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Zgodovinice 14 2013.Pdf Rolanda Fugger Germadnik Grofje Celjski med zgodovino in mitom Celje, 2013 14 ISSN 1854-7591 © Rolanda Fugger Germadnik Grofje Celjski med zgodovino in mitom Izdalo in založilo © Zgodovinsko društvo Celje zanj Tone Kregar Sozaložnik Pokrajinski muzej Celje zanj Stane Rozman Uredniški odbor Bojan Cvelfar, Tone Kregar, Marija Počivavšek, Andrej Studen, Aleksander Žižek Uredila Marija Počivavšek Lektor Janko Germadnik Prevod Leemeta, Samo Seničar, s. p. Oblikovanje naslovnice Triartes, Domjan Računalniški prelom Andrej Mohorič Tisk Grafika Gracer Naklada 300 izvodov Celje, 2013 CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 929.52Celjski 94(497.4)"11/14":929.52Celjski 930.1(497.4):929.52Celjski FUGGER Germadnik, Rolanda Grofje Celjski med zgodovino in mitom / Rolanda Fugger Germadnik ; [prevod Leemeta]. - Celje : Zgodovinsko društvo : Pokrajinski muzej, 2013. - (Zgodovini.ce, ISSN 1854-7591 ; 14) ISBN 978-961-6845-04-5 (Zgodovinsko društvo) 271157760 Vsebina ZAHVala ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 5 NA kratkO O GROFIH CeljskiH (oK. 1130–1456) ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 7 Svobodni gospodje Žovneški (1130–1341) ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 7 Žovneško-Celjski kot vazali Habsburžanov (1308–1423) ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․9 Na poti k uresničitvi sanj (1423–1443) ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 12 Ulrik II. Celjski (1405–1456) in zaton družine ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 14 ObdajajO nas miti ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 17 Mitsko v slovenski narodni zgodovini ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 19 Družinski POrtret OD KRONIKE GROFOV CeljskiH DO ValVasOrja 25 Kronika grofov Celjskih ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 26 Janez Vajkard Valvasor – polihistor, ki je ljubil »ocvirke« ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․28 Primož Trubar, srditi mož protestantizma ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 32 LObanje, KI SO spregOVORILE ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 37 Grofje Celjski kot navdih štajerske romantične literature․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 37 Literatura o Celjskih v slovenskem jeziku ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․44 O slovenskem zgodovinopisju in Celjskih v prvi polovici 19. stoletja ․․․․․․․․․․․49 Celjski grofje v poljudnih in strokovnih delih slovenskega zgodovinopisja v drugi polovici 19. stoletja ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 57 Ostanki spomina na Celjske – materialna dediščina kot kultni simbol ․․․․․․․․․ 61 Celjski grofje – hit slovenske kulturne scene na prelomu 19. v 20. stoletje ․․․․․․․ 67 Karl Verstovšek o jugoslovanski usmerjenosti Celjskih ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 71 Verstovškov vpliv na slovensko zgodovinopisje ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 72 In za konec ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 74 Celjski MIT MED Obema VOjnama ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 75 Celjski v poljudnih in strokovnih delih slovenskega zgodovinopisja ․․․․․․․․․․․ 76 V osnovnošolskih in srednješolskih učbenikih ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 85 V službi dnevne politike ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 87 V medvojni dramatiki in prozi ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 91 Oton Župančič in Veronika Deseniška v letu 1924 ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․92 Anton Novačan in Herman Celjski v letu 1928 ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 95 Bratko Kreft in Celjski grofje v letu 1932 ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․98 Celjski na reliefu Marije Zavetnice na Ptujski gori ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 104 Celjski v medvojni likovni umetnosti ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 107 Odnos do grofov Celjskih v Celju in okolici ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 109 Veronika Deseniška – predmet mednarodnega spora ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 115 GROFJE Celjski V »držaVI kmetOV IN delaVCEv« ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 116 Znanstveno in šolsko zgodovinopisje o Celjskih ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 116 Okrogla miza 1982 – spremenjen pogled na plemstvo v zgodovini ․․․․․․․․․․․ 130 O upodobljencih na Ptujski gori drugače ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 133 Odnos do Celjskih v Celju in okolici po letu 1945 ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 134 Stavbni spomeniki – stvarna pričevanja celjske zgodovine ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 137 Celjski v literaturi po letu 1945 ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 139 GROFJE Celjski V SAMOstOJNI držaVI SLOVenceV – Republiki SLOVENIJI ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 141 Tri celjske zvezde v državnem grbu ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 141 Poudarjen zgodovinski interes za plemstvo ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 143 Celjski – plen sodobnih promocijskih teženj ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 151 SKLEP ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 154 COunts OF CELJE betWEEN THE HistORY AND MYTH ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 158 Citirana literatura IN VIRI ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ 163 ZAHVALA Pričujoče delo je nekoliko predelana magistrska naloga Po sledeh nekega mita (Mitološke razsežnosti grofov Celjskih), ki sem jo leta 2008 zagovarjala na ISH, Fakulteti za podiplomski humanistični študij v Ljubljani, pred komisijo v sestavi red. prof. dr. Svetlana Slapšak, red. prof. dr. Peter Vodopivec in red. prof. dr. Janez Cvirn. Najprej se želim zahvaliti svojemu mentorju dr. Petru Vodopivcu za potrpežljivo usmerjanje pri delu. Zahvaljujem se profesorjem programa magistrskega študija Zgodovinske antropologije na ISH, red. prof. dr. Juretu Mikužu, izr. prof. dr. Mojci Ramšak, izr. prof. dr. Radu Rihi, red. prof. dr. Svetlani Slapšak in red. prof. dr. Marti Verginelli, ker so mi odprli povsem nov pogled na preteklost in na možnosti nje- nega raziskovanja. Hvala tudi mojim sodelavcem iz muzeja, muzejski svetovalki Tatjani Badovinac, muzejskemu svetovalcu mag. Vladimirju Šlibarju in kustosu Alešu Stoparju. Prijazno in sproti so me opozarjali na sledove, ki so jih Celjski pustili na področjih umetnostne zgodovine in etnologije. Zahvaljujem se tudi Zgodovinskemu društvu Celje in Pokrajinskemu muzeju Celje, ki sta presodila, da je moje delo vredno objave. Rolanda Fugger Germadnik Celje, v decembru 2013 5 6 NA KRATKO O GROFIH CELJSKIH (oK. 1130–1456) Svobodni gospodje Žovneški (1130–1341) Predniki grofov Celjskih so bili svobodni gospodje Žovneški, ki so imeli prepozna- ven grb: tri rdeča bruna na srebrnem grbovnem polju. Na Žovneku pri Braslovčah so si okrog leta 1130 postavili družinski grad.1 Njihova alodialna posest v porečju Savinje, ki je bila v 12. stoletju v upravnem pogledu ponovno vključena v Staro Kranjsko, je bila majhna, obsegala je gradova Žovnek in Ojstrica ter stolpasta gradiča Šenek in Libenštajn. V množici nesvobodnega nižjega plemstva so bili Žovneški ena redkih svobodnih plemiških družin. Čeprav jim njihov položaj ni omogočal poseganja v politiko takratnih vodilnih visokih plemiških družin (Andeških, Spanheimov, Babenberžanov, Traungaucev in ostalih), ki so se borile za prevlado v današnjem slovenskem prostoru, so Žovneški uživali velik ugled. Večina takratnega višjega plemstva na ozemlju današnje Slovenije je izvirala iz nemško govorečega prostora: Bavarske, Avstrije, Zgornje Koroške in Saške. Porekla Žovneških do sedaj ni bilo mogoče odkriti. Njihov neznani izvor je šte- vilnim zgodovinarjem v preteklosti vzbujal domnevo, da so Žovneški potomci domačega slovanskega plemstva, ki se mu je kljub izgubi politične samostojnosti uspelo prebiti med konkurenčno tujo elito. Danes v slovenskem zgodovinopisju prevladuje teza, da so Žovneški potomci Askvina, sorodnika Heme, ki je bila žena Viljema II., mejnega grofa v Savinjski krajini. V prvi tretjini 11. stoletja je bilo vse današnje slovensko ozemlje v njuni lasti, leta 1036 pa so Viljema umorili in rod je po moški liniji izumrl. Vdova Hema je s posestmi bogato obdarila Cerkev, z obsežnim preostankom pa so se okoristili sorodniki.2 Nekateri od njenih pred- nikov so bili pripadniki visokega slovanskega plemstva, to dejstvo pa so nekateri slovenski zgodovinarji, ki so zasnovali mit o grofih Celjskih, uspešno izrabili (o tem v nadaljevanju). V današnjem slovenskem prostoru sta bila 12. in 13. stoletje čas nemirov in po- litičnih preobratov. Žovneškim je uspevalo, da so ohranili alodialno posest in s tem neodvisnost, vendar je bila v sedemdesetih letih 13. stoletja družina nevarno blizu izumrtja. Konrad I. je zaplodil številno družino, toda sin Leopold III. je kot nosilec družinske politike s sedežem na Žovneku leta 1286, kmalu po poroki, umrl 1 Ivan Stopar, Grajske stavbe v vzhodni Sloveniji, Spodnja Savinjska dolina, Založba Park, Ljubljana, 1992, s. 165. 2 Peter Štih, Vasko Simoniti, Slovenska zgodovina do razsvetljenstva, Mohorjeva družba v Celovcu in Korotan v Ljubljani, Ljubljana, 1996, s. 72–74, s. 108. O različnih tezah glede izvora Žovneških glej Dušan Kos, Vitez in grad, Založba ZRC, Ljubljana, 2005, str. 408–409. 7 brez potomcev; prav tako sta brez potomcev umrla brata Konrad II. in kasneje Gebhard III. Vsi upi so prešli na Ulrika II., sina Ulrika I., ki je ob materi Ani Sternberški skupaj s sestro Ano odraščal na Lembergu. Poročil se je z Vovbržanko in je kot daljnoviden politik v obdobju hudih bojev med Habsburžani in Gori- ško-Tirolskimi v začetku 14. stoletja stopil na habsburško stran. Njegova presoja položaja se je izkazala za politično modro, saj so bili Goriški leta 1311 prisiljeni prepustiti Habsburžanom celotno Posavinje, ki je s tem dokončno prešlo v sklop dežele Štajerske. Ulrik je leta 1308 izročil žovneško alodialno posest Frideriku Lepemu Habsburškemu, jo prevzel nazaj v fevd in stopil v vazalni odnos s Habs- buržani. Zveza Žovneških oziroma kasneje Celjskih s Habsburžani se je izkazala za vsestransko koristno v času, ko so se šele vzpenjali po družbeno hierarhični lestvici. Hermanu II.
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