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Právnická Fakulta Masarykovy Univerzity Občanské Právo Katedra Občanského Práva

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Právnická Fakulta Masarykovy Univerzity Občanské Právo Katedra Občanského Práva PRÁVNICKÁ FAKULTA MASARYKOVY UNIVERZITY OBČANSKÉ PRÁVO KATEDRA OBČANSKÉHO PRÁVA DIZERTAČNÍ PRÁCE VÝZVY AUTORSKÉMU PRÁVU V INFORMAČNÍ SPOLEČNOSTI 2014/2015 MATĚJ MYŠKA Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem dizertační práci na téma „Výzvy autorskému právu v infro- mační společnost zpracoval sám. Veškeré prameny a zdroje informací, které jsem použil k sepsání této práce, byly citovány v poznámkách pod čarou a jsou uvede- ny v seznamu použitých pramenů a literatury. V Brně, 12. 2. 2015 Matěj Myška 2 Abstrakt Práce se zabývá analýzou krize autorského práva v informační společnosti, ideou otevřeného obsahu a veřejnými licencemi. První část popisuje historický vývoj ideje otevřeného obsahu jako reakci na expanzi restriktivního autorského práva. Druhá část práce pak analyzuje a kriticky hodnotí přístup českého právního řádu k veřejným licencím. Třetí část práce podává přehled statu quo v oblasti vymaha- telnosti veřejných licencí. Poslední část syntetizuje poznatky získané analýzou národní právní úpravy a obsahuje návrhy změn de lege ferenda pro bezproblé- movou aplikaci veřejných licencí v českém právním řádu. Klíčová slova autorské právo; krize autorského práva; licence; veřejné licence; otevřený obsah; Creative Commons Abstract The thesis deals with analysis of the crisis of copyright law in the information so- ciety, the idea of open content and public licenses. The first part describes the historical development of the idea of open content as a response to the expansion of restrictive copyright law. The second part analyzes and critically evaluates the regulation of public licenses under the Czech law. The third part gives an over- view of the enforceablity of public licenses. The last part synthesizes the findings of the analysis of the national legislation and proposes the amendments needed for unproblematic application of public licenses in the Czech legal order. Keywords copyright law; crisis of copyright law; license; public licenses; open content; Creative Commons 3 Poděkování Na tomto místě bych velmi rád poděkoval všem, kteří mi během studia pomáhali a podporovali mě. Jmenovitě bych pak rád upřímně poděkoval mému školiteli Pavlu Koukalovi za vedení práce, konzultace v každou noční či denní dobu a ukázání cesty k právu, vedoucímu Ústavu práva a technologií Radimu Polčákovi za stálou podporu bě- hem celého studia, podněty k práci a její konzultaci, všem kolegům z Ústavu práva a technologií (Jakubu Haraštovi, Jaromíru Šavelkovi, Michalu Koščíkovi, Václavu Stupkovi, Pavlu Loutockému, Jakubu Míškovi) za konstatní konstruktivní kritiku práce, debaty nad tématem a vytvá- ření pozitivního pracovního prostředí, týmu dobrovolníků projektu Creative Commons (Martinu Loučkovi, Lucii Strakové, Jiřímu Markovi a dalším) za nadšení pro věc, konfrontaci názorů a pozitivní energii, Zuzaně Adamové, Markétě Trimble Landové, a Martinu Husovcovi za pří- nosné debaty nad tématem, Haně Pospíšilové za jazykovou korekturu práce, ale hlavně manželce Petře za neustálou podporu, trpělivost a pochopení. 4 Právní stav a zdroje jsou zohledněny ke dni 31. 10. 2014. Pokud není v textu uvedeno jinak, je autorem překladů cizojazyčných textů autor. 5 Obsah SEZNAM POUŽITÝCH ZKRATEK ............................................................................................... 8 ÚVOD................................................................................................................................... 10 Technologická podmíněnost systému autorského práva ................................................. 10 Výzkumná otázka, postup výkladu a metodologie ........................................................... 15 1 TECHNOLOGICKÉ VÝZVY AUTORSKÉMU PRÁVU ............................................................ 19 1.1 Digitální revoluce jako důvod krize ..................................................................... 19 1.1.1 Disruptivní digitální média ................................................................................... 19 1.1.2 Demokratizace a decentralizace kreativity .......................................................... 21 1.2 Expanze ochrany jako prostředek kontroly ......................................................... 24 1.2.1 Právo .................................................................................................................... 26 1.2.1.1 Rozšíření záběru ochrany a omezení výjimek ............................................. 26 1.2.1.2 Prodloužení doby ochrany .......................................................................... 29 1.2.1.3 Radikalizace vymáhání práv ........................................................................ 33 1.2.2 Technologická ochrana práva a ochrana technologie právem ............................ 43 1.3 Krize legitimity systému autorského práva ......................................................... 45 1.4 Intrasystémová reakce na krizi ............................................................................ 52 1.4.1 Otevřený obsah jako pokus o vybalancování autorského práva ......................... 53 1.4.2 Stručná historie a vývoj myšlenky otevřeného obsahu ....................................... 57 1.4.3 Definice otevřeného obsahu................................................................................ 63 1.4.3.1 Striktní definice pro software ..................................................................... 63 1.4.3.2 Obecné definice pro otevřený obsah .......................................................... 65 1.5 Shrnutí: aktivační funkce semicommons ............................................................. 67 2 PRÁVNÍ ÚPRAVA VEŘEJNÝCH LICENCÍ ........................................................................... 69 2.1 Zkoumané otázky ................................................................................................ 69 2.2 Pojmové znaky veřejné licence ........................................................................... 70 2.3 Terminologie ....................................................................................................... 73 2.4 Jurisdikční dichotomie veřejných licencí ............................................................. 76 2.4.1 Veřejné licence v právu USA ................................................................................ 78 2.4.2 Veřejné licence v německém právu ..................................................................... 83 2.5 Veřejné licence v českém právu .......................................................................... 86 2.5.1 Licence, licenční smlouva a veřejná licence ......................................................... 86 2.5.1.1 Vznik veřejné licence ................................................................................... 89 2.5.1.2 Bezúplatnost veřejných licencí .................................................................... 91 2.5.1.3 Časová neomezenost licence a návrhu na uzavření licenční smlouvy ........ 93 2.5.1.4 Předmět veřejné licence ............................................................................. 95 2.5.1.5 Oprávnění nabyvatele veřejné licence ........................................................ 96 2.5.1.5.1 Neznámé způsoby užití díla ................................................................... 97 2.5.1.5.2 Veřejná licence jako nakladatelská licenční smlouva ............................ 99 2.5.1.6 Podmínky veřejných licencí ....................................................................... 101 2.5.1.6.1 Přiznání autorství, licence a její poskytování ....................................... 102 2.5.1.6.2 Zpracovaná díla, zákaz zpracování a zachování licence ....................... 105 2.5.1.6.3 (Ne)komerční užití ............................................................................... 106 2.5.1.7 Odpovědnost za vady a újmu a neposkytování záruk ............................... 109 2.5.2 Veřejná licence jako jednostranný souhlas........................................................ 112 2.5.3 Exkurz: daňové aspekty veřejných licencí v českém právu ................................ 115 2.5.4 Kolektivní správa práv ........................................................................................ 117 2.5.4.1 Výzvy dle Směrnice o kolektivní správě práv a zahraniční zkušenosti ...... 125 6 3 VEŘEJNÉ LICENCE V JUDIKATUŘE NÁRODNÍCH SOUDŮ ............................................... 127 3.1 Judikatura v EU ................................................................................................. 127 3.1.1 Německo: softwarové veřejné licence ............................................................... 128 3.1.1.1 Welte v. Sitecom ....................................................................................... 129 3.1.1.2 Welte v. Skype........................................................................................... 131 3.1.1.3 Welte v. D-Link .......................................................................................... 132 3.1.2 Německo: Nina Gerlach v. DVU ......................................................................... 134 3.1.3 Německo: Deutschlandradio ............................................................................. 135 3.1.4 Španělsko: kolektivní správa práv a veřejné licence .......................................... 138 3.1.4.1 Dirreción001 (SGAE v. Luis) ....................................................................... 140 3.1.4.2 Metropol (SGAE v. Fernandéz) .................................................................. 141 3.1.4.3 Birdland ....................................................................................................
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