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Miller, Barbara (1997) the Stasi Legacy: the Case of the Inoffizielle Mitarbeiter

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Miller, Barbara (1997) the Stasi Legacy: the Case of the Inoffizielle Mitarbeiter Miller, Barbara (1997) The Stasi legacy: the case of the Inoffizielle Mitarbeiter. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2416/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] THE STASI LEGACY: THE CASE OF THE INOFFIZIELLE MITARBEITER Barbara Miller Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Glasgow, Department of German May 1997 2 ABSTRACT The following thesis examines both the individual and the societal confrontation with one particular aspect of the legacy of the GDR's Ministerium für Staatssicherheit (MfS, or Stasi), that is the debate concerning onetime MfS informers (Inoffizielle Mitarbeiter, or IM). The thesis is divided into two main sections. Section One describes and analyses specific aspects of the IM system. Characteristics of the population of IM are examined in Chapter 1, and the ten case studies which are referred to throughout the course of the work are presented. These former IM were interviewed by the author in 1994-95, and the MfS files of eight of them were subsequently viewed. The remaining chapters in Section One examine the following issues: the recruitment procedure (2); the daily work with an IM and his/her relationship to the MfS (4); the motivational factors behind an IM-Tätigkeit (3 and 5). Section Two turns to the private and public confrontation with the IM legacy. The debate over former Stasi collaborators currently active in the political forum is considered in Chapter 6, and the handling of the IM issue by the criminal justice system in Chapter 7. The final three chapters are devoted to personal and interpersonal issues. Chapter 8 addresses the Täter /Opfer debate. Chapter 9 focuses on the manner in which an IM sought to cope with this aspect of his/her biography at the time of active collaboration, and on how s/he seeks to justify this in retrospect. The final chapter examines the profound effect which the availability of the MfS files through the Stasi-Unterlagen-Gesetz has had and will have on the understanding of personal and collective history in the former GDR, and the work concludes that this is the most significant and far-reaching impact of this most extraordinary legacy. 3 CONTENTS 9 Preface and Acknowledgements Declaration 11 INTRODUCTION, METHODOLOGY, AND SOURCES 1 'WANN BRICHT SCHON MAL EIN STAAT ZUSAMMEN! ': THE LEGACY OF A NATION AND ITS SECRET SERVICE 13 1.1 Beginnings of a Societal Debate 14 1.2 Origins and End of a Secret Service and its Inoffizielle Mitarbeiter (IM) 16 1.3 The Wende 20 1.4 Post-WendeTurmoil 21 1.4.1 Occupation of MJS (Ministerium für Staatssicherheit) Headquarters 21 1.4.2 The Runder Tisch 23 1.5 The Stasi-Unterlagen-Gesetz (StUG) 24 1.5.1 General 24 1.5.2 The StUG and the Inoffizielle Mitarbeiter 25 2 AIMS, METHOD, AND SOURCES 28 2.1 Aims 29 2.2 Methodology 31 2.2.1 Oral History: Origins and Application 31 2.2.2 The Biographical Approach: The Use of Life Stories in Sociological Research 33 2.2.3 The Psychology of Memory 35 2.3 The Interviews 36 2.4 Further Sources 40 2.4.1 Beyond Autobiographical Accounts: The Stasi Files 40 2.4.2 IM Richtlinien 41 2.4.3 The Juristische Hochschule 41 2.4.4 SED Archives 42 2.4.5 The Press 42 2.4.6 SecondaryLiterature 43 2.5 Additional Information 43 4 3 DICHTUNG ODER WAHRHEIT?: ON THE TRUTH CONTENT OF THE STASI FILES 44 3.1 The Bonfire 45 3.2 Fact or Fiction?: Details and Essenceof Collaboration 46 3.3 Legal Decisions 51 3.4 Juristische Hochschule Material 52 3.5 Conclusions 53 SECTION ONE DYNAMICS OF AN IM-TÄTIGKEIT 1 'EINE GANZ NORMALE BIOGRAPHIE'?: PROFILE OF AN INOFFIZIELLER MITARBEITER 56 1.1 Terminology for the Employment of IM 57 1.2 Characteristics of the Population of IM 58 1.2.1 Overall Number 58 1.2.2 Gender 58 1.2.3 Social Grouping 59 1.2.4 Political Affiliation 62 1.3 Selecting a Candidate: The Anforderungsbild 63 1.3.1 Definition 63 1.3.2 The Task 63 1.3.3 The Personality 64 1.4 Introduction of Case Studies 65 1.4.1 'Rolf' 65 1.4.2 'Theodor' 67 1.4.3 'Falke' 68 1.4.4 'Reiner' 69 1.4.5 'Thaer' 71 1.4.6 'Fuchs' 72 1.4.7 'Wolfgang' 74 1.4.8 'Stephana' 75 1.4.9 'Katrin' 77 1.4.10 'Sonnenblume' 78 2 THE RECRUITMENT PROCESS: A WORK OF ART 81 2.1 General 82 2.2 Initial Approach 83 5 2.3 Timing 85 2.4 More Legenden 86 2.5 Commitment 86 2.6 Consolidating the Agreement 90 3 'DAS IST EIGENTLICH EINE GUTE SACHE': MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS BEHIND AN IM- TÄTIGKEIT 92 3.1 'Positive gesellschaftliche Überzeugung' 93 3.2 The Sinn-Angebot 96 3.3 'Persönliche Bedürfnisse und Interessen' 99 3.3.1 'Materielle Bedürfnisse' 99 3.3.2 'Soziale Bedürfnisse' 100 3.3.3 'Geistige Interessen' 101 3.4 'Wiedergutmachungsbestrebungen' 103 3.5 Passivity 108 3.6 Conclusions 109 4 BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE: A DAY IN THE LIFE OF AN INOFFIZIELLER MITARBEITER 111 4.1 The Nature of the Work with IM 112 4.1.1 Theory 112 4.1.2 Practice 113 4.1.3 Apparent Banality and the Mosaic 116 4.1.4 Serious Sleuthing 118 4.1.5 Scruples 121 4.1.6 Summary 123 4.2 The Führungsoffizier: Friend and Helper? 124 4.2.1 General: Defining the IM/Führungsoffizier Bond 124 4.2.2 Equal 125 4.2.3 Friend 125 4.2.4 Admirer 127 4.2.5 Therapist 128 4.2.6 Concerned Outside Party 129 4.2.7 Mentor 130 4.2.8 Accomplice 131 4.2.9 Summary 132 6 S WENN ICH GEWUßT HATTE: MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS FOR CONTINUING AN IM-TATIGKEIT 134 5.1 General 135 5.2 The Role of Material Reward 135 5.3 Fear and Obedience 139 5.4 The Sinn-Angebot 142 5.5 The Split Personality 143 5.6 The Security of Routine 146 5.7 Conclusions 146 SECTION TWO DEALINGS WITH A UNIQUE LEGACY: CONFRONTING THE IM PHENOMENON IN THE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SPHERE E) POLITICIANS AS IM: ASPECTS OF A TURBULENT DEBATE 150 6.1 'Ein Mann der Kirche'?: Manfred Stolpe and the MfS 151 6.1.1 The Debate Begins 151 6.1.2 Immediate Political Ramifications 153 6.1.3 The Role of the Church in the SED State 154 6.1.4 The West's Complicity 157 6.1.5 The East's Complicity 158 6.1.6 The Role of the Gauck-Behörde 160 6.1.7 The Work of the Untersuchungsausschuß 161 6.1.8 Consequences 165 6.2 'Eine Spezialvariante': Gregor Gysi 165 % JUSTICE AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: THE LEGAL CONFRONTATION WITH THE MJS LEGACY 169 7.1 Fundamental Difficulties 170 7.2 Consequencesof a Peaceful Revolution 173 7.3 The Treatment of IM: Uncertainties and Inconsistencies 174 7.4 Legality and Morality 178 7.5 The BStU and the StUG 179 7.6 Conclusions 180 8 THE TÄTEROPFER CONTINUUM: DEFINING DEGREES OF CONFORMITY AND RESISTANCE 183 8.1 General 184 7 8.2 Nicht-Opfer 184 8.3 Opportunistic Conformity 187 8.4 Täter 190 8.5 The Files 192 8.6 Opfer 196 8.7 Conclusions 198 9 LOOKING BACK: A STASI INFORMER'S CONFRONTATION WITH THE PAST 203 9.1 The Art of Memory 204 9.1.1 The Phenomenonof Apparent Forgetting 204 9.1.2 Perceptions of Self in Autobiographical Memory 207 9.1.3 Terminological Considerations 209 9.1.4 Release 213 9.1.5 Selective Memory 214 9.2 'Ich habe niemandem geschadet':Coping/Legitimation Strategies for Confronting an IM Past 215 9.2.1 General 215 9.2.2 'Das Normalste auf der Welt': The Normalisation /Trivialisation Approach 216 9.2.3 'Das ist eigentlich eine gute Sache':The IM as Mediator and Helper 218 9.2.4 The Omnipotent MfS 221 9.2.5 Relativisation 224 9.3 The Question of Guilt 226 9.3.1 'Ich habe nicht den Eindruck, daß ich Unrecht getan habe' 226 9.3.2 The Ultimate Victims 227 9.3.3 The Coincidence of Circumstance 229 9.3.4 Summary 230 10 'WIEDERANEIGNUNG DER EIGENEN BIOGRAPHIE': THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE OPENING OF THE STASI FILES 231 10.1 Introduction 232 10.2 The Opfer: 'Enttäuschungen' and 'Ent-täuschungen' 233 10.3 The Inoffizielle Mitarbeiter 237 10.4 The Nicht-Täter/Nicht-Opfer 240 10.5 Conclusions 240 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 11 IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS OF AN EXTRAORDINARY LEGACY 243 11.1 Stasi-Hysteria 244 11.2 Post-Stasi-Hysteria 246 11.3 Was bleibt? 253 Appendix 1 257 Appendix 2 258 Glossary: 262 Abbreviations 262 Common Terms 264 Key Personalities 268 Bibliography: 270 A: Interviews with Inoffizielle Mitarbeiter 270 B: Correspondence Relating to IM 270 C: MfS Files 271 D: MfS Documentation 271 E: Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR 273 F: Further Primary Documentation 273 G: Laws 275 H: Conferences/Events 275 I: Newspaper Articles 275 J.
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