Copyfight :|: Pirataria & Cultura Livre };: Introdução

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Copyfight :|: Pirataria & Cultura Livre };: Introdução :(){ Copyfight :|: Pirataria & Cultura Livre };: INTRODUÇÃO Fork bomb é uma técnica de ataque a computadores na qual pro- cessos se replicam indefinidamente até esgotar a capacidade de pro- cessamento de um determinado sistema. Em 2002, o artivista hacker Jaromil criou aquilo que ficou conhecido como “o mais elegante código de Fork bomb já escrito”. Apenas onze caracteres – ( :(){ :|:& };: ) – pareci- dos com as carinhas sorridentes usadas nas redes sociais, mas que uma vez digitados em um terminal UNIX impedem o sistema operacional de seguir funcionando, até que seja reiniciado. :(){ Copyfight :|: Pirataria & Cultura livre };: introduz uma sabota- gem similar no âmbito dos sistemas reguladores da “propriedade in- telectual”. O livro se coloca nos lugares “marginais”, “esquecidos” ou menores das discussões e práticas da produção imaterial, abordando diversos aspectos das produções artísticas e culturais, além de des- construir a suposta neutralidade do conhecimento técnico e do desen- volvimento tecnológico e criticar a crescente apropriação privada dos códigos genéticos. Copyfight lança ainda uma perspectiva crítica às instâncias de po- der que identificam a pirataria como prática improdutiva, segundo a qual os piratas são parasitas que roubam a riqueza legítima de outros. O livro traz visões dissonantes que, como veremos a seguir, assumem a pirataria como prática positiva e produtiva, considerando-a como o compartilhamento fora dos limites legais, mas principalmente como criação de espaços de liberdade e cooperação. Do mesmo modo, veremos que são muitos os interesses envol- vendo a cultura livre: se por um lado existem as práticas de redes co- operativas de livre circulação de conhecimento e cultura que buscam a valorização e organização autônomas, por outro há uma inflexão corporativa deste conceito: o trabalho livre como “trabalho grátis”. Ou seja, uma estratégia de mobilização de uma multidão de pessoas que investem seu tempo de vida produzindo gratuitamente conteúdos e re- lações que posteriormente serão apropriados e vendidas por empresas e novos intermediários privados. Neste sentido, Copyfight remete a um espaço de disputa comple- xo e indeterminado, sempre em aberto. A questão, por vezes reduzida a debates do tipo “legalistas e piratas” ou “criadores e consumidores”, emerge agora através de disputas múltiplas e cheias de nuances. Sem pretender esgotar a riqueza do tema ou mesmo suas ambiguidades pe- culiares, como as novas relações sociais que se popularizaram nas últi- mas décadas, os textos a seguir trazem à tona críticas e práticas ainda pouco debatidas no âmbito da cultura livre e da pirataria, mostrando a insuficiência da compreensão dessas disputas a partir do pensamento dicotômico do “copyright VS copyleft”. Trata-se assim de uma reflexão-ação que vai além do licenciamento como ferramenta de luta ou parte dos processos criativos, avançando sobre outros âmbitos das relações sociais que são atravessadas pela pirataria e a cultura livre. Copyfight questiona inclusive o próprio co- pyleft e a ampla gama de licenças Creative Commons quanto às suas respectivas potências de transformação das condições de exploração e desigualdade. Entendemos que cultura livre não é de forma alguma re- alizada apenas com licenças livres, mas com a democratização radical dos meios de comunicação/produção e a contínua radicalização de- mocrática das novas formas de entender a cooperação e a apropriação da tecnologia, da cultura e do conhecimento. Assumimos assim que não se concretizará a utopia digitalista, que prega que o sistema técnico – digital – iria naturalmente acabar com a exploração e a desigualdade, trazendo melhores condições de vida para todos. Por outro lado, porém, tampouco adotamos uma postu- ra tecnofóbica, que encara as novas tecnologias como algo ruim em si. Entendemos que o funcionamento do capitalismo atualmente se adapta às novas formas de produção em rede, quiçá de modo mais efi- ciente e sinergético que os modelos antigos. Deste modo, não são as tecnologias por si que irão alterar o contexto político, mas suas apro- priações por parte dos distintos sujeitos e principalmente seu aspecto coletivo, social e transversal. Assim, o objetivo do livro não é difundir uma visão única ou uma proposta acabada para as questões atuais acerca da cultura livre e da pirataria; mas sim desvelar uma multiplicidade de reflexões e práti- cas que não se constituem como totalidade derivada da soma de suas partes, tampouco uma totalidade originária que unificaria todos os pontos de vista em uma ideologia restauradora. Os conteúdos a se- guir são como pedaços de quebra-cabeças de diferentes coleções de onde sempre sobram (e faltam) partes. O livro é constituído assim com conteúdos elaborados em locais e momentos diferentes, que dispostos conjuntamente reconstituem e atualizam o debate sobre a cultura livre 3 :(){ Copyfight :|: Pirataria & Cultura Livre };: e a questão da pirataria. Copyfight não remete a um mundo de encaixes perfeitos, mas sim a um mundo de atritos. Resta por ora agradecer a todos os movimentos e pessoas que con- tribuíram para a realização do Copyfight, até esse momento. Não seria possível listar aqui todos, afinal essa construção é fruto da coletividade e tem uma dimensão transversal que não se resume somente aos au- tores ou a equipe de produção, pois todas as pessoas que lutam pela liberdade e contra a exploração estão envolvidas direta ou indireta- mente nas realizações do Copyfight. Sabemos que essas contribuições são uma força viva sem a qual Copyfight seria apenas mais uma ação dentre muitas outras. Ainda assim, gostaríamos de registrar aqui nossa especial gratidão: a todos os autores que acreditam na cultura livre e que gentilmente enviaram suas contribuições, aos tradutores que nos ajudaram na pu- blicação dos materiais até então inéditos em português; ao Pontão da ECO por ter sido o berço desta iniciativa e pelo apoio incondicional com que sempre nos brindou; à i-Motirõ pelo apoio financeiro e pela parceria na produção do livro; ao Movimento Unidos dos Camelôs, em especial na figura única da Maria dos Camelôs, por sua luta e parce- ria em diversos momentos; à Universidade Nômade Brasil pelas con- tribuições tanto em termo de reflexões, quanto por ter aberto várias portas importantes para a concretização do livro; a todas as redes de ciberativistas no Brasil – como Metareciclagem e Submidialogia; e à Azougue por acreditar nessa iniciativa e na viabilidade de se produzir conhecimento de uma forma mais livre e democrática. :(){ Copyfight :|: Pirataria & Cultura Livre };: 4 SIGA SUA ROTA Tendo em vista a própria multiplicidade de abordagens sobre o tema, seria impossível construir uma única linha de raciocínio que unificasse todos os trabalhos a seguir. Não se trata de definir cultura livre ou pirataria. Reunindo trabalhos diferentes entre si não só em sua forma ou estilo, como também em seus conteúdos e pontos de vistas, Copyfight busca implodir noções pré-concebidas sobre tais temas e es- timular a produção de novas perspectivas não cartografadas nos siste- mas jurídicos ou teóricos já pré-definidos. Deste modo, os trabalhos a seguir foram organizados para per- mitir a leitura em diferentes níveis. Sugerimos três formas de ler o livro. Sinta-se à vontade para escolher uma, mais de uma, nenhuma ou inventar outras. Linear: Por não trabalhar com capítulos, a tradicional leitura do livro ganha contornos peculiares, pois conduz o leitor por diferentes estilos e perspectivas em uma narrativa mais livre e fluida. Temática: os trabalhos estão agrupados em quatro nós: Nó prússico; Nó de oito; Nó de trevo e, por fim, Nó torto. Cada um constitui-se como um campo de aproximação, agrupando perspectivas que se cruzam em certos momentos. O primeiro aborda práticas que valo- rizam o comum como campo de constituição de igualdade e autono- mia, a partir de diferentes contextos, como o de hackers, agricultores e funkeiros. Já o Nó de oito conduz por análises de estruturas his- tóricas das questões relativas à cultura e ao trabalho, enquanto Nó de trevo concentra as reflexões sobre autoria. Já o Nó torto trata da sabotagem ao sistema de “propriedade intelectual”. Não linear: outro modo de leitura possível é seguir as referências das notas dos organizadores posicionadas ao lado direito dos textos. Através delas, buscamos estabelecer conexões não causais e incenti- var a produção de novos pontos de vistas não expressos diretamente nos trabalhos. A bifurcação que a nota propõe é sempre opcional, no entanto o recurso permite a conexão direta com outras perspectivas para o tema em questão. Boa leitura. SUMÁRIO LINEAR Trabalho sem Obra, Obra sem Autor: a Constituição do Comum | Giuseppe Cocco ................................................... 9 Sonho pirata ou realidade 2.0? | Jorge Machado ............................................ 31 Poesia | f? erre! .............................................................................................. 41 Os commons: uma estrutura e um caleidoscópio de práticas sociais por um outro mundo possível | Silke Helfrich .................................................. 45 A ideologia da cultura livre e a gramática da sabotagem | Matteo Pasquinelli ....... 51 Entrevista com Richard Stallman | Adriano Belisário ..................................... 69 Sobre guerrilhas e cópias | Adriano Belisário ................................................. 75 Repensando a autoria na era das redes | Beatriz Cintra Martins .......................... 93 O comum das lutas – entre camelôs e hackers | Bruno
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