genealogy

Article Heraldry in Macedonia with Special Regard to the People’s/Socialist Republic of Macedonia until 1991

Jovan Jonovski

Macedonian Heraldic Society, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia; [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +389-70-252-989

Abstract: Every European region and country has some specific heraldry. In this paper, we will consider heraldry in the People’s/Socialist Republic of Macedonia, understood by the multitude of coats of arms, and armorial knowledge and art. Due to historical, as well as geographical factors, there is only a small number of coats of arms and a developing knowledge of art, which make this paper’s aim feasible. This paper covers the earliest preserved heraldic motifs and coats of arms found in Macedonia, as well as the attributed arms in European culture and armorials of Macedonia, the кing of Macedonia, and Alexander the Great of Macedonia. It also covers the land arms of Macedonia from the so-called Illyrian Heraldry, as well as the state and municipal heraldry of P/SR Macedonia. The paper covers the development of heraldry as both a discipline and science, and the development of heraldic thought in SR Macedonia until its independence in 1991.

Keywords: heraldry of Macedonia; coats of arms of Macedonia; socialist heraldry; Macedonian municipal heraldry



1. Introduction
 Macedonia, as a region, is situated on the south of Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Citation: Jonovski, Jovan. 2021. Europe. The traditional boundaries of the geographical region of Macedonia are the lower Heraldry in Macedonia with Special Néstos (Mesta in Bulgaria) River and the Rhodope Mountains to the east; the Skopska Crna Regard to the People’s/Socialist Gora and Shar mountains, bordering Southern Serbia, in the north; the Korab range and Republic of Macedonia until 1991. Ohrid and Prespa Lakes in the west; the Pindus Mountains and the Aliákmon River in the Genealogy 5: 43. https://doi.org/ south. Including the Chalcidice Peninsula, this stretch of land covers about 25,900 square 10.3390/genealogy5020043 miles (67,100 square km) (Danforth n.d.). The Latin kingdom in the first half of the 13th century included the southern part of Received: 4 March 2021 Macedonia with Thessaloniki, which was under heavy influence from western culture, and Accepted: 6 April 2021 Published: 20 April 2021 might have also had an heraldic influence; however, this is a topic for another paper. At the time of the birth of heraldry, Macedonia was part of the Eastern Roman

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral (Byzantine) Empire, and at the end of the 13th century, was incorporated into the Serbian with regard to jurisdictional claims in Kingdom. Here, we find the first reflections of European heraldic practice, emerging published maps and institutional affil- among several nobleman that ruled the parts of this region. As Acovic notes, this was more iations. “heraldry of emblems, not of rules.” (Aцoвић 2008, p. 71). However, by the end of the 14th century, Macedonia came under the control of the Ottoman Empire and, due to the Islamic proscription of the use of images, any real possibility of bearing arms was soon eliminated. The heraldry connected to Macedonia was then further developed in European culture, more as an idea than a real territory or administration with real heraldry. This was first Copyright: © 2021 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. done through the attributed arms of Alexander the Great of Macedonia, seen as a symbol This article is an open access article rather than a historical figure. Alexander III, the son of Philip II, lived in the 4th century BC, distributed under the terms and a millennium and a half before heraldry was even conceived in the 11th century. As with conditions of the Creative Commons other attributed arms, he never bore any of the arms attributed to him some 1500 years later. Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// Later, this was achieved through the fantastic land arms in the Illyrian Armorials, which creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ showed Macedonia as the part of a Slavic kingdom. In practice, heraldry only returned to 4.0/). the region in the 19th century.

Genealogy 2021, 5, 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy5020043 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/genealogy Genealogy 2021, 5, 43 2 of 26

The Macedonian national movement started in the second part of the 19th century, with several uprisings against Ottoman rule, with no overall success. The Ottoman period ended with the Balkan wars (1912–1913) and the partition of the region of Macedonia between Greece (Aegean Macedonia), Serbia (Vardar Macedonia), and Bulgaria (Pirin Macedonia), with a small part being given to Albania. Macedonians, longing for freedom, considered the fight for liberty as an occupation. The “Vardar Macedonia” as “Newly liberated territory“ became Southern Serbia and, after the First World War, it became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later renamed Yugoslavia in 1929), known as Vardar Banovina. During WWII, the Anti-Fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) on its second session, held in Jajce on 29 November 1943, made the creation of the Macedonian state within Yugoslavia possible. The Democratic Federal Macedonia was formed during the first session of the Anti-Fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia (ASNOM) on 2 August 1944 (this later became the People’s Republic of Macedonia, a federal unit of the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia). In 1963, the name was changed to the Socialist Republic of Macedonia and, during the struggle for independence in 1991, “Socialist” was dropped from its name. The Republic of Macedonia became independent with the referendum of 8. September 1991. In February 2019, with the Prespa agreement, in a highly controversial process, the name was changed to the Republic of North Macedonia. This paper discusses the processes prior to the name change, and so the historic names are herein used. Heraldry is a phenomenon in Western European feudal society, based on its character- istics, where communication was practically reduced to only verbal and symbolic means due to the level and nature of literacy. Heraldry is an interdisciplinary phenomenon that encompasses elements of history, art, law, and philosophy; therefore, it is difficult to give it a single comprehensive definition (Joнoвcки 2015, p. 32). Ottfried Neubecker provides the following definition: “Everything connected with arms is called ‘heraldic’, and the whole complex of armorial knowledge and art is called heraldry” (Neubecker 1997, p. 10). We agree with this continental understanding of heraldry, as Stoyan Antonov gives the heraldry at least five meanings: (1) the multitude of coats of arms, which are governed by certain criteria; (2) the system of rules for creation and usage of the coats of arms; (3) the science of researching that system and its history; (4) the system of symbols of identification of individuals and communities; (5) the combination of a symbol with an image associated with heraldry with both science and art (Antonov 2007). V.I. Adamushko and M.M. Elinskaya emphasize the semiotic side of heraldry, defining it as “the science of symbols and allegories, and its practical part is the art of devising coats of arms—a field with various signs and figures that need to be deciphered”. This definition enters into the symbolic understanding of coats of arms, which can be seen as images that have multiple meanings, not just for identification, but to send a message that the observer should perceive (Aдaмyшко 2012, p. 7). In the United Kingdom, the oldest functions of the heralds are still preserved— organizing ceremonies, recording pedigrees, and, thus, defining the order of succession to the throne, the inheritance of noble titles and the correct seating plans for ceremonies. Fox-Davis distinguishes between armory: “the science of the rules and laws governing the use, display, meaning and knowledge of the pictured signs and emblems appertaining to shield, helmet or banner” and heraldry as a wider term that includes armory and more “all that is under the jurisdiction of the herald ... regulation of ceremonies and matters of pedigree” (Fox-Davies 1978, p. 1). This distinction is made by Stephen Friar (Frair 1987, p. 183), but in the rest of the world, heraldry means armory. In this paper we will consider the heraldry in the P/SR Macedonia, as understood by Neubecker; that is, the multitude of coat of arms, and armorial knowledge and associated art. (Neubecker 1997, p. 10). Owing to historic as well as geographical reasons, the number of coats of arms is limited and the scope of allied fields narrow, which makes this paper’s aim practicable. It covers the earliest preserved heraldic motifs and coat of arms found in Genealogy 2021, 5, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 27

In this paper we will consider the heraldry in the P/SR Macedonia, as understood by Neubecker; that is, the multitude of coat of arms, and armorial knowledge and associated art. (Neubecker 1997, p. 10). Owing to historic as well as geographical reasons, the number of coats of arms is limited and the scope of allied fields narrow, which makes this Genealogy 2021, 5, 43 paper’s aim practicable. It covers the earliest preserved heraldic motifs and coat of arms3 of 26 found in Macedonia, as well as the attributed arms in European culture and armorials to Macedonia, King of Macedonia, and Alexander the Great of Macedonia. It also covers the State and municipal heraldry of the P/SR Macedonia, as well as the development of her- aldryMacedonia, as a discipline as well and as thea science, attributed and arms also inthe European development culture of and heraldic armorials thought to Macedonia, in SR Macedonia.King of Macedonia, and Alexander the Great of Macedonia. It also covers the State and municipal heraldry of the P/SR Macedonia, as well as the development of heraldry as a 2. Beginningsdiscipline and a science, and also the development of heraldic thought in SR Macedonia. 2.The Beginnings oldest proto-heraldic motifs in P/S/R Macedonia are found in the monastery church of St Pantelejmon in Nerezi, in the vicinity of Skopje, built in 1164 by the Byzan- The oldest proto-heraldic motifs in P/S/R Macedonia are found in the monastery tine nobleman Alexis Comnène. There is a presentation of six Holy Warriors depicted church of St Pantelejmon in Nerezi, in the vicinity of Skopje, built in 1164 by the Byzantine with shields. On both sides of the entrance to the main sanctuary, there are frescoes of nobleman Alexis Comnène. There is a presentation of six Holy Warriors depicted with threeshields. Holy Warriors On both sides each. of The the text entrance with totheir the mainnames sanctuary, on the frescos there aredid frescoes not survive, of three but Holy the Warriorsidentities each. of the The Warriors text with co theiruld be names established, on the frescosby analogies did not ( survive,Бapџиeв buta-Tpaj theков identitiescкa 2004).of the Warriors could be established, by analogies (Бapџиeвa-Tpajковcкa 2004). On Onthe theleft leftside, side, there there are arerepresentations representations of St. of Mercurius St. Mercurius where where only only the thereverse reverse of of the theshield shield is visible; is visible; St. St. Theodor Theodor Stratilat Stratilat with with shield shield perper cross Vert andand GulesGules,, fields fields diapered dia- peredwith with floral floral patterns; patterns; and and St. St. Theodor Theodor Tyron: Tyron: the the color color of of the the shield shield did did not not survive, survive, but but onon thethe shield shield there there is is a goldena golden demi-centaur demi-centaur and and several several small small eight-pointed eight-pointed suns, suns, which whicheither either indicate indicate that that the the field field is sem is semée ofée suns of suns Or, Or, or more or more probably, probably, diapering. diapering. On Onthe theright right side side (Figure (Figure 1a)1 a)are are St. St. George: George: only only the the reverse reverse of of the the shield shield is is visible; visible; St. St. Demetrius’Demetrius’ color color of of his his shield shield did did not not survive, survive, but but is is probably probably Azure, Azure, and and the the charge charge is is a a lionlion Or. Or. The The lion`s lion’s posture posture could could not not be bedetermined determined since since no noparts parts of the of thebody body survived. survived. On Onthe thefield field there there are areseveral several small small eight-pointed eight-pointed suns, suns, which which either either indicate indicate that that the thefield field is seméeis sem ofée suns of suns Or or, Or more or, more probably, probably, diapering. diapering. Third Third is St is Nestorius: St Nestorius: shield shield is per is perfess fess (or per(or percross) cross) Gules Gules and and Vert Vert (Jonovski (Jonovski 2009a,b, 2009a p.; 2009b 24). , p. 24).

(a) (b)

FigureFigure 1. (a 1.) Right(a) Right wall wallof the of entrance the entrance of the of ma thein mainsanctuary sanctuary of monastery of monastery church church of St Pantelejmon of St Pantelejmon in Nerezi, in Nerezi,Skopje; Skopje;(b) Angelino(b) Angelino Dulcert Dulcert map of map1339, of and 1339, reconstruction and reconstruction by Stamatovski. by Stamatovski.

TheThe next next oldest oldest heraldic heraldic representation representation connected connected with with Macedonia Macedonia surviving surviving to the to the presentpresent time, time, or discovered or discovered so sofar, far, is isthe the banner banner of of Skopje, Skopje, on on the the map map of of Angelino Angelino Dul- Dulcert certfrom from 13391339 ((DulcertDulcert 1339),1339), with with the the blazon: blazon: Or,Or, a adouble-headed double-headed eagle eagle Gules Gules. Above. Above it the it the namename of the of thecity city “Scopi” “Scopi” is written is written “Servia”. “Servia”. It should It should be noted be noted that that this this presentation presentation is is differentdifferent from from the thetraditional traditional arms arms of Serbia of Serbia with with the theblazon, blazon, Gules,Gules, double-headed double-headed eagle eagle ArgentArgent (Figure(Figure 1b).The1b) . Thedouble-headed double-headed eagle eagle is a isuniversal a universal symbol symbol across across many many cultures. cultures. TheThe earliest earliest image image appears appears in Sumeria in Sumeria around around 2500 2500 BC. BC.It is It also is also found found in Persia in Persia and and the the HittitesHittites used used it in it inthe the 15–12 15–12 centuries centuries BC. BC. It It is is most commonlycommonly knownknown as as a a symbol symbol connected con- with the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire representing the symphony between Church and State, or as a symbol of the Eastern and Western parts of the Roman Empire. It entered European heraldry in the coat of arms of Count Ludwig von Sarwarden in 1185. Later it was used as a coat of arms of the Holy Roman Empire. Today it is on the coat of arms of Russia, Serbia, Albania, and Montenegro (for more information see (Phillips 2014)). The existence of personal heraldry of the 14th and 15th centuries in the region is proven by material artefacts. The oldest heraldic representation on the arms on coins is of Genealogy 2021, 5, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 27 Genealogy 2021, 5, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 27

nected nectedwith the with Eastern the Eastern Roman Roman (Byzantine) (Byzantine) Empire Empire representing representing the symphony the symphony between between ChurchChurch and State, and or State, as a orsymbol as a symbol of the Eaofstern the Ea andstern Western and Western parts of parts the Romanof the Roman Empire. Empire. It enteredIt entered European European heraldry heraldry in the incoat the of coat arms of of arms Count of CountLudwig Ludwig von Sarwarden von Sarwarden in in 1185. Later1185. it Later was itused was as used a coat as ofa coat arms of of arms the Holyof the Roman Holy Roman Empire. Empire. Today Todayit is on it the is on the coat of coatarms of of arms Russia, of Russia, Serbia, Serbia,Albania, Albania, and Montenegro and Montenegro (for more (for information more information see (Phil- see (Phil- Genealogy 2021 5 , , 43 lips 2014)).lips 2014)). 4 of 26 The existenceThe existence of personal of personal heraldry heraldry of the of14th the and 14th 15th and centuries 15th centuries in the inregion the regionis is provenproven by material by material artefacts. artefacts. The oldest The heraldoldest icherald representationic representation on the armson the on arms coins on is coins of is of King Stefan Dushan Nemanjic (Skopje was his capital where he was crowned in 1346), King StefanKing Dushan Stefan DushanNemanjic Nemanjic (Skopje (Skopjewas his was capital his capitalwhere wherehe wa hes crowned was crowned in 1346), in 1346), and and a helmet with a crest of a feather is presented. King Stefan Urosh IV Dushan (c.1308– and a helmeta helmet with witha crest a crestof a feather of a feather is pres isented. presented. King King Stefan Stefan Urosh Urosh IV Dushan IV Dushan (c.1308– (c.1308–1355) 1355) was 11th ruler of the Nemanjic dynasty. His son Stefan Urosh V the Weak was the 1355) waswas 11th 11th ruler ruler of ofthe the Nemanjic Nemanjic dynast dynasty.y. His His son son Stefan Stefan Urosh Urosh V V the the Weak Weak was the last ruler last ruler of the Nemanjic dynasty. He died in 1371, soon after much of the Serbian no- last ruler ofof thethe NemanjicNemanjic dynasty. He died in in 1371, 1371, soon soon after after much much ofof thethe SerbianSerbian nobilityno- was bility was killed in Battle of Maritsa by the Ottomans. The coins were minted somewhere bility waskilled killed in in Battle Battle of of Maritsa Maritsa by by the the Ottomans.Ottomans. TheThe coinscoins werewere mintedminted somewheresomewhere between between 1335 and 1345 (Figure 2a). The arms of the Nemanjic dynasty are found in the between 1335 and 1345 (Figure 22a).a). TheThe armsarms of the Nemanjic dynasty are found in the Illyrian Illyrian armorials (end of 16th century) with blazon Gules, a double headed-eagle each head Illyrian armorialsarmorials (end (end of of 16th 16th century) century) with with blazon blazon Gules,Gules, a a double double headed-eagle headed-eagle each each head head crowned crownedcrowned ArgentArgent .Argent .This This differs. differs This differsfrom from the thefrom heraldry heraldry the heraldry used used on on used his his coins.on coins. his coins.

(a) (a) (b) (b) Figure 2. (a) Coin of King Stefan Dushan (minted 1335–1345); (b) Tombstone of Nikola Stanjevic (1346–1371). Figure 2. (Figurea) Coin 2.of( aKing) Coin Stefan of King Dushan Stefan (minted Dushan 1335–1345); (minted 1335–1345); (b) Tombstone (b) Tombstone of Nikola ofStanjevic Nikola (1346–1371). Stanjevic (1346–1371). On the tombstone of the great duke and general of King Dushan, Nikola Stanjevic On theOn tombstone the tombstone of the greatof the duke great and duke ge andneral ge ofneral King of Dushan, King Dushan, Nikola Nikola Stanjevic Stanjevic (1346–1371), the founder of the monastery of St. Stephen in Konche near Radovish, there is (1346–1371),(1346–1371), the founder the founder of the monasteryof the monastery of St. Stephen of St. Stephen in Konche in Konche near Radovish, near Radovish, there there a helmet with a pillow and feather (Figure2b). is a helmetis a helmet with a withpillow a pillowand feather and feather (Figure (Figure 2b). 2b). After the disintegration of Dusan’s Empire, the territories of Skopje, Prizren, Pristina, After theAfter disintegration the disintegration of Dusan’s of Dusan’s Empire, Empire, the territories the territories of Skopje, of Skopje, Prizren, Prizren, Pristi- Pristi- na,the the Albanian Albanian mountains, mountains, Debar, Debar, Ohrid, Ohrid, Prespa Prespa and Kosturand Kostur were underwere theunder rule the of Volkashin,rule of na, the Albanianwho in 1365 mountains, was promoted Debar, to Ohrid, king. HisPrespa son Kingand Kostur Marko waswere his under co-ruler the untilrule theof death of Volkashin,Volkashin, who in who 1365 in was 1365 promoted was promoted to king to. His king son. His King son Marko King Markowas his wa co-rulers his co-ruler until until theVolkashin death of inVolkashin 1371 atthe in 1371 Battle at of the Maritsa. Battle Theyof Maritsa. came fromThey thecame Mrnjavcevic from the Mrnjavcevic family, whose the deathcoat of Volkashin of arms is in present 1371 at in the IllyrianBattle of armorials Maritsa. (FigureThey came3a). Thefrom crest the isMrnjavcevic a girl holding a flag family,family, whose whosecoat of coatarms of is arms present is present in the Illyrianin the Illyrian armorials armorials (Figure (Figure 3a). The 3a). crest The is crest a is a girlper holding Pale Argent a flag and per GulesPale Argent with an and eagle Gules countercharged with an eagle. countercharged On coins which. On he coins minted which and he on a girl holdingseal a preservedflag per Pale on Argent a charter and from Gules 1370 with in an Dubrovnik, eagle countercharged there is a. helmetOn coins with which a crest he with the mintedminted and on and a seal on preserveda seal preserved on a charter on a charter from 1370 from in 1370 Dubrovnik, in Dubrovnik, there is there a helmet is a helmet withhead a crest of a princess with the with head a crown.of a princess Two branches with a emergecrown. fromTwo thebranches helmet, emerge which mayfrom be the part with a crestof the with mantling the head (Figure of a 3princessb). with a crown. Two branches emerge from the helmet,helmet, which maywhich be may part be of partthe mantlingof the mantling (Figure (Figure 3b). 3b).

(a) (a) (b) (b)

Figure 3. (a) Mrnjavcevic coat of arms (London Armorial); (b) Volkashin seal from charter of 1370 (Dubrovnik).

Another ruler after the disintegration of Dushan’s Empire, situated north of Volkashin, was Vuk Brankovic, who in 1377 captured Skopje from King Marko. Brankovic’s family coat of arms is found in the Illyrian armorials with a lion between two horns (Figure4a). The same motif is found on a seal of Vuk Brankovic, depicting an entire coat of arms, with Genealogy 2021, 5, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 27

Figure 3. (a) Mrnjavcevic coat of arms (London Armorial); (b) Volkashin seal from charter of 1370 (Dubrovnik).

Genealogy 2021, 5, 43 Another ruler after the disintegration of Dushan’s Empire, situated north of 5 of 26 Volkashin, was Vuk Brankovic, who in 1377 captured Skopje from King Marko. Brankovic’s family coat of arms is found in the Illyrian armorials with a lion between two horns (Figure 4a). The same motif is found on a seal of Vuk Brankovic, depicting an entire coat of arms,a shield, with helmet a shield, and helmet crest (Figure and 4crestb). The (Figure shield 4b). depicts The ashield lionbetween depicts twoa lion horns, be- a motif tween tworepeated horns, a on motif the crest repeated (Ивa нишon theeвић crest2004 (Ив, p.aниш 227).eвић 2004, 227).

(a) (b)

Figure 4. (Figurea) Brankovici’s 4. (a) Brankovici’s family coat family of arms coat (London of arms Armorial); (London Armorial); (b) a seal of (b )Vuk a seal Brankovic. of Vuk Brankovic.

At the endAt of the the end 14th of century the 14th even century lesser even nobles lesser also nobleshad coats also of had arms. coats This of is arms. con- This is firmed byconfirmed the rings by with the ringsheraldic with motifs, heraldic usually motifs, with usually double-headed with double-headed eagles, but eagles, also but also with a dragon.with a A dragon. ring from A ring the fromnecropolis the necropolis in Vodocha in Vodochashows a showswhole coat a whole of arms coat with of arms a with a shield, helmetshield, and helmet crest. and The crest. shield The is checky shield is and checky the crest and theis probably crest is probably a wolf. Around a wolf. the Around the ring therering is a there text “Respect is a text “Respect the slave the of God slave Hlpen” of God which Hlpen” may which be related may be to related Radoslav to Radoslav Hlapen, Hlapen,ruler of rulerBer and of Ber Voden, and Voden,the father the fatherof Jelena, of Jelena, the wife the wifeof King of King Marko Marko (Ma (нMaeвнa eвa 2007, 2007, cat catno 40). no 40). Soon underSoon the under Ottoman the OttomanEmpire and Empire its Islamic and its conception Islamic conception of art, heraldry of art, heraldryin the in the area ceasedarea to ceased exist. Some to exist. of the Some families of the migrated families migrated abroad and abroad acquired and acquiredcoats of arms, coats ofas arms, as part of thepart local of thesociety. local Some society. of Somethem ofretained them retainedmemories memories of the “old of theland”. “old One land”. such One such family wasfamily the Maczedoniai, was the Maczedoniai, mentioned mentioned in 1439 in 1439Vojvodina. in Vojvodina. Its most Its prominent most prominent mem- member ber was Ladislavwas Ladislav Maczedoniai, Maczedoniai, who whoin 1533 in 1533was wasappointed appointed bishop bishop of Veliki of Veliki Varazhdin. Varazhdin. The The famillyfamilly used used a seal a from seal from 1525 1525 and andis regist is registeredered in the in coat the coatof arms of arms of Siebmacher of Siebmacher from from 1605. Only the small coat of arms with an eagle, without colors or heraldic crest is shown. Jovan 1605. Only the small coat of arms with an eagle, without colors or heraldic crest is shown. Monastirli, probably from Bitola, received a coat of arms on 11 April 1691. The coat of arms Jovan Monastirli, probably from Bitola, received a coat of arms on 11 April 1691. The coat has a lion statant with a sword and a dragon on the crest. of arms has a lion statant with a sword and a dragon on the crest. Others wanted to build on the glorious history of the ancient Macedonian kings, such Others wanted to build on the glorious history of the ancient Macedonian kings, as the Macedonio family of Naples. According to family legend, they originated from such as the Macedonio family of Naples. According to family legend, they originated Thessaloniki, descending from the half-sister of Alexander the Great, the wife of Cassander. from Thessaloniki, descending from the half-sister of Alexander the Great, the wife of At that time it was not uncommon for family legends to be filled with mythological Cassander. At that time it was not uncommon for family legends to be filled with myth- connections to old noble and royal families; something we will see in more detail with the ological connections to old noble and royal families; something we will see in more detail history of the Ohmucevic family. with the history of the Ohmucevic family. 3. Indirect Heraldry 3. Indirect Heraldry With the incorporation of Macedonia, at the end of the 13th century into the Serbian WithKingdom, the incorporation we have of the Macedonia, first reflections at the of end European of the 13th heraldic century practices into the emerging Serbian among Kingdom,several we have noblemen the first that reflections ruled parts of ofEuropean this region. heraldic This willpractices be elaborated emerging in among the next section several noblemenabout real that heraldry. ruled parts By the of endthis ofregion. the 14th This century, will be elaborated Macedonia in was the already next sec- under the tion aboutcontrol real heraldry. of the Ottoman By the end Empire, of the and, 14th as century, mentioned Macedonia above, was heraldic already practice under died out. the controlFurther of the development Ottoman Empire, of heraldry and, as connected mentioned to Macedoniaabove, heraldic went practice into a different died out. realm, that of strong symbolic meaning, with only an imaginary connection to the reality. To be more precise, into the world of heraldry of fantasy and attributed arms in European medieval culture and literature. Genealogy 2021, 5, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 27

Further development of heraldry connected to Macedonia went into a different realm, that of strong symbolic meaning, with only an imaginary connection to the reality. To be more precise, into the world of heraldry of fantasy and attributed arms in European me- Genealogy 2021, 5, 43 dieval culture and literature. 6 of 26

3.1. Attributed Arms from European Sources 3.1.The Attributed idea or Armsimage from of Macedonia European Sources came into medieval European culture and heraldry, represented through the attributed arms of: Macedonia; a king of Macedonia, attributed The idea or image of Macedonia came into medieval European culture and heraldry, to a king of Macedonia as an idea, not to a real person from history; the mythical prince represented through the attributed arms of: Macedonia; a king of Macedonia, attributed to or king Makedon of Eamhtia, and Alexander the Great. The image of Alexander the Great a king of Macedonia as an idea, not to a real person from history; the mythical prince or of Macedonia was very popular in medieval Europe; it was the image of a great con- king Makedon of Eamhtia, and Alexander the Great. The image of Alexander the Great of queror and a symbol of virtue and chivalry. These qualities can be found in several works Macedonia was very popular in medieval Europe; it was the image of a great conqueror onand his a life symbol and ofaccomplishments—the virtue and chivalry. These Alexan qualitiesder Romances. can be found This inled several to arms works being on at- his tributedlife and (he accomplishments—the did not actually bear Alexanderthem, but they Romances. are fanciful This ledprod toucts arms of beingthe developed attributed heraldic(he did period) not actually to Alexander, bear them, illuminating but they are the fanciful Alexander products Romances, of the and developed found in heraldic gen- eralperiod) stories to and Alexander, histories illuminating and armorials. the AlexanderThese coats Romances, of arms and and armorial found in flags general were stories not permanent,and histories but and various armorials. interpretations These coats appeared of arms depending and armorial on the flags region. were From not permanent, the 13th century,but various 36 original interpretations works in appeared French and depending English onare the known, region. and From all theof them 13th century,show the 36 armsoriginal with works a lion. in In French German and works English other are known, symbols and also all ofappear them in show the theattributed arms with coat a lion.of armsIn German of Alexander works (Nacevski other symbols 2016, alsop. 12). appear in the attributed coat of arms of Alexander (NacevskiThe first 2016 arms, p. attributed 12). to Alexander the Great appeared in the early 13th century (perhapsThe 1210) first armsin the attributed work of Roger to Alexander IV of Lille, the Histoire Great appeared ancienne injusqu’à the early César 13th, and century in its illustrated(perhaps version, 1210) in the the manuscript work of Roger of Dijon IV of (Cesar Lille, Histoire1260). In ancienne it, Alexander’s jusqu’à Ccoatésar of, and arms in is its Gulesillustrated a lion version,Argent; thein the manuscript general ofhistory Dijon (ofCesar Lambertus 1260). In de it, Alexander’sSancto Audomaro, coat of armsLiber is FloridusGules a (de lion Audomaro Argent; in the 1250–1270, general history p. 71v), of Argent Lambertus a lion de Gules Sancto. The Audomaro, same blazonLiber is Floridusfound several(de Audomaro times in the 1250–1270 illustrated, p. 71v),manuscript Argent ofa lionthe 14th-century Gules. The same novel blazon by Thomas is found de several Kent Letimes roman in de the toute illustrated chevalerie manuscript by Jehan ofde the Grise 14th-century (Figure 5a) novel (de byKent Thomas 1338–1410). de Kent SelovskiLe roman countsde toute 29 chevalerie illustrationsby Jehan with dethe Grise blazon (Figure Or 5aa) lion (de Gules Kent, 1338–1410and in three). Selovski Gules a counts lion Or 29 (Ceillustrationsловcки 2016). with These the blazon crossedOr over a lion into Gules the, andcoat ins of three armsGules of Macedonia, a lion Or (Ce asлов discussedcки 2016 ). later.These crossed over into the coats of arms of Macedonia, as discussed later.

(a) (b)

FigureFigure 5. 5.(a)( aAlexander) Alexander from from Le Leroman roman de detoute toute chevalerie chevalerie; (b;()Alexanderb) Alexander as a as part a part of the of three the three good good paganspagans from from Nine Nine Worthies, Worthies, LeLe Chevalier Chevalier Errant Errant. .

MostMost important important are are “the “the Nine Nine Worthies” Worthies” from from Jacques Jacques de de Longuyon’s Longuyon’s epic epic poem poem LesLes VoeuxVoeux du du Paon Paon, (de,(de Longuyon Longuyon 1350, 1350 p., p. 69v) 69v) performed performed before before the the Bishop Bishop of of Liege Liege in in 1312. 1312. TheThe Nine Nine Worthies Worthies were were a atriad triad of of triads: triads: th thee “Good “Good Pagans”: Pagans”: Hector Hector of ofTroy, Troy, Alexander Alexander thethe Great, Great, and and Julius Julius Caesar; Caesar; the “Good“Good Jews”:Jews”: Joshua, Joshua, King King David, David, and and Judas Judas Maccabeus, Macca- beus,and and the “Goodthe “Good Christians”: Christians”: King King Arthur, Arthur, Charlemagne, Charlemagne, and and Godfrey Godfrey of Bouillon, of Bouillon, King Kingof Jerusalem. of Jerusalem. Armorials Armorials often often included included the the arms arms of the of the Nine Nine Worthies. Worthies. For For the the first first time they appeared in the Armorial von den Ersten, called the Codex Seffken in 1379. In an 1893 edition by Adolf Matthias Hildebrandt and Gustav Seyler, Alexander’s coat of arms is blazoned Gules a lion Or, bordure engrailed (Hildebrandt and Seyler 1893). Gules a lion Or also appears in the 14th century work Mare historiarum ab orbe condito ad annum Christi 1250 by Joanne de Columna (de Columna n.d.). Coats of arms and armorial flags of the Nine Worthies can be found in stone, frescoes, tapestries, etc.; often the coats of arms show some inconsistency, sometimes transposed GenealogyGenealogy 2021 2021, ,5 5, ,x x FOR FOR PEER PEER REVIEW REVIEW 77 of of 27 27

timetime they they appeared appeared in in the the Armorial Armorial von von den den Ersten, Ersten, called called the the Codex Codex Seffken Seffken in in 1379. 1379. In In an an 18931893 edition edition by by Adolf Adolf Matthias Matthias Hildebrandt Hildebrandt and and Gustav Gustav Seyler, Seyler, Alexander’s Alexander’s coat coat of of arms arms isis blazoned blazoned Gules Gules a a lion lion Or, Or, bordure bordure engrailed engrailed (Hildebrandt (Hildebrandt and and Seyler Seyler 1893). 1893). Gules Gules a a lion lion Or Or alsoalso appearsappears inin thethe 14th14th centurycentury workwork Mare Mare historiarum historiarum ab ab orbe orbe condito condito ad ad annum annum Christi Christi Genealogy 2021, 5, 43 12501250 by by Joanne Joanne de de Columna Columna (de (de Columna Columna n.d.). n.d.). 7 of 26 CoatsCoats of of arms arms and and armorial armorial flags flags of of the the Ni Ninene Worthies Worthies can can be be found found in in stone, stone, fres- fres- coes,coes, tapestries, tapestries, etc.; etc.; often often th thee coats coats of of arms arms show show some some inconsistency, inconsistency, sometimes sometimes trans- trans- posedposedwith with with each each each other. other. other. The The The three three three “Good “Good “Good Pagans”: Paga Pagans”:ns”: Hector, Hector, Hector, Julius Julius Julius Caesar, Caesar, Caesar, and and and Alexander Alexander Alexander are areareshown shown shown on on on a woola a wool wool tapestry tapestry tapestry from from from southern southern southern Holland Holland Holland from from from about about about 1380. 1380. The1380. blazonThe The blazon blazon for Alexan- for for Alexander`sAlexander`sder’s arms arms arms is a Gules is is a a Gules Gules a lion a a Orlion lion holding Or Or holding holding a long a a long battlelong battle battle axe [(axe axeNine [Nine [Nine Worthies Worthies Worthies Tapestry Tapestry]. Tapestry]. n.d.)]. A A A similarsimilarsimilar blazon blazon blazon appears appears appears in in inLe Le LeChevalier Chevalier Chevalier Errant Errant Errant by byby Thomas Thomas Thomas III III IIIof of ofSaluzzo, Saluzzo, Saluzzo, 1394 1394 1394 (Figure (Figure (Figure 5b) 5b)5b) (Saluzzo(Saluzzo(Saluzzo 1394, 1394, 1394 p. p., p.125r). 125r). 125r In). In Inother other other arms, arms, arms, the the the axe axe axe is is replaced is replaced replaced by by by a a halberd ahalberd halberd and and and sometimes sometimes sometimes the the the colorscolorscolors are are are inverted. inverted. inverted. JehanJehanJehan Wauquelin’s Wauquelin’s Wauquelin’s (†1457) (†1457) (†1457) Les LesLes Faicts Faicts Faicts et et les et les lesconquestes conquestes conquestes d’Alexandre d’Alexandre d’Alexandre le le Grand, leGrand, Grand, illustrations illustrationsillustrations ofof ofWillem Willem Willem Vereland Vereland Vereland (†1481) (†1481) (†1481) shows shows shows Alexander’s Alexander’s Alexander’s coat coat coat of of ofarms arms arms appearing appearing appearing as as asOr OrOr a a lion alion lion Gules Gules Gules (Figure(Figure(Figure 6a) 6a)6a).. .This This This same same same blazon blazon blazon is is isrepeated repeated repeated in in in the the the Blason BlasonBlason des des des Armoiries Armoiries Armoiries by byby Jerome Jerome Jerome de de de Bara Bara Bara (1540–1600)(1540–1600)(1540–1600) (Figure (Figure (Figure 6b), 6b),6b), published published published in inin Geneva Geneva Geneva in inin 1572, 1572, 1572, and and and in inin that that that of ofof Jean Jean Jean Robin Robin Robin in inin 1639. 1639. 1639. CoatsCoatsCoats of of ofarms arms arms with with with reversed reversed reversed colors colors colors appear appear appear in in three three more moremore instances: instances:instances: the the SpanishSpanish armorialarmorial armorial of ofof GarciaGarcia Garcia AlonsoAlonso Alonso dede de TorresTorres Torres from from from 1496, 1496, 1496, the the the general general general armorial armorial armorial of of of Lauren Lauren Lauren of of of the the the 15th 15th 15th century, century, century, and andandthe the the 1543 1543 1543 Armorial Armorial Armorial of of Noelof Noel Noel Bocode Bocode Bocode (Ce (Ce (Ceловловловcкиccки2016ки 2016). 2016).).

(a(a) ) (b(b) )

FigureFigureFigure 6. 6. (6. a(a)( )Alexander,a Alexander,) Alexander, Les LesLes Faicts Faicts Faicts et et etles les les conquestes conquestes conquestes d’Alexandre d’Alexandre d’Alexandre le le leGrand Grand Grand; ;(;( b(b)b )Arms) Arms Arms of of of the the the nine nine nine wor- wor- worthies, thies,thies,Blason Blason Blason des Armoiriesdes des Armoiries Armoiries. . .

TheTheThe heraldicheraldic heraldic flagflag flag withwith with a a lion lionlion isis foundfound on onon frescoes frescoesfrescoes at atat Monti MontiMonti Castle CastleCastle in in Italy,in Italy,Italy, dating datingdating from fromfrom1430 1430 1430 (Figure (Figure (Figure7a). 7a). Alexander 7a). Alexander Alexander is holding is is holding holding a heraldic a a heraldic heraldic flagof flag flagGules of of Gules Gules a lion a seateda lion lion seated seated on a throne on on a a throne throne holding holdingholdingan axe an an all axe axe Or all .all Similar Or Or. .Similar Similar frescoes frescoes frescoes from from thefrom same the the same same period period period are found are are found found in the in in Ch the theâteau Château Château de Val de deère, Valère,Valère,in Sion, in in Sion, Switzerland,Sion, Switzerland, Switzerland, but Alexander but but Alexander Alexander is represented is is represented represented there there there by Or by by aOr Or lion a a lion Guleslion Gules Gules(Norris (Norris (Norris 1997 , 1997,1997,p. 199). p. p. 199). 199).

(a(a) ) (b(b) ) Figure 7. (a) Monti Castle, Italy; (b) Arms of King of Macedonia, High Almain Roll.

The majority of these depict lions in one of the three heraldic poses: a lion rampant (including holding an axe) is the most frequent; then a lion seated on a throne holding an axe; or, most rarely, two lions combatant. The color of the shield is usually red or gold, sometimes blue or silver. The lion, however, usually appears in gold, then red, and least often silver, blue, or black. Nacevski considered 35 works with heraldic illustrations for Genealogy 2021, 5, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 27

Figure 7. (a) Monti Castle, Italy; (b) Arms of King of Macedonia, High Almain Roll.

The majority of these depict lions in one of the three heraldic poses: a lion rampant (including holding an axe) is the most frequent; then a lion seated on a throne holding an Genealogy 2021, 5, 43 axe; or, most rarely, two lions combatant. The color of the shield is usually red or gold, 8 of 26 sometimes blue or silver. The lion, however, usually appears in gold, then red, and least often silver, blue, or black. Nacevski considered 35 works with heraldic illustrations for AlexanderAlexander the Great; the 21 Great;are coats 21 areof arms. coats (Nacevski of arms. (Nacevski 2016). The 2016 most). The common most commondepiction depiction is a lion rampantis a lion rampant(with or without (with or an without axe), and an axe), in a andcombination in a combination of red and of gold, red and with gold, with slightly moreslightly occurrences more occurrences of Gules a of lionGules Or ( aЈоновски lion Or (Jo 2019).нoвcки 2019). The heraldicThe representations heraldic representations of the King of theof Macedonia King of Macedonia in European in European armorials armorials are are idealistic idealisticrepresentations representations to glorify tothe glorify “glori theous” “glorious” past. The past.first mention The first of mention the arms of theof a arms of a king of Macedoniaking of Macedonia is found is foundin the inHigh the HighAlmain Almain Roll Rollc. 1447–1455 c. 1447–1455 (Figure (Figure 7b)7b) (High (High Almain Almain RollRoll 1447, 1447 fol, fol 9) 9) where where the the blazon blazon is is AzureAzure three three crowns crowns Gold Gold with with caps caps Gules Gules; Crest:; Crest: out of a out of a crowncrown Gold Gold a a conical conical cap Argent tippedtipped withwith a a ball; ball;mantling: mantling:Azure Azure doubled doubled Argent. Argent.This blazon This blazonis notis not found found again. again. Chronologically,Chronologically, the next the representation next representation of the of king the kingof Macedonia of Macedonia is in is inRandle Randle Holme, Holme, ofof 1448, 1448, with with blazon Or,Or, fourfour barsbars embattledembattled on on both both sides, sides, and and voided voided Gules Gules(Holme (Holme 1448 ). The 1448). Thesame same blazon blazon with with some some variation variation appears appears in in 1593 1593 in in Robert Robert Cook’s, Cook`s,Two Two Tudor Tudor books of arms books of arms(Cook (Cook 1593 1593,, p. 110). p. 110) Similar. Similar blazon blazonGules Gules three three bars bars embattled embattled on both on both sides sides Argent, Ar- fimbriated gent, fimbriatedOr (Figure Or (Figure8), appears 8), appears in Sammelband in Sammelband mehrerer mehrerer Wappenbücher Wappenbücher of 1530 (Sammelband of 1530 1530, (Sammelbandp. 56). 1530, p. 56).

(a) (b)

Figure 8. (aFigure) King 8.of( aMacedonia) King of Macedonia in Sammelband in Sammelband mehrerer Wappenbücher mehrerer Wappenbücher 1530; (b) same. 1530; (b) same.

The mostThe frequent most blazon frequent is blazonwith three is with crowns three in crowns a two-colour in a two-colour combination. combination. Argent Argent three bels Gulesthreebels is found Gules inis found1495 in in Jörg 1495 Rugen: in Jörg Wappenbuch Rugen: Wappenbuch Innsbruck Innsbruck (Rugen 1495).(Rugen The 1495 ). The same blazonsame is blazonfound isin found1501–1550 in 1501–1550 in Wappenbuch in Wappenbuch, (Wappenbuch,(Wappenbuch 1501, 55r), 1501 and, 55r), in and1576 in 1576 in in Silbereisen:Silbereisen: Chronicon Chronicon Helvetia Helvetiaee (Silbereisen(Silbereisen 1567, p. 1567 570), p.. The 570). blazon The blazon Gules threeGules bels three Ar- bels Argent, gent, (Rugen(Rugen 1495) 1495 and) and in in1638 1638 in in Silvestro Silvestro Pietrasanta,Pietrasanta,Tesserae Tesserae gentilitiae gentilitiae(Pietrasanta (Pietrasanta 1638 , p. 13). 1638, p. 13). There are other blazons for the attributed arms of the king of Macedonia. In the Roll Thereof are Arms other of theblazons Bavarian for the Library attributed of 1530, arms two of otherthe king arms of areMacedonia. represented In the with Roll the blazons Or, three crossbows Or in Pale (Figure8b) (Sammelband 1530, p. 66). Genealogy 2021, 5, x FOR PEER REVIEWof Arms of the Bavarian Library of 1530, two other arms are represented with the blazons9 of 27 Or, three crossbowsIn the Or 16th in Pale c. Joachim(Figure 8b) Windhag’s (SammelbandKolorierte 1530, Wappenbücher p. 66). the blazon of the arms of In theMacedonia 16th c. Joachim is Vert aWindhag’s goat Argent Kolorierte(Figure9 a)Wappenbücher (Windhag 16hc the, blazon p. 2). of the arms of Macedonia is Vert a goat Argent (Figure 9a) (Windhag 16hc, p. 2).

(a) (b)

Figure 9.Figure (a) Arms 9. (a of) Arms Macedonia, of Macedonia, Joachim Joachim Windhag Windhag (b) Arms (b) Armsof Macedonia, of Macedonia, Hieronymus Hieronymus Hen- Henninges. ninges.

In 1598 in Hieronymus Henninges, Theatrum genealogicum ostentans omnes omnium aetatum familias heroum et heroinarum, the blazon of arms of Macedonia is a club between two horns; the colours are not indicated (Figure 9b) (Henninges 1598). In 1658 in Phillipe- Nicolas d’Aumale’s CHAROLAIS, the blazon of the arms of Macedonia is Gules a lion Or (d’Aumale 1658, 75r). Apart from the king of Macedonia, there are arms of Macedon, king of Emathia, a Region around Thessalonica and Berea, regarded by some as the old name for Macedo- nia. In 1586 John Fern gives the blazon of the Arms of: Sable, a wolf Argent (Fearn 1586, p. 155). In 1598 in Hieronymus Henninges, the blazon is a wolf passant; no colours are given (Henninges 1598).

3.2. Land Arms of Macedonia in Ilyrian Heraldry The lion from the coat of arms of Alexander the Great of Macedon would later cross into the “land” coats of arms of Macedonia in armorials and Stemmatographias. The Gules a lion Or most commonly appears in handwritten armorials, while Or a lion Gules appears most often in printed editions. A “land coat of arms” refers not to a specific administrative territorial unit with de- fined rulers and borders, but rather to broad geographical regions, or even an idea. This is not a straight heraldic idea, but resulted from a specific historical process, that later led to some of them becoming “real” coats of arms. The land coat of arms appears in the “Illyrian heraldry” and the Stemmatographias. “Illyrian heraldry“ refers to several transcriptions of a fictitious Armorial “Genealo- gies ... of the Illyrian Kingdom” from 1340, allegedly created during the reign of the Illyrian King Stefan (Dushan) Nemanjic. The author of the 14th-century work was the fictional priest Stanislav Rupchic, the herald of King Dushan. Actually, the oldest copies are from the end of the 16th century, mainly containing arms of about 130 families from the town of Slano and its surroundings in the tiny maritime Ragusa (Dubrovnik) Republic on the eastern Adriatic coast. Several of these families, Ohmuchevic, Korenic- Neoric, Jerenic and others, became prominent in the Spanish navy, achieving high status and wealth. The movement of those families between heraldic jurisdictions (which regulated the possession of arms and their status in society) led to the creation of genealogies and ar- morials documenting existing and newly created arms. Dubrovnik, like Venice, did not grant or confirm coats of arms, as anyone could bear a family coat of arms, which did not prove noble status in society. In the 15th century, many prominent citizens, merchants, citizens, and priests in the rural areas surrounding the Dubrovnik Republic began to adopt coats of arms based on examples seen in Dubrovnik (Ćosić 2015, p. 20). In order to prove their noble origins they created a series of documents including armorials. Those armorials included real and fictitious arms of the family members and ancestors and other unrelated families (Cоловjeв 2000, p. 128). In order to prove the age

Genealogy 2021, 5, 43 9 of 26

In 1598 in Hieronymus Henninges, Theatrum genealogicum ostentans omnes omnium aetatum familias heroum et heroinarum, the blazon of arms of Macedonia is a club between two horns; the colours are not indicated (Figure9b) (Henninges 1598). In 1658 in Phillipe- Nicolas d’Aumale’s CHAROLAIS, the blazon of the arms of Macedonia is Gules a lion Or (d’Aumale 1658, 75r). Apart from the king of Macedonia, there are arms of Macedon, king of Emathia, a Region around Thessalonica and Berea, regarded by some as the old name for Macedonia. In 1586 John Fern gives the blazon of the Arms of: Sable, a wolf Argent (Fearn 1586, p. 155). In 1598 in Hieronymus Henninges, the blazon is a wolf passant; no colours are given (Henninges 1598).

3.2. Land Arms of Macedonia in Ilyrian Heraldry The lion from the coat of arms of Alexander the Great of Macedon would later cross into the “land” coats of arms of Macedonia in armorials and Stemmatographias. The Gules a lion Or most commonly appears in handwritten armorials, while Or a lion Gules appears most often in printed editions. A “land coat of arms” refers not to a specific administrative territorial unit with defined rulers and borders, but rather to broad geographical regions, or even an idea. This is not a straight heraldic idea, but resulted from a specific historical process, that later led to some of them becoming “real” coats of arms. The land coat of arms appears in the “Illyrian heraldry” and the Stemmatographias. “Illyrian heraldry” refers to several transcriptions of a fictitious Armorial “Genealogies ... of the Illyrian Kingdom” from 1340, allegedly created during the reign of the Illyrian King Stefan (Dushan) Nemanjic. The author of the 14th-century work was the fictional priest Stanislav Rupchic, the herald of King Dushan. Actually, the oldest copies are from the end of the 16th century, mainly containing arms of about 130 families from the town of Slano and its surroundings in the tiny maritime Ragusa (Dubrovnik) Republic on the eastern Adriatic coast. Several of these families, Ohmuchevic, Korenic- Neoric, Jerenic and others, became prominent in the Spanish navy, achieving high status and wealth. The movement of those families between heraldic jurisdictions (which regulated the possession of arms and their status in society) led to the creation of genealogies and armorials documenting existing and newly created arms. Dubrovnik, like Venice, did not grant or confirm coats of arms, as anyone could bear a family coat of arms, which did not prove noble status in society. In the 15th century, many prominent citizens, merchants, citizens, and priests in the rural areas surrounding the Dubrovnik Republic began to adopt coats of arms based on examples seen in Dubrovnik (Cosi´c´ 2015, p. 20). In order to prove their noble origins they created a series of documents including armorials. Those armorials included real and fictitious arms of the family members and ancestors and other unrelated families (Coлoвjeв 2000, p. 128). In order to prove the age and importance of the “original armorial” of Stanislav Rupcic of 1340, the Illyrian Armorials included nine Land arms and 13 arms of prominent ruling families of the 14th century (Illyrian Armorial 2005). The armorials were handwritten and hand-illustrated transcriptions. Through the many subsequent copies, additional arms were added, in order to give them legitimacy or simply to supplement a family genealogy or were only partially copied. There are 23 such transcripts known, later called the “Illyrian Armorials,” of which seven have been lost (Aцoвић 2008, pp. 219–20). The Illyrian Armorials, in fact, constitute successive editions of an armorial of Slano families, created in the last decades of the 16th century. The arms used for the Balkan lands especially Macedonia, Serbia and Bulgaria, were long considered, the first representation of those arms, and therefore the Illyrian Armorials are very important to them. The coat of arms of Macedonia, depicted as Gules a lion Or, is located in the first field of the dominion coat of arms of Stefan Dushan Nemanjic, which consisted of nine quarters with land arms. Following this, the coats of arms of these lands were also shown individually. Macedonia’s coat of arms has the same blazon as one of the most Genealogy 2021, 5, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 27

and importance of the “original armorial” of Stanislav Rupcic of 1340, the Illyrian Ar- morials included nine Land arms and 13 arms of prominent ruling families of the 14th century (Illyrian Armorial 2005). The armorials were handwritten and hand-illustrated transcriptions. Through the many subsequent copies, additional arms were added, in order to give them legitimacy or simply to supplement a family genealogy or were only partially copied. There are 23 such transcripts known, later called the “Illyrian Armori- als,” of which seven have been lost (Aцовић 2008, p. 219–220). The Illyrian Armorials, in fact, constitute successive editions of an armorial of Slano families, created in the last decades of the 16th century. The arms used for the Balkan lands especially Macedonia, Serbia and Bulgaria, were long considered, the first repre- sentation of those arms, and therefore the Illyrian Armorials are very important to them. The coat of arms of Macedonia, depicted as Gules a lion Or, is located in the first field Genealogy 2021, 5, 43 of the dominion coat of arms of Stefan Dushan Nemanjic, which consisted of nine quar- 10 of 26 ters with land arms. Following this, the coats of arms of these lands were also shown in- dividually. Macedonia’s coat of arms has the same blazon as one of the most common of the coats ofcommon arms attributed of the coats to ofAlexander arms attributed the Great. to Alexander At the time the of Great. the Slano At the armorial time of the Slano creation, otherarmorial armorials creation, including other armorials the coat of including arms of theAlexander coat of armsof Macedon of Alexander were cir- of Macedon culating inwere Europe. circulating Thus, the in Europe.coat of arms Thus, of the Macedonia coat of arms was of most Macedonia likely inspired was most by likely the inspired coat of armsby of the Alexander, coat of arms which of Alexander,appears as Gules which a appearslion Or, or as OrGules a lion a lionGules Or (J,онов or Orcки a lion Gules 2015, p. 171;(Jo нĆoosiвcкиć 2015,2015 ,p. p. 129; 171 ;CeCosi´c´ лов c2015ки 2016)., p. 129; This Ceлов blazon,cки 2016 with). Thissome blazon, changes with in somethe changes secondaryin attributes the secondary of the lion, attributes remained of the the lion, same remained in most the of samethe later in mostcopies. of the later copies. One of theOne oldest of theknown oldest versions known of versions the Slano of the“Illyrian” Slano “Illyrian”Armorials Armorials is the London is the London Armorial, Armorial,dating from dating around from 1590. around The 1590.armo Therial’s armorial’s structure structureshows the shows influence the influence of Vir- of Virgil gil Solis’ armorialSolis’ armorial from 1555, from with 1555, the with coat theof arms coat of of the arms cardinals of the cardinalsreplaced by replaced images by of images of saints, andsaints, the dominion and the coat dominion of arms coat of the of armsHoly ofRoman the Holy Empire Roman replaced Empire by replacedthe coat of by the coat arms of theof mythical arms of theIllyrian mythical empire. Illyrian The arms empire. on Thethe dominion arms on the coat dominion of arms appear coat of in- arms appear stead of theinstead kingdoms of the under kingdoms the authority under the of authority the Holy ofRoman the Holy Emperor. Roman Furthermore, Emperor. Furthermore, the the arms of 141arms families of 141 replace families the replace arms of the the arms knights of the and knights other andnoblemen other noblemen(Filipović (2009).Filipovi´c 2009). In the LondonIn the Armorial London the Armorial image thefor imageMacedonia for Macedonia shows, on shows,a German-type on a German-type shield, shield, the arms Gulesthe arms a lionGules Or athe lion shield Or the ensigned shield ensigned with a crown with a. crownThe lion. The has lion a has single a single tail. tail.The The shield shield is crownedis crowned with with five-pointed five-pointed ancient ancient crown crown (Figure (Figure 10a). 10 a).

(a) (b)

Figure 10. (Figurea) Coat 10.of arms(a) Coat of Macedonia of arms of Macedonia(London Armorial); (London ( Armorial);b) Belgrade (b Armorial) Belgrade II, Armorial 1620. II, 1620.

Very similarVery to similarthe London to the Armorial London is Armorial the armorial is the of armorial Korenic-Neoric, of Korenic-Neoric, held by the held by the UniversityUniversity Library in LibraryZagreb, inand Zagreb, believed and to believed date from to date1595. from The 1595.Macedonian The Macedonian coat of coat of arms is shownarms three is shown times: three as the times: 1st (top as the dexter) 1st (top field dexter) of the field dominion of the dominioncoats of arms coats of of arms of King StefanKing Nemanjic, Stefan Nemanjic,those of King those Urosh, of King and Urosh, on a separate and on apage. separate Only page. the lion Only in thethis lion in this armorial isarmorial armed Or is. armedThis armorial, Or. This armorial,unlike the unlike London the Armorial, London Armorial, also includes also includes the arms the arms of Spanish families into which the Korenic–Neoric daughters and other female descendants would marry after there were no male descendants (Cosi´c´ 2015, pp. 351–61). Many Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian, and other families used versions of this armorial as proof of their noble descent when claiming nobility before the Austrian, Venetian, and Dubrovnik authorities (Glasnik 1938, p. 4). In the Althan Armorial of 1614, held by the University Library in Bologna, the Mace- donian land arms are shown: Gules a lion Or crowned queued forchée. For the first time, the lion has a queue forchée. The shield is of the style called “Gothic” in Macedonian heraldic dictionary. Above is the text: “Maкeдoнcкe зeмлe чимepи”(Makedonske zemle chimeri, the arms of the Macedonian land) (Maткoвcки 1970, p. 87). Very similar is the Belgrade Armorial II from 1620 (Figure 10b). The Macedonian land coat of arms contained in it is on a Renaissance shield. Similar is Marko Skorojevic’s Armorial of 1636–1638. The Fojnica Armorial is kept in the Holy Spirit Franciscan monastery in the town of Fojnica in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Mileti´c 2005). Dating is difficult, but it was made sometime in the 17th century (Coлoвjeв 2000, p. 166). Here, the Macedonian coat of arms is with simplified drawing with a blazon: Gules a lion Or crowned, the shield crowned with a so-called “Eastern” (radiant) crown. Genealogy 2021, 5, 43 11 of 26

In the 1689 Olovo Armorial, from Bologna, the land arms are on a German shield with a five-pointed crown. There is only a line drawing (Maткoвcки 1970, p. 106). In the Berlin Armorial, dating from the end of the 17th century, the land arms are shown as Gules a lion Or crowned on a German shield. The lion’s tail finishes in a torch, unique to this armorial. Above the shield is a gold crown. In the 1740 Keveši´cCodex the Macedonian coat of arms is on a French shield. Above the shield is a ducal crown, while below it is “Macedoniae”. Matkovski gives several more armorials containing the arms with the same blazon (Maткoвcки 1970, pp. 77–147). The transcripts were individual copies, often landing far from the public eye in private collections, archives, and monasteries. Their impact was far smaller than heraldic works that have been printed or even reissued many times.

3.3. Land Arms of Macedonia in Stematografies The first printed book in which the Macedonian coat of arms appears is the Benedictine Mavro Orbini’s The Kingdom of the Slavs, published in Pesaro in 1601. The illustrations are line drawings, without heraldic hatching, taken from the Slano Armorials. The Macedonian coat of arms appears as the fourth field of the marshalled arms of Stefan Nemanjic. If following all other colored versions of these arms, this should be Or a lion Gules. This is a concept similar to the European heraldic heritage for the arms attributed to Alexander the Great. Orbini does not change the color, but the position of Macedonian land arms replaces it with a Bulgarian one. A century later, the Stemmatographia of Vitezovic appeared (Vitezovi´c-Ritter 1701)— a collection of 54 arms of the lands (no family arms) perceived as Slavic at the earliest stage of Pan-Slavism and the Illyrian idea—to unite all the Southern Slavs in a kingdom called Illyria, as a hearkening back to glorious past of the Illyrian Kingdom that existed in pre-Roman time. “Stemmatographia” means a collection of coats of arms. —it is a work dedicated to land arms themselves rather than a work where the coats of arms appear only as illustrations. The printed edition of the Stemmatographia of 1701 (Vitezovi´c-Ritter 1701) is the first printed work to depict Macedonia’s coat of arms explicitly with a blazon, a Or a lion Gules, likely following Orbini. Vitezovic probably based his work on the Münster Cosmography showing the coats of arms on Spanish shields, of the lands in alphabetical order. Four explanatory verses in Latin appear beneath each shield. The Macedonian coat of arms is Or a lion Gules (Figure 11a). The lion is uncrowned and has a single tail. The shield is crowned with an arched ducal crown. Above the arms “Macedonia” is written, and below are the following Latin verses: My golden shield is protected by red lion/Signs of royal honor of the past The Turk has deprived the lion of its great crown/Once it fell, it lost its honor. This alludes to the red lion used as a symbol by a great king in the past, most likely Alexander the Great, which points to the continuity of this symbol and its heraldic use. Later, the prominent Macedonian heraldist, Aleksandar Matkovski gave an explana- tion that actually Vitezovic used Or a lion Gules for Macedonia’s coat of arms, by mistake. According to Matkovski, Vitezovic, when compiling his Stemmatographia, cut the coats of arms from another armorial without the inscriptions. When pasting them in, he mistakenly exchanged the images of the Macedonian and Bulgarian coats of arms. Thus, above the inscription “Macedonia” he put Or a lion Gules. For Matkovski, this “unintentional change of Vitezovic” was the source of all other instances wherever a red lion appears and should be considered an error (Maткoвcки170, p. 112). However, the second part of the Stemmatographia presents more information about each coat of arms. For the Macedonian coat of arms, it reads: MACEDONIA is distinguished by red lion on gold; which many people think was Greece’s coat of arms. Before the time of Alexander the Great, the Epirotes had a red dog, and then they put the club of Heracles upright between bulls’ horns. The Nemanjic kings, Genealogy 2021, 5, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 27

The Macedonian coat of arms is Or a lion Gules (Figure 11a). The lion is uncrowned and has a single tail. The shield is crowned with an arched ducal crown. Above the arms “Macedonia” is written, and below are the following Latin verses: My golden shield is protected by red lion/Signs of royal honor of the past The Turk has deprived the lion of its great crown/Once it fell, it lost its honor. This alludes to the red lion used as a symbol by a great king in the past, most likely Alexander the Great, which points to the continuity of this symbol and its heraldic use. Later, the prominent Macedonian heraldist, Aleksandar Matkovski gave an expla- nation that actually Vitezovic used Or a lion Gules for Macedonia’s coat of arms, by mis- take. According to Matkovski, Vitezovic, when compiling his Stemmatographia, cut the coats of arms from another armorial without the inscriptions. When pasting them in, he mistakenly exchanged the images of the Macedonian and Bulgarian coats of arms. Thus, above the inscription “Macedonia” he put Or a lion Gules. For Matkovski, this “uninten- tional change of Vitezovic” was the source of all other instances wherever a red lion ap- pears and should be considered an error (Maтковcки 170, p. 112). However, the second part of the Stemmatographia presents more information about each coat of arms. For the Macedonian coat of arms, it reads: Genealogy 2021, 5, 43 MACEDONIA is distinguished by red lion on gold; which many people think was 12 of 26 Greece’s coat of arms. Before the time of Alexander the Great, the Epirotes had a red dog, and then they put the club of Heracles upright between bulls’ horns. The Nemanjic kings, who carefullywho carefully marked markedtheir superiority their superiority over subjugated over subjugated nobles nobles and regions, and regions, used useda red a red lion lion to markto mark Macedonia. Macedonia. In addition,In addition, for the coat for of the arms coat of of Bulgaria, arms of Bulgaria, it reads: it reads: BULGARIABULGARIA is marked is with marked a gold with crowned a gold lion crowned on red lion field on. redIn a field manuscript. In a manuscript I I found a redfound lion aonred gold lion, which on gold is, whichthought is to thought be of Macedonia. to be of Macedonia. Apostolic Apostolic kings, kings, however,however, made it a made black lion it a blackon silver lion between on silver a betweenred mullet a red and mullet crescent and (others crescent tie(others it tie it to Wallachia).to Wallachia). The text makesThe text clear makes that clear Vitezovic that Vitezovic believed believedthat Or a thatlion OrGules a lion was Gules the coatwas of the arms coat of arms of Macedonia.of Macedonia. He probably He probably used sources used sources in which in which Macedonia’s Macedonia’s arms arms were were a Or a Ora lion a lion Gules, Gules, whichwhich were were abundant. abundant.

(a) (b)

Figure 11.Figure (a) Macedonian 11. (a) Macedonian coat of arms coat (Vitezovic of arms (Vitezovic Stemmatographia); Stemmatographia); (b) Zhefarovic (b) Zhefarovic Stem- Stemmatographia. matographia. Slavic translation of Vitezovic’s Stemmatographia by Hristofor Zhefarovic (Born in SlavicDojran, translation Macedonia) of Vitezovic’s was published Stemmatographia in 1741 in by Vienna. Hristofor Zhefarovic Zhefarovic added (Born 16 pagesin with Dojran, Macedonia)saints and canonized was published rulers, atin the1741 beginning, in Vienna. together Zhefarovic with theadded portrait 16 pages of Patriarch with Arsenie saints andand canonized his arms. rulers, Some ofat the textsbeginning, were modified together inwith translation. the portrait The of images Patriarch of arms Ar- are very similar to those of Vitezovic. Only two arms of Rasca and Hungary are different. For the Macedonian coat of arms, the Zhefarovic Stemmatographia shows Or a lion Gules on a Spanish shield (Figure 11b). The lion has single tail and is not crowned. Above к д нї the shield is a royal five-pointed crown. Above the arms is “Ma e o a.” The verses for the arms differ “The gold shield is covered by a red lion/As a sign of the church honor.” Throughout history Macedonia’s coat of arms differed from Bulgaria’s, which, al- though also a lion, has most often been depicted in a different combination of colors. This is confirmed in the handwritten Illyrian armorials, where Bulgaria is Or a lion Gules crowned. However, this has had no influence on the Bulgarian national identity; according to Bulgarian heraldists the Or a lion Gules was never perceived as the national coat of arms in Bulgaria (Лaжнa 2014).

4. Real Heraldry 4.1. Influence of Zhefarovic The imaginary heraldry of literature and works of art of European culture connected to Macedonia, especially the Illyrian heraldry and Zhefarovic’s work in particular, turned into real heraldry. The map by Johan Jakob and German Lidl (1737) shows, in the lower left corner, the coats of arms of the European countries; Macedonia is represented by Or a lion Gules. The same blazon appears in a book by Jovan Raji´c(1726–1801), a monk, historian, and writer. The third volume of his work History of the Various Slavic Peoples, and Especially the Bulgarians, Croats, and Serbs, depicts the Macedonian coat of arms in a composition Genealogy 2021, 5, 43 13 of 26

surrounding Tsar Dushan. The colors are denoted by heraldic hatching (Maткoвcки 1970, p. 136). The same blazon for the Macedonian coat of arms is also used around 1851 on the Heraldic Table of Milan Simi´cwith the local coats of arms of the Southern Slavs, placed on a tympanum with 11 columns showing 61 coats of arms and those of Tsars Dushan and Urosh—Macedonia’s arms are Or a lion Gules on both. The description reads: “On the arms a lion rampant to the left in a gold field” (Maткoвcки 1970, p. 146). The blazon Or a lion Gules is painted on the iconostasis of the Monastery of St. Ivan of Rila in Pirin a historic part of Macedonia (currently in Bulgaria). The monastery was built by Hrelja Ohmuchevic (the mythical ancestor of Don Pedro Ohmuchevic), who built the tower in 1335 and the church in 1343. The church that stands today was built in 1834–1837, and painted in 1844–1846 by the Razlovci and Samokov painting school. On the northern part of the iconostasis four coats of arms appear: Serbian, Bulgarian, Bosnian, Genealogy 2021, 5, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 27 and Macedonian. The Macedonian coat of arms is on the lower row, right on the portal (Figure 12a).

GenealogyGenealogy 2021 2021, 5,, 5x, FORx FOR PEER PEER REVIEW REVIEW 1414 of of 27 27

Genealogy 2021, 5, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 27

(a) (b)

Figure 12.Figure (a) Monastery 12. (a) Monastery of St. Ivan of of St. Rila; Ivan (b) of Flag Rila; of ( bthe) Flag Razlovci of the Uprising Razlovci of Uprising 1876. of 1876.

4.2. Serbia andThe Kingdom same of heraldic SHS/Yugolsavia motive appears on the Macedonian flag of the Razlovci Uprising Fromof 1912, 1876, part created of Macedonia under the was guidance integrated of a teacherinto the from Kingdom Razlovci, of Serbia Dimitar and Pop from Georgiev- Berovski. On it a red lion appears, uncrowned and with one tail. That lion, together 1918 into the Kingdom of Serbs Croats and Slovene (latter called Yugoslavia), and their with the inscription “MAKEДOHIЯ” in an arc, is set on a gold rectangle shifted toward respective coat of arms was used. The coat of arms of Serbia combines two arms: Gules a the hoist (Figure 12b). The lion’s appearance comes from Zhefarovic’s Stemmatographia double-headed eagle Argent, which is found as the coat of arms of the Serbian ruling Ne- (a()a ) (b()b ) (a) (among Georgiev-Berovski’s personal effects(b) were several attempts to draw the Stem- manjic dynasty in the Illyrian armorials, beginning in the late 16th century.FigureFigure In them,12. 12. (a ()a Monastery)as Monastery of of St. St. Ivan Ivan of of Rila; Rila; (b ()b Flag) Flag of of the the Razlovci Razlovci Uprising Uprising of of 1876. 1876. matographia lion). The flag was also used in the Macedonian (Kresna) Uprising of 1878 Figure 12. (a) Monasterywell in of the St. IvanStemmatographias, of Rila; (b) Flag of as the a Razlovcicoat of arms Uprising for ofSerbia, 1876. there is a Gules cross between (Mиљкoви´к 2003, p. 23). four furisons all Argent. The design of the four furisons (or steels—used to 4.2.strike4.2. Serbia Serbia fire fromand and Kingdom Kingdom of of SHS/Yugolsavia SHS/Yugolsavia 4.2. Serbia and Kingdomflints) actuallyof 4.2.SHS/Yugolsavia Serbia originates and Kingdom from ofthe SHS/Yugolsavia flag of the restored Byzantine Empire FromwhenFrom 1912, the1912, part part of of Macedonia Macedonia was was integrated integrated into into the the Kingdom Kingdom of of Serbia Serbia and and from from flintsteels actually represent the letter “B”, which is probably an acrostic from the motto From 1912, part of MacedoniaFrom was 1912, integrated part of Macedonia into the Kingdom was integrated of Serbia into and the from Kingdom 19181918 ofinto into Serbia the the Kingdom andKingdom from of of Serbs Serbs Croats Croats and and Slovene Slovene (latter (latter called called Yugoslavia), Yugoslavia), and and their their of the Palaiologos in translation The emperor over the emperors reigns with the emperors 1918 into the Kingdom of1918 Serbs into Croats the Kingdom and Slovene of Serbs (latter Croats called and Yugoslavia), Slovene (latter and their called respective Yugoslavia),respective coat coat and of of arms theirarms was was used. used. The The coat coat of of arms arms of of Serbia Serbia combines combines two two arms: arms: Gules Gules a a (Βασιλεὺς Βασιλέων Βασιλεύων Βασιλευόντων). Later, these furisons are perceived as respective coat of arms wasrespective used. The coat coat of armsof arms was of used. Serbia The combines coat of armstwo arms: of Serbia Gules combines a double-headeddouble-headed two arms: eagle eagleGules Argent, Argent, a which which is is found found as as the the coat coat of of arms arms of of the the Serbian Serbian ruling ruling Ne- Ne- the Cyrillic letter “S” and the four letters are believed to denote the slogan: “Only a union double-headed eagle Argent,double-headed which is found eagle as Argent, the coatwhich of isarms found of asthe the Serbian coat of ruling arms of Ne- the Serbianmanjicmanjic dynasty ruling dynasty Nemanjic in in the the Illyrian Illyrian armorials, armorials, beginning beginning in in the the late late 16th 16th century. century. In In them, them, as as manjic dynasty insaves the theIllyriandynasty Serbs.” armorials, in the Illyrian beginning armorials, in the beginning late 16th incentury. the late In 16th them, century. as wellwell In them,in in the the asStemmatographias, Stemmatographias, well in the as as a acoat coat of of arms arms for for Serbia, Serbia, there there is is a aGules Gules cross cross between between well in the Stemmatographias,WithStemmatographias, the establishment as a coat of arms asof the a coatfor Principality Serbia, of arms there for of Serbia, Serbia is a Gules therein 1815, cross is a the Gulesbetween coat cross of four armsfour between furisons furisons of Serbia four all furisonsall Argent Argent all. The. The design design of of the the four four furisons furisons (or (or steels—used steels—used to to strike strike fire fire from from four furisons all Argentfrom .Zhefarovic TheArgent design. TheStemmatographia of designthe four of furisons the four was (or furisons taken steels—used as (or a steels—usedstate to coatstrike of fire toarms, strikefrom with fireflints)flints) a from wreath actually actually flints) of actuallyoriginates originates from from the the flag flag of of the the restored restored Byzantine Byzantine Empire Empire when when the the flints) actually originatesolive andoriginates oakfrom branches. the from flag The theof first flagthe Serbianrestored of the restored consti Byzantinetution Byzantine fromEmpire 1835 Empire when gives whenthe the flintsteelsofficial theflintsteels flintsteels blazon, actually actually actually represent represent the the letter letter “B”, “B”, which which is is probably probably an an acrostic acrostic from from the the motto motto flintsteels actuallywhich represent saysrepresent that the theletter the coat letter“B”, of armswhich “B”, of which is Serbia probably is probablyis a crossan acrostic anon acrostica red from field, from the with motto the mottoa furisonofof the ofthe thePalaiologosbetween Palaiologos Palaiologos in in translation intranslation The The emperor emperor over over the the emperors emperors reigns reigns with with the the emperors emperors of the Palaiologosthe in armstranslationtranslation of the Thecross Theemperor and emperor is overfacing over the the emperors the cro emperorsss. The reigns reignswhole with withshield the theemperors is emperors surrounded (Βασιλε( (BΒασιλεασιλε with ὺ ὺς ς aςΒασιλB Βασιλaασιλ έ ωνέων ων Βασιλε Βασιλε ύ ύων ων Βασιλευόντων Βασιλευόντων). ).Later, Later, these these furisons furisons are are perceived perceived (Βασιλε ὺ ς Βασιλgreen έ ων wreath, ΒασιλεBασιλε on ύ theωνων rightBΒασιλευόντωνασιλευ of oak,óντων and).). onLater, Later, the theseleft these olive furisons furisons leaves. are are perceived perceived as asas the the Cyrillic Cyrillic letter letter “S”“S” “S” and and the the four four letters letters are are believed believed to to denote denote the the slogan: slogan: “Only “Only a a as the Cyrillic letter “S”As aand result thethe of fourfour the lettersletters Great are areEastern believed believed Crisis, to to denote Sedenoterbia the gained the slogan: slogan: the “Only status “Only a of uniona anunionunion independent saves saves saves the the Serbs.” the Serbs.” Serbs.” union saves the Serbs.”state at the Berlin Congress. The prince Milan Obrenovic, using an opportunityWithWith to the thein- establishment establishment of of the the Principality Principality of of Serbia Serbia in in 1815, 1815, the the coat coat of of arms arms of of Serbia Serbia With the establishmentcrease his influence of the Principality in the country of Serbia and in to1815, consolidate the coat of his arms power, of Serbia in 1882 fromfrom proclaimed Zhefarovic Zhefarovic Stemmatographia Stemmatographia was was taken taken as as a astate state coat coat of of arms, arms, with with a awreath wreath of of from Zhefarovichimself Stemmatographia king of Serbia, was and taken with as that a state came coat a change of arms, of coat with of a arms. wreath The of new oliveolive coat and and of oakarms oak branches. branches. The The first first Serbian Serbian consti constitutiontution from from 1835 1835 gives gives the the official official blazon, blazon, olive and oak branches.was conceived The first by Serbian the Serbian consti historiantution from and 1835 rese archergives the of heraldryofficial blazon, Stojan Novakovic.whichwhich says says Histhat that the the coat coat of of arms arms of of Serbia Serbia is is a across cross on on a ared red field, field, with with a afurison furison between between which says that theidea coat was of that arms the of coat Serbia of arms is a cross of the on renewed a red field, Kingdom with a offurison Serbia between should bethethe based arms arms on of of thethe the cross cross and and is is facing facing the the cro cross.ss. The The whole whole shield shield is is surrounded surrounded with with a aa a the arms of the coatcross of and arms is facingof Nemanjic the cro andss. The arms whole of the shield Principality is surrounded of Serbia, with and a a thusgreengreen establish wreath, wreath, aon on the the right right of of oak, oak, and and on on the the left left olive olive leaves. leaves. green wreath, onsymbolic the right line of oak, of continuity and on the (Kpa left љolive 2006). leaves. AsAs a aresult result of of the the Great Great Eastern Eastern Crisis, Crisis, Se Serbiarbia gained gained the the status status of of an an independent independent As a result of theThe Great coat Easternof arms Crisis,of the KingdomSerbia gained of Serbia the status is a double-headed of an independent white state eaglestate at onat the thea redBerlin Berlin Congress. Congress. The The prince prince Milan Milan Obrenovic, Obrenovic, using using an an opportunity opportunity to to in- in- state at the Berlinshield Congress. with a Theroyal prince crown. Milan At the Obrenovic, top of both using heads an of opportunity the two-headed to in- whitecreasecrease eagle his his sits influence influence a in in the the country country and and to to consolidate consolidate his his power, power, in in 1882 1882 proclaimed proclaimed crease his influenceroyal in crown; the country and one and lily toflower consolidate under each his power,claw. On in its 1882 breast proclaimed is the coat himself ofhimself arms king ofking the of of Serbia, Serbia, and and with with that that came came a achange change of of coat coat of of arms. arms. The The new new coat coat of of arms arms himself king of Serbia,Principality and with of Serbia: that came a white a change cross ofon coat a red of shieldarms. Thewith new one coatfire betweenof arms waseachwas conceived branchconceived of by by the the Serbian Serbian historian historian and and rese researcherarcher of of heraldry heraldry Stojan Stojan Novakovic. Novakovic. His His was conceived bythe the cross. Serbian The historiandesign is andby the rese Austrianarcher of herald heraldry Ernst Stojan Krahl. Novakovic. His ideaidea was was that that the the coat coat of of arms arms of of the the renewed renewed Kingdom Kingdom of of Serbia Serbia should should be be based based on on the the idea was that the coatWith of arms the creationof the renewed of the Kingdom Kingdom of of Serbs, Serbia Croats should and be Slovenesbased on in the December coatcoat of of arms1918, arms ofa of Nemanjic Nemanjic and and arms arms of of the the Principality Principality of of Serbia, Serbia, and and thus thus establish establish a a coat of arms of newNemanjic coat of and arms arms was of adopted. the Principality The basis of for Serbia, the Kingdom’s and thus establisharms was a thesymbolicsymbolic one Serbian line line of of continuity continuity (Kpa (Kpaљљ 2006). 2006). symbolic line of kingdom,continuity whose (Kpaљ king2006). Peter I Karadjordjevic became the head of a new state.The The coat coatnew of of arms arms of of the the Kingdom Kingdom of of Serbia Serbia is is a adouble-headed double-headed white white eagle eagle on on a ared red The coat of armsarms wasof the to Kingdomreplace the of SerbianSerbia is with a double-headed Yugoslav crown, white to eagle remove on athe red fleur-de-lys shieldshield with with from a aroyal royal crown. crown. At At the the top top of of both both heads heads of of the the two-headed two-headed white white eagle eagle sits sits a a shield with a royalthe crown.base and At tothe marshal top of boththe shield heads onof the two-headedeagles breast white with theeagle arms sits ofa royaltheroyal constituent crown; crown; and and one one lily lily flower flower under under each each claw. claw. On On its its breast breast is is the the coat coat of of arms arms of of the the royal crown; and one lily flower under each claw. On its breast is the coat of arms of the PrincipalityPrincipality of of Serbia: Serbia: a awhite white cross cross on on a ared red shield shield with with one one fire fire between between each each branch branch of of Principality of Serbia: a white cross on a red shield with one fire between each branch of thethe cross. cross. The The design design is is by by the the Austrian Austrian herald herald Ernst Ernst Krahl. Krahl. the cross. The design is by the Austrian herald Ernst Krahl. WithWith the the creation creation of of the the Kingdom Kingdom of of Serbs, Serbs, Croats Croats and and Slovenes Slovenes in in December December 1918, 1918, a a With the creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in December 1918, a newnew coat coat of of arms arms was was adopted. adopted. The The basis basis for for the the Kingdom’s Kingdom’s arms arms was was the the one one Serbian Serbian new coat of arms was adopted. The basis for the Kingdom’s arms was the one Serbian kingdom,kingdom, whose whose king king Peter Peter I IKaradjordjevic Karadjordjevic became became the the head head of of a anew new state. state. The The new new kingdom, whose king Peter I Karadjordjevic became the head of a new state. The new armsarms was was to to replace replace the the Serbian Serbian with with Yugoslav Yugoslav crown, crown, to to remove remove the the fleur-de-lys fleur-de-lys from from arms was to replace the Serbian with Yugoslav crown, to remove the fleur-de-lys from thethe base base and and to to marshal marshal the the shield shield on on the the eagles eagles breast breast with with the the arms arms of of the the constituent constituent the base and to marshal the shield on the eagles breast with the arms of the constituent

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With the establishment of the Principality of Serbia in 1815, the coat of arms of Serbia from Zhefarovic Stemmatographia was taken as a state coat of arms, with a wreath of olive and oak branches. The first Serbian constitution from 1835 gives the official blazon, which says that the coat of arms of Serbia is a cross on a red field, with a furison between the arms of the cross and is facing the cross. The whole shield is surrounded with a a green wreath, on the right of oak, and on the left olive leaves. As a result of the Great Eastern Crisis, Serbia gained the status of an independent state at the Berlin Congress. The prince Milan Obrenovic, using an opportunity to increase his influence in the country and to consolidate his power, in 1882 proclaimed himself king of Serbia, and with that came a change of coat of arms. The new coat of arms was conceived by the Serbian historian and researcher of heraldry Stojan Novakovic. His idea was that the coat of arms of the renewed Kingdom of Serbia should be based on the coat of arms of Nemanjic and arms of the Principality of Serbia, and thus establish a symbolic line of continuity (Крaљ 2006). The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Serbia is a double-headed white eagle on a red shield with a royal crown. At the top of both heads of the two-headed white eagle sits a royal crown; and one lily flower under each claw. On its breast is the coat of arms of the Principality of Serbia: a white cross on a red shield with one fire between each branch of the cross. The design is by the Austrian herald Ernst Krahl. With the creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in December 1918, a new coat of arms was adopted. The basis for the Kingdom’s arms was the one Serbian kingdom, whose king Peter I Karadjordjevic became the head of a new state. The new arms was to replace the Serbian with Yugoslav crown, to remove the fleur-de-lys from the base and to marshal the shield on the eagles breast with the arms of the constituent peoples. The decision was made on 28 February 1919 by the ministerial Council, and work given to the architect Pero Popovic (Joвaнoвић 2010, p. 103). The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is a double-headed eagle with a coats of arms on its chest. The shield is partitioned per fess, dexter per pale: (1) Serbia- Gules cross between four furisons all Argent, (2) Croatia–Checky Gules and Argent; (3) Slovenia–Azure, a star Or and in base a crescent Argent. Serbian and Croatian arms are historic ones while for Slovenia a coat of arms were designed specifically for this. Later Slovenians asked for three stars in their arms, to connect to the historical coat of arms of the Counts of Celje (a town in Slovenia). This was added in 1921.

4.3. Coat of Arms of Skopje The Kingdom of Yugoslavia, heraldically speaking, was made up of two parts, terri- tories that were once part of Austro-Hungary, with highly developed local heraldry, and parts below the river Danube with almost no personal nor municipal heraldry. The arms of the capital, Belgrade were adopted on 10th December 1931 (Дpaжић 2009). The first appearance of a coat of arms for the city of Skopje, then the capital of the Vardar Banovina region, is dated 21 February 1928, probably being a proposal. The coat of arms depicts a shield with a stone bridge, under which a river flows, as well as a landscape behind the bridge with mountains and rivers. Behind the mountain, and behind the clouds, the sun is rising. Behind the shield there is a large mantle with a crown. The coat of arms of the Kingdom of SHS is also depicted non-heraldically in the composition. The picture is in black and white and bears the author’s signature: probably “Fig. Dj. Sutulac” (Figure 13a). Genealogy 2021, 5, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 27

peoples. The decision was made on 28 February 1919 by the ministerial Council, and work given to the architect Pero Popovic (Jовaновић 2010, p. 103). The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is a double-headed eagle with a coats of arms on its chest. The shield is partitioned per fess, dexter per pale: (1) Serbia- Gules cross between four furisons all Argent, (2) Croatia–Checky Gules and Argent; (3) Slovenia–Azure, a star Or and in base a crescent Argent. Serbian and Croatian arms are historic ones while for Slovenia a coat of arms were designed specifically for this. Later Slovenians asked for three stars in their arms, to connect to the historical coat of arms of the Counts of Celje (a town in Slovenia). This was added in 1921.

4.3. Coat of Arms of Skopje The Kingdom of Yugoslavia, heraldically speaking, was made up of two parts, ter- ritories that were once part of Austro-Hungary, with highly developed local heraldry, and parts below the river Danube with almost no personal nor municipal heraldry. The arms of the capital, Belgrade were adopted on 10th December 1931 (Дpaжић 2009). The first appearance of a coat of arms for the city of Skopje, then the capital of the Vardar Banovina region, is dated 21 February 1928, probably being a proposal. The coat of arms depicts a shield with a stone bridge, under which a river flows, as well as a landscape behind the bridge with mountains and rivers. Behind the mountain, and be- hind the clouds, the sun is rising. Behind the shield there is a large mantle with a crown. The coat of arms of the Kingdom of SHS is also depicted non-heraldically in the compo- sition. The picture is in black and white and bears the author`s signature: probably “Fig. Dj. Sutulac” (Figure 13a). The coat of arms of the City of Skopje, together with the arms of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, appears engraved on a book cover in the private collection of King Alexan- der Karadjordjevic (Aцовић 2008, p. 636). The shield is in the Spanish style and is crowned with “the crown of Tsar Dushan”. It is a landscape depicting a stone bridge

Genealogy 2021, 5, 43 fortress and a mountain (Figure 13b). These arms are used on the 1937 diploma of the 15 of 26 Vardar Banovina fire brigade, where it shows the large arms of Skopje - the shield being borne on the breast of a double-headed eagle.

(a) (b)

Figure 13.Figure (a) “Proposal” 13. (a) “Proposal” for arms of for the arms City ofof theSkopje, City 1928; of Skopje, (b) King 1928; Alexander (b) King Karadjordjevic Alexander Karadjordjevic collection collection(before 1934). (before 1934).

In the SecondThe coat World of armsWar, ofduring the City the Bulgarian of Skopje, administration together with theon 12 arms July of 1941, the Kingdomthe of followingYugoslavia, arms wereappears adopted: engraved “Kale fortress, on a book a lion cover flying in the a red private flag, collection with wheat of Kingstalks, Alexander and the SharKaradjordjevic Mountains, ( Awithцoвић the2008 bridge, p. 636).over the The river shield Vardar; is in the for Spanish a motto, style ‘Blesti and and is crowned Blagodenstvuva’with “the (Shines crown and of Tsar Live Dushan”. Well)” ( ItПp isотокол a landscape 1941). depicting The Ministry a stone of bridgethe Interior fortress and a and Nationalmountain Health (Figure granted 13 b).permission These arms on 6 are October used on 1941 the for 1937 the diploma use of these of the arms, Vardar but Banovina the red flagfire brigade,which the where lion itwas shows flying the largehad to arms be ofreplaced Skopje -with the shieldthe Bulgarian being borne tricolor on the breast (Диpeкцияofa 1941). double-headed The image eagle. was not preserved (Jonovski 2013). In the Second World War, during the Bulgarian administration on 12 July 1941, the following arms were adopted: “Kale fortress, a lion flying a red flag, with wheat stalks, and the Shar Mountains, with the bridge over the river Vardar; for a motto, ‘Blesti and Genealogy 2021, 5, x FOR PEER REVIEWBlagodenstvuva’ (Shines and Live Well)” (Πpoтoкoл 1941). The Ministry of the Interior16 of 27

and National Health granted permission on 6 October 1941 for the use of these arms, but the red flag which the lion was flying had to be replaced with the Bulgarian tricolor (Диpeкция 1941). The image was not preserved (Jonovski 2013). The oldest representation of the arms of postwar Skopje, is from a 1950′s tourist map The oldest representation of the arms of postwar Skopje, is from a 19500s tourist map (Figure 14a). The Arms of Skopje have the following blazon: per fess Azure and Vert, upon a (Figure 14a). The Arms of Skopje have the following blazon: per fess Azure and Vert, upon a hill Gules a fortress Argent and in base a bridge Argent with five arches. hill Gules a fortress Argent and in base a bridge Argent with five arches.

(a) (b) (c)

FigureFigure 14. 14. ((aa)) Coat Coat of of arms arms of the CityCity ofof SkopjeSkopje (1950s);(1950s); ( b(b)) Coat Coat of of arms arms of of the the City City of of Skopje Skopje (1965); (1965); (c) ( Coatc) Coat of armsof arms of theof theCity City of Skopjeof Skopje (1969). (1969).

AA similar similar representation representation is is found found in in the the book book “Cities “Cities of of Yugoslavia” Yugoslavia” (Figure (Figure 14b)14b) (REVIEW(REVIEW 1965) 1965) also also in in “Heraldry “Heraldry 1” 1” ( (ĆCiri´c´irić 1988), 1988), in in the the form form of of a a line line drawing. drawing. TheThe arms arms of of Skopje, Skopje, as as registered registered and and used used in in the the former former Yugoslavia Yugoslavia in in 6ter 6ter (WIPO (WIPO sectionsection dealing dealing with with protection protection of of regional regional marks marks)) registration registration arms arms in in 1967, 1967, are are different different and highly stylized. The shield is heater shaped with the top edge being embattled. The bridge, as well as Kale, are represented in a highly stylized manner, the latter obviously in the form of a (pre-earthquake) Skopje feudal castle. From 1969 (Figure 14c), till today, the arms of Skopje have the same composition of 1931 but on a different shield.

4.4. Coat of Arms of P/S/R Macedonia The coat of arms of the People’s Republic of Macedonia was adopted as the first item on the agenda of the Second Extraordinary Session of the National Assembly, held in Skopje on 26 July 1946. The draft bill was presented by people’s delegate Dimche Belov- ski, and the debate was attended by people’s delegate Dr. Blagoj Arsov and the Minister of Education Nikola Minchev, after which the Law was passed unanimously (Hapодното 1946). The Law on the Coat of Arms of the People’s Republic of Macedonia, in Article 1, describes this coat of arms: The coat of arms of the People’s Republic of Macedonia is a field surrounded by wheat stalks intertwined with poppy fruits and tobacco leaves, which at the bottom are connected with a ribbon embroidered with folk motifs. On the ribbon is written “N. R. Macedonia.” (N(arodna) R(epublika)–Peoples Republic). At the top is a five-pointed star. In the middle of the field is a mountain; a river flows at its foot. Behind the mountain the sun rises (Зaкон 1946). There was a purely landscape composition, with the sun rising behind the central element, a mountain, designed by Vasilije Popovic-Cico. Two days later the newspaper Nova Makedonija, the organ of the People’s Front of Macedonia functioning as an official journal, published this law together with an image of the coat of arms and an explanation: The coat of arms of the People’s Republic of Macedonia is a symbol of freedom and brotherhood of the Macedonian people and the wealth of the Macedonian land. The wheat stalks, poppy fruits, and tobacco leaves represent the wealth of Macedonia and the diversity of its economy. The five-pointed star symbolizes the war of national liberation

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and highly stylized. The shield is heater shaped with the top edge being embattled. The bridge, as well as Kale, are represented in a highly stylized manner, the latter obviously in the form of a (pre-earthquake) Skopje feudal castle. From 1969 (Figure 14c), till today, the arms of Skopje have the same composition of 1931 but on a different shield.

4.4. Coat of Arms of P/S/R Macedonia The coat of arms of the People’s Republic of Macedonia was adopted as the first item on the agenda of the Second Extraordinary Session of the National Assembly, held in Skopje on 26 July 1946. The draft bill was presented by people’s delegate Dimche Belovski, and the debate was attended by people’s delegate Dr. Blagoj Arsov and the Minister of Education Nikola Minchev, after which the Law was passed unanimously (Hapoднoтo 1946). The Law on the Coat of Arms of the People’s Republic of Macedonia, in Article 1, describes this coat of arms: The coat of arms of the People’s Republic of Macedonia is a field surrounded by wheat stalks intertwined with poppy fruits and tobacco leaves, which at the bottom are connected with a ribbon embroidered with folk motifs. On the ribbon is written “N. R. Macedonia.” (N(arodna) R(epublika)–Peoples Republic). At the top is a five-pointed star. In the middle of the field is a mountain; a river flows at its foot. Behind the mountain the sun rises (Зaкoн 1946). There was a purely landscape composition, with the sun rising behind the central element, a mountain, designed by Vasilije Popovic-Cico. Two days later the newspaper Nova Makedonija, the organ of the People’s Front of Macedonia functioning as an official journal, published this law together with an image of the coat of arms and an explanation: The coat of arms of the People’s Republic of Macedonia is a symbol of freedom and brotherhood of the Macedonian people and the wealth of the Macedonian land. The wheat stalks, poppy fruits, and tobacco leaves represent the wealth of Macedonia and the diversity of its economy. The five-pointed star symbolizes the war of national liberation through which the Macedonian people won freedom. The national motif on the ribbon expresses the richness and beauty of the national essence. In the middle of the field is Mount Pirin, the largest in Macedonian and the center of the People’s Liberation Wars in the past, and the flowing river t is the river Vardar, the most famous river in the Republic. Pirin and Vardar simultaneously represent the unity of all parts of Macedonia and the ideal of our people for national unification. The sun represents the free and creative life in Macedonia (Hapoднoтo 1946). The arms of the People’s Republic of Macedonia are a symbol of freedom, fraternity, and the wealth of the Macedonian land. The five-pointed star is a symbol of the National Liberation War (as a means of gaining freedom rather than a symbol of Communist ideology). Among the main internal elements, the mountain and the river represent the Pirin and Vardar parts of Macedonia. The two elements together represent the “unity of all parts of Macedonia and the ideal of our people for national unification.” The ideal of national unification, was still alive with Josip Broz Tito and Georgi Dimitrov’s idea of a Balkan Federal Republic, uniting Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, which would have merged Vardar with Pirin Macedonia. The sun symbolizes freedom and creativity, and meant that now the people could freely declare themselves Macedonian in every respect. The symbolism coincides fully with the meaning of the texts of the two anthems—the sun of freedom. The elements collectively symbolize the liberation and unification of the material and spiritually rich Macedonia through the National Liberation War. The use of different versions of the coat of arms can be traced through its presence on the cover of the Official Gazette of the Federal Unit of Macedonia established on 18 February 1945. Until number 25 (10 August 1946) on the front page it carried the coat of arms of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia. Official Gazette number 24 (30 June 1946) published the coat of arms of the Peoples Republic of Macedonia appearing on the cover with the text of Genealogy 2021, 5, 43 17 of 26

the Law alongside an image of the arms. From the next issue, number 25 (10 August 1946) it carried the new arms. The slightly altered arms appeared in the first constitution adopted 31 December 1946. The ribbon’s text was omitted entirely (Уcтaв 1946). The wax seal attached to the constitution contains the new design of the arms, which appeared in the Official Gazette number 17 (23 April 1947), showing a design combining the old and new arms. Beginning Genealogy 2021, 5, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 27 with number 26 (6 August 1947), the new design of the arms appeared, with an elliptical instead of circular field. This design would be used for the next 62 years (Figure 15).

(a) (b)

FigureFigure 15. (a 15.) Coat(a) of Coat arms of of arms NRM of from NRM Official from Official Gazette, Gazette, 1946 and 1946 1947; and (b 1947;) Colored (b) Colored version versionof of Popovic-Cico’sPopovic-Cico’s 1946 1946arms. arms.

The shieldThe arms is oval, began one to of be the used heraldic in public type ands of also cartouche. in people’s The homes, shield’s appearing blazon should on a1947 give calendarthe colors published of the fields. in theThe newspaper official descNovaription Makedonija does not ondefine 29 December the colors, 1946.but we The can arms attempthave to a slightlyblazon differentthe colored design, version the sunon isPo representedpovic-Cico’s by 1946 13 visible arms rays(Figure emerging 15b). fromThe the blazonsun of and such spreading a composition beyond would the arms be: throughoutBleu celeste, thea rising calendar sun proper, (Kaлeнд a mountap 1947 Azure). is- suing fromThe waves emblem Argent of (J theонов People’scки 2015, Republic p. 157). of Macedonia was not designed according to heraldicA wreath principles although and not therefore unknown is not in aclassical true heraldic heraldry, coat oftogether arms, althoughwith the it red may be five-pointedanalyzed star, using demonstrate heraldic concepts. socialist design. According to the official description, the emblem is aIn field latersurrounded versions of the by arms, a wreath. the relationsh Therefore,ip and as a distribution small coat ofof arms,the elements the field in maythe be fieldconsidered changed. The as a mountain shield, while on the all elements1946 arms that is 1/4 are of not the completely height of onthe thefield, oval on shield the 1947 may be armsconsidered it is 5/8 of the external height ornaments. of the field (its area increased by 2/3). The solar disk is reduced slightly inThe diameter, shield isbut oval, raised one so of that the heraldicits upper types edge ofmoved cartouche. from The1/3 to shield’s 2/3 of the blazon height should of thegive field. the The colors ratio of of the the fields. diameter The of official the sun description to the field does is approximately not define the 1:2. colors, but we canA more attempt recent to blazontheory holds the colored that Popovic-Cico version on Popovic-Cico’s knew of the 16-rayed 1946 arms sun (Figure and secretly 15b). The includedblazon it ofin suchthe arms a composition of the People’s would Republic be: Bleu celeste, of Macedonia. a rising sun This proper, theory a mount is based Azure on issuing howfrom eight waves rays Argentare visible(Joнo вoncки the2015 arms,, p. 157).leaving eight more rays in the part that is not visible. However,A wreath an although extrapolation not unknown from the innumber classical of heraldry,visible rays together in the 1946 with arms the red in- five- dicatespointed that the star, sun demonstrate has 31 rays socialist in total. design. In the 1947 arms, depending on the extrapolation method, Inthe later sun versionshas 17 or of the18 rays. arms, In the no relationship case is a 16-rayed and distribution sun hidden of the in elements the arms in the (Jоновfieldcки changed. 2015, p. 168). The mountain on the 1946 arms is 1/4 of the height of the field, on the 1947 armsNeither it is the 5/8 Constitution of the height nor of theany field other (its Lawarea providedincreased specifications by 2/3). The solar for the disk arms is reduced of Macedonia,slightly inresulting diameter, in butmany raised variants—differing so that its upper mostly edge moved in the fromsize 1/3of the to 2/3five-pointed of the height of the field. The ratio of the diameter of the sun to the field is approximately 1:2. star—which often surface when the arms are printed, embroidered, or placed on other A more recent theory holds that Popovic-Cico knew of the 16-rayed sun and secretly materials. Each institution has its own version of the graphic design. included it in the arms of the People’s Republic of Macedonia. This theory is based on how eight rays are visible on the arms, leaving eight more rays in the part that is not visible. 4.5. Municipal Heraldry However, an extrapolation from the number of visible rays in the 1946 arms indicates that theThe sun Socialist has 31 Republic rays in of total. Macedonia In the 1947 had arms,several depending territorial divisions on the extrapolation after the Second method, Worldthe War. sun hasThen, 17 in or 1965 18 rays. districts In no were case isabol a 16-rayedished and sun a single-level hidden in the administrative arms (Joнoвc sys-ки 2015, tem p.with 168). 32 municipalities was introduced (with the capital city, Skopje, as a separate administrativeNeither unit the with Constitution 5 municipalities). nor any The other territorial Law provided divisions specifications were governed for the by armsthe of ConstitutionalMacedonia, Law, resulting which in made many no variants—differing mention of arms mostlyor flags inof the the size municipalities, of the five-pointed so there was no regulation at all, and some municipalities used socialist “coats of arms”. The influence of “socialist heraldry” was strong, with the landscape as the most prevalent concept of Municipal “Coat of Arms” in the Republic of Macedonia. The core heraldic idea of the use of general symbols, as used in the heraldic tradition, to represent specific attributes and qualities is rather new and is hardly getting to its proper place. Rather, the design of Arms is more “all you can put on a shield” with specific real ele- ments of industrial and farming objects approaching photographic presentation. According to Milosh Konstantinov, in 1972 only seven municipalities responded positively when asked if they used a coat of arms: Skopje, Bitola (Figure 16a), Kumanovo, Krushevo, Ohrid, Struga, and Radovish (Figure 16b). All coats of arms were designed in

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star—which often surface when the arms are printed, embroidered, or placed on other materials. Each institution has its own version of the graphic design.

4.5. Municipal Heraldry The Socialist Republic of Macedonia had several territorial divisions after the Sec- ond World War. Then, in 1965 districts were abolished and a single-level administrative system with 32 municipalities was introduced (with the capital city, Skopje, as a separate administrative unit with 5 municipalities). The territorial divisions were governed by the Constitutional Law, which made no mention of arms or flags of the municipalities, so there was no regulation at all, and some municipalities used socialist “coats of arms”. The influence of “socialist heraldry” was strong, with the landscape as the most prevalent concept of Municipal “Coat of Arms” in the Republic of Macedonia. The core heraldic idea of the use of general symbols, as used in the heraldic tradition, to represent specific attributes and qualities is rather new and is hardly getting to its proper place. Rather, the design of Arms is more “all you can put on a shield” with specific real elements of industrial and farming objects approaching photographic presentation. Genealogy 2021, 5, x FOR PEER REVIEW 19 of 27 According to Milosh Konstantinov, in 1972 only seven municipalities responded positively when asked if they used a coat of arms: Skopje, Bitola (Figure 16a), Kumanovo, Krushevo, Ohrid, Struga, and Radovish (Figure 16b). All coats of arms were designed in the socialistthe socialist style. style. Five Five Municipalities Municipalities answered answered negatively, negatively, and andthe rest the restdid didnot notbother bother to to answeranswer (Kон (Kcонтacнтиновтaнтинов 1972).1972 Two). Two other, other, Tetovo Tetovo and and Strumica (Figure(Figure 16 16c)c) also also used used arms armsfrom from the the 60s. 60s.

(a) (b) (c)

FigureFigure 16. ( 16.a) Arms(a) Arms of Bitola; of Bitola; (b) Arms (b) Arms of Radovish; of Radovish; (c)Arms (c) Arms of Strumica. of Strumica.

5. Heraldry as Science and Art 5. Heraldry as Science and Art 5.1. 5.1.Beginnings Beginnings The Thedevelopment development of ofinterest interest in in and and the the study ofof coats coats of of arms arms and and heraldry heraldry can can be divided be dividedinto 4into levels: 4 levels: recognition, recognition, collectibles, collectibles, study andstudy a developedand a developed phase ( Jophaseнoвcки (Jонов2019,c p.ки 106) . 2019,The p. 106). first, stage—recognition—thatThe first, stage—recognition—that is recognition is recognition of the existence of the ofexistence heraldic of emblems heraldic and emblemsheraldic and compositions, heraldic compositions, often applied often to applied various objects.to various At objects. this stage At it this is not stage possible it is to not possibledistinguish to distinguish whether the whether emblem the is reallyemblem heraldic is really or anheraldic approximation. or an approximation. The Thesecond second stage—collecting—is stage—collecting—is “collecting “collecting images” images” with with coats coats of arms of arms where where only only basicbasic information information about about the the coat coat of of arms arms is known,known, e.g.,e.g., its its bearer. bearer. The The third third stage stage is study-a is study-astudy study of the of relationships the relationships and circumstances and circumstances of obtaining, of obtaining, displaying, displaying, and inheriting and in- the heritingcoats the of armscoats andof arms possible and possible changes, changes, as well as as the well parties as the involved. parties involved. The Thefourth, fourth, developed developed phase, phase, is the is study the study of rules of rules and andprinciples, principles, for composition, for composition, ratioratio of Figures, of Figures, etc., etc., but but also also blazoning—the blazoning—the terminology terminology and and syntax syntax used used in in the technicaltech- nicaldescription description of of coats coats of of arms. arms. An An important importan partt part of thisof this phase phase is both is both the practicalthe practical and the andproblematic the problematic approach. approach. The practical The practical approach approach is creating is creating coats of coats arms, of and arms, the problematicand the problematic one is what can and what cannot be used/done, or what is better to do when creating coats of arms.

5.1.1. Zhefarovic The first person to deal with heraldry in Macedonia and beyond in this area was Hristofor Zhefarovic, Macedonian painter, icon painter, copper engraver, born in Dojran. He studied in Thessaloniki and then left for the Karlovac diocese. He achieved great fame among the South Slavs as a result of his engraving and publishing work, as well as hav- ing the first Serbian printing shop in Vojvodina, present day Serbia. He died in 1753 in Moscow. In 1741 he published the Slavic translation of the Stemmatographia of Pavle Riter Vitezovic, which was published in 1701 in Latin. Zhefarovic translation was pub- lished on 21 October 1741 in Vienna, on the day Arsenie was confirmed as a patriarch and to whom Stemmatographia was dedicated. Zhefarovic added several pages to the trans- lation of the original book: eight engravings with two and eight engravings with one saints or rulers, as well as a portrait of Patriarch Arsenie and the coat of arms created for the Patriarch. The illustrations use heraldic hatching to indicate the colors on the coat of arms. The Viennese master Mesmer also worked on the Stemmatographia, engraving Zhefarovic’s drawings in copper. The drawings are too similar to those in Vitezovic Stemmatographia. First is given the coat of arms of the Patriarch, than the coat of arms of

Genealogy 2021, 5, 43 19 of 26

one is what can and what cannot be used/done, or what is better to do when creating coats of arms.

5.1.1. Zhefarovic The first person to deal with heraldry in Macedonia and beyond in this area was Hristofor Zhefarovic, Macedonian painter, icon painter, copper engraver, born in Dojran. He studied in Thessaloniki and then left for the Karlovac diocese. He achieved great fame among the South Slavs as a result of his engraving and publishing work, as well as having the first Serbian printing shop in Vojvodina, present day Serbia. He died in 1753 in Moscow. In 1741 he published the Slavic translation of the Stemmatographia of Pavle Riter Vitezovic, which was published in 1701 in Latin. Zhefarovic translation was published on 21 October 1741 in Vienna, on the day Arsenie was confirmed as a patriarch and to whom Stemmatographia was dedicated. Zhefarovic added several pages to the translation of the original book: eight engravings with two and eight engravings with one saints or rulers, as well as a portrait of Patriarch Arsenie and the coat of arms created for the Patriarch. The illustrations use heraldic hatching to indicate the colors on the coat of arms. The Viennese master Mesmer also worked on the Stemmatographia, engraving Zhefarovic’s drawings in copper. The drawings are too similar to those in Vitezovic Stemmatographia. First is given the coat of arms of the Patriarch, than the coat of arms of Illyria, of the (Serbian) Nemanjic dynasty kingdom, followed by in alphabetical order 56, coats of arms. In the second part of the Stemmatographia, an explanation is given for each coat of arms. Unlike Vitezovic’s Stemmatographia, which was written in Latin, Zhefarovic’s is written in Slavic and was available to everyone whether they were literate or not, as it was an album with pictures of coats of arms, rulers and saints (Maткoвcки 1970, p. 125). Apart from the translation of the Stemmatographia which will become the first illus- trated manual in heraldry, no other heraldic texts by Zhefarovic are known, which puts him in the first phase of knowledge of heraldry, only recognizing and transmitting images with the coat of arms.

5.1.2. Jordan Hadzi Konstantinov-Dzinot Jordan Hadzi Konstantinov-Dzinot (1821–1882), “heraldry, as a subject, was included in the curriculum for third grade students (“The first (oldest) children”) from the educa- tional process he performed at the school in Veles and Skopje, probably in Prilep as well” according to Shoptrajanov (Шоптpajaнов 1999, p. 62). Dzinot was a great follower of the great Croatian revivalist Ljudevit Gaj (1809–1872), from whom he probably inherited his love of heraldry. No heraldic works of Dzinot are known. The only teaching tool available to Dzinot was presumably Zhefarovic’s Stemmatographia.

5.1.3. Diaspora Other important figures from this period who are from Macedonia, but lived and worked in Bulgaria, are Georgi Balaschev and Stefan Badzov. Georgi (Gjorgji) Balaschev (1869, Ohrid-1936, Sofia) was an historian and publicist. He graduated from the Thessaloniki Exarchate Gymnasium and went to Sofia where he studied history, then to Vienna where he graduated in Slavic studies. He was a teacher at the first Sofia Boys’ High School and worked at the National History Museum in Sofia. He was an acquaintance of Krste Pertkov Misirkov, the founder of the modern Macedonian language, from their joint residence in Belgrade (1889) and in Sofia (1890), and he was part of the Young Macedonian Literary Society, and of the newspaper “Loza” which he publishes under the pseudonym Ezerski. He wrote an article about the Bulgarian state coat of arms in the magazine “Minalo” in 1909 (Бaлacчeв 1909, p. 175). Stefan Badzov (1881, Krushevo-1953, Sofia). In 1906 he finished study of decoration and fresco painting in Prague, and left for Bulgaria where in 1908 he became a professor at the National Academy of Arts in Sofia, teaching decoration. He designed medals, diplomas, Genealogy 2021, 5, 43 20 of 26

banknotes, stocks, emblems, stamps and more. He was the designer of the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Bulgaria in 1927. His other works in heraldry are not known.

5.1.4. Solovjev Alexander Vasilievich Solovyev (1890, Kalisz near Grodno, Russian Empire, now Poland-1971, Geneva) was a Russian historian specializing in medieval history and me- dieval heraldry. He was educated in Warsaw, then within the Russian Empire, where he graduated from the Faculty of Law in 1912, and then the Faculty of History and Philol- ogy. Then, in 1917 he fled Russia and in 1920 came to Belgrade where he worked as an assistant at the Faculty of Law. After World War II he was not accepted by the communist authorities and in 1951 fled to Geneva where he worked as professor of Slavic studies. He studied Illyrian heraldry and published many articles, the most important of which are The Origin of Illyrian Heraldry and the Ohmucevic Family, Contributions to Bosnian and Illyrian Heraldry, and History of the Serbian Coat of Arms, published in Melbourne in 1958. He was a member of the International Academy of Heraldry from 1967. He died in Geneva in 1971 (Aлeкcaндap Coлoвjeв n.d.). His connection to Macedonia is his article “Flag of Stefan Dušan above Skopje year 1339” Published in the Journal of the Skopje Scientific Society in 1936, making it the first heraldic article published in what will become N/S/R Macedonia (Cоловjeв 1936, p. 345).

5.1.5. Shoptrajanov The first to deal more with heraldry was Georgi Shoptrajanov, born in Veles on 2 February 1907, a Macedonian philologist, university professor and cultural and educational figure, the first Macedonian doctor of linguistics and literature. He completed his primary education and high school in his hometown. As a student at the Faculty of Philosophy in Skopje (1926–1930), on 4 September 1927, he was elected an assistant and so became the first Macedonian with a university title. Shoptrajanov, specializing in Dijon, Geneva, Paris and Burgundy where he became interested in heraldry while working on his doctoral dissertation which he defended in 1935. In 1937 he was accepted as a corresponding member of the Société Française d’Héraldique et de Sigillographie (French Society of Heraldry and Sigillography) of Paris. After the liberation he was the first director of the National Library in Skopje until 1946, and then he was one of the first professors at the Faculty of Philology in Skopje. He died in Skopje in 2001 (Mлaдeнoвcки 2009a). Apart from his book entitled “Heraldry, Sigillography and Exlibris”, published in 1999, in which, despite the title, he deals little with heraldry, no other works by him dedicated to this field are known.

5.2. Heraldry in SR Macedonia 5.2.1. Antoljak Stjepan Antoljak, born in Doboj on 29 August 1909-an historian, university professor, member of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, dealt with heraldry on a more serious level. He graduated in history (1933) and received his doctorate (1935) from the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb. He was the director of the State Archives in Zadar (1946–1952), worked as a research associate at the State Archives in Rijeka (1953– 1956), was a professor at the Faculty of Philosophy in Skopje (1956–1969, 1969–1975 part- time), in Prishtina (1963–1969). He was the head of the Department for Ancient and Medieval History of Institute of National History in Skopje (1967–1971) a member of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, (from 1979). He died in Zagreb on 14 May 1997 (Kopoбap 2009, p. 71). Stjepan Antoljak taught auxiliary historical sciences and published a book of the same title at the University of Skopje, from 1966, which includes a section on heraldry. Antoljak gives an initial overview of heraldry by listing sources, briefly paying attention to the coats of arms of the republics in SFRY. He is the first to mention the Macedonian coat of arms and its two editions as a Or a lion Gules and vice versa. He was the first person who gave a Genealogy 2021, 5, 43 21 of 26

definition of heraldry in Macedonia: “Heraldry is an auxiliary historical science that deals with the study of the origin and development of coats of arms according to the established rules and determines the manner of artistic and descriptive representation of the coat of arms.” (Aнтoљaк 1966, p. 268). For Stjepan Antoljak: “The coat of arms is a permanent designation of individuals, corporations, political and ecclesiastical institutions and organizations, expressed by means of art, according to established and certain rules.” (Aнтoљaк 1980, p. 177).

5.2.2. Matkovski Aleksandar Matkovski was an orientalist historian, born in Krushevo on 30 May 1922. He was a member of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia and a participant in the National Liberation War. After the Liberation he graduated from the Pedagogical Schools in Skopje and Belgrade and the Faculty of Philosophy (history group) in Skopje in 1951. In 1957, he received his doctorate at the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb and became the first Macedonian doctor of historical sciences. He also graduated from the Faculty of Philology in Belgrade-Oriental Philology Group in 1961, becoming the first Orientalist in SR Macedonia. While at university, he was employed as a teacher in several primary and secondary schools (until the end of 1954), and then began his scientific career at the Institute of National History until his retirement in 1987. He was elected a corresponding member of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts in 1986, and a full member in 1991. He spent many years studying in Cairo, Baghdad and Istanbul. In addition to the Ottoman period, he dealt with other topics from the Macedonian past, as well as the history of the Jews in Macedonia, Macedonia in the works of foreign travel writers and others. He died on 15 April 1992 (Mлaдeнoвcки 2009b, p. 928). Matkovski was the first to deal more seriously with heraldry. He became interested in heraldry when, according to his wife, he found out that in a monastery near Fojnica in Bosnia, there was a Roll of arms, in which, besides the other coats of arms, there was also the coat of arms of Macedonia (Maтковcкa 2001). Sometime around 1964 he visited the Fojnica Monastery, where he photographed this coat of arms (AE 53/1-5). In 1968 he began writing articles on this topic, which he published in various magazines. His legacy at the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, the Foundus Aleksandar Matkovski, contains manuscripts of his articles, copies of articles he used, correspondence, as well as bibliographic materials that he used or tried to find. Thus, in the fundus there are 78 numbered sheets with data for bibliographic units, as well as their signature in the National and University Library in Skopje or in the library of Institute of National History if it is available in these libraries, i.e., it is indicated is not part of the Library (21) (AE 64/1-159). The bibliographic units are taken from other articles and books, which Matkovski thought would help him. There are mostly old works, three from the 16th century, two from the 17th century, one from the 18th century, and 16 from the 19th century. From the 20th century onwards, 18 are from before the First World War, 18 from the interwar period, and only two from after the Second World War. Some do not have a date. The latest bibliographic unit is Aleksandar Solovjev’s book, History of the Serbian Coat of Arms, published in Melbourne in 1958, which says it should be borrowed from the Belgrade library. It is clear from this that his views were strongly influenced by the literature published before the Second World War, primarily by the works of Aleksandar Solovjev. From correspondence with colleagues, the oldest preserved letter in the fundus is from 1966, sent from Sofia, Bulgaria. It says “the sender is illegible” (AE 63/I-III). However, Stojan Antonov recognizes the signature-Todor Gerasimov (1903–1974) professor of numis- matics at Sofia University. In it, Gerasimov recommends to Matkovski reference works on the coats of arms of the Balkan countries: the article by Balaschev and the works of Solovjev. This determines more closely the time when Matkovski’s interest in heraldry appears, or more precisely the history of the Macedonian coat of arms, as well as its cataloguing. Start- Genealogy 2021, 5, 43 22 of 26

ing sometime in 1968. Matkovski wrote several articles and letters in the media, several of which are preserved in his legacy from the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. There are two articles that are not dated. The first is probably from the early stage of research on this issue. They are: “The oldest Macedonian coats of arms” an article about the Macedonian coat of arms in the coat of arms of Korenic-Neoric, unknown date (AE 52/1-9). The second is from a later period-”Macedonian coats of arms in the past”-a popular text, without footnotes, which, in 12 pages, makes an inventory of the coats of arms found of Macedonia until then, an unknown date (AE 46/II/1-12). During 1968, he worked on the book with the working title “The old coat of arms of Macedonia and other Macedonian coats of arms (Contribution to the Macedonian heraldry)” (AE 45/1-377). The text is written in pencil on paper, often in a different format. Notably, the text is written on the back of various documents such as reports, invitations, forms, etc., but also on wrapping paper, even on napkins. Often parts of the leaves are cut off that have probably fallen out of the text. The book was then typed on a Latin typewriter, from which proof prints were made and given to the author for correction, with marked places for pictures. The Matkovski fundus also has several sets of zinc clichés needed for color printing of the coats of arms. The whole process took two years, and the book was published in 1970, it mainly deals with the presence of the lion in the Illyrian coats of arms. The book contains a modest part on theoretical heraldry and appropriate terminology, which is probably owing to the fact that Macedonian heraldic thought was in its infancy and lacked a more significant explanation for the symbolism of the lion. The most fruitful year was 1969 for letters and articles, when Matkovski was most engaged in writing his book. “The Macedonian coat of arms from 1340 does not exist”—a letter reacting to the article published in the Journal (Жypнaл) on 11 October 1969 (the first day of the fight against fascism in 1941). According to Matkovski, the author of this article is Slavko Dimovski, as well of other articles in daily newspaper Nova Makedonija and the magazine Macedonia on the House of Emigrants. In the letter, Matkovski mentions that he personally, and not Dimovski, was the first to see and present to the Macedonian public four years before the Fojnica Armorial and the Macedonian coat of arms. In the letter typed on five pages, Matkovski wrote about the previous knowledge of the origin and dating of the Fojnica Armorial, refuting the thesis that the Macedonian coat of arms presented there was from 1340 (AE 53/1-5). “The oldest coat of arms of Macedonia”, published in History, year V., 1969, book 1 (AE 49/1-15). In this article, Matkovski present an overview of the beginning of heraldry in general and of the Illyrian heraldry of Ohmuchevic, and completely over took the narrative of Soloviev. Finally, he mentioned the coat of arms of Macedonia only from the armorial of Korenic-Neoric from 1595. “Old Coat of Arms of Macedonia”, published in the Yugoslav Historical Journal 1969, 1,2. The text is on 12 typed pages, plus three pages of notes. He mostly quotes Aleksandar Soloviev and his two works: “The Origin of Illyrian Heraldry and the Ohmuchevic Family” from 1933. and “Contributions to Bosnian and Illyrian Heraldry” from 1954 (AE 47/1-15). Matkovski did not limit his heraldic opus only to Macedonia and its heraldry. For example, he also wrote about the “Heraldic representation of the Ottoman Empire in Europe” published in Glasnik INI 1969, XII, 1-2 (AE 229/I). Among his more important articles are “Albanian coats of arms in the past” published in Albanian in Pristina in 1969 (Matkovski 1969). Thus, Matkovski was not only founder of the Macedonian heraldry, but also Albanian heraldry. The text contains 103 typed pages, with five photos and three negatives of coats of arms from Albania (AE 68/1-103). After publication of the book, he wrote letters of reactions. An example of a reaction is to a text published in “Borba”in Belgrade on 10 October 1971 by Kosta Timotejevic about the coats of arms of the Yugoslav republics. Matkovski reacted to the statement that Macedonia until 1945 had no arms. He explained in five pages that such a coat of arms Genealogy 2021, 5, 43 23 of 26

had existed and invited him to consult his book “Coats of Arms of Macedonia” (AE 50/1-10). This is the latest article from Matkovski’s fund at the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The same year, a collection of 21 slides from the coats of arms and a small 16-page brochure with a description of the slides were published and presented to schools. The pub- lication is at the Institute for Cultural-Educational and Educational Film of SR Macedonia, Skopje (Maткoвcки 1972). The book Coats of arms of Macedonia was republished in facsimile in 1990 (Maткoвcки 1990a) from which was inspired the interest in heraldry. Matkovski started writing letters in newspapers again in 1990, discussing a possible coat of arms for the future independent state of Macedonia (Maтковcки 1990b). In the database of National and University Library, the search for “Aleksandar Matkovski” returns 96 bibliographies, two of which are only Genealogy 2021, 5, x FOR PEER REVIEW 24 of 27 for heraldry, the book The Coats of Arms of Macedonia in two editions from 1970 (Figure 17a) and 1990 (Figure 17b).

(a) (b)

Figure 17.Figure (a) One 17. of (thea) One several of the 1970 several covers; 1970 (b) covers; 1990 Cover. (b) 1990 Cover.

MatkovskiMatkovski defined heraldry defined heraldryas an “auxiliary as an “auxiliary historical historical science that science aims that to study aims the to study the origin andorigin historical and historical development development of the coat of of the arms coat in of general arms in or general on individual or on individual coats of coats of arms, to givearms, established to give established rules according rules according to which tothe which coats theof arms coats should of arms be should composed, be composed, and then andto be then artistically to be artistically made, to made,determine to determine the manner the of manner reading of (blazoning) reading (blazoning) the coats the coats of arms andof arms investigating and investigating who owns who a particular owns a particular coat of arms” coat of(Ma arms”тковc (Maки 1970,ткoвc p.ки 7).1970 , p. 7). Matkovski,Matkovski, on the other on the hand, other hand,defined defined the coat the coatof arms of arms as as“a “a special special figure, figure, oror symbolic symbolicshaping, shaping, mark,mark, emblem, i.e., i.e., an an inherited, inherited, unchanged unchanged sign, sign, composed composed according according to the to the rulesrules of ofheraldry heraldry that that serves serves to todistin distinguishguish a particular a particular person, person, gender, gender, society, society, in- institution, stitution, city,city, district, district, people, people, a a state, state, a a corporation, corporation, a a political, political, economic economic or or church church organization” or- ganization”(Ma (Maткoтковвcкиc1970ки 1970,, p. 14). p. 14).

5.2.3. Konstantinov5.2.3. Konstantinov Milosh Konstantinov, born in Resen on 26 March 1926—ethnologist, historian and pub- Milosh Konstantinov, born in Resen on 26 March 1926—ethnologist, historian and licist, longtime director of the city archives of Bitola and Skopje, and university professor. publicist, longtime director of the city archives of Bitola and Skopje, and university pro- He finished primary school and high school in Bitola (1937–1946). After graduating from fessor. He finished primary school and high school in Bitola (1937–1946). After graduat- the Skopje Faculty of Philosophy-Group of Ethnology (1954), he was appointed director ing from the Skopje Faculty of Philosophy-Group of Ethnology (1954), he was appointed of the Archive in Bitola (1956). He received his doctorate from the Faculty of Natural director of the Archive in Bitola (1956). He received his doctorate from the Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics in Skopje (1960). Later he was appointed director of the Archive Natural Sciences and Mathematics in Skopje (1960). Later he was appointed director of of Skopje (1964). After retiring (1984) he was elected full professor at the Faculty of Natural the Archive of Skopje (1964). After retiring (1984) he was elected full professor at the Sciences and Mathematics in several subjects of ethnology. He died in Skopje on 7 June Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics in several subjects of ethnology. He died in 1993 (Mлaдeнoвcки 2009c, p. 792). Skopje on 7 June 1993 (Mлaдeновcки 2009c, p. 792). Milosh Konstantinov in 1972 in the article “Seven city coats of arms” gave the first Milosh Konstantinov in 1972 in the article “Seven city coats of arms” gave the first analysis of “coats of arms” (according “socialist heraldry”) of seven municipalities in SR analysis ofMacedonia. “coats of arms” He was (according the first in “socialist Macedonia heraldry”) to conduct of seven a survey municipalities among municipalities in SR on Macedonia. He was the first in Macedonia to conduct a survey among municipalities on whether they use coats of arms, to which only seven municipalities responded positively. Coats of arms were designed in a socialist way, however Konstantinov made an analysis of the shield and other elements of the coats of arms (Kонcтaнтинов 1972, p. 30). Kon- stantinov wrote a letter in the daily press in 1992 calling for the observance of heraldic rules when determining coats of arms (Kонcтaнтинов 1992).

6. Conclusions Heraldry in Macedonia, a region in south-east Europe, had its first reflections of European heraldic practices that are emerging among several noblemen that ruled parts of this region. By the end of the 14th century, under the control of the Ottoman Empire, any real possibility of bearing arms was soon eliminated. The heraldry connected to Macedonia, further developed in Europe through the attributed arms of: Alexander the Great of Macedonia, kings of Macedonia or Macedonia especially in the Illyrian Armori- als, only to return to the region in the 19th century.

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whether they use coats of arms, to which only seven municipalities responded positively. Coats of arms were designed in a socialist way, however Konstantinov made an analysis of the shield and other elements of the coats of arms (Kонcтaнтинов 1972, p. 30). Konstantinov wrote a letter in the daily press in 1992 calling for the observance of heraldic rules when determining coats of arms (Kонcтaнтинов 1992).

6. Conclusions Heraldry in Macedonia, a region in south-east Europe, had its first reflections of European heraldic practices that are emerging among several noblemen that ruled parts of this region. By the end of the 14th century, under the control of the Ottoman Empire, any real possibility of bearing arms was soon eliminated. The heraldry connected to Macedonia, further developed in Europe through the attributed arms of: Alexander the Great of Macedonia, kings of Macedonia or Macedonia especially in the Illyrian Armorials, only to return to the region in the 19th century. In 1944 the Vardar Macedonia became the Peoples Republic, it did not look toward a heraldic heritage for creating the arms for the newly created state but looked for Socialist style symbols. On the eve of gaining its independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, the heraldic heritage had a stronger influence, but it was not sufficient enough to prevail (Jonovski 2018). This paper considers heraldry as a multitude of coats of arms, and the armorial knowledge and art. It covers the earliest preserved heraldic motifs and coats of arms found in Macedonia, as well as the attributed arms in European culture and armorials for Macedonia, kings of Macedonia, and Alexander the Great of Macedonia. It also covers the State and municipal heraldry of the P/SR Macedonia, as well as the development of heraldry as both a discipline and science and the development of Heraldic thought in SR Macedonia.

Funding: This research received no external funding. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Conflicts of Interest: The author declares no conflict of interest.

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