Tuon Kunt« Die Grafen Von Cilli in Ihren Urkunden (1341-1456)

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Tuon Kunt« Die Grafen Von Cilli in Ihren Urkunden (1341-1456) Christian Domenig »tuon kunt« Die Grafen von Cilli in ihren Urkunden (1341-1456) DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Philosophie Universität Klagenfurt Fakultät für Kulturwissenschaften 1. Begutachter: Ao. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Johannes Grabmayer, Institut für Geschichte 2. Begutachter: O. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Günther Hödl, Institut für Geschichte Klagenfurt, Jänner 2004 Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung Ich erkläre ehrenwörtlich, dass ich die vorliegende Schrift verfasst und die mit ihr unmittelbar verbundenen Arbeiten selbst durchgeführt habe. Die in der Schrift verwendete Literatur sowie das Ausmaß der mir im gesamten Arbeitsvorgang gewährten Unterstützung sind aus- nahmslos angegeben. Die Schrift ist noch keiner anderen Prüfungs- behörde vorgelegt worden. Klagenfurt, am 25. Jänner 2004 Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort ................................................................1 Einleitung ..............................................................2 I. Literatur- und Quellenlage: Eine Bestandsaufnahme .......................4 1. Die wissenschaftliche Literatur zu den Grafen von Cilli und ihre Quellen ..........4 2. Quelleneditionen ......................................................13 a. Cillier Quellensammlungen ........................................13 b. Einzelne Urkunden ..............................................14 3. Der Quellenbestand in den Archiven ......................................16 a. Das Archiv der Grafen von Cilli ....................................16 b. Die Quellenbasis ................................................18 c. Beschreibung der Bestände ........................................20 d. Arbeitsablauf und Probleme .......................................24 II. Urkunden als Quellen ................................................26 1. Der Gebrauch von Urkunden im Spätmittelalter ..............................26 2. Die Aussagekraft von Urkunden ..........................................31 III. Die Geschichte der Grafen von Cilli in Urkunden ........................33 1. Die Familie ..........................................................33 2. Der Aufstieg des Hauses ................................................38 a. Cillier Heirats- und Familienpolitik .................................38 b. Privilegien .....................................................54 c. Die Cillier als Kriegsherren ........................................63 d. Cilli und Habsburg ..............................................73 e. Cilli und Sigmund von Luxemburg ..................................80 3. Die ökonomische Grundlage .............................................87 a. Der Eigenbesitz und seine Entwicklung ..............................87 b. Lehen .........................................................94 c. Organisation der Grundherrschaften ................................100 d. Finanzen .....................................................102 4. Der Cillier Hof ......................................................108 a. Hofhaltung ....................................................108 b. Hofämter .....................................................112 c. Die Kanzlei ...................................................115 5. Das Cillier Totengedenken .............................................116 IV. Zusammenfassung .................................................128 V. Dissertation Abstract ................................................133 VI. Urkundenregesten ..................................................134 VII. Bibliographie .....................................................184 1. Quellen ............................................................184 a. Archive ......................................................184 b. Inventare .....................................................184 c. Quelleneditionen ...............................................185 2. Literatur ............................................................187 VIII. Abkürzungsverzeichnis ............................................194 1 Vorwort Die vorliegende Dissertation zu den Urkunden der Grafen von Cilli entstand in unmittel- barem Zusammenhang mit dem von Johannes Grabmayer am Institut für Geschichte an der Universität Klagenfurt geleiteten Forschungsprojekt zu dieser Adelsfamilie. Als Mitarbeiter des seit 1999 laufenden Projekts wurde ich mit der Aufgabe betraut, die weit verstreuten Urkunden und Briefe der Grafen zu erfassen, zu ordnen, zu analysieren und schließlich in eine Datenbank einzuarbeiten. Diese Projektphase wurde 2001 abgeschlossen, eine Edition der Quellen ist in Vorbereitung. Die Ergebnisse des ersten Projektes sind die Grundlage für diese Arbeit. Ohne eine entsprechende finanzielle Ausstattung wäre die Durchführung dieses For- schungsvorhabens nicht möglich gewesen. Der österreichische Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung übernahm dankenswerterweise die Projektfinanzierung. Betreut wurde ich während der Arbeit an der Dissertation von Johannes Grabmayer und Günther Hödl, die beide das Fortschreiten aufmerksam verfolgten und geduldig begleiteten. Mein Dank gilt außerdem Markus Wenninger für die anregenden Diskussionen. Eine große Hilfestellung erfuhr ich von Seiten des Laibacher Historikers Božo Otorepec, der mir an der Slowenischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und Künste (Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti) Einblick in seine reiche Urkundensammlung gewährte. Schließlich sei noch all jenen Freunden gedankt, die sich trotz großem eigenen Arbeitspensum bereit erklärten, diese Arbeit Korrektur zu lesen. Christian Domenig St. Filippen, am 25. Jänner 2004 DETEGE IGNOTUM 2 Einleitung Die Grafen von Cilli, dem heutigen Celje in Slowenien, zählten von 1341 bis 1456 zweifellos zu den bedeutendsten Adelsfamilien Mitteleuropas. Dem entgegen steht ihr Stellenwert in den historischen Darstellungen. Wenn sie nicht völlig ignoriert bzw. margina- lisiert werden, gelten sie als Widersacher: In der österreichischen Geschichtsschreibung, da sie den raschen Aufbau einer habsburgischen Territorialherrschaft im Wege standen, in der ungarischen, da sie Feinde der Hunyaden waren, einer rasch aufgestiegenen ungarischen Adelsfamilie, aus der der letzte einheimische König Matthias Corvinus stammte. Auch im südslawischen Bereich hatten die Grafen einen schweren Stand, bis die Territorien der Familie als spätmittelalterlicher Vorläufer eines südslawischen bzw. slowenischen Staates angesehen wurden. Gerade die Verstreutheit des Cillier Besitzes – heute sind ihre Herr- schaften auf Slowenien, Kroatien und Österreich verteilt – sowie ihre verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen und ihr weit dimensioniertes politisches Spielfeld zeigen, wie unzureichend Geschichtsschreibung ist, die sich zu sehr auf nationale Kategorien beschränkt, denn der Adel war immer international verankert. Es ist daher notwendig, die in der Forschung bezüglich der Rolle der Grafen von Cilli lange Zeit hoch gehaltenen Thesen mittels Quellen zu überprüfen. Die Quellenlage bezüglich der Grafen von Cilli ist problematisch. In der Literatur wird den tendenziösen narrativen Schilderungen oftmals der Vorzug gegeben und ihre Positionen werden leichtfertig übernommen. Eine Einbeziehung der Urkunden und Briefe der Cillier gestaltete sich bislang schwierig, denn dieses Quellenmaterial ist über ganz Mitteleuropa verstreut. Einige Arbeiten beziehen sich auf einzelne Archive, doch auch hier mussten die Forscher oft aufgrund der Fülle des Materials resignieren. Zwar wurden Teile der Cillier Urkunden in Regestenform bereits veröffentlicht, aber immer wieder nur die wichtigsten Stücke aus dem Wiener Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv. Weiters lag die Intention eigene Cillier Regesten zu veröffentlichen weniger im Bereich des Forschungsinteresses: Franz Krones wollte mit seinen Urkundenregesten die Lebensgeschichte Graf Friedrichs I. von Cilli zu Ende erzählen, Christiane Thomas den Verlust des Staatsarchivs dokumentieren. Die ver- öffentlichten Dokumente zu den Grafen von Cilli wurden bislang nie vollständig zur Kennt- nis genommen. Eine systematische Aufarbeitung der Cillier Urkunden und Briefe im Sinne einer Grundla- genforschung steht bislang noch aus. Die vorliegende Dissertation soll diesem Desiderat nachgehen. Sie kann aber keine ultimative Gesamtdarstellung der Cillier Geschichte von 1341 bis 1456 sein, sondern soll Anregungen zu weiteren Arbeiten geben. Es ist die Aufgabe von zukünftigen Forschungen, die Problemfelder zu erweitern, neue Konnexe und größere 3 Zusammenhänge herzustellen sowie zu weiteren Erkenntnissen zu gelangen. Im Mittelpunkt der Dissertation stehen die mehr als 2000 von den Grafen von Cilli empfangenen und ausgestellten Urkunden und Briefe. Die Cillier Chronik wurde an gewissen Stellen mit einbezogen, weitere Quellen nur am Rande zitiert. Gegenüber den Cillier Quellen tritt auch die bisher erschienene Literatur zu den Grafen zurück. Das Wirken der Cillier im ungarischen Reich wurde nur marginal berührt, da an der Central European University in Budapest eine Dissertation von Tamás Pálosfalvi bei Janos M. Bak zu diesem Thema im Entstehen ist. Die Arbeit ist im Sinne einer Systematisierung und Analysierung aufgebaut. Sie be- schäftigt sich Eingangs mit historiographischen Fragestellungen und stellt die bisher auf Urkunden basierenden Werke vor. Danach folgt eine Aufstellung der bereits edierten und der vielen noch unveröffentlichten Quellen, welche die Grundlage der Arbeit bilden. Den Urkunden als eine besondere Quellengattung wurde ebenfalls ein Kapitel gewidmet. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt in der Beschäftigung mit der
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