Urban Ecosystems, 6: 183–203, 2002 c 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Manufactured in The Netherlands. Urbanization and warming of Phoenix (Arizona, USA): Impacts, feedbacks and mitigation LAWRENCE A. BAKER
[email protected] Water Resources Center, 173 McNeal Hall, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA ANTHONY J. BRAZEL Department of Geography, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-0104, USA NANCY SELOVER Office of Climatology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1508, USA CHRIS MARTIN Department of Plant Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1601, USA NANCY MCINTYRE Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA FREDERICK R. STEINER School of Architecture, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712-7500, USA AMY NELSON Center for Environmental Studies, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3211, USA LAURA MUSACCHIO Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Minnesota, 89 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 Received July 30, 2002; Revised May 6, 2003; Accepted July 10, 2003 Abstract. This paper examines the impacts, feedbacks, and mitigation of the urban heat island in Phoenix, Arizona (USA). At Sky Harbor Airport, urbanization has increased the nighttime minimum temperature by 5◦C and the average daily temperatures by 3.1◦C. Urban warming has increased the number of “misery hours per day” for humans, which may have important social consequences. Other impacts include (1) increased energy consumption for heating and cooling of buildings, (2) increased heat stress (but decreased cold stress) for plants, (3) reduced quality of cotton fiber and reduced dairy production on the urban fringe, and (4) a broadening of the seasonal thermal window for arthropods.