Castrum Bene 16

Kutina – , 2019

Castle and Economy Book of Abstracts and Fieldtrip Guides

Castrum Bene 16

Kutina – Sisak, Sisak- County, May 21st ‒ 25th 2019

The 16th International Castellological Conference 16. Internationale Konferenz für Burgenforschung 16. međunarodna burgološka konferencija

Castle and Economy Burg und Wirtschaft Utvrda i gospodarstvo

Book of Abstracts and Fieldtrip Guides Zusammenfassungen der Vorträge und Exkursionsführer Knjiga sažetaka i vodič po ekskurzijama

Kutina, 2019

Conference organized by/Organization der Konferenz/Organizatori Konferencije:

University of , Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of History Moslavina Museum Kutina Sisak Municipal Museum Historical Association Moslavina (PUM)

Universität Zagreb, Philosophische Fakultät, Abteilung für Geschichte Moslavina Museum Kutina Stadtmuseum von Sisak Historischer Verein Moslavina (PUM)

Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Filozofski fakultet, Odsjek za povijest Muzej Moslavine Kutina Gradski muzej Sisak Povijesna udruga Moslavina (PUM)

Sponsors/Sponsoren/Sponzori:

Grad Popovača

Grad Kutina

Grad Sisak

Patrons/Pokrovitelji/Ehrenschutz:

Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Croatia/Ministarstvo kulture Republike Hrvatske/ Ministerium für Kultur der Republik Kroatien

Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Croatia/Ministarstvo znanosti i obrazovanja/Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Bildung der Republik Kroatien

Sisak-Moslavina County/Sisačko-moslavačka županija/ Gespanschaft Sisak-Moslavina

Edited by/Redakteure/Uredile: Silvija Pisk, Stela Kos Translation/Übersetzung/Prijevod: Katarina Šturik Published by/Herausgeber/Izdavači: Muzej Moslavine Kutina, Povijesna udruga Moslavina (PUM) Printed by/Druck/Tisak: Gradska tiskara Number of copies printed/Auflage/Naklada: 100

ISBN 978-953-7135-62-1 (Muzej Moslavine Kutina); 978-953-57553-1-9 (PUM)

Scientific organizing committee/Wissenschaftliches Organisationskomitee/Znanstveni organizacijski odbor

Committee Head/Vorsitzende/ Predsjednica: Doc. Dr. Silvija Pisk Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Ivana Lučića 3 HR -10000 Zagreb

Dr Artur Boguszewicz Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Wydział Nauk Historycznych i Pedagogicznych, Katedra Etnologii i Antropologii Kulturowej ul. Szewska 50/51, PL-50-139 Wrocław

PhDr. Peter Bednár, CSc. Archeologický ústav SAV Akademická 2, SK-949 21 Nitra

Ing. arch. Petr Chotěbor CSc. Odbor památkové péče Kancelář prezidenta republiky CZ-119 08 Praha-Hrad

Dr. István Feld Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Humanities, Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Múzeum krt. 4/b HU-1088 Budapest

Mag. Dr. Martin Krenn Bundesdenkmalamt, Abteilung für Archäologie A-3500 Krems an der Donau Hoher Markt 11 – Gozzoburg

Doc. Dr. Katarina Predovnik Univerza v Ljubljani, Filozofska fakulteta, Oddelek za arheologijo Aškerčeva 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana

Dr. Adrian Andrei Rusu Institutul de arheologie şi istoria artei al Academiei Române Str. Constantin Daicoviciu nr. 2, RO-400020 Cluj-Napoca Contents / Inhalt / Sadržaj

5 Conference Program Programm der Konferenz Program konferencije

11 Paper Abstracts Zusammenfassungen der Vorträge Sažeci izlaganja

30 Poster Abstracts Zusammenfassungen der Poster Sažeci plakata

33 Fieldtrip Guides Exkursionsführer Vodič po ekskurzijama

46 Participants Teilnehmer Sudionici

Castrum Bene 16

Conference Program Programm der Konferenz Program konferencije

21. 5. 2019 Tuesday / Dienstag / Utorak The business incubator Kutina – PUNK / Unternehmensinkubator Kutina – PUNK / Poduzetnički inkubator Kutina – PUNK (Hrvatskih branitelja 2, Kutina)

08:00 - 09:00 Registration /Anmeldung / Registracija

Morning session / Vormittagssektion / Prijepodnevna sesija

09:00 - 09:30 Welcome / Begrüssung / Pozdravni govori

09:30 Werner Meyer (Universität Basel, Dep. Geschichte, Schweiz): Wirtschaftliche Ursachen des Burgensterbens im Spätmittelalter

10:00 Ivana Škiljan (Museums of Croatian Zagorje): Frugality above All! Tile Stoves and Their Impact on Castle Economy

10:30 - 10:45 Coffee break / Kaffeepause / Pauza za kavu

10:45 Istvan Feld (Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Humanities, Institute of Archaeological Sciences): Die Vorburgen als Wirtschaftsareale – Schwerpunkt Ungarn

11:15 Miroslav Dejmal (Archaia Brno z. ú.): Economy of the medieval castle from 13th century in alluvial plain, case study Veselí nad Moravou

11:45 Diana Duchoňová, Tünde Lengyelová (Historisches Institut der Slowakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften): Versorgung und Wirtschaftshintergrund der Burgen in Ungarn im 16. – 17. Jahrhundert

12:15 Zsuzsanna Kopeczny (National Museum of ): An insight into the economy of manors in SE Hungary through a registry of revenues and expenses from 1517/18

12:45 – 14:15 Lunch break / Mittagspause / Pauza za ručak

Afternoon session / Nachmittagsektion / Popodnevna sesija

14:15 Dieter Barz (Independent Scholar): Wirtschaftliche Aktivitäten von Burgen des 10./11. Jahrhunderts im archäologischen Kontext

14:45 Adrian Andrei Rusu (, Institute of Archaeology and History of Art of Cluj-Napoca), Péter Levente Szőcs (County Museum of Satu Mare): Castles and gold-mining in eastern parts of medieval Hungary

15:15 Lukas Kerbler (Museum Retz): Die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Eisengewinnung und -verarbeitung auf den mittelalterlichen Burgen Feinfeld und Sachsendorf, Niederösterreich

15:45 - 16:00 Coffee break / Kaffeepause / Pauza za kavu

16:00 Janusz Pietrzak (Institut für Archeologie Universität Łódź), Jan Salm (Institut für Architektur und Städtebau, Technische Universität Łodź): Burgen und Wirtschaft im mittelalterlichen Königreich Polen. Allgemeine Bemerkungen

16:30 Pavol Maliniak (Department of History, Faculty of Arts, Matej Bel University): From rise to decline? Some features of the management of Čabraď dominion in the and on the verge of the early Modern Age

17:30 Departure from Hotel Kutina parking / Abfahrt vor dem Hotel Kutina / Polazak ispred Hotela Kutina Tour of the Garić Castle/ Besichtigung der Burg Garić / Posjeta utvrdi Garićgrad

20:00 Dinner / Abendessen / Večera Vila Garić, Podgarić

22. 5. 2019 Wednesday / Mittwoch / Srijeda

08:00 Departure from the Hotel Kutina parking/ Abfahrt vor dem Hotel Kutina / Polazak ispred Hotela Kutina Castles / Burgen / Utvrde: Zrin, Kostajnica

13:00 Lunch break / Mittagspause / Pauza za ručak Restoran Stari grad, Sisak

14:00 - 15:00 Old Town Sisak / Alte Burg Sisak / Stari Grad Sisak

Afternoon session / Nachmittagsektion / Popodnevna sesija Old Town Sisak / Alte Burg Sisak / Stari Grad Sisak

15:00 Dóra Hegyi (Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Humanities, Institute of Archaeological Sciences): Stone quarrying, stone carving and construction of buildings in Hungary in the 16th century

15:30 Silvija Pisk (University of Zagreb, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences): „Burg und Wirtschaft“ in schriftlichen Quellen – Fallstudie Regnum Sclavoniae

16:00 Danko Dujmović (University of , Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences): The network of trading places and castles in todays Moslavina region

16:30 - 17:00 Coffee break / Kaffeepause / Pauza za kavu

17:00 Artur Boguszewicz (Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Wydział Nauk Historycznych i Pedagogicznych, Katedra Etnologii i Antropologii Kulturowej): Burgen aus der Sicht der Wirtschaftsanthropologie. Beispiel Schlesien

17:30 János Incze (Masaryk University, Brno): Pledging of castles in the during the reign of Sigismund of Luxembourg

18:00 Departure from the Castle / Abfahrt vor der Burg / Polazak ispred utvrde

18:30 Dinner / Abendessen / Večera Restoran i vinarija August, Popovača

23. 6. 2019 Thursday / Donnerstag / Četvrtak Full-day excursion / Ganztägige Exkursion / Cjelodnevni izlet

08:30 Departure from the Hotel Kutina parking / Abfahrt vor dem Hotel Kutina / Polazak ispred Hotela Kutina Castles / Burgen / Utvrde: Dubovac, Novigrad na Dobri, , Ribnik

20:00 Dinner / Abendessen / Večera Vinski dvori, Popovača

24. 5. 2019 Friday / Freitag / Petak Moslavina Museum Kutina/ Muzej Moslavine, Kutina

Morning session / Vormittagssektion / Prijepodnevna sesija

09:00 Sandra Čelić Višnjić (Ministry of Culture, Conservation Department in /Croatian Conservation Institute), Josip Višnjić (Ministry of Culture, Conservation Department in Pula/Croatian Conservation Institute): Castello di Sanvincenti, economic aspect of the estate in the period of the administration of Morosini and Grimani families

09:30 Josef Hložek (Katedra archeologie Západočeské Univerzity v Plzni): Getreidefunde auf böhmischen Burgen

10:00 Ján Beljak (Institute of Archaeology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen branch), Noémi Beljak Pažinová (Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Department of Archaeology), Katarina Šimunková (Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Department of Archaeology), Something new about the castle crew. An archaeozoological perspective to castle and economy at the Deserted castle in Zvolen and Peťuša castle

10:30 Tatjana Tkalčec (Institute of Archaeology), Tajana Trbojević Vukičević (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Zagreb), Archaeozoological evidence of dietary habits of small castle inhabitants in the medieval

11:00 – 11:15 Coffee break / Kaffeepause / Pauza za kavu

11:15 Miroslava Cejpová (České vysoké učení technické v Praze, Fakulta architektury): Die Bauform der Burgküchen in den böhmischen Ländernim 13. – 16. Jahrhundert

11:45 Jana Mazáčková (Institution of Archaeology and Museology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University), Daniela Vaněčková (Institution of Archaeology and Museology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University), Petr Žaža (Institution of Archaeology and Museology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University): Life (inside) of the Rokštejn Castle, Czech Republic

12:15 Michael Rykl (Fakulta architektury ČVUT Praha/ Prag): Speicher als Bestandteil der Feste und der Speicher als eine Feste

12:45 Dominik Nowakowski (Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk): Zu den wirtschaftlichen Grundlagen der ländlichen Herrensitze im mittelalterlichen Schlesien

13:30 - 14:30 Lunch / Mittagessen / Ručak

Poster session / Poster – Sektion / Posterska sesija

14:30 - 15:15 Peter Bednar (Archeologický ústav SAV): Kalkherstellung von Kalk auf der ostslowakischen Burgen

Petr Chotěbor (Abteilung für Denkmalpflege, Kanzlei des Präsidenten der Tschechischen Republik): Das Verhältnis zwischen Feste und Wirtschaftshof – Beispiele aus Böhmen

Antonio Džaja (Moslavina Museum Kutina): Medieval fortresses in Moslavina Region and local area

Andrej Janeš (Croatian Conservation Institute, Division for Archaeological Heritage, Department for Archaeology): The Castle Estate: a Self-sufficient or Dependant Economy – the Case Study of Grižane Castle in the Vinodol Valley

Tünde Lengyelová, Diana Duchoňova (Historisches Institut der Slowakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften): Burgküchen und das Speisen des Adels

Domagoj Pintač (Independent Scholar): Castrum Bene Conferences, 1989-2019

Milan Procházka (Department of Archaeology, University of West Bohemia in Pilsen): Capacity Changes of 16-18th Century Castles near Bosnia and Herzegovina's Northwestern Borderline

András Sófalvi (Haáz Rezső Museum): Castles and Customs in the Middle Ages on the Southern Borders of Transylvania

Afternoon session / Nachmittagsektion / Popodnevna sesija

15:15 Ádám Novák (Déri Museum, Debrecen): The detailed survey of the three demesnes of the Perényi family until 1465

15:45 Ivan Alduk (Ministry of culture, Conservation department Imotski): Financing construction and maintenance of the in during the Middle Ages

16:15 Felix Biermann (Universität Greifswald, Historisches Institut): Burg, Herrschaft und Landesausbau in der hochmittelalterlichen Altmark

16:45 Radu Lupescu (Sapientia EMTE, Department of European Studies), The Emergence and the Decline of the Castle of Hațeg/Hátszeg as centre of a District

18:00 Departure from the Hotel Kutina / Abfahrt vor dem Hotel Kutina / Polazak ispred Hotela Kutina 19:30 Meeting of the Castrum Bene Permanent Committee / Sitzung von Castrum Bene Comité-Permanent / Sastanak stalnog odbora Castrum Bene Kezele - vino, Seoski turizam Kezele, Graberje Ivanićko

20:30 Banquet / Bankett / Banket Kezele - vino, Seoski turizam Kezele, Graberje Ivanićko

25. 5. 2019 Saturday/ Samstag/ Subota Moslavina Museum Kutina/ Muzej Moslavine, Kutina

Morning session / Vormittagssektion / Prijepodnevna sesija

09:00 Katarína Harmadyová (Städtisches Museum Bratislava) Die Belege der mittelalterliche und frühneuzeitliche Wirtschaftstätigkeit auf der Burg Devín (Theben) und in ihrem Hinterland 09:30 Piotr Lasek (Institute of Art, Polish Academy of Sciences): Aedificia ante castrum. Economic facilities of Masovian castles in the XVth and XVIth c.

10:00 Zsolt Csók (Muzeul Național de Istorie al Transilvaniei, Cluj-Napoca): The castle of Bologa. Economic backstage of a royal castle

10:30 – 11:00 Coffee break / Kaffeepause / Pauza za kavu

11:00 Zlata Gersdorfová (Westböhmische Universität Pilsen, Lehrstuhl für Archäologie): Der Fall von Janowitz. Der Heerezug der böhmischen königlichen Städte gegen das Raubadel im Jahre 1520

11:30 Szabolcs Balázs Nagy (Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Archaeological Sciences), Máté Varga (Rippl-Rónai Museum, Kaposvár): Special traces of coinage at the castle of Nicholas of , Várpalota

12:00 Diana Njegovan (Independent Scholar): „The White lady of Duino“ by Dušan Jelinčić or how its protogonist Simer presents the medieval economy of the castle of Duino

12:30 – 13:15 Final discussion / Schlussdiskussion / Zaključna rasprava

13:30 Lunch / Mittagessen / Ručak

Paper Abstracts Zusammenfassungen der Vorträge Sažeci izlaganja

Ivan Alduk (Ministry of culture, Conservation department Imotski) Financing construction and maintenance of the fortifications in Dalmatia during the Middle Ages Dozens of different were built, on the Dalmatian coast, the islands and in the hinterland during the Middle Ages and first decades of Early modern Ages. The number probably exceeds two hundred. The construction of any fortress, whether it was a castle or a simpler fortification, was a fairly expensive investment. It is the same with its maintenance. Using historical sources and the results of archaeological and other research, we will try to clarify the ways of financing the construction of certain fortifications and the problems that arise with their maintenance. The construction and maintenance of the fortifications are exclusively related to the economic strength of the state, the local community or the individual. This is especially true for maintenance given that numerous sources bring similar story - maintenance work is often not done as it should be. Various sources of funding have been used for this purpose (and for the construction work) - depending on the location of each fortification and the source of income in that area.

Dieter Barz (Independent Scholar) Wirtschaftliche Aktivitäten von Burgen des 10./11. Jahrhunderts im archäologischen Kontext In den letzten Jahrzenten erlauben mehrere archäologische Untersuchungen einen Einblick in die wirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten auf Burgen des 10./11. Jahrhunderts. Im Focus dieses Beitrages stehen handwerkliche Tätigkeiten, die in verschieden Bereichen einer Burg oder näheren Umgebung ausgeübt wurden und nicht unbedingt zur alltäglichen Versorgung notwendig waren. Bisher konnten nur einzelne Burgen des 10./11. Jahrhundert großflächig untersucht werden. Hier können handwerkliche Tätigkeiten in fast allen Bereichen der Burgen feststellen werden und haben etwa die Hälfte bis zu zwei Dritteln der Oberburgen dominiert. Die herrschaftlichen Bereiche dieser Burgen werden meist räumlich durch Mauern abgegrenzt. Spätestens ab dem 12. Jahrhundert dürften die handwerklichen Aktivitäten aus den Oberburgen verschwinden. Es dürfte sich in der Regel um "höherwertige" Handwerksprodukte handeln. So können u.a. die Verarbeitung und Recycling von Glas, Buntmetall und (Guss-) Eisen - mittels Tigelmetalurgie - sowie Textil- und Knochenverarbeitung festgestellt werden. Es liegen auch einzelne Werkabfälle aus Gagat oder Wallross/Elfenbein sowie Hinweise auf eine Keramikherstellung vor. Abschliesend stellt sich die Frage nach der Rolle von Burgen im zeitgenössischen "Wirtschaftsleben", zumal in dieser Zeit nur relativ wenige Städte existiert haben?

Ján Beljak (Institute of Archaeology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen branch) Noémi Beljak Pažinová (Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra Department of Archaeology) Katarina Šimunková (Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Department of Archaeology) Something new about the castle crew. An archaeozoological perspective to castle and economy at the Deserted castle in Zvolen and Peťuša castle The paper will present the results of the archaeozoological analysis of finds from the research of two medieval castles in Central Slovakia. The first part will present the collection from the residential castle tower of Pustý hrad – Dolný Hrad castle (Deserted castle – Lower castle) in Zvolen, and the second part will cover the osteological finds from the courtyard of the Peťuša castle, distant from Pustý hrad castle by a 2 km radius. The construction and use of the royal tower at the Lower Castle is dated to the 13th century with its gradual dissolution in the first half of the 14th century. On the contrary, Peťuša Castle, whose construction began at the end of the 13th century, was intensively occupied in the 14th century. Both castles are located in the famous medieval outskirts of the Zvolen Forest. The osteological remains from the Pustý hrad castle contained 3,633 fragments weighing roughly 19.3 kg and from Peťuša castle involved 6,791 fragments weighing roughly 49.3 kg. The series was dominated by domestic animals (cattle, pig, sheep/goat, dog, cat etc.), with fewer hunted animals (roe deer, red deer, hare, squirrel etc.). There were also remains of commensal species, frogs and malacofauna. The finds from the Pustý hrad castle also included bones of birds, which belonged not only to the domestic species (domestic hound, geese, duck, domestic pigeon), but also wild species (pheasant, quail, jay, falcon, etc.). Bones bore traces of chopping and carving, cooking and traces of rodents’ and carnivores’ teeth. Some bones were also processed for semi-finished products, or they might have been craftsmen’s waste (splinters of antlers, traces of sawing, drilling, etc.). The archaeological fauna samples featured predominantly kitchen waste, but they also give us the opportunity to explore the natural environment in the castles vicinity. Last but not least, the analysis has also provided insights into the eating habits of inhabitants and can testify the economic reality of the surveyed castles.

Felix Biermann (Universität Greifswald, Historisches Institut) Burg, Herrschaft und Landesausbau in der hochmittelalterlichen Altmark Die Altmark an der Elbe nördlich Magdeburgs (Bundesland Sachsen-Anhalt) spielte bei den großen hochmittelalterlichen Transformationen des 12. und 13. Jahrhunderts im heute nordostdeutschen Raum eine zentrale Rolle als Kontaktzone zwischen Slawen und Deutschen, als Schauplatz frühen Landesausbaus unter Heranziehung westlicher Zuwanderer, als Ausgangspunkt von Siedlungsbewegungen und Herrschaftsbildungen an und östlich des Elbestroms, nicht zuletzt als Kerngebiet der askanischen Markgrafschaft Brandenburg. Vor allem zwischen etwa 1150 und 1250 erlebte das Land einschneidende wirtschaftliche Entwicklungen im ländlichen und urbanen Milieu, vor dem Hintergrund ständiger Konkurrenzen und Konflikte diverser Herrschaftsträger. Dabei spielten Burgen eine zentrale Rolle – als militärische Stützpunkte, als Machtdemonstrationen, als Zentren der wirtschaftlichen Erschließung ihres Umlandes, zur Beherrschung wichtiger Straßen und zur Kontrolle der aufstrebenden Städte. Im Rahmen des DFG-Motten-Projektes konnten in der Altmark in den letzten Jahren mehrere wichtige Befestigungen der Jahrzehnte um 1200 archäologisch erforscht werden, so die Schulenburg bei Salzwedel, die Krepe bei Stendal und die Gänseburg bei Wittenberge – allesamt mächtige Burghügel, teilweise stark ausgebaut mit Türmen und Ringmauern aus Ziegel- und Feldstein. Der Vortrag stellt diese Burgen vor, ordnet sie in ihren kulturhistorischen Kontext ein und fokussiert dabei auf das Wechselspiel von Herrschaft, Landesausbau und wirtschaftlicher Entwicklung, das diese vielfach dramatische Umbruchszeit an der Mittelelbe im 12./13. Jahrhundert prägte.

Artur Boguszewicz (Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Wydział Nauk Historycznych i Pedagogicznych, Katedra Etnologii i Antropologii Kulturowej) Burgen aus der Sicht der Wirtschaftsanthropologie. Beispiel Schlesien. Ein ständiges Problem für die Forscher des Mittelalters, darunter auch diejenigen, die sich in der Burgenproblematik spezialisieren, sind die methodologischen Grundlagen für eine Analyse der damaligen Wirtschaft. Da wir uns nicht auf die Forschungsgeräte der neoklassischen Mikroökonomie, die für die Beschreibung der eine vollständig herausgebildete kapitalistische Gesellschaft erarbeitet wurden, stützen können, sind wir auf die Suche nach einem richtigen Weg unter unterschiedlichen methodologischen und weltanschauungsbezogenen Orientierungen angewiesen, die jedoch keine eindeutigen, allgemein akzeptablen Lösungen anbieten. Der systematischen Fassung der Frage scheint das marxistische Modell am nächsten zu stehen, jedoch – ähnlich wie bei dem Neomalthusianismus – die grundsätzliche Frage ist die Einkommensverteilung, die sich generell auf den Bereich der Produktion bezieht. Im Gegensatz dazu steht das Modell der Kommerzialisierung, das zwar den Umfang der analysierten Wirtschaftserscheinungen erweitert, jedoch sich in geringem Maß auf die Sozialproblematik bezieht. Trotz seiner Einschränkungen wird es gern von den Historikern verwendet, die sich auf die Interdependenz der Entwicklung von Regionen im Bereich der in den von Fernando Braudel und Immanuel Wallenstein aufgebauten Modellen geschilderten Weltsystem-Theorie berufen. In gewissem Bereich bestätigen unsere Treffen im Rahmen des Internationalen Vereins für Burgenkunde Castrum Bene die Richtigkeit der Ausgliederung von Osteuropa als einer abgesonderten Region samt mit von Marian Małowist gekennzeichneten Wirtschaftszonen: Baltikum, Sudeten-Karpaten und Balkan. Allerdings, obwohl die von dieser Forschungsströmung abgeleitete Gliederung in den Kern, Peripherie und Semi-Peripherie sich in den synthetischen Ausarbeitungen gut präsentiert, klärt sie jedoch nicht zu viel in der kleinräumig, also im Bezug auf eine einzelne Burg oder ihre Gruppe geübten Forschungspraxis. Nichtsdestoweniger kann man auch hier interessante Vorschläge erkennen, wie z. B. Einwirkung der Monetarisierung auf die Entwicklung des monumentalen Bauens. Im Vergleich zu den oben beschriebenen legen die mit der Strömung der Wirtschaftsanthropologie identifizierten Forscher, die dem Werk von Franz Boas und Max Weber verpflichtet sind, einen viel größeren Wert auf die soziale Problematik, obwohl sie sich oft in Opposition zu ihren Anschauungen stellen, wie es im Fall von Talcot Parsons, Clifford Geertz und Marshall Sahlins ist. Generell haben sie einen Versuch unternommen, die Menschenverhalten im Zusammenhang mit Arbeit, Handel und Verbrauch unter dem eigenen subjektiven und kulturell bedingten Gesichtspunkt zu verstehen. Ein zweifelloser Beitrag der Kulturanthropologie, der die neuen Forschungsperspektiven zu unterschiedlichen Aspekten des Sozial- und Wirtschaftslebens, die auch außerhalb des Interessenfelds der neoklassischen Ökonomie bleiben, ist die Erscheinung von Gabe und Austausch, unter anderem von Bronisław Malinowski beschrieben und von Marcel Mauss definiert. Die Bedeutung der Gabe im Mittelalter, ungeachtet des Fortgangs der Kommerzialisierungsprozesse der damaligen Gesellschaft, erkannten vor allem die Historiker, besonders im Bezug auf die frommen Stiftungen. Es scheint, dass auch die Erwägung der „Burg als Gabe“ neue Forschungsperspektiven eröffnen könnte. Eine gewisse Überraschung kann die Tatsache sein, dass die oft von den Burgenforschern präsentierte intuitive Einstellung zu wirtschaftlichen Fragen de facto an das substanzielle Verständnis der Wirtschaftsanthropologie anknüpft, die von Karl Polanyi vertreten ist. Sie bezieht sich auf die Substanz der Wirtschaft, demnach auf die alltäglichen Geschäfte bei Herstellung, Austausch, Warenaufbewahrung und Verbrauch, die sich zu einem bedeutenden Teil des Menschenleben zusammensetzen. In diesem Bereich werden auch die Fragen gestellt: Wie ist die Wirtschaft organisiert und auf welche Weise sie am Leben erhalten lässt sowie Wie ist sie in der Struktur der gegebenen Gesellschaft verwurzelt? Nach Karl Polanyi soll die substanzielle Ökonomie vor allem die Wirtschaftseinrichtungen außerhalb des Marktes beobachten und anschließend die Prozesse, die die sozialen und wirtschaftlichen Elemente verbinden. Die mehrmals in der anthropologischen Ökonomie geforderte Analysenführung einer Erscheinung gleichsam vom Inneren, demnach von der Sicht deren Teilnehmer, nähert sich dem ursprünglichen Verständnis der Wirtschaft, die bereits in der Antike vorhanden war. Unter anderen identifizierte Aristoteles die Ökonomie in Anknüpfung an ihr Etymon (oikos – Haus) mit einem richtig geführten Haushalt, der seinen Bewohnern Wohlstand sichert. Dieses Begreifen änderte sich auch nicht in der christlichen Theologie und blieb in Europa vorhanden, bis der westliche ökonomische Gedanke entstand, der seinen Anfang mit dem Auftreten von Adam Smith nahm. Daher scheint es nicht falsch oder besonders revolutionär zu sein, die mittelalterliche Burg (ebenso wie das Gehöft) mit einer wirtschaftlichen Grundeinheit zu identifizieren, wo eine Zusammenarbeit von Frauen, einem Mann und Kindern, oder einer breiteren durch quasi Familienbeziehungen verbundenen vom Feudalherrn strukturierten Gemeinschaft stattfindet. Solche Einstellung zu Wirtschaftsfragen knüpft auch an Forderungen an, die von der feministischen Strömung der anthropologischen Ökonomie gemeldet werden, bei der die Aufteilung in die häuslichen und wirtschaftlichen Angelegenheiten abgelehnt werden. Ähnlich wie in dem letztgenannten Fall lassen sich viele bei der Burgenforschung wahrnehmbare Bereiche der Menschenaktivität nicht eindeutig zuordnen. Ein Beispiel für die untrennbare Bindung zwischen homo oeconomicus und homo ludens sind die Statistiken des Fleischkonsums auf den Burgen, denen zufolge einen bedeutenden Anteil in der Ernährung die bei Spielen also Jagd geschlagene Tiere hatten. Die Wirtschaftsanthropologie bietet keine geschlossene Theorie von universeller Anwendung, nichtsdestoweniger können die ihrerseits, und eigentlich von unterschiedlichen mit ihr verbundenen Strömungen abzuleitenden Vorschläge methodologische Forschungen von vielen Lebensaspekten auch in frühen Epochen untermauern. Überaus wesentlich ist der Hinweis auf die Problematik, die üblicherweise unserer Acht entging. Von wesentlichster Bedeutung ist jedoch uns mit Forschungsgeräten auszurüsten, die ein besseres Verständnis zusammengesetzter, eindeutig weder zu beschreibender noch um so mehr zu deutender Erscheinungen ermöglichen.

Miroslava Cejpová (České vysoké učení technické v Praze, Fakulta architektury) Die Bauform der Burgküchen in den böhmischen Ländernim 13. – 16. Jahrhundert Der Beitrag ist auf zahlreichen Ergebnissen von archäologischen so wie auch bauhistorischen Forschungen auf böhmischen Burgen gegründet und versuchteine Übersicht der Problematik vorzustellen. Die Küche soll alse in spezifischer Bestandteil des wirtschaftlichen Betriebs der Burg, setr wichtig für den Alltag und für alle Bewohner der Burg. Ihre Lage oder Positionim Burgareal war durch die Tatsache beeinflusst, dass der Betrieb dort feuer gefährlich war. In dem Beitrag werden vor allem folgende Fragen oder Details gelöst: die Bauform der Küche als des selbst ständiges Objekts, unter schiedliche Varianten vom Rauchabzug, die Form und Konstruktion des Schornsteins, die Konstruktion der Bauplattformen für das Kochen, die Ausstattung der Küche.

Zsolt Csók (Muzeul Național de Istorie al Transilvaniei, Cluj-Napoca) The castle of Bologa. Economic backstage of a royal castle The written sources on the discussed castle reveal an edifice that has flown through several construction and jurisdiction phases, starting from the debut of the 14th century. On this thought, we are aware of the administrative changes that the objective went through, but due to the lack of archaeological research, we did not have any information on the elements of material culture that that lay beneath the huge amount of rubble in the interior of the construction, and that consequently point us towards the wealth that its domain can ensure. The restoration project that started in 2018 assured the possibility of excavating almost the entire structure, bringing to light certain aspects that need a thorough investigation. At this moment, our main objective is to collect data that can provide us a certain platform on extrapolation with the incomes, that the castle’s domain sustained. In simpler words: how much percentage of the income was invested in the material culture and architectural elements of the edifice.

Sandra Čelić Višnjić (Ministry of Culture, Conservation Department in Pula) Josip Višnjić (Croatian Conservation Institute) Castello di Sanvincenti, economic aspect of the estate in the period of the administration of Morosini and Grimani families The settlement Svetvincenat, in historical written sources called Castello di Sanvincenti, is located in the southern part of the Istrian peninsula (Croatia). It is mentioned in the written sources since the 11th century when it belonged to the Poreč bishops, and then from the 13th century to the noble de Castropola family which had its seat in the nearby Pula. However, when the Morosini family, one of the most powerful Venetian families, came in to the possession of the estate at end of the 15th century, the village passed through significant transformations, transforming it into the centre of the generous estate, which the owners themselves in some cases called their "most significant property". At that time a monumental fortification was built at the site of an older domus of the Castropola family, while in its surrounding, for this region unique urban planned early renaissance settlement was formed with a square that houses the renaissance church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary and the town lodge. The fort was occupied by a captain appointed by the owners to hold a property on their behalf, which had judicial, military and administrative powers. The state of the economy, which was primarily based on agriculture and exploitation of forest resources, is witnessed by numerous documents collected during the research carried out in the State Archives of Venice (Archivio Stato di Venezia). The archive contains a part of the archival material belonging to the Venetian patrician families of Morosini della Sbara and Grimani di San Luca, former feudal owners of the Sanvincenti estate. Documentation from the Funds Deposito Grimani and Grimani Barbarigo allows us to understand how the feudal system functions, the relationship between the owner and the captain who managed the castle, the office of the chancellor, etc. The appearance of the settlement and the way of life of the inhabitants can be followed through regulations, different contracts, judicial processes and lists. Also, in the mentioned documents we can track the toponyms and family names present on the estate, which indicate migration of the population. In the lecture the settlement and the associated fortress will be presented in the context of property economy through the results of recent archival, archaeological and architectural researches.

Miroslav Dejmal (Archaia Brno z. ú.) Economy of the medieval castle from 13th century in alluvial plain, case study Veselí nad Moravou

The presentation details the day-to-day functioning of a 13th-century castle located in the alluvial plain of the Morava River. By nature, castles are mostly areas of consumption. Thus their needs in terms of material culture can be divided into two groups. Firstly there are building resources - materials used directly to the construction such as stone, wood, clay, lime, etc., and secondly the consumables - raw materials necessary to operate the castle, which had to be repeatedly imported such as firewood, food, animal fodder, operating equipment – various artifacts. Individual resources as well as natural environment have a great impact on the direct appearance of the castle, its dispozition, form of buildings and the way it was used. The foundation for the analysis is based on several years of research at the castle Veselí nad Moravou (Moravia, Czech Republic), where we managed to uncover uniquely preserved bailey situation including the 13th-century timber constructions. The results of archaeological research, along with environmental analysis, provide an unprecedented insight into the functioning of a 13th-century castle located in the lowland of a large river.

Diana Duchoňová (Historisches Institut der Slowakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften) Tünde Lengyelová (Historisches Institut der Slowakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften) Versorgung und Wirtschaftshintergrund der Burgen in Ungarn im 16. – 17. Jahrhundert

Der Vortrag widmet Aufmerksamkeit vor allem auf die Wirtschaftshintergrund der frühneuzeitlichen Burgen und Versorgung der Burgküchen, die das Essen für die Herrenfamilie und auch den Personal des Hofes sicherten. Die Versorgung der Burgküche war eine wichtige Form der repräsentativen Kommunikation der Hofgesellschaft, deren Ziel es war, die alltäglichen Bedürfnisse des aristokratischen Hofes zu stillen. Die Versorgung der Burgen im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert wurde von der zugehörigen Gutsherrschaft beeinflusst und im hohen Maße davon abhängig, welche Produkte die Untertanen produzierten oder welche Angebote die Stadtmärkte bereithielten. Die größte Bedeutung für die Versorgung der Küche hatte die eigene obrigkeitliche Wirtschaftsführung des Hofes mittels Produktion der Felder, Meierhöfen, Brauereien, Mühlen, Metzgereien, Teiche, Weinberge und Gärten, die der größte Teil des Verbrauches bedeckten. Im Vortrag werden die Formen und Möglichkeiten der Versorgung, Bearbeitung, Lagerung von Lebensmitteln, aber auch anderen Gegenstände auf den Burgen vor allem nach schriftlichen Quellen aus dem 16. – 17. Jahrhundert (Urbare, Instruktionen, Inventaren, Korrespondenz usw.) bearbeitet. Es werden erwähnt auch die Angestellten (Personal) den Burgen, ihre Pflichten und Kompetenzen.

Danko Dujmović (, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences) The network of trading places and castles in todays Moslavina region The paper will present an overview of the administrative organization of todays Moslavina region in period from 13th till 15th century, development of the market places and its relation with the existing castles in the region, according to the written sources and literature.

Istvan Feld (Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Humanities, Institute of Archaeological Sciences) Die Vorburgen als Wirtschaftsareale – Schwerpunkt Ungarn Zu den Gemeinplätzen der Burgenkunde gehört die Annahme, dass in den Vorburgen oder in den äusseren Arealen der Burganlagen so in den früheren, wie auch in den späteren Perioden des Mittelalters (und nich zuletz auch in der frühen Neuzeit) meist wirtschaftliche Tätigkeit geübt wurde. In dem Vortrag wird anhand von archäologisch belegten ungarischen Beispielen dem Thema nachgegangen, um weniger Ergebnisse festzustellen, sondern eher um Fragen zu stellen.

Zlata Gersdorfová (Westböhmische Universität Pilsen, Lehrstuhl für Archäologie) Der Fall von Janowitz. Der Heerezug der böhmischen königlichen Städte gegen das Raubadel im Jahre 1520 Die unerfreulichen politischen, wirtschaftlichen und auch religiösen Verhältnisse während der Herrschaft der Jagellonen-Dynastie schufen sehr günstige Voraussetzungen für Raubzüge des Adels. Die andauernden chaotischen Zustände in Bayern, wo der Adel ständig gegen den Fürsten kämpfte, sowie der langdauernde Krieg mit dem böhmischen Raubkleinadel lähmte den Handel der bayrischen mit den westböhmischen Städten, mit Pilsen an der Spitze, und sogar mit Prag selbst. König Ludwig hatte weder Kraft noch Zeit zur Befriedung dieses Landesteiles. Die höchsten Würdenträger des Landes aus dem Herren- und Ritterstand, die in Abwesenheit des Königs das Land regierten, hatten keine Absicht dagegen anschreiten. Im Gegenteil, sie hielten über diese Landfriedensbrecher die schützende Hand, wei durch diese Zustände vor allem die königlichen Städte verarmten und geschwächt wurden. Die Situation verschärfte sich im Jahre 1520, wann die Heere der königlichen Städte ohne Einwillingung des Königs und der böhmischen Landesbeamten, gegen das Landesrecht, gegen die Landfriedensbrecher ins Feld zogen. Bei dem rasch verlaufenden Feldzug bemächtigten sich die städtischen Heere einer Reihe von Burgen und Vesten, einschliesslich von Janowitz. Gerade der Streit um Janowitz wurde ein Symbol des Kampfes der Städte gegen das Adel. Die königlichen Städte strebten durch diesen Feldzug nicht nur die Vernichtung der Hauptvertreter des Raubadels und ihren an. Die Städte wollten dem Herren und Ritterstand und auch dem König selbst beweisen, dass der städtische Stand trotz allen Schwierigkeiten genug Kraft besitzt, die eigenen Interessen im Land zu wahren. Interessant ist, dass aus diesem Feldzug haben wir die ausführliche Aussage der schriftlichen Quellen, die uns über die Detaillen der Raubtätigkeit des Adels und sein Netz für Hehlerei des Schleichwares auf den Burgen und Vesten informieren.

Katarína Harmadyová (Städtisches Museum Bratislava) Die Belege der mittelalterliche und frühneuzeitliche Wirtschaftstätigkeit auf der Burg Devín (Theben) und in ihrem Hinterland Obwohl die Thebener Burg im Königreich Ungarn während des Hochmittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit außerordentliche Wichtigkeit genoss, sind nur minimale Nachweise handwerklicher und wirtschaftlicher Objekte in der Umgebung Thebens erhalten. Die Grenzburg, in dessen Nähe sich wichtige Straßen befanden, füllte vor allem eine militärische Funktion bei der Verteidigung der Ungarischen Westgrenze, gegen Tschechische und Österreichische Armeen. Die Burg nahm praktisch während des ganzen 13. Jahrhunderts an Österreichisch-Ungarisch-Tschechischen Konflikten teil, und wurde samt Burgdorf mehrmals besetzt und zerstört. Auch hier führten Krieg und Plünderung zur Entvölkerung und subsequenter Besiedlung durch Ausländer. Im Burgareal der 11. – 13. Jh. befand sich eine Straßensiedlung dessen Bevölkerung möglicherweise Deutsch war (Gäste), die sich mit Weinbau beschäftigte. Warenherstellung in der Umgebung Thebens ist nur in den Überresten von den folgenden Objekten erhalten: ein Keramikofen (13. Jh.), eine Schmied-Werkstatt (14. Jh.) und einer Werkstatt, in der Knochen und Geweih verarbeitet wurden (15. Jh.). Während der 15. bis 17. Jahrhunderte lebte Thebens Bevölkerung vom Weinbau, Fischfang und Fruchtanbau.

Dóra Hegyi (Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Humanities, Institute of Archaeological Sciences) Stone quarrying, stone carving and construction of buildings in Hungary in the 16th century

Because of the lack of the written sources, remained buildings, or architectural details, unfortunately we cannot determine exactly how the process of the Renaissance constructions happened in Hungary, during the 16th century. But more, sometimes contradictory theories and ideas have been made by experts about the related topics, such as: - Administration and organization of the construction - Building techniques - The works of the craftsmen and masons - The working of the quarries This also includes the role of the builders, as well as the leadership of the architects. This subject is really complex, but based on the analysis of the remaining sources and the architectural details, we cannot talk about a central, royal stone carving workshop, nor a stone carving workshop at the place of the construction of a nobleman’s building. They were rather city-based workshops, who usually did not go to the sites of the constructions. The requested carved stones were made in their own workshops and shipped to the site.

Josef Hložek (Katedra archeologie Západočeské Univerzity v Plzni) Getreidefunde auf böhmischen Burgen Getreide war im Mittelalter eine Ware von grundlegender Bedeutung. Getreidevorräte waren vor allem zum direkten Verbrauch oder als Vorrat Rir Mangelzeiten bestimmt und wurden an verschiedenen Orten im Burgareal gelagert. Zur Lagerung dienten Objekte unterschiedlicher Art. Im Rahmen von Meierhöfen auf den Vorburgen oder in Siedlungen im Burgvorland wurden größere oder kleinere Kornspeicher errichtet. Vorräte zum direkten Verbrauch wurden gewöhnlich in den oberen Stockwerken von Gebäuden der Kernburg und der Vorburg oder in Vorratsgruben im weichen Felsuntergrund gelagert. Getreide war ein bedeutender Bestandteil der Ernährung der ständigen und kurzzeitigen Burgbewohner, der Burgbesatzung und der Haustiere. Funde verkohlter Getreidekaryopsen auf böhmischen Burgen stellen daher eine hervorragende Informationsquelle über die Ökonomie mittelalterlicher Burgen und über den Burgalltag dar. Hülsenfrüchte waren in der Ernährung der Burgbewohner ebenfalls bedeutend. Diese wurden in einer Brandschicht des Lehnshofs auf der Burg KYivoklát (Pürglitz) gefunden.

János Incze (Masaryk University, Brno) Pledging of castles in the Kingdom of Hungary during the reign of Sigismund of Luxembourg The reign of Sigismund of Luxemburg was a decisive period for the royal castles of the Kingdom of Hungary. In a short period of time, not much longer than a decade, from the 150 castles that were in royal or queenly possession in 1382, only 65 remained under royal authority in 1396. Most of the castles were alienated in form of hereditary grants, but there were also castles pledged and later donated to the pledgee. From 1396, Sigismund radically changed his attitude to the royal demesne taking a thrifty approach concerning the donations. However, this did not extend to pledging. During his half decade-long reign, not less than 93 castles were involved in his transactions of pledge. The paper will investigate to what extent these pledgings can be conceived as a method of converting the domanial revenues of the estates into liquid incomes as it was suggested earlier by the scholarship. Furthermore, it will explore what possible factors might have determined the values of the castle pledgings and to what extent the sums of the pledgings could have corresponded to the real value of the castles. Finally, the paper will also touch upon the refurbishment of royal castles financed through pledges.

Lukas Kerbler (Museum Retz) Die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Eisengewinnung und -verarbeitung auf den mittelalterlichen Burgen Feinfeld und Sachsendorf, Niederösterreich Die großflächig ergrabenen Burgenanlagen von Feinfeld und Sachsendorf (Bezirk Horn. Niederösterreich) lieferten Funde und Befunde, welche mit der Eisengewinnung und verarbeitung in Verbindung zu bringen sind. An Befunden liegen an beiden Burgen Röstbetten vor und an Fundmaterial Eisenerz, Schlacken und Ofenbestandteile. In Sachsendorf Sind auch Eisenfunde mit der Eisenverarbeitung in Verbindung zu bringen. Die Auswertungen mittels archäologischer und archäometallurgischer Methoden erlaubten Rtickschlüsse auf die dort stattgefundenen metallurgischen Arbeitsprozesse. Über Modellrechnungen wurde versucht, der wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung der Eisengewinnung und -verarbeitung auf den Burgen auf den Grund zu gehen. Finds and features related to bloomery smelting and blacksmithing have been excavated at the castles of Feinfeld and Sachsendorf (Horn district, Lower Austria). The archaeological evidence in both castles consists of smelting hearths and finds of iron ore, slag, and parts of ovens and hearths, while in Sachsendorf there are also some iron objects which could be related to blacksmithing. Archaeological and metallurgical research allows us to draw conclusions about the metallurgical working processes. Model calculations show the importance of bloomery smelting and blacksmithing at these medieval castles.

Zsuzsanna Kopeczny (National Museum of Banat) An insight into the economy of manors in SE Hungary through a registry of revenues and expenses from 1517/18 In the late Middle Ages a high number of small castles, named castellum in the contemporary charters, have appeared throughout the Hungarian Kingdom and beyond, playing the role of dwellings of noble families. Although they had their main residences in other parts of Hungary, starting with the end of the 15th century important office holders started to acquire in the Temes Plain (SE Hungary) as much properties they could. They surely must have been led by the motivation to ensure the financial support for their military troops, for at the end of the 15th century military obligations of noblemen and office holders have been implemented. As the south-eastern part of the kingdom was a war zone, it was probably the most convenient to accumulate estates nearby. It was the case of the Garai, Ország, Kanizsai, Werbőczy families and so on. The Garai family, reknown for giving three palatines, was the owner of three castles along with the belonging domains: Zadya and Varadia in the Maros Valley and Sarad further south. Ferenc Haraszti, of Szörény, managed to acquire until 1518 no less than 74 villages, properties and several castles, like Zylha, Csálya, Pálülése, Pósakastélya. Prior to the Ottoman conquest, in 1552 Chery, both castle and estate, was to be found in the property of Peter Petrovic, the count of Temes. Other families, mostly refugee Serbian noblemen, were granted large estates by for their military services and braveries. It is the case of the Jakšič and Belžemuvič. The recently published registry of revenues and expenses of the Sződi manor from 1517/1518 offers an excellent insight into the financial administration of late medieval small castle domains or manors.

Piotr Lasek (Institute of Art, Polish Academy of Sciences) Aedificia ante castrum. Economic facilities of Masovian castles in the XVth and XVIth c.

Auxiliary economic facilities were not usually a subject of interest for researchers, rather focusing on the defenses and representational features. However, the proper functioning of the stronghold (both during peace and war) depended from these modest, most common wooden buildings and structures. In this speech I will present the problem of economic facilities of Mazovian castles during the late Middle Ages. At that time the dukes of Mazovia, in the pattern of the neighboring Poland, began to transform the administration of their estates, basing their management and maintenance on the network of castles and manors connected with the economical base. In the XVIth century, after the takeover of the country by the Polish Crown, the rulers of the Jagiellon dynasty eagerly took advantage of the financial potential of such a shaped property.

Radu Lupescu (Sapientia University, Cluj-Napoca, ) The Emergence and the Decline of the Castle of Hațeg/Hátszeg as centre of a District In the second half of the thirteenth century, near the borderline of Transilvania, a new royal castle was set up in order to administer the southern royal domains of Hunedoara/Hunyad County. It took gradually up the role played by the old castle of Hunedoara and became a leading centre of the county next to Deva castle. In the fifteenth century however, it became the victim of some very influential noblemen of the county, namely the Hunyadis and Kendefis, especially because of the customs toll payed there, and started the decline period of this important centre, its role beig taken over by the new castle of Hunedoara.

Pavol Maliniak (Department of History, Faculty of Arts, Matej Bel University) From rise to decline? Some features of the management of Čabraď dominion in the late Middle Ages and on the verge of the early Modern Age The article depicts characteristic features of the management of Čabraď dominion in the Horváts‘ (1462 – 1502) and Erdődys‘ (1502 – 1546) possession. Relatively numerous evidences point to archaic forms of agriculture and spreading innovations in this field. Dynamic economic development of castle property may indicate craft expansion, intensive contacts with urban society, presence of servants and evidences of trading abroad as well. Decline in the significance of mining and metallurgy in the management of the landowners, problems associated with the shortage of wood and forests, efforts to expand agricultural production, and growing conflicts with neighbours may point to discontinuity in managment. Besides prevailing view of the manorial lords, there is also an ambition to make a contribution from the bottom- up view of subjects, servants and lower officials. For this purpose, it is possible to use detailed witness testimonies from years 1543 and 1544. On the basis of the thematic areas mentioned above, we can attempt to name the prevailing tendencies, stability and changes in the economic orientation of the castle estate.

Jana Mazáčková (Institution of Archaeology and Museology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University) Daniela Vaněčková (Institution of Archaeology and Museology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University) Petr Žaža (Institution of Archaeology and Museology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University) Life (inside) of the Rokštejn Castle, Czech Republic The inner economics and economy of any castle are always very hard to piece back together to create a whole picture of a life long gone. Especially from an archaeological perspective. Long- term excavation can reveal many important details, which may have not been previously thought of. Rokštejn Castle (Czech Republic, Jihlava district) has been excavated for over 40 years, and its many outbuildings, blacksmith’s forge, kitchens with ovens, stables, and other utility buildings can shed light into the life of the castle, and its inhabitants. Archaeological field prospection of the Castle’s hinterland made it possible to compare the Castle and its hinterland from the economical view. These economic ties are based on archaeological data and written sources. The economic situation of the hinterland brings new details, when compared with Castle’s dispositional evolution and changes during individual building phases from the late 13th century to 1467, The inner workings of the Castle can be shown on several excavated features, such as pyrotechniological features, interpreted as ovens, kitchen areas, or the spatial connections between individual buildings and features and the actual usage of the Castle edificial plot, and the changes in use of one of the palaces as a granary and brewery.

Werner Meyer (Universität Basel, Dep. Geschichte, Schweiz) Wirtschaftliche Ursachen des Burgensterbens im Spätmittelalter Beim sogenannten "Burgensterben" handelt es sich um einen vielschichtigen Prozess, dem in weiten Teilen des Heiligen Römischen Reiches und des übrigen Abendlandes sehr viele der im Hochmittelalter errichteten Adelsburgen zum Opfer gefallen sind. Die Ursachen für diesen markanten Schwund sind in politischen, sozialen, kulturellen und ein Stück weit auch in militärischen Veränderungen zu suchen, die im Spätmittelalter den burgsässigen, ritterbürtigen Adel erfasst haben. Im vorliegenden Referat sollen vor allem die wirtschaftlichen Hintergründe untersucht werden, die wesentlich zum Verschwinden so vieler Burgen beigetragen haben. Auslösefaktor war der um 1300 einsetzende Wandel des adligen Lebensstils mit seinen zunehmend steigenden Kosten , die an ein standesgemässes Dasein gebunden waren. Aus den kaum steigerungsfähigen Erträgen, wie sie kleine burggestützte Grundherrschaften abwarfen, liessen sich die Teilnahme an den aufwändigen Turnieren und öffentlichen Auftritten oder die Durchführung riskanter Fehden kaum mehr finanzieren. Archäologisch fassbar sind die steigenden Ausgaben für den Ausbau, den Unterhalt und die standesgemässe Ausstattung der Burg. Zu den Ergebnissen dieses zunächst gesellschaftlichen und dann wirtschaftlichen Drucks, der auf dem burgsässigen Adel lastete, zählte die Preisgabe vieler Burgen, die so dem Zerfall überlassen wurden, nachdem die Inhaber unter Verzicht auf eine ritterliche Lebensführung mit all ihren kostspieligen Statussymbolen weggezogen waren.

Szabolcs Balázs Nagy (Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Archaeological Sciences) Máté Varga (Rippl-Rónai Museum, Kaposvár) Special traces of coinage at the castle of Nicholas of Ilok, Várpalota During the excavation at the Transdanubian castle of Várpalota in 2016 beside several early modern objects and a few wall remains a remarkable medieval stratigraphic layer also came to light with special artefacts indicating a mid-fifteenth-century metal workshop. The layer was characterised by huge amount of charcoal, 178 tiny (denar or obulus sized) copper-alloy blanks and flans, diverse forms of molten copper-alloy waste, raw materials and fragments of crucibles. Almost all the flans seem to be semi-finished specimens: either roughly square pieces cut out from a sheet or regular round flans showing no signs of striking. There are also small pieces which could have been utilized as raw material melted down in a crucible. Seriously damaged surfaces of the flans most probably indicate that they were exposed to high temperature posterior to the workshop activity. Perhaps an unintended fire, some kind of a conflagration accounts also for the huge amount of charcoal in the layer and for the charred beams and sooty walls of a contemporaneous building of the residence. An unknown proportion of the flans with approximately correct thickness and regular circumference might be considered finished coins but the damage prohibits their definite identification. However, a few better preserved pieces suggest that the mints followed the bad quality coins of Wladislas I (1440-1444) of high copper content. The mentioned layer also contained substantial amount of animal bone fragments as well as fragments of various ceramic vessels, glazed and unglazed stove tiles. According to stratigraphy and the composition of the find assemblage, the layer must be considered a debris deposit delivered to the southeastern corner of the residence from an indeterminate location of the site. The deposit itself is dated by coins of King Sigismund (1387-1437) and King Wladislas I (1440-1444). Thus archaeological research revealed a previously unknown coinage at Várpalota in the first years of the 1440s. This result gives not only a good impression of the industrial activity in the medieval residence but also opens several important questions. Historical research has long demonstrated that in these very years Nicholas of Ilok aimed to establish a significant territorial authority in Western Hungary for which he chose Várpalota as personal residence. These ambitions are also attested by the large-scale rebuilding of the residence, transforming it from a fourteenth-century manor house to an imposing castle. How did these power claims and the spectacular construction project relate to the coinage? As a voivode of Transylvania with , Nicholas of Ilok had the right to issue coins from the year 1441. According to recent hypotheses, his mint probably was in the castle of (). Whether the coinage at Várpalota should be considered a legal activity of the powerful baron or counterfeiting? Some details seem to confirm the latter interpretation.

Ádám Novák (Déri Museum, Debrecen, Hungary) The detailed survey of the three demesnes of the Perényi family until 1465. My dissertation was dealing with the history of the Perényi family of Terebes, which was one of the dominant families of the Hungarian Kingdom in the late middle ages. By the end of the 15th century they acquired 8 demesnes, of which 7 had a castle or a fort. In my lecture I will present the three most important demesnes of this branch of the family. The wealthy regions of Füzér, Petószinye (Svinica) and Terebes (Trebišov) were given to the family by King Sigismund between 1389 and 1396 From this point until 1465, by our sources we can depict the development of the demesnes in 7 time horizons. The terminus of my lecture shall be 1465, as this is when a full and inclusive list was made on the assets of the family, thusly cutting the string of my discourse here seems most evident. In this lecture is seek the answer to how the three demesnes contributed to raise the family's economic power, which indirectly augmented their political influence. Upon firstly becoming the Master of the Cupbearers, then the Secret Chancellor of King Sigismund, Imre Perényi relied on these regions. Later, his son became the Master of the Stewards, then the Master of the Treasury, thusly being one of the most influential politician of the 1440's and 1450's. What could have been the role of these three demesnes within the Perényi territory? We know that Terebes served as headquarters and Füzér functioned as the warehouse. The castles were also managing matters of the estate. 5—7 road tolls were under direct, and 8—9 were under indirect control of the Füzér manor, some of which were placed along the great military and trade route connecting Diósgyór with Košice. Source capacity is adequate for the examination, since we know the exact number of the plots of the three demesnes from 1427 or 1441. While we cannot determine the full economical power of the manors based on the mere data, we are still able to examine the most influential estates of a well-documented region.

Dominik Nowakowski (Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk) Zu den wirtschaftlichen Grundlagen der ländlichen Herrensitze im mittelalterlichen Schlesien In der Forschungsliteratur zu den mittelalterlichen Herrensitzen wurden deren Funktionen in erster Linie auf der Grundlage der Anlageform bestimmt; gleichermaßen betonte man den Wohn- und den Wehrcharakter dieser Anlagen, wobei man ersterem zu Recht die wesentliche Bedeutung beimaß. Die konkrete Gestalt der Burgen sowie die sich im Laufe der Zeit vollziehenden Wandlungen wurden u. a. mit rechtlich-politischen (Entstehung der Feudalgesellschaft) und sozial-wirtschaftlichen (Erscheinen von ländlichen Lehensgütern, Entwicklung der Gutswirtschaft) Veränderungen in der mittelalterlichen Gesellschaft in Verbindung gebracht. Eine größere Bedeutung für architektonische Wandlungen hatte auch das Aufkommen von Feuerwaffen. Ebenso hob man hervor, dass das Streben nach einem möglichst hohen Wohnkomfort mit der Zeit immer deutlicher wurde. Form, Größe, Baumaterial und Ausstattung der Burgen hingen von den finanziellen Möglichkeiten ihrer Besitzer ab. Diese wiederum standen in erster Linie in Abhängigkeit von der Größe des Grundbesitzes, der verschiedene Produkte lieferte, die die Bedürfnisse des täglichen Lebens befriedigten, und von dem Einkommen, das ein Leben „auf hohem Niveau“, wie es sich für den Adel ziemte, ermöglichen konnte. In diesem Artikel beschäftigt sich Verfasser mit den wirtschaftlichen Hintergründen der ländlichen Adelsburgen in Schlesien, wobei schriftliche, kartographische und archäologische Quellen untersucht werden.

Diana Njegovan (Independent Scholar) "The White Lady of Duino" by Dušan Jelinčič or how its protagonist Simer presents the medieval economy of the castle of Duino The Italian city of Duino is known for its castle and a legend of the White Lady. It is less common that there are two castles. The Old Castle from the 1 Ith century which is today in ruins, and the second one, known as the Castle of Duino, built in the 14th century, and from 2003 opened to tourists. This paper is based on a historical novel by a Slovenian author Dušan Jelinčić which will serve both to reveal the life connected to a court at the beginning of 13th century and the destiny of the main characters based on a famous legend of the White Lady of Duino. The novel narrates a sad love story between shepherdess Vida and fisherman Simel. It is a violent count of Duino who marries Vida and thus ends her and Simel's happiness. In order to save his beloved Vida, Simel, who is a fisherman and trader of his own goods, becomes an artist and later a blacksmith in the castle. In the unsuccessful attempt to escape, Vida and Simel had died and had become a legend and the example of true love. It is Simel who reveals and illustrates the economy of the castle of Duino. His story reveals the cruelty of the count who, although living in richness and enjoying good vines and luxury, obtains possession of the half of Simel's catch of tunas and also other villagers' possessions. Later, Simel becomes a blacksmith in the castle, whose products serve to 13th-century daily life and in the end, he reveals his real role of a romantic knight and hero who does not fear and risks everything for true love. It is Simel's and Vida's tragic destiny which has helped them become an example and legend which continues inspiring, not only stories but it helps contemporary economy and attracts tourists to get familiar with the topics, to visit the famous castles and enjoy the accommodation in the hotels and restaurants which bear the name of the Simel's beloved known as the White Lad of Duino.

Janusz Pietrzak (Institut für Archeologie Universität Łódź/PL) Jan Salm (Institut für Architektur und Städtebau, Technische Universität Łodź) Zamki i gospodarka w średniowiecznym Królestwie Polskim. Uwagi ogólne Burgen und Wirtschaft im mittelalterlichen Königreich Polen. Allgemeine Bemerkungen

Unser Vortrag stellt die ausgewählte Probleme der Beziehungen zwischen polnischen Burgen und unterschiedlichen Wirtschaftsformen dar. Grundsätzlich werden es die Beispiele, die wir vor allem in staatlichen, aber auch bischöflichen und privaten Güter des Königsreichs Polen als auch im Masovien beobachten können. Diese Probleme waren bis jetzt noch nicht separat besprochen und unser Referat bildet die erste Darstellungsprobe dieses Thema. Die wirtschaftliche Probleme der polnischen Burgen kann man mindestens auf zwei Gruppen verteilen. In erster Reihe soll man die Burgen, die bedeutende Bergbaugebiete bewacht und verwaltet haben erwähnen. Es betrifft vor allem die Burganlagen die im Kleinpolen lagen und mit Erzförderung – wie die Burg Chęciny, oder Salzgruben - wie die Salinenburgen in Bochnia und Wieliczka verbunden waren. In 16. Jahrhundert hat diese Gruppe die in Ruthenien gelegene Burg Kałusz ergänzt, die auch in einer Salz-Bergbauzone entstanden ist. Eigentlich schwach greifbar sind die auf schriftlichen Quellen stützende direkte - funktionelle Beziehungen zwischen der königlichen und bischöflichen Burganlagen oder Höfen mit entstehenden Siedlungen, Märkten oder Zollkammern. Dieses Verhältnis lässt sich vor allem in der topographischen und strategischen Lage der Feudalsitze zu Handelsplätze herauslesen. Manchmal bildeten diese Elemente ein verbundenes aber nicht immer gleichwertiges Befestigungssystem. Als gute Beispiele können hier die Städte Poznao, Kalisz, Łęczyca aber auch Radom, Opoczno, Szydłów, Stary Sącz oder Lwów/Lviv dienen. Ein zweites Thema bildet die Erforschung des funktionellen Charakter einer wirtschaftlicher Zone die sich in praktisch jeder Wehrsitz befand und für ihr Alltag unentbehrlich war. In diesen Vorburgen (poln. przygródki) befanden sich die Stallungen, Vorratsräume, Schmieden, Werkstätten). Bisher gibt es gleichzeitig wenige Beweise, daß man sich in diesen Bereichen mit breiteren, ständigen Produktion befasste. Es ist wahrscheinlich mit nicht genügendem Forschungsstand verbunden. Als Beispiele stehen uns die stark differenzierte Anlagen (z.B. Siedlątków, Nowe Miasto an der Warta, Brodnia, Gostynin, Uniejów, Iłża, Gołaocz, Gostyo, Sadłowo, Olsztyn) zur Verfügung. Paradox hat die Entwicklung der Industrie auch das Ende der Burgen verursacht. Abgesehen von Burgen die für Gewinnung des Baumaterials abgetragen wurden, manche hat man für Industriezwecke umgebaut. So war es z.B. mit der Burg in Łowicz die am Ende des 18 Jhs in eine Leinemanufaktur und Druckerei verwandelt wurde. Unser Vortrag basiert auf den Forschungergebnisen, sowie Analyse der schriftlichen Quellen.

Silvija Pisk (Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb) The economy of the castle in written medieval sources – case study Regnum Sclavoniae Castles are commonly local or regional centres of economic networks, and the economy is a key factor for the everyday life of the castles, their development or abandonment. However, written sources reveal little information about the castles in medieval Slavonia. They don’t tell us about the identity of the builders, the money spent for the construction, extensions and upkeep. We often learn nothing about the owners and the time of the construction or other relevant information. Nonetheless, the sources sometimes reveal specific information even on the economy. This presentation will demonstrate, on selected examples, what can be learned from the sources about the economy and castles of the medieval Kingdom of Slavonia.

Adrian Andrei Rusu (Romanian Academy, Institute of Archaeology and History of Art of Cluj- Napoca) Péter Szőcs (County Museum of Satu Mare) Castles and gold-mining in eastern parts of medieval Hungary Several castles within Transylvania and its adjacent territories present special features, since their earliest documentary mentions. They are not linked to domains with significant agricultural resources and their relations with major routes are not obvious at all. Instead, sources of the 14th and 15th centuries mention quite frequently the gold resources which are close to these type of castles and theyare within the direct control of the castles. The sites of these castles encircles the Western Carpathian Mountains of Transylvania, while some of them are on the Southern Carpathians or to north at the Gutâi / Gutin Mountains, present day Maramureș County, obviously linked to regions with exploitation of gold. The most important owners of the castles were the bishops of Transylvania and Oradea/Várad, and several magnates of the kingdom. Some castles are connected to the towns of Sibiu / Szeben / Hermannstadt, and Baia Mare / Nagybánya / Frauenbach. The towns exercised the monopoly of the mine-revenues, the so-called urbura, and provided the necessary mining tools and equipments, furthermore a significant part of Baia Mare’s burghers were miners. The paper presents several cases where castles are connected to gold-mining and/or panning, and analyses the social and economic influences emerging from this connection.

Michael Rykl (Fakulta architektury ČVUT Praha/ Prag) Speicher als Bestandteil der Feste und der Speicher als eine Feste Aus der Aussage der Bausubsanz und frühneuzeitlicher Schriftquellen ist offenbar, dass der Speicher stellt in Rahmen des Baukörper der Feste eine übliche Ercheinung dar. Der Lager - bzw. Speicherfunktion können die obereste fensterlose Geschosse den Türmen oder Wohntürmen dienen, die durchgängliche Geschosse den Türmem, sowie die ganze Bestandteile den Palastformigen Wohngebäuden. Dieses ist nach der Fensterform und Geschosshöhe zu vermuten. Ebenfalls zeugen die Beschreibungen in den Schriftquellen der frůhen Neuzeit dafür. Dagegen die Form des Speichers, die als ein Turm der Feste aussieht, ist im Land noch im 18 Jh lebendig. Einige von denen auch zu Verteidigung geeignet sind. Zu dem Vegleich sind niederdeutche Wehrspieicher zu erwähnen. Deren Bauform und die Lage im Wassergraben um die Form der mittelalterlich Feste erinnern, wobei deren Bau mehreren Funktionen diente.

Ivana Škiljan (Museums of Croatian Zagorje) Frugality above All! – Tile Stoves and Their Impact on Castle Economy Since the time tile stoves first appeared in Central , they became important part of medieval households. During Late Gothic, period tiles proved as very suitable for decoration. However, we must primarily observe them as a very important segment of Medieval and Early Modern Age living culture due to their other functions. Stove tiles are, without any doubt, economical and extremely functional devices utilized for unsmoked room heating in castles and other households, using minimal fuel with greater result in keeping the warmth. Nevertheless, stove-tiles could be multifunctional, used also as a cooking stove, for cooking and baking, according to few examples known from archaeology, but also from many miniature models of tile stoves, that prove a possibility of cooking using special drawers for baking and with, so called, containers for boiled water. Naturally, every stove used for heating was functional in drying clothes and laundry. Potters specialized in stove-making craft, which, apart from certain artistic skills, imply practical knowledge in preserving energy and wood, which is marked down in specific manuals. In the year 1564 in Muhlhausen (Elzass) Peter Schmidt published a book named "Holzkunst, Verzeichnis der Figuren und newen Ofen, von der ersparung der neuen erfundenen Holzkunst", which contains description of skills in building very specifically designed stoves with major improvements in heating technic, like the stove with the so called opened top (German: Ofen mit durchbrochenem Oberteil). In the year 1618 famous painter from Frankfurt Franz Kessler developed skills in wood energy saving, using copper stoves. He was the first who perfected pyrotechnical processes and recommended usage of stoves with horizontal and vertical openings. Similar manuals on the subject of tile stoves and other types of stoves, fuel saving and room heating became very popular during 17th and 18th century, but the most famous was the manual called Furnologia published in Frankfurt in the year 1666 by architect and engineer G. A. Böckler. It is obvious that wood saving marked the further development of stove making during Early Modern Ages. If we want to consider the impact tile stoves made on castle economy, we must take into account the estimated size of living room in regard to stove used for warming up that space, average lifetime, efficiency and suitability of tile stoves, and, of course, the expenses of building a tile stove. We should also reconsider the organization of potters and stove-makers guild, and the way they distributed their products to castle owners.

Tatjana Tkalčec (Institute of Archaeology) Tajana Trbojević Vukičević (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Zagreb) Archaeozoological evidence of dietary habits of small castle inhabitants in the medieval Slavonia

This lecture presents knowledge about the dietary habits of the inhabitants of medieval fortifications in the area of the Kingdom of Slavonia. Analyzed samples of animal bones originate from confident archaeological context from sites Veliki Zdenci-Crni Lug, Grubišno Polje-Šuma Obrovi, Sveta Ana- Gradina and Osijek Vojakovački-Mihalj. All of them are late medieval hill-forts or lowland small castles - fortified residences of the of the medieval Križevci County (comitatis Crisiensis). These fortifications, protected by the ditches and earthen ramparts, are particularly densely widespread especially in the area of the medieval Križevci County, but only a few of them was surveyed using contemporary archaeological methods. Finds like kitchen-ware and cutlery, drinking vessels, jewelry, weapons, tools and other items give insight into everyday life in the castles and into the quality of life of the nobility of the medieval Slavonia. In the archaeological literature more attention is devoted to the analysis of above mentioned objects, especially the tableware that directly provides information about the status and the financial capability of the castle owners, while less attention is devoted to their dietary habits. The aim of this paper is to present a picture of the eating habits of the owner and the inhabitants of the castle, based on analysis of animal bones remains. Meat has always represented the main source of proteins, and it can be assumed that because of its good taste it was the first choice between the various foods that a nobleman could want to have on his table. Animal remains from the castle indirectly testify about the finances and the economy of the whole estate, respectively the surroundings from which the castle was supplied with food. In this paper nutrition habits of inhabitants of aforementioned small castles will be compared, and the obtained results will be compared with other castles and settlements where archaeozoological analyses were carried out and published.

Poster Abstracts

Zusammenfassungen der Poster

Sažeci plakata

Peter Bednar (Archeologický ústav SAV) Kalkherstellung von Kalk auf der ostslowakischen Burgen Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den Ergebnissen der Forschung von Kalköfen in der Nähe der Burgen von Vinné und Brekov in der Ostslowakei. Jede von diesen Burgen liegen in einer anderen geologischen Umgebung eine auf einem Kalksteinberg und die andere auf einem Vulkanberg ohne Kalkstein. Die Kalkherstellung in Brekov könnte von lokalen Quellen genutzt werden. Die Öfen bei der Burg Vinné wurden aus einer abgelegenen Lagerstätte mit Kalk versorgt, was auf die vorübergehende Produktion während des Baus oder Wiederaufbaus der Burgen schließen lässt.

Petr Chotěbor (Abteilung für Denkmalpflege, Kanzlei des Präsidenten der Tschechischen Republik) Das Verhältnis zwischen Feste und Wirtschaftshof – Beispiele aus Böhmen An zahlreichen Festen oder Festestätten stehen heute noch große Güter, von denen vorausgesetzt werden kann, dass sie an der Stelle mittelalterlicher Gehöfte errichtet wurden. Sie können so bis zu einem gewissen Maß die ursprüngliche Situation widerspiegeln. In der Regel befand sich der Meierhof im Vorfeld der eigentlichen Feste, die eben über diesen Hof zugängig war. Beste Beispiele für die gegenseitige Beziehung zwischen Herrensitz und landwirtschaftlicher Basis liefern untergegangene Lokalitäten. Einige davon wurden schon früher identifiziert, vermessen oder untersucht und publiziert, mit fortschreitenden Terrainuntersuchungen kommen neue dazu. Wo Terrainrelikte einzelner Objekte deutlich zu erkennen sind, ist der Versuch einer Rekonstruktion möglich.

Antonio Džaja (Moslavina Museum Kutina) Medieval fortresses in Moslavina Region and local area Local fortresses will be presented through posters accompanied by short historical description. Moslavina medieval fortresses are mostly unknown to the wider public. Because of their location and indistinguishable features they often remained hidden even from the historians and archaeologists and were usually presented with few facts that were cited in every scientific paper published over the last one hundred years. During the last decade research of medieval sites in Moslavina region had been intensified so this active approach to cultural heritage is showing results. Andrej Janeš (Croatian Conservation Institute, Division for Archaeological Heritage, Department for Archaeology) The Castle Estate: a Self-sufficient or Dependant Economy – the Case Study of Grižane Castle in the Vinodol Valley The Grižane castle is situated on the ridge of a steep slope dividing the regions of and Vinodol, above the village of the same name. The today visible remains of the castle, situated on the eastern, highest, side of the ridge, consist of two round towers that are connected by the walls. Walls of the habitations are preserved on the western edge of the ridge, over a deep precipice. The local freemen were mentioned in written sources in the Law Codex of Vinodol from 1288. It was in the possession of the Counts of (later Frangipan) till the 16th century. Till the end of the 17th century it belonged to the Zrinski kindred. The Grižane is one of nine castles held by the Counts of Krk in Vinodol. The area of Vinodol is geographically narrow and the issue of such a large number of castles starting from the 13th century is an open issue. The development of feudal estates in the Hungarian kingdom indicates that the estates were the main source for the castle’s maintenance, especially their size. With the later connections of numerous properties under one owner, in this case the Counts of Krk or Frankopan, the possibility was created for the increase of castles that did not drain funds from their respective estates but from income collected in the owner's treasury. The acquisition of Frankopan land on the routes from the continental possessions towards the sea brought great revenue from the trade and billing of bridge tolls and other customs and thus created a financial base for the construction of new forts. If we can look at the construction of a castle in this light, it proves its decay after the weakening of the power of Frankopan and Zrinski, but also in the time when the owner's interest is diminished, and the castle’s own estates do not have the means to maintain such buildings.

Lengyelová Tünde (Historisches Institut der Slowakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften) Duchoňova Diana (Historisches Institut der Slowakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften) Burgküchen und das Speisen des Adels Der Poster stellt das Buch „Burgküchen und das Speisen des Adels“ (Stuttgart: Ibidem, 2019) vor.

Domagoj Pintač (Independent Scholar) Castrum Bene Conferences, 1989-2019 This presentation will act as a methodological and thematic survey of the Castrum Bene conference. It will review a wide array of methodological and critical approaches and themes covered by this conference. Second part of presentation will be given to poster of these years conference.

Milan Procházka (Department of Archaeology, University of West Bohemia in Pilsen) Capacity Changes of 16-18th Century Castles near Bosnia and Herzegovina's Northwestern Borderline The paper introduces the changes of capacity limits of castles located in the Una and Korana river basins from the Late Middle Ages to the modern period. During the Ottoman expansion, a number of castles were rebuilt and refitted, which reflected both their economy and the local landscape. The economic status of a castle was always reflected in its form. The most significant change was the new concept of the castles' garrison brought with the Ottoman army, which, due to larger garrison force requirements, demanded more space. The different economic model is also evident as more emphasis is placed on decoration and new buildings' detail. The second reason for capacity changes and building of new areas was the population migration from and Dalmatia after the . In a state of warfare, the region represented a highly unstable area.

András Sófalvi (Haáz Rezső Museum) Castles and Customs in the Middle Ages on the Southern Borders of Transylvania In the framework of my poster I am going to present the relation between the medieval castles and customs on the southern borders of Transylvania (province of former Hungarian Kingdom). In many cases there are written sources about the custom right or practice of a border castle; in other cases we can only suppose they had such a function. This work is an experiment on the historical and archaeological data to reconstruct this structure. I will go through each border castle, dividing those ones where we have data of custom practice from those ones where we have no data.

Silvija Pisk Fieldtrip Guides

Exkursionsführer

Vodič po ekskurzijama

Garić Garićgrad is one of the oldest Medieval castles in Croatia, situated on Moslavina Mountain (Moslavačka Gora), above the village of Podgarić. Toponym Garić is first mentioned in 1163, and the castle almost 100 years later (in 1256), even though indications of its existence can be found in some historic documents from the first half of the 13th century. In Medieval times, toponym Garić stood for a local stream, village, district, parish and a fortress. The royal fortress of Garić was officially bestowed by king Ladislaus to Zagrabian bishop Timotej in 1277, since he was in charge of its maintenance ever since Ladislaus became king in 1272. The fortress officially belonged to bishop Timotej (Timothy), despite the Kőszegi family wrecking havoc in these parts, up until the king's charter in 1283 in which it was given to , Petar de Pekry, making it clear that king Stjepan (Stephen) (1270-1272) was the one who gave the fortress to Petar Garić. It is not known how long Petar was the master of the Garić fortress and when it was returned to Zagrabian bishops, but in 1297 bishop Mihalj (Michael) was titled comes de Garygh. A year earlier, according to some documents, there is mention of a certain Grgur - carrying that same title, but for now it is not possible to determine if he was in bishop's service in Garić, or he had had some other role there. The Zagrabian bishops were the owners of Garić at the beginning of the 14th century, but between 1317 and 1334 ban Mikac occupied the castle and it most probably fell under the rule of Croatian bans. The historic documents confirm that after ban Mikac Garić was run also by Ban Nikola Banić (Bánffy) Lendavski, and there is written evidence dating from 1365 and 1380 that confirm Garić was then a royal castle. After the death of king Louis I Anjou, during the fights within the royal dynasty, the fate of Garić is not known, but in early 15th century the documents confirm that in 1402 ban Emerik Bubek and Eberhard had jurisdiction over the fortress, and in 1406 it was ban Paul de Pechi. In early September 1409 the Zagrabian bishop Eberhard had jurisdiction over the Garić castle, and at the end of the month, the documents mention Sigismund, governor of Garić and Gračenica, most probably a confidant to Queen Barbara. Garić belonged to the Queen at latest until 1417, when she fell in disfavor of her husband; she is only mentioned in the documents regarding the castle in 1412. It is most likely that King Sigismund later gave the fortress to Zagrabian bishops. After the death of Ivan Alben, Garić was run by Matko Talovac as a governor of the Zagrabian bishopric, which is confirmed in a few of his documents and letters written when he was living in Garić. In 1445, immediately after his passing, winning the fight between counts of against the rest of the Talovac family, Ivan Vitovac conquered and most probably gave the Garić castle to the Zagrabian bishop Benedict. In what measure was he able to uninterruptedly run Garić Grad castle is unclear, since Demetrius Csupor (Demtrije Čupor) repeatedly tried to win the Zagrabian bishops' seat and all of its estates. There are indications he might have partially succeeded in his intentions, so that in 1448 supporters of John Hunyadi could have convened. In 1454 Zagrabian bishop Benedict died and three pretenders, including the aforementioned Demetrius, tried to win power over the Zagrabian bishopric. It wasn't until 1456, when the official Zagrabian bishop Toma withdrew from his function, that the battles ended and Demetrius became the Zagrabian bishop. It seems that prior to that, castellans of Garić were faithful to him, rather than the regularly appointed bishop. Garić castle remains part of the estates under Zagrabian bisophric rule also during the mandate of the next bishop, Osvald Thuz and his successors. This jurisdiction remained unchanged even in the 16th century, the last one in which Garić castle was inhabited. However, even though no one in the Union of the Kingdom of Croatia and Kingdom of Hungary disputed the authority of the Zagrabian bishop over Garić, the Ottoman invasion caused new problems. Although there is no concrete written evidence of such events, the area around Garić surely suffered devastation during the civil war that broke out after Ferdinand I. was elected king; when his supporters and opponents started destroying each other's estates. Namely, Zagrabian bishop Simun Erdödy was one of more prominent supporters of Zapolja (Zápolya) up to the year 1534. All of these events made Ottoman invasion easier. After a few attempts to conquer the fortress and pillage the Moslavina and Garić area in late 1530s and early 1540s, the Ottomans did finally conquer Garić in 1545. After that, the fortress remains uninhabited, ruined and left to the atmospheric influences and forest animals. The Garić castle is elliptically shaped, encompassed by a defense wall with two towers (the main - central, and the angular one). Both towers face north, while the entrance gate was south, together with a long bridge stretching over a wide and deep moat. Apart from the towers, there was a residential area (a palace) and a cistern. The function of other remaining parts of the structure is unknown. The first exavacation projects on castle Garić were set into motion by the Moslavina Museum in 1964. At the beginning of the 1970s there were plans to completely rebuild it, but they were never finalized. They were continued, however, in 2009 under the aegis of the Croatian Conservation Institute. Even though archaeological research was undertaken for several decades, the complex is not explored in its entirety. Only the main tower was archaeologically fully explored at Garić, in the 1970s, while research is currently being undertaken at the small corner tower. In spite of the archaeological research that was undertaken, it is currently hard to say when certain construction work took place at the castle and if a certain part was built while the castle was occupied by a ban, the queen or later on by the bishops. Good examples of that issue are the stove tiles that were excavated at Garić that could not have been dated with certainty by experts Namely, the most representative Croatian stove tiles were found at Garić (in the main tower), around 70 of them. These stove tiles point to the social status and the worldview of the owner. They depict characters from the medieval bestiary (griffins, phoenixes, heraldic lions, dragons, fish and bears). By comparing the symbols and the craftsmanship, a certain similarity was found with stove tiles from Buda, but also with Czech and German stove tiles. They are mostly dated to Sigismund's times, but some were dated to the Anjou period.

Garić postcard

Zrin Castle The Zrin Castle is a fort located above the village of the same name on the southern slopes of Zrinska gora, in Dvor municipality in Sisak-Moslavina County. The first mention of Zrin was in 1295 in the grant of Ban Stjepan Babonić. According to available documents it is believed that in the 13th century Zrin was one of the fortified headquarters of the noble Babonić family, who kept it until 1328 when they sold it to the House of Toth-Lovričan. Ten years later, in 1347, King seized Zrin from Lovro Toth and exchanged it for the Dalmatian fort Ostrovica with Pope Gregory IV and his protégé Juraj III Šubić of Bribir. Juraj changed his family name and took the name of the fort, becoming Juraj I Zrinski (de Zrin). He extended the existing fort and it became the centre of his possessions, which over time considerably expanded. The development of Zrin was well served by favorable location on the most important medieval road that linked and Dalmatia. However, due to frequent Ottoman attacks in the 15th century and constant conquests of Croatian territories during the first half of the 16th century, Zrin was very vulnerable. It was finally conquered in 1577 by Ottoman general Ferhad Pasha Sokolović. Next year Zrin was briefly liberated by ban Krsto Ungnad, but in 1579 it again fell under the Ottoman rule that lasted until 1687, in spite several attempts of liberation. During the 18th century, Zrin lost its strategic importance and remained outside the main roads, although the army used it. After restoration it was the centre of the . It was completely abandoned after a fire in the early 19th century and was partially restored in 1925. The last great devastation of Zrin occurred in World War II in 1943 when it was shot by grenade launchers, especially damaging the southern tower. Despite the significance of Zrin in the late Middle Ages in Croatia, the site of the fort has never been fully archaeologically explored, and lately there have been doubts about profitability of its research, restoration and conservation. Therefore, it can only be argued with certainty that Zrin was built on an oval plateau (about 145 x 40 m) located on the north-south axis and that its builders formed the fort according to the terrain morphology since it is obvious the outer defensive walls follow the oval configuration of the terrain. There is a preserved square defense tower on the southern entrance, and the western defensive line had been reinforced by another rectangular tower. It could be entered through at least three doors, used in three different historical periods. The oldest door was on the north side and there was also probably the oldest part of the fort (from the time of the Babonić family, from the 13th century). In the middle of the western wall there are the 16th century doors, and today's entrance dates back to the 17th century. The interior layout can only be assumed according to the well-known early-modern depictions, and it is certain there was a chapel within the walls, the chapel of St. George.

Zrin, 18th century Kostajnica Castle Kostajnica Castle is situated on an island on the Una River in the town of , in Sisak-Moslavina County, on the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina. The first mention of the name Kostajnica can be found in historical documents in 1240, and of the fort only in 1420 (castellum Kosstanicza). The precise time when it was built remains unknown. Some believe that it was built in the 13th century while its walls were built at the turn of the 15th century. However, some experts believe it was built only at the end of the 14th century by Nikola of Kostajnica. Archaeological research has not yet confirmed the 13th century layer. Owners of the fort until the beginning of the 15th century were mostly noblemen of Kostajnica, and after the death of Nikola, the fort often changed its owners (families Frankopan, Bevenjud, Ostrožinski, Vuk Branković, the Vrana priory). Due to the ever-present Ottoman danger of the 15th century additional walls were probably built, and it is mentioned in the documents from the middle of the 15th century as castrum. The Zrinski family became owners in 1528. They built more walls since it overlooked the border towards the . They even said that the fort was “the head and the door to the whole kingdom of Croatia”. Despite large financial investments in maintenance and construction work, the Ottomans seized the fort on July 16, 1556, after years of conquest. It remained under Ottoman rule until 1687, although there were constant attempts to liberate the fort. Over time the fort lost its great strategic and military importance and turned into frontier barracks. However, by abolishing the Military Frontier and the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the army left the fort and it became a temporary asylum for the poor. The fort was only proclaimed a monument of culture in 1957, and in the meantime it had different functions. Perhaps its most graphic role was a place for cooking lambs on a spit for a local inn. Since 1966 research and conservation had been carried out on the site, but in the wake of the Homeland War in 1991 the Una Bridge was demolished, the fort lost its connection to the Croatian land and was occupied. Croatia officially restored it only in 2002 and the next year research, restoration and conservation continued. The research has shown that the castle had six development phases. The main entrance was once on the first floor of a quadrangle tower guard which is also the oldest and most important one. It was allegedly built at the end of the 15th century on an older defense wall. The pentagonal western tower is somewhat younger and was most likely built in the wake of the Ottoman danger. The round artillery battery unit tower was built only at the end of the 17th century.

Medieval Kostajnica (D. Miletić) / Old Town of Sisak The Sisak Fortress is located on the bank of the Kupa River before its mouth into the River, on the outskirts of the city of Sisak. The area of Sisak has been inhabited since prehistoric times. In the 4th century BC there was the Celtic Oppidum of Segesta or Segestica, and on the left bank of the Kupa there was the Siscia Fortress, also of pre-Roman origin. The well-established Segestica Oppidum resisted the Roman conquest for a long time, until it was finally seized by Emperor Octavian after a one-month siege in 35 BC. He considered it a key strategic starting point for his conquest of Pannonia. That marked the beginning of the development of Siscia, a Roman military camp, a civilian settlement and a market town. During the Pannonian uprising of two Batos in 6-9 BC, Siscia was the main Tiberius’ military headquarters and camp of the 9th Hispanic legion (Legio IX Hispana). During the reign of Vespasian, the 71st town was given the status of a colony (Colonia Flavia Siscia), which was reaffirmed in 194 AD during the reign of Septimius Severus under the name of Colonia Septimia Siscia Augusta. Siscia was the headquarters of the Pannonian Classis Flavia Pannonica Fleet. During the Diocletian's Reforms of the Empire in 279 AD Siscia became the capital of the Pannonia Savia province. What has been preserved from the Roman Siscia are the defense walls and towers, the remains of the city baths, the granary, sanctuaries, town villas with frescoes and mosaics, the harbor docks, the water and sewage system etc. At the beginning of the 6th century Siscia is mentioned under the rule of the Ostrogoths, while around 600 AD the town was destroyed by the Avars and the Slavs. However, life continued throughout the 6th and the 7th century, which can be confirmed on the basis of archaeological finds from the Byzantine and Avarian-Slavic cultures. In the 9th century Sisak was the seat of the Croat-Pannonian Duke Ljudevit Posavski, and at the end of the 11th century Sisak became part of the newly founded Zagreb Diocese, while in 1215 Bishop Stjepan donated Sisak and the surrounding area to Zagreb's Kaptol. Due to the Ottoman conquest and the Croatian territory reduction (with central Slavonia and southern Croatia occupied), in the early 16th century defense was seriously considered, and already in 1523 Petar Erdödy wanted to build a fortress on the Kupa to strengthen the south side of the Slavonian border and the entire Kupa defense line. However, the final decision on the construction of the Sisak fortress is made by Nikola Zrinski and Zagreb’s Kaptol, as confirmed by the Hungarian Parliamentary Council in Trnava. On March 26, 1545, King Ferdinand I in Worms officially approved Kaptol to build the Fortress, but the construction work started a year earlier, in 1544. The fort was built on the Kupa River bank before its mouth into the Sava River, and in the north the area of the fort was bordered by a third river, the Odra. Material from the ruins of the Roman Siscia was mainly used for the construction and the fortress was ready for use in 1550, although construction lasted until 1552. The work was supervised by Peter from Milan with the help of local builders. The total cost of building the castle was 3365 forints and 28 denars, and Kaptol had help from the Ban, noblemen and serfs. The commander of the fort (špan) was elected since 1545 from the circle of Zagreb priests in Sisak or the surrounding area for a year, and it is known that in 1552 the crew was made up of 73 soldiers. This is the preserved description of the fortress from the same year: “The shape of a triangle, one tower next to Sava, the second on the Kupa river, the third on the mouth, the first two towers and the city walls are 9.5 feet wide, while the third tower and the other walls are 7 feet wide. Behind these walls a solid embankment was built.”. Also, the most important battle with the Ottomans in Croatian history was fought at the Sisak fortress, when Ottoman army leader Hasan Predojević (Telli Hasan Pasha) endured his final defeat on June 22 in 1593 after 3 attacks on the fortress. This defeat echoed across Europe, as Sisak stopped the Ottomans’ progress towards the rest of Europe, Croatia was defended and it was the first victory of a united Christian Middle Eastern European army over the Ottomans. At the end of the 17th century the Sisak Fortress was temporarily taken away from Kaptol and included in the Military Frontier while additions were built. After being returned to Kaptol, it was rented and finally sold in 1827 for 20.500 forints, after which it had various owners and purposes. It served as an alms house in World War II, when the eastern tower was damaged. After 1945 it became the property of the city of Sisak and was granted to the Sisak City Museum, which has been continuously restoring and preserving the fortress and finally has opened it to the public.

Sisak

Dubovac Castle The old town of Dubovac is situated in the town of , on a prominent position above the river Kupa. This area was settled continuously since prehistoric times. Meaning, the archaeological finds have confirmed the settlement dating from the Late Bronze Age, and there were finds also from the early Iron Age and from the classical antiquity. This is a strategic position at the crossings of rivers and important land routes, 100 km from the Adriatic sea. In documents dating from Medieval period Dubovac is mentioned at the end of the 14th century as a place of commerce where mainly salt and grains were traded with. The church of St. Michael is situated there, and it is believed that there was a fortress on which a renaissance castle was later annexed to. In the 14th century, was owned by a noble family Cudor. In the 15th century it came to the hands of families Babonić, lords Csupor de Monoszlo and in 1442 - the Frankopans. They were the official owners until 1544, when the Zrinski family took over the castle. The deserves the credit for how Dubovac looks like today. That is to say, it is believed it was built for (1453- 1529), and that prior to this it was mainly a wooden construction. The layout of the castle is an irregular quadrangular shape with three round- and one square-shaped tower (the main one, consisting of three levels). The main entrance was in level with what is today the 1st floor, evidence of which is the fragment of the stone doorframe above the gate we use today. In the courtyard there was a well (an artesian aquifer type), later a cistern. In between the towers there were residential wings and different types of premises (for storage, defense purposes, etc.). Due to its strategic position on the route to Vienna, Dubovac was a frequent target of the Ottoman attacks during the 16th century, and was hit the hardest in 1578. The castle lost its significance when the new, modern fortress was built to protect the city of Karlovac from the Turks. The construction begun in July 1579, after the owners of Dubovac - Zrinski family - allowed for a new fort to be built on their land, at the foot of Dubovac. After that, the Dubovac Castle served mainly as a gunpowder magazine and a prison. In early 18th century it was under military jurisdiction of the generals of Karlovac (serving as their headquarters), and in the second half of the 18th century it officially became part of the town of Karlovac. Count Laval Nugent bought Dubovac in 1837 and restored it in Romanticism style. The first floor of the courtyard side of the west wing was taken down and the wooden roof was replaced with bricked crenellations on the towers. After the Nugent family era, at the end of the 19th century, Dubovac started to deteriorate again. Its restoration begun in 1952, following the graphics and blueprints from the 17th and 18th centuries (especially those by Martin Stier), and works ended in 1963. Since that time it is part of the Karlovac City Museum and serves mainly as a tourist site and an exhibition space.

Archaeological exploration was conducted during the 1950s and later after the year 2000 by the Karlovac City Museum and The Institute of Archaeology (Tatjana Tkalčec).

Dubovac, 1948

Novigrad Castle on Dobra River is situated in the Karlovac County, in the municipality of Netretić not far from Karlovac, on the old Karolina road that connects the cities Karlovac and Bakar (on the Adriatic coast). It rises above the right bank of the Dobra River and at the foot of the fortress we have one of the oldest preserved stone bridges in Croatia (dating from 1730), that was built to replace the old, Medieval wooden bridge. Historical sources from the 13th century mention the Medieval parish of Dobra, but the first written evidence of the fortress dates from mid-16th century. Presumably it was built by Bernardin Frankopan (1453 - 1529), but some think that the castle is older and was erected as early as the 13th century. The document dating from 1558 is proof that Novigrad was built of solid stone, that it had a well and was surrounded with young fruit trees, while most of its income came from the tollbooth on the wooden bridge at the foot of the castle. This is where serfs and landless peasants lived, and the nobility prospered despite Ottoman invasions. The Frankopan family remained in the possession of the castle (except from 1577 to 1580 when it was held by the Zrinski family) until the execution of and in 1671. Following this event, Novigrad was pillaged. Throughout the following centuries its owners changed frequently (general Herberstein, the Order of Malta, baron Patačić, Napoleon's officials, Croatian vicebans...). Once the Ottoman danger had subsided in the 18th century and baron Patačić (1746-1809) became the new owner, the castle was renovated and became a baroque aristocratic castle where even the Emperor Joseph II stayed at one occasion (1783). As a memorial to that visit, baroness Eleonora Patačić installed a stone plaque with German inscription above the entrance gate. It later disappeared. Originally built as a renaissance castle of rectangular layout with four semi-circular towers on each corner, with the addition of the fifth, northern tower, circular with 12,6 m radius. Best preserved is the semi-circular crenellated tower on the east side of the castle. The fort could be accessed via draw-bridge (over the moat), through an entrance in the south-facing wall between the two towers. During the renovations in the baroque era (after the Ottoman danger subsided), new gates were installed and the surrounding moat was buried so the castle was now accessible by carriage. It is believed that during this period the highest, northern tower was reconstructed and became lower in height. According to old sketches it is possible to partially reconstruct the interior of this baroque castle. Palace with residential quarters and other facilities stood by the NE and SE walls. Some of the facilities were probably part of the old castle, prior to renovations. On the inner side of the walls there was a gallery supported by pillars, connecting all the rooms on the first floor. On the ground floor all of the rooms were barrel-vaulted, while the first floor rooms had flat ceiling. Novigrad Castle was damaged on several occasions, last time during the Second World War. In 1953 it was declared a heritage site. However, the renovation and revitalization of Novigrad Castle conducted by the Department of Conservation at the Ministry of Culture in Karlovac started in 1994, and the archeological research not before 2009. It is currently under the management of the Municipality of Netretić and the Society of Friends of Novigrad na Dobri “Frankopan”.

Novigrad, ground plan Old town Ribnik The Old town Ribnik (Ribnik Castle) is situated southwest of the town Ozalj, by the creek Obrh. It is a typical Wasserburg (a moated castle), in a small marshy plane, whose walls were occasionally surrounded by water from the creek. In case of impending danger, they would close the bed of the creek and a pond would then form around the walls, making the castle practically an island. It is believed that Ribnik ("fishpond") got its name after a pond that surrounded it during perilous times when it had to be defended like that. Old town Ribnik was first mentioned in the historic documents as late as 1558, when it was stated that there is no more pond and that the nearby mill is only in operation during heavy rain periods. The beginnings of the old town are associated with the Babonić family that ruled in Ribnik at the end of the 13th and the beginning of the 14th century. Croatian ban Mikac stripped this privilege from them in mid-14th century, and after a period of time (so it is presumed) - he sold it to Nikola Frankopan. It is believed that Ribnik, at least a large part of it, was mainly built during the rule of Bernardin Frankopan (1453-1529). Above the gates in the eastern tower stands the family Frankopan coat of arms (a six-pointed star in a shield), most probably dating from this era. Ribnik is a lowland fortress with an almost perfect round layout, having a robust tetragonal tower on its east side, and a pentagonal one on the west side, leaning on the outer wall. The walls were around 2,5 m thick, and the main entrance was at the side of the eastern tower, over a draw-bridge. However, today the entrance gate is located on the south side of the castle that spans over three levels (the ground floor, the first and the second floor), and boasts numerous gothic and renaissance details, such as the windows, doorposts and loopholes, but also six lavatories. Architects and archeologists disagree on the phases and timeframe of the construction of Ribnik, but recent opinions state that Frankopans stopped the construction works due to constant Ottoman danger and extensive works on , and that the planned palace, kitchens, the chapel and inner facilities were never finished. The Frankopan family was in possession of Ribnik Castle until the end of the 16th century, when it was taken over by the Zrinski family. Petar and Adam Zrinski used to live there, but there is no detailed description of the time they spent in the old town. Ribnik was pillaged several times during the Ottoman attacks (in 1511 and 1544), and also by general Herberstein (in 1671). At the end of the 18th century Ribnik was taken over by the Inner Austrian Court Chamber, but soon (already in 1702) they've pledged it, i.e. conveyed possessory title to Counts of Petazzi for 120 000 forints. They were "succeeded" in mid 19th century by Filip Vukasović, a master builder of the so-called Louisiana road, and the next owner is a Hungarian noble named Gali. By the turn of the 20th century Ribnik Castle came under local municipality rule, and today it is again owned by the Frankopan family.

Ribnik, reconstruction attempt (S. Sekulić-Gvozdanović)

Ozalj The Castle of Ozalj is situated in the small town of the same name, in the county of Karlovac, up on a cliff on the left bank of the Kupa river. Ozalj and the surrounding area have been continuously inhabited since prehistoric times, according to numerous archeological finds. The Medieval fortress of Ozalj was most probably built in late 12th and early 13th century, in the location of ruins of an older fort dating back from the 6th, and the 9th century. Ozalj is first mentioned in historic documents in 1244 as a royal city of King Béla IV. In late 13th century the Babonić family managed and ruled the castle. In 1325 it was taken from them by ban Mikac and Ozalj came under the rule of Slavonian bans and their castellans. King Sigismund of Luxembourg sold it in 1397 to Nikola Frankopan. After the division of family property and estates, one branch of the Frankopan family started to call itself Frankopans of Ozalj. Most famous among them was Bernardin Frankopan (1453–1530) who surely made a number of architectural changes in Ozalj. This Ozalj branch of the Frankopans disappeared in 1577. However, as early as 1550 the last Frankopan of Ozalj, Stjepan (Stephen), signed over Ozalj (among other estates) to his sister Katarina and her husband Nikola Zrinski. Nikola is known for building a palace within the fortress (in 1566), and at that time Ozalj was additionally protected by a moat and a draw-bridge on the west side and encompassed by a wall with five half-towers. Juraj Zrinski built the tower at the entrance to the fortress. In the 17th century Ozalj was a prominent literary and cultural center (the Ozalj linguistic- literary circle). After the Zrinski-Frankopan Conspiracy Ozalj was taken over and pillaged by general Herberstein from Karlovac, on April 4th, 1670. Later Adam Zrinski became the owner of Ozalj Castle. Following his death it came under the administration of Hungary and subsequently the Inner Austrian Court Chamber which sold it to Count Petazzi in 1702. In 1725 Charles VI, gave it to Perlas family in exchange for some of their lands in Italy. Since Ozalj was derelict, Franjo Perlas started its restoration (1743–53) and expansion. The castle got its current form during the above-mentioned period. The Perlas family sold it to Counts of Batthyány in 1766, who built the baroque-style extension. The palace that Zrinski family had build was converted to a warehouse and since that time it is called Žitnica (Granary). The Old Town of Ozalj eventually fell under the rule of families Thurn and Taxis who gave it to the current owners, “Brethren of the Croatian Dragon” society, in 1928. After WW II, Ozalj was declared a cultural heritage site. Since 1971 it hosts a Regional Museum which is open to visitors. Up until 1990 within the castle walls there was also Ozalj Open University and a library, so the premises weren't dilapidated. Archeological research was conducted during the 1980s. In the 1990s Ozalj was returned to its owners, the society “Brethren of the Croatian Dragon”, which started extensive restoration of the whole estate. Due to many architectural interventions during the years, only a minor part of the older complex has been preserved; the defense tower, the gothic-style chapel and Zrinski Palace with its wall-paintings and Glagolitic graffiti.

The Castle of Ozalj, 1870 Participants

Teilnehmer

Sudionici

Alduk, Ivan Ministry of culture, Conservation department Imotski A. Starčevića 7 21260 Imotski, Croatia [email protected]

Barz, Dieter Freiherr-vom-Stein-Str. 19 D-55232 Alzey [email protected]

Bednar, Peter Archeologický ústav SAV Akademická 2 SK-949 21 Nitra [email protected]

Beljak, Ján Institute of Archaeology Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen branch Akademická 2 SK-949 21 Nitra [email protected]

Beljak Pažinová, Noémi Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra Department of Archaeology Tr. A. Hlinku 1 SK-949 21 Nitra [email protected]

Biermann, Felix Universität Greifswald Historisches Institut Hans-Falada-Str. 1 17489 Greifswald, Deutschland [email protected]

Boguszewicz, Artur Uniwersytet Wrocławski Wydział Nauk Historycznych i Pedagogicznych, Katedra Etnologii i Antropologii Kulturowej ul. Szewska 50/51 PL-50-139 Wrocław [email protected]

Cejp, Petr Sopřeč 30 533 16 Vápno u Přelouče, CZ [email protected]

Cejpová, Miroslava České vysoké učení technické v Praze, Fakulta architektury, doktorand Thákurova 9 166 34 Praha 6 – Dejvice, CZ [email protected] [email protected]

Chotěbor, Petr Abteilung für Denkmalpflege Kanzlei des Präsidenten der Tschechischen Republik Pražský hrad 119 08 Praha 1 – Hrad Tschechien [email protected]

Csók, Zsolt National Museum of Transylvania’s History Constantin Daicoviciu Street, No. 2, 400020 Cluj Napoca, Romania [email protected]

Čelić Višnjić, Sandra Ministry of Culture, Conservation Department in Pula Ulica grada Graza 2 52100 Pula [email protected]

Dejmal, Miroslav Archaia Brno z. u. Bezruèova 78/15 Brno, 602 00 [email protected]

Duchoňová, Diana Historisches Institut der Slowakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Klemensova 19 814 99 Bratislava, Slowakei [email protected]

Dujmović, Danko University of Rijeka, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Sveučilišna avenija 4, Rijeka, Croatia [email protected] Džaja, Antonio Museum Moslavina Trg kralja Tomislava 13 44320 Kutina, Croatia [email protected]

Feld, Istvan Eötvös Loránd University Faculty of Humanities Institute of Archaeological Sciences Múzeum krt. 4/b 1088 Budapest, Hungary [email protected]

Gersdorfová, Zlata Westböhmische Universität Pilsen Lehrstuhl für Archäologie Sedláčkova 15 306 14 Plzeň [email protected]

Harmadyová, Katarína Radničná 577/1 811 01 Bratislava, Slovakia [email protected]

Hegyi, Dóra Eötvös Loránd University Faculty of Humanities, Institute of Archaeological Sciences Múzeum krt. 4/b 1088 Budapest, Hungary [email protected]

Hložek Josef Katedra archeologie Západočeské Univerzity v Plzni Sedláčkova 15 306 14 Plzeň [email protected] [email protected]

Höglinger, Peter Bundesdenkmalamt, Abt. f. Archäologie Sigmund-Haffner-Gasse 8 5020 Salzburg, Österreich [email protected]

Incze, János Masaryk University Žerotínovo nám. 617/9 601 77 Brno [email protected]

Janeš, Andrej Croatian Conservation Institute Division for Archaeological Heritage Department for Archaeology Kožarska 5 Zagreb [email protected]

Kerbler, Lukas J. Museum Retz Znaimerstraße 7 A-2070 Retz (Museum Retz), Österreich [email protected]

Kopeczny, Zsuzsanna National Museum of Banat Martin Luther str. no. 4 Timisoara, Romania [email protected]

Krenn, Martin Bundesdenkmalamt, Abteilung für Archäologie A-3500 Krems an der Donau, Hoher Markt 11 Gozzoburg [email protected]

Lasek, Piotr Institute of Art, Polish Academy of Sciences Długa str. 26/28 00-950 Warsaw [email protected]

Lengyelová, Tünde Historisches Institut der Slowakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Klemensova 19 814 99 Bratislava, Slowakei [email protected]

Lupescu, Radu Sapientia University Str. I. C. Bratianu 8/5 400079 Cluj-Napoca Romania [email protected]

Maliniak, Pavol Department of History Faculty of Arts, Matej Bel University Tajovského 40 974 01 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia [email protected]

Mazáčková, Jana Institution of Archaeology and Museology Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University A. Nováka 1 Brno 602 00, Czech Republic [email protected]

Meyer, Werner Universität Basel, Dep. Geschichte, Schweiz (Privat) Hammerstrasse 24 CH-4058 Basel [email protected]

Miskolczi, Melinda Herman Otto Museum Görgey Artúr u. 28 HU-3529 Miskolc [email protected]

Nagy, Szabolcs Balázs Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Archaeological Sciences Múzeum krt. 4/b 1088 Budapest, Hungary [email protected]

Novák, Ádám Déri Museum, Debrecen, Hungary Füredi út 60. 3/10 HU-4032 Debrecen [email protected]

Nowakowski, Dominik Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk ul. Więzienna 6 50-118 Wrocłąw [email protected]

Njegovan, Diana Via della Guardia 18 Trieste, Italy [email protected]

Pietrzak, Janusz Institut für Archeologie Universität Łódź/PL ul. Narutowicza 65 90-131 Łódź [email protected]

Pintač, Domagoj Zrinskih 2, Ključ 42220 Novi Marof, Croatia [email protected]

Pisk, Silvija Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Zagreb Ivana Lučića 3 10000 Zagreb, Croatia [email protected]

Procházka, Milan Department of Archaeology University of West Bohemia in Pilsen Sedláčkova 15 306 14 Plzeň, CZ [email protected]

Rusu, Adrian Andrei Romanian Academy Institute of Archaeology and History of Art of Cluj-Napoca Str. Constantin Daicoviciu nr. 2 RO-400020 Cluj-Napoca [email protected]

Rykl, Michael Fakulta architektury ČVUT Praha/ Prag Thákurova 7 166 34 Praha 6, Czech Rep. [email protected]

Salm, Jan Institut für Architektur und Städtebau Technische Universität Łodź al. Politechniki 6 90-924 Łódź [email protected]

Sapač, Igor University of Maribor Faculty of Civil Engineering, Transportation Engineering and Architecture Smetanova ulica 17 SI – 2000 Maribor, Slovenija [email protected]

Sófalvi, András Haáz Rezső Museum Str. Beclean nr. 2-6 535600 Odorheiu Secuiesc Romania [email protected]

Szőcs, Péter County Museum of Satu Mare Str. Lucaciu nr. 21 Satu Mare, Romania [email protected]

Šimunková, Katarína Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra Department of Archaeology Tr. A. Hlinku 1 949 74 Nitra [email protected]

Škiljan, Ivana Museums of Croatian Zagorje Samci 64 49 245 Gornja Stubica, Croatia [email protected]

Tkalčec, Tatjana Institute of Archaeology Lj. Gaja 32 Zagreb, Croatia [email protected]

Trbojević Vukičević, Tajana University of Zagreb Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Heinzelova 55 10000 Zagreb, Croatia [email protected]

Vaněčková, Daniela Institution of Archaeology and Museology Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University A. Nováka 1 Brno, 602 00, Czech Republic [email protected]

Varga, Máté Rippl-Rónai Museum Fő u. 10, Kaposvár Hungary [email protected]

Višnjić, Josip Croatian Conservation Institute Juršići 7, 52342 Svetvinčenat [email protected]

Žaža, Petr Institution of Archaeology and Museology Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University A. Nováka 1 Brno, 602 00, Czech Republic [email protected]