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Downloaded 10/8/2021 6:18:16 PM ORGANIC CHEMISTRY FRONTIERS View Article Online REVIEW View Journal | View Issue New frontiers in the transition-metal-free synthesis of heterocycles from alkynoates: an Cite this: Org. Chem. Front., 2020, 7, 3734 overview and current status Imtiaz Khan, *a,b Sumera Zaib c and Aliya Ibrar d Heterocycles are among the well-established classes of compounds, constituting a wide range of organic molecules. These structural motifs not only have a dominant presence in a wide variety of drugs but are also equally present as ubiquitous fragments of numerous vitamins, biologically active natural products, biomolecules, and synthetic drug candidates. Their key role in medicinal chemistry in the design of safe, effective, and efficacious drug molecules gives an impetus to the scientific community to access hetero- cyclic entities from robust chemical reactions. In this review, we summarize a diverse range of synthetic methods employing alkynoates as key starting materials to furnish useful bioactive heterocyclic frame- works (nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, fused- and hetero-spirocycles), thus offering new opportunities and expanding the toolbox of synthetic chemistry reactions under transition-metal-free conditions. Several reaction parameters such as the use of easily available starting materials, commercially accessible reagents, and ease of synthesis (moderate temperatures, short reaction times, high yields, limited by-pro- ducts) are included in the discussion alongside the reaction scope and limitations as well as mechanistic Received 13th June 2020, insights. The application of these methodologies in the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceuticals Accepted 27th August 2020 has also been discussed. We hope that the diverse utilities of alkynoates in the delivery of various hetero- DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00698j cycles will fulfil the objectives of medicinal chemists in overcoming the formidable challenges associated rsc.li/frontiers-organic with drug discovery and development. Published on 22 September 2020. Downloaded 10/8/2021 6:18:16 PM. lead identification and the treatment of several chronic 1. Introduction – disorders.5 26 These heteroarenes are also well-recognized core Heterocycles are ubiquitous fragments of numerous natural structural units in organic chemistry2 and materials products, pharmaceuticals, designed bioactive drug candidates sciences.27 Fig. 1 shows the representative examples of hetero- and agrochemicals.1,2 Their significant prevalence in drug can- cycles reported in the literature and included in the current didates improves the solubility and reduces the lipophilic char- review/discussion. acter of the drug molecules.3,4 In the drug discovery field, Recognizing the well-established significance of hetero- heterocyclic entities demonstrate a wide range of biological cycles in synthetic and medicinal chemistry as well as in the activities such as anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antidepress- drug discovery arena, their easy, facile and practical synthesis ant, antibiotic, anti-HIV, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antiviral, remains a continuous challenge. In this pursuit, several and anticancer activities. In addition, these heterocycles also efficient protocols have been established using transition- – – inhibit various enzymes (aldehyde/aldose reductase, metal catalysts such as silver,28,29 gold,30 33 copper,34 36 – – α-glucosidase, α-amylase, cholinesterase, monoamine oxidase, cobalt,37 iron,38 40 palladium,41,42 ruthenium,43 45 mercury,46 urease, β-glucoronidase, alkaline phosphatase) for effective and rare-earth metals.47 Several specific transformations such – as cycloaddition reactions,48 52 cycloisomerization reactions,53,54 Sonogashira reaction,55,56 C–H bond functionali- 57–59 60–62 aDepartment of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, zation processes, metathesis reactions and multi-com- 63–65 Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. E-mail: [email protected] ponent reactions have also been reported to produce bManchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess heterocyclic structures. In addition, various starting materials – – Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK such as azides,66 68 α-oxoesters,69 isocyanides,70 73 arylglyox- cDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, als,74 and diazo compounds75,76 have also been employed to Lahore-54590, Pakistan dDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, The University of Haripur, deliver a range of heterocycles. Despite these fascinating devel- Haripur, KPK-22620, Pakistan opments, the generation of molecular/modular complexity in 3734 | Org. Chem. Front.,2020,7,3734–3791 This journal is © the Partner Organisations 2020 View Article Online Organic Chemistry Frontiers Review the pharmaceutical industry with good atom- and step- synthetic methods involve the use of alkynoates as cheap, economy and broad functional group tolerance from readily readily accessible and simple feedstock. Alkynoates are signifi- available starting materials and commercial feedstock con- cantly important, diverse and powerful building blocks in tinues to be a driving force for synthetic chemists to develop organic chemistry due to their unique and inherent properties sustainable methods. In addition, transition-metal-free reac- such as the electronic bias on the carbon–carbon triple bond tions offer several advantages over transformations involving posed by electron-withdrawing groups. A range of chemical transition-metal catalysts. For instance, transition-metal-cata- reactions could be exploited involving the reactivity of zwitter- lyzed protocols are often very sensitive to air and moisture and ions derived from activated acetylenic esters with nucleophilic require very toxic and expensive catalysts and non-commercial trivalent phosphines such as Wittig reactions,81 annulations,82 supporting ligands. The removal of trace amounts of tran- and cycloadditions.83 In addition, the reaction between triva- sition-metal residues from the desired products is quite costly lent phosphorus compounds and acetylenic esters in the pres- and challenging while crucial, especially in the pharmaceutical ence of organic acids such as CH acids, NH acids, OH acids, or industry. In many cases, special additives and cocatalysts are SH acids to give a vinyl trivalent phosphonium cation as the also critical to promote the efficiency and selectivity of trans- important intermediate has also been studied extensively.84 formations. Finally, the large consumption of transition-metal Other carbon-, nitrogen-, or sulfur-based nucleophiles could catalysts does not indeed meet the requirement of sustainable be employed as Michael donors while alkynoates act as – synthesis.77 80 Therefore, alternative approaches to form Michael acceptors. Alkynoates can also undergo isomerization various bonds particularly in heterocyclic synthesis under tran- into the corresponding allenes under basic conditions which sition-metal-free and generally practical and sustainable con- could be utilized in conjugate addition. Meanwhile, the ditions are highly desirable obviating the need for metal cata- unusual reactivity of the isocyanide functionality with alkyno- lysts, ligands, additives and cocatalysts. ates (DMAD) offers opportunities for the generation of In the present review, we summarize and showcase the complex and diverse drug-like small heterocyclic compounds utility of transition-metal-free approaches for the construction using the multi-component reaction (MCR) methodology.85 of a variety of heterocycles. These easy, practical and efficient Thus, this review will consider the use of the triple bond Imtiaz Khan received his PhD Sumera Zaib received her PhD degree from The University of degree in biochemistry from Nottingham, United Kingdom Hazara University, Mansehra, under the direction of Professor Pakistan. She has also been a Hon Wai Lam where he devel- visiting DAAD research fellow at oped new synthetic method- Bonn University, Germany. She Published on 22 September 2020. Downloaded 10/8/2021 6:18:16 PM. ologies involving C–H is currently serving as an assist- functionalization of inert bonds ant professor in the Department for the synthesis of carbo- and of Biochemistry at the University heterocycles. Later, he worked as of Central Punjab, Lahore, a postdoctoral research associate Pakistan. She has produced >80 in the same group for one year. research publications and Imtiaz Khan He then spent two years Sumera Zaib reviews in international journals (2016–2018) as a Leverhulme of high impact with an h-index Trust research fellow at Cardiff University, before joining The of 20 and an impact factor of >250. She is also the recipient of the University of Manchester, United Kingdom in 2018. He has a good research productivity award from the Pakistan Council of Science contribution towards the scientific and academic community with & Technology (PCST) in recognition of her contribution to the numerous research publications in highly prestigious international scientific field. Her research interests include the identification of journals and various presentations in both national and inter- potent structural leads of biological importance. national conferences. He has published over 60 peer-reviewed articles and reviews with an impact factor of >250 that have been cited over 1800 times. He is serving as an editorial board member of several journals including Current Organic Chemistry, Current Organocatalysis, Mini-Reviews in Medicinal
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