the shape of these duties, fully fifteen hundred luxury that he -wishes to use, that is not in some way or the millions ·per iYCar ls extracted from the pockets of the .A.mericau other, directly or indirect1y, controlled by these interests, I have consumer in the enhanced price that .he must pay for articlcR yet to discover it. [Applause on the Democratic side.] of domestic manufacture or .Production over and above what 110 Whut are we to do about it? Is the Congress of the Unitod \Yould have to pay but for the protective duties. States 1mpotcnt? Have vested wrongs grown so .hoary with To my mind, this is the greatest injustice that aan be done age that they ·have become T'ested rights? Are the people to the people under the guise and 'form of lnw, and to sucll n sys continue to lmve profits guarn.nteod by law because they happen tem -1 run rmaltern.bly and irrevocably opposed. It IDr\Y be con to be engaged in one branch of industry ra-ther than another? tenueu, however, that we could not r:ih:e sufficient revenue from [-Applause .on tho Democratic side.J the tariff to run tho Government uniler this system. In ·answe·r Twenty-one ·years a:go Sena tor John Sherman, of Ohio, sug to that objection I wish i:o :sny that 30 States of the .American gosted one remedy. HoweT'e-r mu& we ma.y disagree with either Union have already ratified tho income-tnx amendment to our fue econoffiic theories or politicnl principles of the great Ohio Constitution, and the affirmative -vo!ce of but firn others is Senator, :.ret we all must agree that he was an able statesman needed to make it n. part of our organic law, :rnil I firmly l.Jc and a great man, and that his remedy is entitled. to receiYe not liern and confidently predict tha-t before many months longer only ca--refu1 consideration but fair trlal. The remedy he pro that amendment will be ratified. [Applause on the "Democratic posed was to -revamp, with only slight modifications, the com side.] mon law against forestalling, regrading, and engrossing. The From n. properly adjusted income tax we can readily secure principle is as old as the Anglo-Saxon law, indeed, aR human one hundred million a year, and even more if necessary, .nnd in civilization itself. It is based on an inherent o_pposition to levying such a tax we will not on~y carry out Democratic .Prin monopoly. I refer, of course, to the celebrated Sherman anti ciples, but will suoservc the wisest policy of statesmanship by trust law of July 2, 1800, by which combinations in the restmint placing at least n. _portion of the burdens ·of Government upon of trade or commerce in tllc sm·eral States by way of trust or tile backs of those who are best able to bear them, and who otherwise arc declared to be illegal. Arc we to rely on that receive .a 1arge portion of its benefits. law as a complete p:mncea for fill our evils? 'I think not. I From- a duty on luxuries or on articles that a.re either en think if we were -to adopt fhat policy and re1y wholly upon it, tirely noncompetiti1c, or practically so, we con1d casiJy rais-0 we would be guilty of equal stupidity as a man would be if his the remainder of the revenue necessary to ad.minister e~onom blood was impure and ·therefore his body was aillicted with ically and effectually the Federal Government. sores, nnd he should go to a doctor and have tlle sores cut out Let me call your attention to the following tablo of articles instead of .going to a doctor for treatment of the impurity ii{ ontire1y or largely noncompetitive, the figures tllerein l.H~ing his blood that caused the sores. I believe that to -put the trust from the Statistical Abstract of the United States for the year mngnates in jail, tllat to enforce the law against the criminals 1909: . who \'.iolate tile antitrust law will do a great deal of good, but Vnluc . that can ..never be a complete remedy, no matter how -vigilant .Art works, not produced by Amcrlcnns ______$:1, !?00, 000 l,40U, 000 how industrious and _impartial is tile prosecution; as lang as th~ b~~g°arii£1c::::::=-=.:=-=.:::=:::::::::::::::::::::::::: :100, 000 system that creat<>s these criminals continues in existence, n·usts Crude camphor------G00,000 ancl combinations will be bred by it more rapidly than -they cnn Copal ------ 2, noo, ooo Gambier------1,aoo,000 IJc broken u1> by crintinnl prosecutions. Shcllac------ n,noo,ooo Whnt, tllen, is tlle .rea1 remedy? I fear that I can not in the Other ~ums------1, 400, 000 course of this speech undertake to amplify it as fully as I Crudo iodlne------~H,000 Licorice root ------1, 'i'l l0, '000 woul<.I like, but .I ventme to express the hope that I can n.t 7, fiCO, 000 least suggest it. The remedy must come from the complete ;~ o o , ooo 12, 000,000 rendjnstment of our entire economic system. I mean particu :wo, 000 larly that systam so fnr as same is related to or i-s l.lnsed ~~filW?ir~~JR=~~~~======~==== 'b~i~~~ ======::=:::::::::::======1, 500, 000 upon tho tarjff laws of the connh·y. I unclerstand, and I make V~getaulc wax------ 1,000,000 this statement with that reluctance that n man mrturally fccli:; Other waxes ------,------ 7,000,000 Cocoa, crude------ lfi, 000, 000 in admitting conilltions that require him to submit even tempo Coffec------ 80,000,000 rarily to wrong and injustice, we can not Nnt oil ______Value. Mr. HARDWICK. The gentleman will ba ve to form his own $1, 100,000 conclusion about the policy of the Democratic Party.. If the Pnlni otl ------3,000,000 Pen rl shells ______.:______------__ _ 1, 500,000 Democratic Party does right, then, in ruy judgment, thnt will be Raw silk------ 79,000,000 its ultimate policy on this question. It is the only intelligent Nutmegs------200,000 11olicy ot this ta.riff qu~stion, unless you a.re going to emlm1ce 2,000,000 protection. ~~~~~rspicea::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::n aw sugar ______2,000,000 narks ______{)0,000,000 Mr. KENDALL. I inquired of the gentleman, because I be 1,000,000 lie>e him to be in the confidence of that party. 18,000,000- Tea------ Mr. HARDWICK. And I hope I am, and yet on this question Tin ------~---- 26,000,000 ~lah ogany ------2,400,000 I would not undertake to speak for nnybody on earth except for All other cabinet woods ______------1,400,000 myself and the constituency I represent u11on this floor. Of course I would not support, and I think I wns the first man in this House two years ago to protest against the imposition of a tax on coffee, so long as we were pursuing the system of raising our revenues principally from competitive products. We can not and ought not to adopt both policies on this question, be cause they are antagonistic to each other and are diameh·ically opposite in principle. My own idea is that we ought to raise ns much as we can from the income tax, from internal-revenue duties, and then ought to supplement it, so far as may be neces sary, by moderate tariff duties on noncompetitive products ex clush·ely, and a still higher reycnue tax on articles of strict luxury. Why levy our duties on noncompetitive products except in $68, G00,000 case of luxuries alone? It is undoubtedly true that whenever 20, 000,000 we levy duties on competitive products that for every dollar 12,000,000 which reaches our customhouses at least $·3 in indirect pro 5,900,000 2,700,000 tection goes into the pockets of domestic manufacturers nnd 5, 800,000 producers, never reaches the customhouse at all, and yet most 680,000 grievously burdens and oppresses our people. [Applause on the 910,000 1,100,000 Democratic side.] 1,400,000 On this subject, let me call your attention to a striking state 33,800,000 ment made during the progress of the debate when the Payne 070,000 tariff bill was under consideration. It was made by that dis 2. ExciM: tinguished gentleman who is now Speaker of this House, Hon. BeerSpirits______------_ 88,500,000 CHAMP CLARK of Missouri. Mr. CLARK said: 65,600,000 Licenses------22,000,000 I will tell you the truth about revenue tariff and protective taril? Hail ways------1, 700,000 very briefly. Up to a certain point on any article that is made in the Other sources------700,000 United Stutes, as well as abroad, a tariff rate is both a revenue rate 178,600,000 I and a protective rate, and no buman being ever had or cnn bave the 3. Estate duties: ingenuity to separate them. It is an impoRsibility in nature. !for Estate dutY------ 71,700,000 instance, I might say that I am in favor of putting a 25-cent rate on a Temporary dutY------ 3!5, 000 certain article for the purpose of revenue, and my friend from Uichi LProbateegacy dutydutY------______240,000 gan [Mr. FORDNEY] might say that he is in favor o! putting a 25-cent 19,500,000 rate on the same thing as protection. The upshot of it would be tbat Successive duty ______3,600,000 . I would get my revenue and the gentleman from Uichigan would get Corporation duty ______25.0, 000 his protection, whether I wanted hlm to have it or not. ------v5, 500, ooo I 4. sri~~!s~-~~c_:_: ______Mr. CLARK states the case well and he states it truly. If the 15, 700,000 1 gentleman from Michigan stands on the Republican side and Ilcccipts------8,G00,000 Bills of exchange ______4, 300,000 votes for a duty 01' $2 per thousand on lumber and calls it P atent medicines------ 1,G00,000 "protection," and if a gentleman stands on this side of the CompaniesLicenses------______880,000 Chamber and vote~ for $2 per thousand on lumber and calls it Bonds ______2,500, 000 2,000,000 "revenue," what difference does it make to tbe man who pnys Insuranccs------3,300,000 the bill? Does the rose by another name smell more or less Other------~------ 2, 100, 000 . sweet? ------30,G00,000 ti. Land tax ______------3,500,000 As long as we pursue this system of levying tariff duties on 6. ·House duty------~------9,G00,000 competitive articles we are forced, in order to raise the neces 7. Property and income tax______109, 300,000 sary revenues, to grant a vast nmount of "protection," and to Total taxes------G47,201J, 000 impose a still vaster amouut of burden upon the American con sumer, and therefore, I say, if we want to really lighten that 8. PoRt office------80,200,000 burden, if we are really in earnest in our professed desire to {).Telegraph------2,200,000 10. Crown lands------2,G00,000 lower the cost of living, if we really wish to present to the lL Interest on Suez Canal shares------5, !:WO, 000 American people an issue thn t goes to· the very heart of the 12. Miscellaneous------11, 000, 000 matter and involyes a great principle upon which legislation Total nontax revenue ______------130, 800, 000 can be fashioned and an economic system built, then let us Total revenue ______..:·------780, 100, 000 abandon this system of imposing duties on competitive articles On tea alone Great Britain receiYes twenty-nine millions of nnd obtain om.. revenue entirely from noncompetitive articles, revenue; on tobacco, sixty-nine millions; on sugar, nearly thirty the sole exception being in the case of luxuries. four millions; on various spirits, nearly thirty millions; on My construction of the time-worn battle cry of our party, coffee. a bout one million. "A tariff for revenue only," may not be the conventional one, Mr. KENDALL. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? but it is, I believe, the one that sound statesmanship suggests. l\Ir. HARDWICK. Yes. As I interpret that phrase, "only" is not an ad,·crb of purpose, l\lr. KENDALL. Is the gentleman from Georgia in fayor ot but is an adverb of effect, and duties should be laid uot only establishing a tariff on tea. and coffee for revenue purposes? for the sole purpose of obtaining rcyenue, but so as to hu ve uo Mr. HARDWICK. Mr. Chairman, the gentlell1an, of course, other effect except to raise reyenue. asks me a question that is entitled to a candid answer, and I Mr. Chairman and gentlemen, the views I have expressed will endeavor to give it to him. Yes, I favor it a.nd will vote may not meet with the a11proval of every gentleman, eYen on for it with pleasure, either now or later, provided you take the my own side orthe Chamber. I do not expect it. In express duties entirely off competitive products and adopt the system ing them I speak, as I have stated before, for no one on earth of duties on luxuries and noncompetitive products. [Applause except myself and my own constituency, but to that extent I on the Democratic side.] assume for them entire responsibility. I do not think any Mr. KENDALL. Then, if the gentleman had the power in party will ever raise an issue with "protection" that is worth the Ilom:::e he would abolish a.11-- two seconds of the time of the Americnn people until it comes Mr. HARDWICK. Speaking for myself alone, I would sa.y to the position that it will levy no tariff duties except on lux yes. uries and noncompetitive articles, and will supplement those Mr. KENDALL. Is that to be the policy of the Democratic duties with the internal-reyenue duties a.nd an income tax. Party? [Loud applause.] 916 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 1\{AY 3, l\fr. UNDI!IB.WOOD. Mr. Ohairman, I yield 30 minutes to tlle the free list and articles of absolute necessity should be im gentleman from .Massachusetts [Mr. CURLEY]. ported free of duty:. The Republican Party has reached its Ur. CURLEY. Mr. Ct.airman, I rise to pledge rny unqualified e:s:trerue outpost under its lust tariff. mensurc. support in beh'..1.lf of this measure us an advanced economic Iror the Go>ernment gets $1 of revenue while- tho trusts take policy of vital interest to tlle American consumer and as a direct $7 out of the pocket of the consumer. step taken to break down the control of the trusts which, thriv The trust system of this. country, of which the Republican ing under a protective-tariff policy, are pltmdering the people of Party is the- master, l:lelongs to monarchy and feudalism, and the land. _it has no valid part or lot in a goycrnment built upon the Broadly and truthfully stated, what does this free-list bill affirmation of all men as free. ancl equal. promise the wage earner? rt means a loss of some $10,000,000 The sn.-ving that will come to the consumers of the country. a year in the re--venues of the United States Government, but it by the passage of ~his- measure will be stupendous. We find the means a saving of some $300,000,000 a year to the consumers farmers producing the very things upon which the people of who buy the articles iucluded in this bill and from which an this land subsist, and at e\cry hand their means of production unjust tur will be removed. And the price, in my judgment, is lmrdened by the exactions of an oppressive Republican tariff is indeed sman to pay, considering the burden lifted from the policy lurgoly dictated by the trust barons. backs of men enguged in most laborious occupations. And every revolt against the Republican Party, as indicated I stand as a bitter ::rnd unrelenting foe of the Republican by the honest and courageous men upon the floor of this House Party, because under its economic policy it does not make all who bear the title of "insurgents," leaves the party more anll. men of this Nation equal before the law. more in the clutches of evil influence. And our Republican friends, in the face o-f the Nov-ember elec Trust magnates arc made the patrons of an exorbitant tariff ; tions-, return Ilern to again repeat tlleir assumption and rest tliey grow rich beyond the dreams of avarice, and the voice of their- case- upon the- miserable economic theory that wages arc an outraged Nation that the necessaries of life shall be made increased by tariff taxation, their fav-oritc and only i;round cheaper falls upon deaf and unrespoD.Bive ears. for argument addressed in support of' restricte This policy 'of protection has IDllde t1ic American flag upon Mr. CANDLER. Mr. Chairman, I hold in my band a splen- the waterways of the world ns great a curiosity almost as the didly written article from the pen of Mr. R. M. Gates, the behemoth upon land. But this subject is a more appropriate very intelligent and wide-awake Washington correspondent of topic for nnother day to come. the _Commercial Appeal, published at l\femIJhiS, Tenn., wbich The tnrW' taxes of this country shoul agricultural implements, mechanics' tcols, and many articles of food of PRIVATE BILLS A°l'i'D RBSOLUTIO~S. common consumption. This bill will drn.w the full fire of the protec tionist forces in both Hom;es, nnd it is by no means certain that Presi Under clause 1 of Rule XX.II, priYate bills and resolutions dent Taft would sign the bill if it should get to him. At any rate, the were introduced and severally referred as follows: Democratic Ilouse ·is going to put the issue up to the Senate and the Executive. · Ry Mr. ALLIDN: A bill (H. R. 8474) granting an increase ot pension to James A. Wells; to the Committee on Invalid Pen WIIOLESALE l!llVESTIGATIO:'f. sions. A se~rching investigation into the various <1epartments of Govern ment will be undertaken at tbe instance of the Democratic majority in .Also, a bill ( H. R. 8475) granting a pension to Teresa Ken the · House. Committees cllargcd with the conduct of these investiga nedy; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. tions have been appointed, and soon the light will be turned on in full Ily Mr. ANDEUSON of Ohio: A bill (H. R. 8470) granting an force. That there is " something rotten in Denmark " is beyond di·. pute, and tlrn Democrats are going to locate tlle malodorous 01lol'. increase of vension to John C. Ernst; to ihe Committee on There has not been an investigation of some of the departments in Invalid Pensio1rn. · nearly 20 years, so the timeliness of the proposed looking into things is .Also, a bill (H. R. 8477) granting an increni::ie of pension to apparent. In >i?w of what they ha>e already done and what they propose to I~rael \.Valterhonse; to the Committee on Invalitl Pensions. accomplIRh, the Democrats of the House fe:el tllat they will convince the Also, a bill ( H. R. 8478) granting an increni::ie of pension to country of their capacity fo1· still greater achievement with the coop Alba Howey: to tbe Committee on Invaliu Pensions. eration of a Democratic Senate and Democratic President. Also, a bill (H. R. 847D ) granting an increase of pension to l\Ir. UNDERWOOD. l\Ir. Chairman, I move that the com Samnel G. Powell; to tlie Committee on I1walid Pensions. mittee do now rise. Also, a bill (H. R. 8480) grantiug an incr e ~u=-e of llension to Tlle motion was agreed to. Nicholas H. Poncl; to the Committee on Invalid Pi>nsions. Tlle committee accordingly rose; ancl the Speak:er ha Ying re Also, a bill (H. R. 8481) granting an increase of pension to sumed tlle chair, l\Ir. A.LEX.A:KDER, Chairman of the Committee of Chnrles F. Keller; to the Committee on I1m1lid Peni::iions. the Whole Honse on tlrn state of tl!e Union, reported that that Also, a bill (H. R. 8482) granting an incrC'nse of pension to committee had had under consideration the bill II. R. 4413- Merritt Hanver: to-the Committee on Im·nlid Pensions. the free-list bill-and had come to no resolution thereon. Also, a bill ( H . R. 8483) grau ting an increase of pension to Joseph Mahaffey; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. WITHDBA WAL OF P .APERS. Also, a bill (H. R. 8484) granting an increase of pension to Mr. PALMER, by unanimous consent, was granted leave to Pollis Blon; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. withdraw from the files of the House, without leasing copies, Also, a bill (H. R. 8485) granting an increase of pension to the papers in the case of Alton E. Cobb, Sixtieth Congress, no Llewellyn W. French; to the Committee on lnYa.litl Pensions. ad vcr::;e report ha1ing been made thereon. Also, a bill (H. R. 8486) granting an increase of pension to John Schlosser; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. ADJOURNMENT. Also, a bill (H. R. 8487) granting an increase of pension to Mr. U:r-..TDERWOOD. Mr. Speaker, I move that the House do Fr:wcis l\I. Baker; to tbe Committee on Inv~lid Pensions. now adjourn. Also, a bill (H. H. 8488) granting an increa e of pension to The motion was agreed to; accordingly (at 5 o'clock and 15 Eliza J. Sweet; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. minutes p. m.) the House adjomned until to-morrow, May 4, Also, a bill (H. R. 8489) granting an incrense of pension to 1011, at 11 o'clock a. m. Amon Freese; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. .Also, a bill (II. R 8-:WO) granting an increase of pension to Jmnes A. Buchanan; to the Committee on Invaliu Pensions. PUBLIC BILLS, RESOLUTIONS, AND MEMORIALS. Also, a bill (H. R. 8401) granting an increase of pension to Under clause 3 of Rule XXII, bills, resolutions, and memo A. S. Konkel; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Also, a bill (H. Il. 840~) granting an incrense of pension to rials were introduced and severally referred as follows: Isaac Johnson; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. R. 8468) Ily Mr. l\'IATTHEWS: A bill (H. to provide for the .Also, a bill (II. R. 8403) granting an increase of pension to erection of a public building at Canonsburg, Pa.; to the Com Thomas Cnpps; to the Committee on PC'Ilsions. mittee on Public Buildings and Grounds. By Mr. BRADLEY: A bill (H. R. 84-!M) granting an increase By Mr. KOHBLY: A bill (II. R. 8460) to amend section 5278 of the Revised Statutes of the United States; to the Committee of i:ension to Clmrles G. Johnston; to the Committee on Invalid on the Judicinry. Pen~ions. By Mr. BUTLER: A bill (H. R. 8470) to establish a nationn.l Also, a bill (H. R. 8495) granting an increase of pension to military park at the Brandywine battle ground, Pennsylvania; Lewis Snyder; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. to the Committee on Military Affairs. Also, a bill (H. R. 8406) granting an increase of pension to Also, a bill (ll. R. 8471) to provide for the erection of a Gabriel I!'. Currey; to tlle Committee on Invalid Pensions. public building at Phoenixville, Pa.; to the Committee on Pub Also, a bill (H. R. 8407) granting an incrense of pension to lic Buildings anu Grounds. Alonzo Carson; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Also, a bill (H. R. 8472) to erect a monument on Brandywine Also, a bill (H. R. 8498) granting an increase of pension to battle field, Chester County, Pa.; to the Committee on the Li Thomas Swope; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. brary. By Mr. BUTLER: .A bill (H. R. 84DD) granting an increaso Also, a bill ( H. R. 8473) to erect a monument to the memory of pension to James T. Kelly; to the Committee on Invalid. Pen· of John Morton; to the Committee on the Library. sions. By l\:Ir. FRANCIS: Resolution (H. Res. 147) to appoint a com Also, a bill (H. R. st>OO) granting an honoralJlo discharge to mittee of five Members of the House to in>estigate the Ameri .Alfred L. Dutton; to the Committee on Military Affairs. can Woolen Co. and ascertain whether said company has or is Also, a bill (H. R. 8501) for tlle relief of Lieut. Jerome violating the antitrust- act of 1890 or any other law of the E. l\forse, United States Navy, retired; to the Committee on United States; to the Committee on Rules. Naval Affairs. By Mr. STA~TLEY: Resolution (H. Res. 148) to investigate Also, a bill (H. R. 8502) for the relief of William H. Diamond; violations of the antitrust act of 1800, and other acts; to the to the Committee on Claims. Committee on Rules. · Also, a bill (H. R. 8503) granting a pension to Catherine E. By hlr. GODWIN of North Carolina: Resolution (H. Res. 150) Jacobs ; to the Committee on Invnlid Pensions. authorizing the Committee on Reform in the Civil Service to Also, a bill (H. R. 8504) granting a pemiion to Horace W. examine into the affairs of the Civil Service Commission; to the Durnan; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Committee on Rules. Also, a bill (H. R. 8505) granting ·a pension to Frank E. By Mr. DIFEl\roERFER: Resolution (H. Res. 151) ai::iking Laurence; to the Committee on Pensions. the Secretary of the Navy to furnish data; to the Committee on By l\fr. CARY: A bill (H. R. 8506) granting a pension to Na>al Affairs. Albert B. Kidder; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Also, resolution (H. Res. 152) asking the Secretary of War to By Mr. CLARK of Missouri: A bill (H. R. 8507) for the furnisll data: to tlle Committee on Military Affairs. relief of Mag Brown; to the Committee on War Claims. By Mr. BHOUSSARD: Joint resolution (H. J . Res. 8G) to Ali::io, a bill (H. R. 8508) for the relier of the legal repre investigate the Diplomatic and Consular Services of the United sentatives of Charles Durkee, deceased; to the Committee on States; to the Committee ou Rules. War Claims. By Mr. Fl'I.ZGERALD : Memorial of the Legislature of New By l\Ir. DENVER : A bill (H. R. StlOD) granting an increase York farnring elections of United States Senators by direct vote of pension to Burch Miller; to the Committee on Pensions. of the people; to tlle Committoe on Election of President, Vice Also, a bill (H. R. 8510) granting an increase of pension to President, and Representatives in Congress. Valentine Barnett; to the Committee ou InYnlitl Pensions. 1911. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-ROUSE\. 919 Also, a bill (H. R. 8511) granting un increase of pension to Also, a bill (H. R. 8550) granting a pension to Elizabeth .:Mahlon C. Sween; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Bay; to the Committee on Pensions. .A.lso, n bill (H. R. 8512) grunting an increase of pension to Also, a bill (H. R. 8551) granting a pension to Thomas J . John W. Thompson; to the Committee on ITI"valid Pensions. Stroup; to the Committee on InYalid Pensions. Also, a bill (H. R. s-13) granting an increase of pension to Also, a bill (H. R. 85u2) granting a pension to Mary Ileilly; Samuel Wolf; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. to the Committee on Pensions. Also, a bill (H. R. 8514) granting an incrc.nsc of pension to By Mr. HUGHES of New Jersey: A bill (II. R. 8553) grant James Gaines; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. ing nn increase of pension to Charles Nelln:illn; to the Commit Also, a bill (H. R. 8515) granting an increase of pension to tee on Invalid ·Pensions. Jolm L. Fritz; to the Committee on Im·alid Pensions. Also, a bill (H. R. 8554) granting a pension to ·Thomas F. .Also, a bill (H. R. 8516) granting an increase of pension to Keating; to the Committee on Pensions. James F. Ilrown; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Also, a bill (H. R. 8555) granting a pension to Lillinn J. Also, a bill (H. R. 8517) granting an increase of pension to Hartley; to the Coillmittee on Pensions. John C. Bingaman; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. By Mr. KENNEDY: A bill (H. R. 8556) granting nn in Also, a bill (H. R. 8518) granting an increase of pension to crease of pension to Ferdinand Armentrout; to the Committee L. S.- Olemnns; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. on Invalid Pensions. Also, a bill (H. R. 8510) granting an increase of pension to By Mr. LAFFERTY: A. bill (H. R. 8557) granting a pension Virgil D. Hose; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. to William· E. Reed; to the Committee on Im·alid Pensions. By Mr. DONOHOE: A bill (H. R. 8520) granting a pension Also, a bill (H. R. 8058) granting a pension to Philip C. to Francis A. Grenner; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Elbert; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. By l\ir. FOilDNEY: A bill (H. R. 8521) granting an increase Also, a bill (H. R. 8550) granting a pension to Fred W. NiS· of pension to Alfred 0. Bush; to the Committee on Invalid bett; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Pensions. Also, a bill ( H. R. ~ 8560) granting an increase of pension to By :Mr. FULLER: A bill (H. R. 81:>22) granting an increase Jen Rody Chauncey; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. of pension to William W . Hudson; to the Committee on Invalid By Mr. McGUIRE of Oklahoma: A bill (H. R. 8561) granting Pensions. an increase o! pension to 1\Ioses Soard; to the Committee on By Mr. GRAHAM: A bill (H. R. 8523) granting an increase Invalid Pensions. of pension to John W. Cummings; to the Committee on Invalid Also, a bill (H. R. 8562) grunting an increase of pension to Pensions. Wallace R. Kelley; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. By Mr. GRAY: A bill (H. R. 8524) granting an increase of Also, a bill (H. R. 8563) granting un increase of pension to pension to James W. Hall; to the Committee on Invalid Pen Andrew J. Berlin; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. sions. Also, a bill (H. R. 8564) granting an increase of pension to Also, a bill (II. R. 8525) granting an increase of pension to Joseph H. Cox; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Thomas B. Garrison; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. By 1\fr. MAGUIRE of Nebraska: A bill (H. Il. 8565) granting Also, n bill (H. R. 8u26) granting an increase of pension to an increase of pension to Frederick Claus; to the Committee on Joseph B. Randall; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Invali Also, a bill (H. R. 85SG ) granting an increase of pension to of the people; to the Committee on Election of President, Vice William H. Hooper; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. President, and Representatives in Congress. By Mr. UTTER : A bill (H. R. 8587) granting an increase of By 1\-fr. FULLER: Papers to accompany bills for relief of pension to George P. Kenyon ; to the Committee on Invalid Pen William W. Hudson, of Rockford, Ill., and Alonzo F. Stalker, sions. of Winnebago County, Ill.; to the Committee on Invalid Pen Also, a bill (H. R. 8588) granting an increase of pension to sions. William H. Follett; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. By Mr. GARDNER of Massachusetts: Resolutions of the Also, a bill (H. R. 8uSD) granting an increase of pension to Essex County (Mass.) Shoe & Leather Association, protest Margaret J. Lawton; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. ing against any change in the existing tariff schedules on Also, a l:>ill (H. R. 8ti90) granting an increase of pension to leather, boots, and shoes, and National Association of Tanners, l\fartl:Ja E1 Robbins; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. against placing leather on the free list; to the Committee on Also, a bill ( H. R. 8591 ) granting an increase of pension to Ways and Means. l\Inr~· F . Underwood; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. By Mr. GRAHAM: Papers to accompany bill for the relief Also, a bill (H. R. 8502 ) granting an incrcnse of pension to of John W. Cummings, of Litchfield, Ill.; to the Committee on Geori;ianna i\:I. Williams; to the Committee on In>alid Pensions. Invalid Pensions. A hm, a bill ( H. R. 503) grnnting an increase of pension to By l\fr. HAMMOND : Petition of assessors of Cottonwood Catherine Slleel:Jnu; to the Committee on In>alid Pensions. County, Minn., against Canadian reciprocity; to tho Committee Al~o, a bill (H. R. 8504) granting an incrense of pension to on Ways and Means. Jolm P. Cnse; to the Committee on In>alid Pensions. Also, petition of Excelsior Chapter of American Woman's Al ·o, n bill (H. R. 505) grnnting an increase of pc" · ' 11 to League, of Amboy, l\finn., fayoring parcels post; to the Com l\Iichael l\IcCormick; to tlle Committee on Invalid Peni::.' , -.1.' . mittee on tho Post Office and Post Roads. .Also, a bill (H. R. 8596) granting an incrense of pern;ion to By Ur. HEL~I : Papers to accompany H . R. 8436, for the re JoFeph Walker; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. lief of the heirs or estates of William McClure and Margaret Also, a bill (H. R. Sv97) granting an increase of pension to McClure, deceased, of Eubank, Pul:lski County, Ky.; to the Albert Phetteplace; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Committee on War Claims. Also, a bill (H. R. 8508 ) granting an increase of pension to By Mr. MATTHEWS: Papers in su11port of bill introduced Samuel El. Reynolds ; to the Committee on In>alid Pensions. in behalf of James Campbell Stevenson, county of Lawrence, Also, a bill (H. R. 859!)) granting an increase of pension to State of Pennsylyania; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Henry Bucklin; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Also, ·papers in re bill for an appropriation of $100,000 for a Also, a bill (H. R. 8600) granting an increase of pension to site and a public building at Canonsburg, Pa.; to the Com Henry S. Shnri)e; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. mittee on Public Buildings and Grounds. lly ~Ir. WILLIS : A bill (H. R. 8601) granting an increase of By Mr. RICHARDSON: Papers to accompany H. R. 7077, pension to James A.. Brake; to the Committee on Invalid Pen for the relief of the estate of L. C. Chisholm, of Tuscumbia, A.la. ; sions. to the Committee on Wnr Claims. Ry l\Ir. SULZER: Petition of Sew::ird Commercial Club, Sew ard, Alaska, requesting that legislation be enacted to open tlle PETITIONS, ETC. coal fields of Alaska ; to tlle Committee on the Public Lands. Under clause 1 of Rule XXII, petitions and papers were laid Also, resolutions of Bookkeepers, Stenographers, and Ac on tlle Clerk's desk and referred as follows : countants' Union, Local 12646, American Federation of Labor, By Mr. ASHBROOK: Resolutions of the Glass Bottle Blow of New York City, protesting against the kidnaping of John J. ers' Association, No. 101, Cosht>cton, Ohio, favoring a repeal of McNamara from the State of Indiana; to the Committee on the 10 cents tax on oleomargarine; to the Committee on Agriculture. Judiciary. Al o, petition of T. B. Gilbert and 10 other merch:rnts of Also, memorial of the Legislature of New York, favoring elec · tLoudonville, Ohio, in opposition to the parcels post; to the tions of United States Senators by direct vote of the people; Committee on the Post Otlice and Post Roads. to the Committee on Election of Prpsidcnt, Vice President, and By Mr. BARCH1!,ELD: Petitions of the International Mold Representatives in Congress. ers' Union of North America, Local No. 270, and the Chamber Ry Mr. UTTER: Resolutions of the Second Conyention of the of Commerce nnd the Oakland Bonrd of Trade, ::ill of Pitts Churches of Rhode Island, representing all Protestant denomi burg, Pa., favoring a reduction of tlle tax on oleomargarino · to nations, approving the Sunday closing of post offices, so far the Committee on Agricultnre. ' as _possible, and nclvocatin~ tbe estnblishment of n. varcels post ; Ry l\fr. BRADI~EY: Petition of 75 residents of the twentieth to the Committee on the Post Ofiice ru1d Post Roncls. New York congressional district, fayoring the establishment ot By l\Ir. WILJ;IS : Petition of F. D. Keller and 07 other citi a nntional department of health; to the Committee on Expendi zens of West Mansfiel<1, Ohio, asking for the pnsFage of bill tures in the Interior Department. granting an increase of pension to James A. Brake, and affi Also, resolution of Washington Camp No. 84, Goshen, N. Y., davits to accompany bill for the relief of James A.. Brake; to fa>oring legislation to restrict undesirable immigration; to the the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Committee on Immigration and Naturalization. AJ-.:o, petitiou of Lornl Union No. 713, Painters, Decorators, and Paper Hangers of America, favoring repeal of the tax on oleomargarine; to the Committee on Agriculture. SENATE. By l\fr. BUTLER : Resolutions of Local No. 275, of Chester Springs; Camp No. 314, of Darby; and Local No. 338, of Down THURSDAY, May 4, 1911. ington, all in the State of Pcnnsylnmia, favoring the illiteracy test; to the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization. Prayer by the Chaplain, Rev. Ulysses G. B. Pierce, D. D. Also, petition of Rayersford and Spring City Trades Council The Journal of the proceedings of Monday last was read a.ncl Spring City, Pa., favoring withdrawal of the troops from l\fcxi: approYed. can uorder; to the Committee on Military Affairs . PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS. .Also, resolution of the Board of Trade of Chester, Pa., favor The VICEl PRESIDENT presented a petition of the National ing a 11ermanent tariff commission; to the Committee on Ways Business League of America, praying for the ratification of the nrnl l\Ieans. proposed reciprocal trade agreement between tile United St.ates By :.\Ir. DENVER: Sundry tele~rnms from W. E. Noftsin~er and Canada, which was referred to the Committ<'e on Finance. · of Hil!Rhoro, Ohio, against any change in tariff on wool; fro~ He also presented resolutions ado11tcd by the 1\Iotbers' Meet J. IL Bickett, Xenia, Ohio, and J. M. l\fcKinney, against the ing of tlle Mount Pleasant Woman's Christian Temperance reduction of the tnriff on wool; and telegram und letter from Union of the District of Columbia, praying for tlle adoption of the Xenia Shoe ::.\fanufacturing Co., Xenia, Ohio, against the re an amendment to the Constitution to prohibit polygamy, which ruornl of dutie::; on shoes; to the Committee on Ways and Means. were referred to the Committee on the Jncliciary. Br .Mr. DR: PER: Resolution of the State senate at Albany, He also presented petitions of the congregations of the N. Y .. favoring the election of United Stntes Senators by the Churches of the Brethren, of Speermoore anrl \Vaynolm, Okla., direct >ote of the 11eople; to the Committee on Imection of Presi and of the Presbyterian Ministerial Association, of Pittsbnrg, dent, Vice PreFiillent, and Representatives in Congress. Kans., praying for tlic enactment of legislation for the sup By Mr. ESCH: Petition of ·the National Association of Tan pression of the opium evil, which were referred to the Com~ ners, protesting against placing leather on the free list· to the mittee on Foreign Relations. Committee on Wnys nnd Means. ' Mr. WARREN presented a memorial of Loe.al Union No. 4, By l\fr. FITZGEHALD: Memorinl of the Legislature of New International Brotherhood of Paper Mnkers, of \.~'atertown , York, fa yoriug elections of United States Senators by direct yoto N. Y.; and a memorial of the Hartje Paper ~fanufa ctu ring Co.,