La Revolución De 1952 En La Novela Boliviana Contemporánea
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LA REVOLUCIÓN DE 1952 EN LA NOVELA BOLIVIANA CONTEMPORÁNEA ESCRITA POR MUJERES by MARIA VANIA V. DÍAZ ROMERO PAZ A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Romance Languages and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2016 DISSERTATION APPROVAL PAGE Student: María Vania V. Díaz Romero Title: La Revolución de 1952 en la Novela Boliviana Contemporánea Escrita por Mujeres This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of Romance Languages by: Amalia Gladhart Co Chairperson Cecilia Enjuto Co Chairperson Leonardo García Pabón Core Member Carlos Aguirre Institutional Representative and Scott L. Pratt Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded September 2016 ii © 2016 María Vania V. Diaz Romero Paz iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT María Vania V. Díaz Romero Paz Doctor of Philosophy Department of Romance Languages September 2016 Title: La Revolución de 1952 en la Novela Boliviana Contemporánea Escrita por Mujeres This dissertation studies the different discourses of nation that underlie contemporary novels written by women authors in Bolivia during the period between 1977 and 2007. My primary corpus is comprised of three novels: Gaby Vallejo’s Hijo de Opa (1977), Giancarla Zabalaga’s La Flor de "La Candelaria" (1990) and Verónica Ormachea’s Los Ingenuos (2007). These novels allude to the Revolution of 1952 at its different stages, either explicitly or implicitly. Written during different times, periods, these novels are a product of their respective historical periods and therefore reveal diverse ways of reading the nationalist discourse and the revolution. My objective is to analyze and discuss the concept of nation and how this concept varies among the different novels, by focusing on the Revolution of 1952. The Revolution of 1952 is one of the most important moments in the history of Bolivia, when the conditions for socio- political change converge in order to make possible an “imagined community,” of proposing and implementing a nation-building project based on state capitalism. The mestizo is called upon to serve as a vanguard of this revolution. These novels explore how social, economic, and cultural contradictions make the construction of the nation difficult, and transmit a critique of this process of nation-building, and its nationalist iv discourse. The main purpose of my dissertation is to examine the recurrence of retellings of the revolution from a feminine perspective in which the domestic space is privileged and the house and family work as a metaphor of the country. The three novels I analyze prioritize female protagonists and the female perspective, embracing a feminist critique of the traditionally patriarchal representation of the revolution. Each of them makes the presence of women visible, prioritizes domestic space as a place of enunciation of national imaginaries and portrays the home as a metaphor for the nation. These authors develop their own political agenda in order to become effective political actors, challenge the patriarchal order and claim their space and their right to participate in nation building. This dissertation is written in Spanish. v CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: María Vania V. Díaz Romero Paz GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon, Eugene Universidad Católica Boliviana “San Pablo”, La Paz - Bolivia Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz - Bolivia DEGREES AWARDED: Doctor of Philosophy, Romance Languages, 2016, University of Oregon Master of Arts, 2008, University of Oregon Licenciada en Ciencias de la Comunicación Social, 2002, Universidad Católica Boliviana “San Pablo” Diplomada en Educación Superior, 2004, Universidad Católica Boliviana “San Pablo” Egresada de Literatura, 2002, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Latin-American and Andean literature Women’s writings Gender and feminist studies Postcolonial Literary and cultural theory PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Graduate Teaching Fellow, Department of Romance Languages, University of Oregon, Eugene, 2006-2016 Docente, Literature and Communication, Instituto Normal Superior Simón Bolívar (Administración Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, 2002-2005 Docente investigador, Instituto Normal Superior Simón Bolívar (Administración Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, 2004-2005 Assistant Professor, Critical Thinking, Universidad Católica Boliviana, La Paz, 2003-2005 Assistant Professor, Advertising Communication, 1996-2000, Universidad Nuestra Señora de La Paz, 1996-2000 Research Assistant, Instituto de Estudios Bolivianos. Universidad Mayor de San Andrés.2000 vi GRANTS, AWARDS, AND HONORS: Beall Graduate Scholarship, Department of Romance Languages, University of Oregon, 2013 Stickels Scholarship, Department of Romance Languages, University of Oregon, 2011 and 2012 Helen Fe Jones Scholarship, Department of Romance Languages, University of Oregon, 2010 Stickels Scholarship, Department of Romance Languages, University of Oregon, 2008 and 2009 Scholarship, Oregon Federation of Women's Clubs (OFWC), 2008 and 2009 Helen Fe Jones Scholarship, Department of Romance Languages, University of Oregon, 2007 Fellowship and travel grant, Organization of American States (OAS) Barcelona, 2004 Research awarded: Alteridad de la femenidad en recoveras, artistas y locas in La Paz, PIEB and the Netherlands Embassy. 2002 First place, Concurso de Periodismo Científico. Academia Nacional de Ciencias 1995 PUBLICATIONS: Díaz Romero, María Vania V., “La Mirada del Otro”, El Cuerpo, Espacio Simón y Patiño, La Paz, 2003. Print. 147-152 Díaz Romero, María Vania V., “Diálogos del cuerpo, Las posibilidades e imposibilidades de la comunicación dialógica”. CPC ARU Memorias, USAID, La Paz, 2003. Print. 113-122 Díaz Romero, María Vania V., Verónica Auza and Paula Estenssoro, 2001 "Las alteridades de la feminidad en las discursividades de recoveras, artistas y locas” Tinkazos No. 10, octubre. PIEB, La Paz, 2001, Print. 41-55 Díaz Romero, María Vania V., Verónica Auza Aramayo, and Paula Estenssoro, Análisis ne las Discursividades de Mujeres Recoveras, Artistas y Locas. La Paz: PIEB, Programa de Investigación Estratégica en Bolivia, 2003. Print. Díaz Romero, María Vania V., “La Cazadora”, La Otra mirada. Alfaguara. La Paz, 2000. Print, 83-87 vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express sincere appreciation to Amalia Gladhart and Cecilia Enjuto for their mentorship, constant support and encouragement. I am so fortunate to have the guidance of such an exceptional scholar and generous persons. I would also like to thank Carlos Aguirre and Leonardo García Pabón for agreeing to serve on my dissertation committee, whom I so deeply respect as teachers and academics. This manuscript would not be possible without their important contribution. I also wish to thank the University of Oregon Knight Library for its exceptional service. Lastly, special thanks are due to my family for the inspiration, love and time. viii To my family constellation in Bolivia, my heart is always with all of you To Adam Fenner, Adrián López, Baal, Friska, Golden and Silver Guys. We are a zoo! ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................... 1 II. REVOLUCIÓN Y UN CUERPO DE MUJER VULNERADO Participación de la Mujer en la Revolución del 52 .................................................... 23 Domesticación del Poder Femenino .......................................................................... 37 Representación Feminizada de la Revolución en el Discurso Oficial ....................... 42 Representaciones de Personajes femeninos como un Cuerpo Vulnerado ................. 53 III. HIJO DE OPA Y LA ESTIRPE CONDENADA ....................................................... 58 Feminicidio y el Temor a la Mezcla .......................................................................... 65 La Historia del Despojo: Deshumanización de la Opa y el no Lugar de la Madre ... 77 La Enfermedad como Metáfora de la Decadencia de la Estirpe ................................ 87 La Ch’ampa Guerra, la Escritura Ch’ampa ............................................................... 96 La Rivalidad Fraternal y el Antagonismo de Dos Proyectos de Nación ................. 107 IV. LA FLOR DE “LA CANDELARIA”: LA REVOLUCIÓN IMPLÍCITA Y LA HISTORIA DE LAS REINVENCIONES ................................................................ 117 La Sublevación Indígena y la Negación Suicida de la Oligarquía .......................... 124 “Psicología de la Vieja Rosca” ................................................................................ 132 ¡Muera el Patrón! ..................................................................................................... 143 La Cuestión de las Genealogías y la Formación de la Nación ................................ 147 Subversión de Géneros y Escritura de la Nación .................................................... 156 Cuento de Hadas Modernizado................................................................................ 160 V. LOS INGENUOS Y EL DISCURSO DE UNA OLIGARQUÍA AGONIZANTE ... 173 Fuera de Aquí o el Destierro de una Oligarquía Parasitaria .................................... 180 La Casa como Nación .............................................................................................